1
|
Suarez-Torres JD, Orozco CA, Ciangherotti CE. The numerical probability of carcinogenicity to humans of some pharmaceutical drugs: Alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors or poisons, and DNA intercalators. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:1069-1089. [PMID: 33772863 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonclinical branch of regulatory pharmacology has traditionally relied on the sensitivity and specificity of regulatorily recommended bioassays. Nonetheless, any predictive testing (eg, safety pharmacology) with less than 100% sensitivity or 100% specificity is prone to deliver false positive or negative results (namely, outcomes discordant to the clinical gold standard). It was recently suggested that the statistics-based and regulatory pertinent "predictive values approach" (PVA) might help to reach a more predictive use of preclinical testing data. To resolve the associated probability of carcinogenicity to humans, the PVA was applied to 37 pharmaceuticals bearing inadequate epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity, but identifiable as unequivocal mutagens. According to current knowledge, a 98.9% (or more) probability of carcinogenicity to humans was reckoned for those 37 genotoxic drugs. Accordingly, these pharmaceutical drugs might be either scientifically or regulatorily regarded as "carcinogenic to humans." In the USA, European Union, or Canada as examples, the great majority of these 37 pharmaceuticals are authorized for medical use in humans. From the results of the present appraisal, the following is suggested (1) for the pharmaceuticals listed in this report, to include significant carcinogenicity warnings in their prescribing information; (2) to conduct pharmacoepidemiology studies or risk-benefit analyses (if warranted), and (3) based on the respective risk-benefit analyses, to re-evaluate the authorization of hydralazine and phenoxybenzamine as antihypertensives, oxcarbazepine as an anticonvulsant, and phenazopyridine as a urinary tract antimicrobial or analgesic. For the four latter drugs (eg, phenoxybenzamine), a 99.5% probability of carcinogenicity to humans was estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Suarez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Camilo A Orozco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E Ciangherotti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aflatoxin B₁⁻Formamidopyrimidine DNA Adducts: Relationships between Structures, Free Energies, and Melting Temperatures. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010150. [PMID: 30609733 PMCID: PMC6337653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal stabilities of DNA duplexes containing Gua (g), α- (a) or β-anomer of formamidopyrimidine-N7-9-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1 (b) differ markedly (Tm: a<g<b), but the underlying molecular origin of this experimentally observed phenomenon is yet to be identified and determined. Here, by employing explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations coupled with free-energy calculations using a combined linear-interaction-energy/linear-response-approximation approach, we explain the quantitative differences in Tm in terms of three structural features (bulkiness, order, and compactness) and three energetical contributions (non-polar, electrostatic, and preorganized-electrostatic), and thus advance the current understanding of the relationships between structures, free energies, and thermal stabilities of DNA double helices.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed Adam MA, Tabana YM, Musa KB, Sandai DA. Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1321-1336. [PMID: 28184933 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical nature of most of the mycotoxins makes them highly liposoluble compounds that can be absorbed from the site of exposure such as from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract to the blood stream where it can be dissimilated throughout the body and reach different organs such as the liver and kidneys. Mycotoxins have a strong tendency and ability to penetrate the human and animal cells and reach the cellular genome where it causes a major mutagenic change in the nucleotide sequence which leads to strong and permanent defects in the genome. This defect will eventually be transcribed, translated and lead to the development of cancer. In this review, the chemical and physical nature of mycotoxins, the action of mycotoxins on the cellular genome and its effect on humans, mycotoxins and their carcinogenicity and mycotoxins research gaps are discussed, and new research areas are suggested. The research review posed various questions. What are the different mycotoxins that can cause cancer, what is the role of mycotoxins in causing cancer and what types of cancers can be caused by mycotoxins? These questions have been selected due to the significant increase in the mycotoxin contamination and the cancer incidence rate in the contemporary world. By revealing and understanding the role of mycotoxins in developing cancer, measures to reduce the risks and incidents of cancer could be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mowaffaq Adam Ahmed Adam
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yasser M Tabana
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khirun Binti Musa
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Doblin Anak Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- P N Magee
- MRC Toxicology Research Unit, Carshalton
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheli F, Giromini C, Baldi A. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present examples of in vitro and in vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing. In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereas in vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative to in vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits of in vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels of in vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation of in vitro data into meaningful in vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ. In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict the in vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muscarella M, Iammarino M, Nardiello D, Magro SL, Palermo C, Centonze D. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, and G₂ in foods and feed materials. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 739:203-210. [PMID: 21567330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-102-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with on-line post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorimetric detection for the simultaneous separation and quantitative determination of aflatoxin (AF) B(1), B(2), G(1), and G(2) in foodstuffs and feed materials is reported.The chromatographic separation is accomplished by using a C(18) column eluted with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of water, methanol, and acetonitrile. The sample preparation requires a simple extraction of aflatoxins with a mixture of water and methanol, and a purification step by immunoaffinity column clean-up. The total analysis time, including sample preparation and chromatographic separation, does not exceed 40 min with a run time of 10 min. The procedure for the determination of aflatoxins in food samples and cereals for animal consumption has been extensively validated, in agreement with Regulation (EC) No. 882/2004, demonstrating the conformity of the method with provisions of Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 in terms of sensitivity, linearity, selectivity, and precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Muscarella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali, Chimica e Difesa Vegetale and BIOAGROMED, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muscarella M, Iammarino M, Nardiello D, Lo Magro S, Palermo C, Centonze D, Palermo D. Validation of a confirmatory analytical method for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1and G2in foods and feed materials by HPLC with on-line photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:1402-10. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903107906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
8
|
Baptista AS, Abdalla AL, Aguiar CL, Baptista AAS, Micheluchi D, Zampronio AC, Pires DS, Glória EM, Calori-Domingues MA, Walder JMM, Vizioli MR, Horii J. Utilization of diets amended with yeast and amino acids for the control of aflatoxicosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Priestap HA, van Baren CM, Di Leo Lira P, Coussio JD, Bandoni AL. Volatile constituents of Aristolochia argentina. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:221-225. [PMID: 12711145 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The essential oils from leaves, aerial stems and underground organs of Aristolochia argentina Gris., a medicinal plant popularly known as "charrúa", were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-three components were identified in the oils. All parts of the plant afforded volatile oils characterized by high levels of argentilactone (57-89%) and the presence of undecatriene isomers (0.3-4.0%), these latter compounds providing the essential oils and extracts with an intense particular odor. Terpenes account for the remaining portion of the essential oils (5-29%). Bicyclogermacrene predominates in the aerial parts of the plant, whereas ishwarane is the main terpene of the subterranean organs. Argentilactone, a suspected carcinogenic compound, was also identified in a medicinal commercial tincture of A. argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horacio A Priestap
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
el-Mofty MM, Sakr SA. The induction of neoplastic lesions by aflatoxin-B1 in the Egyptian toad (Bufo regularis). Nutr Cancer 1988; 11:55-9. [PMID: 3127814 DOI: 10.1080/01635588809513969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic activity of aflatoxin-B1, the metabolic product of the mold Aspergillus flavus (a commonly occurring contaminant of groundnuts and other foodstuffs), was tested using the Egyptian toad (Bufo regularis). Injecting the toads with aflatoxin-B1 at a dose level of 0.01 mg/50 g body wt in 1 ml corn oil once a week for 15 weeks induced hepatocellular carcinomas in 19% of the experimental toads. Four toads developed tumors in the kidney due to metastases from the primary hepatocellular carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M el-Mofty
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
FRENCH JOHNA, CECH IRINA. AN ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIN B1IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF A RICE GROWING COMMUNITY AND ASSOCIATED CANCER RISK. J Food Saf 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Woodhead AD. Biological characteristics of the aflatoxin-induced hepatic tumor. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 21:127-48. [PMID: 6756374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
14
|
|
15
|
McCoy BJ, Llewellyn GC. Response of culture human skin fibroblasts to aflatoxin B1. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1980; 25:7-14. [PMID: 7459485 DOI: 10.1007/bf01985478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
16
|
Gopal T, Oehme FW, Liao TF, Chen CL. Effects of intratesticular aflatoxin B1 on rat testes and blood estrogens. Toxicol Lett 1980; 5:263-7. [PMID: 7466855 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(80)90070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the effects of aflatoxin B1 on rat testes and plasma estrogens is reported. A normal saline-suspended aflatoxin B1 was injected into right testes of mature Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 0, 5, 10, 25 or 50 micrograms. Effects were evaluated by histopathological alterations of the testes and by levels of plasma estrogens estimated by a modified Dextron-Charcoal radioimmune assay. Significant gross lesions were present in testes injected with the 50 microgram dose. There was a 50% reduction in size and weight as compared to the left testis. Histological changes were dose-dependent, with minimal or no changes at 5 micrograms and maximal effects at 50 micrograms. The lesions varied from mild testicular degeneration to complete disappearance of cellular components. Interstitial cell proliferation, occasional calcification of seminiferous tubules, and absence of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa were extreme toxic effects. Estrogen concentrations in injected rats were reduced compared to those of control and normal rats. This study suggested that following intratesticular aflatoxin B1 exerts a direct toxic effect on testes with a reduction in plasma estrogen levels.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Wong JJ, Hsieh DP. Mutagenicity of aflatoxins related to their metabolism and carcinogenic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2241-4. [PMID: 781672 PMCID: PMC430512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.7.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins and their animal biotransformation products were screened for carcinogenic potential using the Ames' in vitro microbial detection system for carcinogens as bacterial mutagens [B. N. Ames et al. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70,2281-2285]. Aflatoxicol, aflatoxins G1 and M1, aflatoxicol H1, and aflatoxins Q1, B2, P1, G2, B2a, and G2a, listed in order of decreasing mutagenic potency, were all less active than aflatoxin B1. No compound possesses activity in the absence of the rat liver preparation, and this indicates none of the animal metabolites are the ultimate mutagenic and/or carcinogenic species. The relative mutagenic potency observed with this in vitro system qualitatively correlates with in vivo carcinogenic data. Comparison of both methods indicates: (i) aflatoxin B1 possessed the structure optimal for both mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, (ii) the decreased carcinogenicity of various animal metabolites is associated with their decreased mutagenicity, and (iii) the 2,3-double bond is involved in both the mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of aflatoxins. The Ames' assay has been demonstrated to be an extremely promising (toxicological) tool for the analysis of mycotoxins for mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Stich HF, Laishes BA. The response of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells and controls to the activated mycotoxins, aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin. Int J Cancer 1975; 16:266-74. [PMID: 1171827 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910160209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, G1, B2, G2, aflatoxicol and sterigmatocystin by 9S fraction, microsomal preparation (105,000 times g) and supernatant (105,000 times g) of livers of several species was examined. DNA repair synthesis, chromosome aberrations and clone forming capacity were used as endpoints. Cultured fibroblasts of normal persons and DNA repair deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum patients were employed as test subjects. The activation mixtures significantly increase the chromosome breaking function, lethality and DNA damaging effect (measured as DNA repair synthesis) of aflatoxin B1, G1, aflatoxicol ans sterigmatocystin. The DNA repair-deficient XP cells respond to the activated mycotoxins with a low level of unscheduled 3HTdR incorporation as compared to that of control cells, but show a highly elevated sensitivity to the chromosome-damaging and lethal effect of aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin.
Collapse
|
20
|
Srivastava PK, Srivastava AK, Lucas FV. In-vivo chromoclastogenic effects of aflatoxin B1 in the hepatocytes of chinese hamsters. Genetica 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01508312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
Cruickshank AH, Sparshott SM. Malignancy in natural and experimental hepatic cysts: experiments with aflatoxin in rats and the malignant transformation of cysts in human livers. J Pathol 1971; 104:185-90. [PMID: 5124977 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
24
|
Ong TM. Mutagenic activities of aflatoxin B 1 and G 1 in Neurospora crassa. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1971; 111:159-70. [PMID: 5564467 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
25
|
McLean AE, Marshall A. Reduced carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin in rats given phenobarbitone. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1971; 52:323-9. [PMID: 5090689 PMCID: PMC2072318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rats were fed a diet containing 50 per cent peanut meal contaminated with aflatoxins (Rosetti meal) for a period of 9 weeks. All the survivors developed liver tumours in the next 2 yr. Rats given the same diet plus phenobarbitone showed a much delayed appearance of tumours, the malignant characteristics of the tumours were diminished and the premalignant histological changes in the liver were reduced. We suggest that phenobarbitone induces liver hydroxylation enzymes that metabolise aflatoxins to noncarcinogenic products.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wagner L, Drews J. The effect of aflatoxin B1 on RNA synthesis and breakdown in normal and regenerating rat liver. Eur J Cancer 1970; 6:465-76. [PMID: 5504460 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(70)90066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Fishbein L, Falk HL. Chromatography of mold metabolites. I. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins and related compounds. CHROMATOGRAPHIC REVIEWS 1970; 12:42-87. [PMID: 4905864 DOI: 10.1016/0009-5907(70)80013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
29
|
Fungal Toxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-107652-8.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
30
|
Goodall CM, Butler WH. Aflatoxin carcinogenesis: inhibition of liver cancer induction in hypophysectomized rats. Int J Cancer 1969; 4:422-9. [PMID: 5346882 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
31
|
Bösenberg H. [Significance of the aflatoxins]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1969; 56:350-2. [PMID: 5360897 DOI: 10.1007/bf00596923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
32
|
Dollear FG, Mann GE, Codifer LP, Gardner HK, Koltun SP, Vix HL. Elimination of aflatoxins from peanut meal. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1968; 45:862-5. [PMID: 5749435 DOI: 10.1007/bf02540171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
33
|
Rayner ET, Dollear FG. Removal of aflatoxins from oilseed meals by extraction with aqueous isopropanol. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1968; 45:622-4. [PMID: 5678442 DOI: 10.1007/bf02668965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
34
|
Dwarakanath CT, Rayner ET, Mann GE, Dollear FG. Reducation of aflatoxin levels in cottonseed and peanut meals by ozonization. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1968; 45:93-5. [PMID: 5694281 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
35
|
Zuckerman AJ, Rees KR, Inman DR, Robb IA. The effects of aflatoxins on human embryo liver cells in culture. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1968; 49:33-9. [PMID: 4867858 PMCID: PMC2093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
36
|
Reiss J. [Mycotoxins. I. Mycotoxins of the Aspergillus species]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1968; 8:303-30. [PMID: 4900813 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
37
|
Terracini B. Carcinogenic Hazards in Food. TUMORI JOURNAL 1968; 54:93-8. [PMID: 5746156 DOI: 10.1177/030089166805400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented of the circumstances in which chemicals known to produce experimental tumors have been found in the diet of humans or animals. At the present time the instances in which this occurrence is known to take place concern (a) the natural product, (b) toxins produced by fungi contaminating the natural product, (c) chemicals added to the natural product for its preservation at different stages of processing, (d) products of the reaction between an additive and the natural product and (e) derivatives of the natural product which are formed during cooking. Aflatoxins, nitrosamines and polycyclic hydrocarbons are among the most powerful carcinogens which can be found in food.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
Vles RO. Experimental bile duct hyperplasia in ducklings. Poult Sci 1967; 46:1368-73. [PMID: 4966125 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0461368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
41
|
|
42
|
Svoboda D, Grady HJ, Higginson J. Aflatoxin B1 injury in rat and monkey liver. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1966; 49:1023-51. [PMID: 4959013 PMCID: PMC1907286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
43
|
Carnaghan RB, Lewis G, Patterson DS, Allcroft R. Biochemical and pathological aspects of groundnut poisoning in chickens. PATHOLOGIA VETERINARIA 1966; 3:601-15. [PMID: 5958783 DOI: 10.1177/030098586600300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhode Island Red chicks were fed from hatching to 8 weeks of age a commercial ration to which was added a highly toxic groundnut meal; groups were killed at regular intervals for biochemical and histological examinations. Growth was severely retarded and the liver/body weight ratio was increased compared with control chicks. Increased hepatic fat, reduced vitamin A storage and fluctuation in the RNA/DNA ratio were also observed. These biochemical features of groundnut toxicity are discussed in relation to pathological changes.
Collapse
|
44
|
Simard R, Bernhard W. [The phenomenon of nucleolar segregation: specificity of action of certain antimetabolites]. Int J Cancer 1966; 1:463-79. [PMID: 5916639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Grasso P, Golberg L. Subcutaneous sarcoma as an index of carcinogenic potency. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1966; 4:297-320. [PMID: 5336274 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(66)80539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Dickens F, Jones HE, Waynforth HB. Oral, subcutaneous and intratracheal administration of carcinogenic lactones and related substances: the intratracheal administration of cigarette tar in the rat. Br J Cancer 1966; 20:134-44. [PMID: 5936674 PMCID: PMC2008053 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1966.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
49
|
|
50
|
Legator MS, Zuffante SM, Harp AR. Aflatoxin: effect on cultured heteroploid human embryonic lung cells. Nature 1965; 208:345-7. [PMID: 5885445 DOI: 10.1038/208345a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|