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Tavlas P, Nikou S, Geramoutsou C, Bosgana P, Tsaniras SC, Melachrinou M, Maroulis I, Bravou V. CUL4A Ubiquitin Ligase Is an Independent Predictor of Overall Survival in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:166-177. [PMID: 38423594 PMCID: PMC10905276 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with dismal prognosis. Genomic instability due to defects in cell-cycle regulation/mitosis or deficient DNA-damage repair is a major driver of PDAC progression with clinical relevance. Deregulation of licensing of DNA replication leads to DNA damage and genomic instability, predisposing cells to malignant transformation. While overexpression of DNA replication-licensing factors has been reported in several human cancer types, their role in PDAC remains largely unknown. We aimed here to examine the expression and prognostic significance of the DNA replication-licensing factors chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (CDT1), cell-division cycle 6 (CDC6), minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) and also of the ubiquitin ligase regulator of CDT1, cullin 4A (CUL4A), in PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of CUL4, CDT1, CDC6 and MCM7 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 76 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of PDAC patients in relation to DNA-damage response marker H2AX, clinicopathological parameters and survival. We also conducted bioinformatics analysis of data from online available databases to corroborate our findings. RESULTS CUL4A and DNA replication-licensing factors were overexpressed in patients with PDAC and expression of CDT1 positively correlated with H2AX. Expression of CUL4A and CDT1 positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Importantly, elevated CUL4A expression was associated with reduced overall survival and was an independent indicator of poor prognosis on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate CUL4A, CDT1, CDC6 and MCM7 in PDAC progression and identify CUL4A as an independent prognostic factor for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tavlas
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Geramoutsou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Bosgana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Spyridon Champeris Tsaniras
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, U.S.A
- International Institute of Anticancer Research, Kapandriti, Greece
| | - Maria Melachrinou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Maroulis
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece;
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2
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Masood M, Ding Q, Cawte AD, Rueda DS, Grimm SW, Yagüe E, El-Bahrawy M. Genetic screening for anticancer genes highlights FBLN5 as a synthetic lethal partner of MYC. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:295. [PMID: 37864183 PMCID: PMC10588048 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When ectopically overexpressed, anticancer genes, such as TRAIL, PAR4 and ORCTL3, specifically destroy tumour cells without harming untransformed cells. Anticancer genes can not only serve as powerful tumour specific therapy tools but studying their mode of action can reveal mechanisms underlying the neoplastic transformation, sustenance and spread. METHODS Anticancer gene discovery is normally accidental. Here we describe a systematic, gain of function, forward genetic screen in mammalian cells to isolate novel anticancer genes of human origin. Continuing with over 30,000 transcripts from our previous study, 377 cell death inducing genes were subjected to screening. FBLN5 was chosen, as a proof of principle, for mechanistic gene expression profiling, comparison pathways analyses and functional studies. RESULTS Sixteen novel anticancer genes were isolated; these included non-coding RNAs, protein-coding genes and novel transcripts, such as ZNF436-AS1, SMLR1, TMEFF2, LINC01529, HYAL2, NEIL2, FBLN5, YPEL4 and PHKA2-processed transcript. FBLN5 selectively caused inhibition of MYC in COS-7 (transformed) cells but not in CV-1 (normal) cells. MYC was identified as synthetic lethality partner of FBLN5 where MYC transformed CV-1 cells experienced cell death upon FBLN5 transfection, whereas FBLN5 lost cell death induction in MCF-7 cells upon MYC knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Sixteen novel anticancer genes are present in human genome including FBLN5. MYC is a synthetic lethality partner of FBLN5. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motasim Masood
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
| | - Qize Ding
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
| | - Adam D Cawte
- Single Molecule Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
| | - David S Rueda
- Single Molecule Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
| | - Stefan W Grimm
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK.
| | - Mona El-Bahrawy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, UK.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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3
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Shen M, Zhang Y, Tang L, Fu Q, Zhang J, Xu Y, Zeng H, Li Y. CDC6, a key replication licensing factor, is overexpressed and confers poor prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:978. [PMID: 37833632 PMCID: PMC10571299 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) is a key licensing factor in the assembly of pre-replicative complexes at origins of replication. The role of CDC6 in the pathogenesis of in diffuse larger B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unknown. We aim to investigate the effects of CDC6 on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation in DLBCL cells, delineate its underlying mechanism, and to correlate CDC6 expression with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with DLBCL. METHODS Initial bioinformatic analysis was performed to screen the potential role of CDC6 in DLBCL. Lentiviral constructs harboring CDC6 or shCDC6 was transfected to overexpress or knockdown CDC6 in SUDHL4 and OCI-LY7 cells. The cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V APC/7-AAD double staining, and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Real time quantitative PCR and western blot was used to characterize CDC6 expression and its downstream signaling pathways. The clinical data of DLBCL patients were retrospectively reviewed, the CDC6 expression in DLBCL or lymph node reactive hyperplasia tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In silico data suggest that CDC6 overexpression is associated with inferior prognosis of DLBCL. We found that CDC6 overexpression increased SUDHL4 or OCI-LY7 cell proliferation, while knockdown of CDC6 inhibited cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner. Upon overexpression, CDC6 reduced cells in G1 phase and did not affect cell apoptosis; CDC6 knockdown led to significant cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and increase in cell apoptosis. Western blot showed that CDC6 inhibited the expression of INK4, E-Cadherin and ATR, accompanied by increased Bcl-2 and deceased Bax expression. The CDC6 protein was overexpressed DLBCL compared with lymph node reactive hyperplasia, and CDC6 overexpression was associated with non-GCB subtype, and conferred poor PFS and OS in patients with DLBCL. CONCLUSION CDC6 promotes cell proliferation and survival of DLBCL cells through regulation of G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis. CDC6 is overexpressed and serves as a novel prognostic marker in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Shen
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lun Tang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinyan Fu
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Tang S, Gökbağ B, Fan K, Shao S, Huo Y, Wu X, Cheng L, Li L. Synthetic lethal gene pairs: Experimental approaches and predictive models. Front Genet 2022; 13:961611. [PMID: 36531238 PMCID: PMC9751344 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.961611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality (SL) refers to a genetic interaction in which the simultaneous perturbation of two genes leads to cell or organism death, whereas viability is maintained when only one of the pair is altered. The experimental exploration of these pairs and predictive modeling in computational biology contribute to our understanding of cancer biology and the development of cancer therapies. We extensively reviewed experimental technologies, public data sources, and predictive models in the study of synthetic lethal gene pairs and herein detail biological assumptions, experimental data, statistical models, and computational schemes of various predictive models, speculate regarding their influence on individual sample- and population-based synthetic lethal interactions, discuss the pros and cons of existing SL data and models, and highlight potential research directions in SL discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Birkan Gökbağ
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kunjie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shuai Shao
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yang Huo
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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5
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Mills C, Riching A, Keller A, Stombaugh J, Haupt A, Maksimova E, Dickerson SM, Anderson E, Hemphill K, Ebmeier C, Schiel JA, Levenga J, Perkett M, Smith AVB, Strezoska Z. A Novel CRISPR Interference Effector Enabling Functional Gene Characterization with Synthetic Guide RNAs. CRISPR J 2022; 5:769-786. [PMID: 36257604 PMCID: PMC9805873 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) systems have been widely implemented in pooled lentiviral screening, there has been limited use with synthetic guide RNAs for the complex phenotypic readouts enabled by experiments in arrayed format. Here we describe a novel deactivated Cas9 fusion protein, dCas9-SALL1-SDS3, which produces greater target gene repression than first or second generation CRISPRi systems when used with chemically modified synthetic single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), while exhibiting high target specificity. We show that dCas9-SALL1-SDS3 interacts with key members of the histone deacetylase and Swi-independent three complexes, which are the endogenous functional effectors of SALL1 and SDS3. Synthetic sgRNAs can also be used with in vitro-transcribed dCas9-SALL1-SDS3 mRNA for short-term delivery into primary cells, including human induced pluripotent stem cells and primary T cells. Finally, we used dCas9-SALL1-SDS3 for functional gene characterization of DNA damage host factors, orthogonally to small interfering RNA, demonstrating the ability of the system to be used in arrayed-format screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Mills
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Riching
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashleigh Keller
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jesse Stombaugh
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda Haupt
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Elena Maksimova
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah M. Dickerson
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Anderson
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin Hemphill
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Chris Ebmeier
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - John A. Schiel
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Josien Levenga
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Perkett
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anja van Brabant Smith
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Zaklina Strezoska
- Horizon Discovery, a PerkinElmer Company, Lafayette, Colorado, USA and University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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6
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Li K, Liu Y, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Feng J, Hu J, Chen J, Lian Z, Chen Y, Hu K, Chen Z, Cai Z, Liu M, Pang X. BCL6 is regulated by the MAPK/ELK1 axis and promotes KRAS-driven lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:161308. [PMID: 36377663 PMCID: PMC9663163 DOI: 10.1172/jci161308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of KRAS is a common oncogenic event in lung cancer, yet effective therapies are still lacking. Here, we identify B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) as a lynchpin in KRAS-driven lung cancer. BCL6 expression was increased upon KRAS activation in lung tumor tissue in mice and was positively correlated with the expression of KRAS-GTP, the active form of KRAS, in various human cancer cell lines. Moreover, BCL6 was highly expressed in human KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas and was associated with poor patient survival. Mechanistically, the MAPK/ERK/ELK1 signaling axis downstream of mutant KRAS directly regulated BCL6 expression. BCL6 maintained the global expression of prereplication complex components; therefore, BCL6 inhibition induced stalling of the replication fork, leading to DNA damage and growth arrest in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Importantly, BCL6-specific knockout in lungs significantly reduced the tumor burden and mortality in the LSL-KrasG12D/+ lung cancer mouse model. Likewise, pharmacological inhibition of BCL6 significantly impeded the growth of KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our findings reveal a crucial role of BCL6 in promoting KRAS-addicted lung cancer and suggest BCL6 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
- Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Yi Ding
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Zhengke Lian
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life Sciences and
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7
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Martins FC, Couturier DL, de Santiago I, Sauer CM, Vias M, Angelova M, Sanders D, Piskorz A, Hall J, Hosking K, Amirthanayagam A, Cosulich S, Carnevalli L, Davies B, Watkins TBK, Funingana IG, Bolton H, Haldar K, Latimer J, Baldwin P, Crawford R, Eldridge M, Basu B, Jimenez-Linan M, Mcpherson AW, McGranahan N, Litchfield K, Shah SP, McNeish I, Caldas C, Evan G, Swanton C, Brenton JD. Clonal somatic copy number altered driver events inform drug sensitivity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6360. [PMID: 36289203 PMCID: PMC9606297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is a major challenge to patient stratification and targeted drug development for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Here we show that somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) in frequently amplified HGSOC cancer genes significantly correlate with gene expression and methylation status. We identify five prevalent clonal driver SCNAs (chromosomal amplifications encompassing MYC, PIK3CA, CCNE1, KRAS and TERT) from multi-regional HGSOC data and reason that their strong selection should prioritise them as key biomarkers for targeted therapies. We use primary HGSOC spheroid models to test interactions between in vitro targeted therapy and SCNAs. MYC chromosomal copy number is associated with in-vitro and clinical response to paclitaxel and in-vitro response to mTORC1/2 inhibition. Activation of the mTOR survival pathway in the context of MYC-amplified HGSOC is statistically associated with increased prevalence of SCNAs in genes from the PI3K pathway. Co-occurrence of amplifications in MYC and genes from the PI3K pathway is independently observed in squamous lung cancer and triple negative breast cancer. In this work, we show that identifying co-occurrence of clonal driver SCNA genes could be used to tailor therapeutics for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Correia Martins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Experimental Medicine Initiative, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dominique-Laurent Couturier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ines de Santiago
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maria Vias
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Deborah Sanders
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Piskorz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Hall
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas B K Watkins
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ionut G Funingana
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Bolton
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krishnayan Haldar
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Latimer
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Baldwin
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin Crawford
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bristi Basu
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew W Mcpherson
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, NYC, USA
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sohrab P Shah
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, NYC, USA
| | - Iain McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerard Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| | - James D Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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8
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Moss DY, McCann C, Kerr EM. Rerouting the drug response: Overcoming metabolic adaptation in KRAS-mutant cancers. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabj3490. [PMID: 36256706 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abj3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in guanosine triphosphatase KRAS are common in lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. The constitutive activity of mutant KRAS and its downstream signaling pathways induces metabolic rewiring in tumor cells that can promote resistance to existing therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the metabolic pathways that are altered in response to treatment and those that can, in turn, alter treatment efficacy, as well as the role of metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in dictating the therapeutic response in KRAS-driven cancers. We highlight metabolic targets that may provide clinical opportunities to overcome therapeutic resistance and improve survival in patients with these aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Y Moss
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher McCann
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Emma M Kerr
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
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9
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Sayed S, Sidorova OA, Hennig A, Augsburg M, Cortés Vesga CP, Abohawya M, Schmitt LT, Sürün D, Stange DE, Mircetic J, Buchholz F. Efficient Correction of Oncogenic KRAS and TP53 Mutations through CRISPR Base Editing. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3002-3015. [PMID: 35802645 PMCID: PMC9437569 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer, and its activating mutations represent long-sought therapeutic targets. Programmable nucleases, particularly the CRISPR-Cas9 system, provide an attractive tool for genetically targeting KRAS mutations in cancer cells. Here, we show that cleavage of a panel of KRAS driver mutations suppresses growth in various human cancer cell lines, revealing their dependence on mutant KRAS. However, analysis of the remaining cell population after long-term Cas9 expression unmasked the occurence of oncogenic KRAS escape variants that were resistant to Cas9-cleavage. In contrast, the use of an adenine base editor to correct oncogenic KRAS mutations progressively depleted the targeted cells without the appearance of escape variants and allowed efficient and simultaneous correction of a cancer-associated TP53 mutation. Oncogenic KRAS and TP53 base editing was possible in patient-derived cancer organoids, suggesting that base editor approaches to correct oncogenic mutations could be developed for functional interrogation of vulnerabilities in a personalized manner for future precision oncology applications. SIGNIFICANCE Repairing KRAS mutations with base editors can be used for providing a better understanding of RAS biology and may lay the foundation for improved treatments for KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Sayed
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga A. Sidorova
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Hennig
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Early Career Center (MSNZ) P2, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Augsburg
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catherine P. Cortés Vesga
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moustafa Abohawya
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas T. Schmitt
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel E. Stange
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Early Career Center (MSNZ) P2, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jovan Mircetic
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Early Career Center (MSNZ) P2, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site, Dresden, Germany.,Corresponding Author: Frank Buchholz, Medical Systems Biology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. E-mail:
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10
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Plangger A, Rath B, Stickler S, Hochmair M, Lang C, Weigl L, Funovics M, Hamilton G. Cytotoxicity of combinations of the pan-KRAS SOS1 inhibitor BAY-293 against pancreatic cancer cell lines. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:84. [PMID: 36048281 PMCID: PMC9437170 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is mutated in approximately 25% of cancer patients and first KRAS G12C-specific inhibitors showed promising responses. Pancreatic cancer has the highest frequency of KRAS mutations but the prevailing KRAS G12D mutation is difficult to target. Inhibition of the GTP exchange factor (GEF) SOS1-KRAS interaction impairs oncogenic signaling independently of the specific KRAS mutations. In general, cell lines exhibiting KRAS mutations show specific alterations in respect to glucose utilization, signal transduction and stress survival. The aim of this investigation was to check the putative synergy of the SOS1 inhibitor BAY-293 with modulators targeting specific vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutated cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxicity of BAY-293 combinations was tested against MIA PaCa-2 (G12C), AsPC1 (G12D) and BxPC3 (KRAS wildtype) cell lines using MTT tests and calculation of the combination indices (CI) according to the Chou-Talalay method. The results show that BAY-293 synergizes with modulators of glucose utilization, inhibitors of the downstream MAPK pathway and several chemotherapeutics in dependence of the specific KRAS status of the cell lines. In particular, divergent responses for BAY-293 combinations between pancreatic and NSCLC cell lines were observed for linsitinib, superior inhibitory effects of trametinib and PD98059 in NSCLC, and lack of activity with doxorubicin in case of the pancreatic cell lines. Phosphoproteome analysis revealed inhibition of distinct signaling pathways by BAY-293 for MIA PaCa-2 on the one hand and for Aspc1 and BH1362 on the other hand. In conclusion, BAY-293 exhibits synergy with drugs in dependence of the tumor type and specific KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Plangger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Stickler
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Lang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost, Donauspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Weigl
- Division of Special Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Funovics
- Department of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hamilton
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Guo L, Dou Y, Xia D, Yin Z, Xiang Y, Luo L, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liang T. SLOAD: a comprehensive database of cancer-specific synthetic lethal interactions for precision cancer therapy via multi-omics analysis. Database (Oxford) 2022; 2022:6677988. [PMID: 36029479 PMCID: PMC9419874 DOI: 10.1093/database/baac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synthetic lethality has been widely concerned because of its potential role in cancer treatment, which can be harnessed to selectively kill cancer cells via identifying inactive genes in a specific cancer type and further targeting the corresponding synthetic lethal partners. Herein, to obtain cancer-specific synthetic lethal interactions, we aimed to predict genetic interactions via a pan-cancer analysis from multiple molecular levels using random forest and then develop a user-friendly database. First, based on collected public gene pairs with synthetic lethal interactions, candidate gene pairs were analyzed via integrating multi-omics data, mainly including DNA mutation, copy number variation, methylation and mRNA expression data. Then, integrated features were used to predict cancer-specific synthetic lethal interactions using random forest. Finally, SLOAD (http://www.tmliang.cn/SLOAD) was constructed via integrating these findings, which was a user-friendly database for data searching, browsing, downloading and analyzing. These results can provide candidate cancer-specific synthetic lethal interactions, which will contribute to drug designing in cancer treatment that can promote therapy strategies based on the principle of synthetic lethality.
Database URL http://www.tmliang.cn/SLOAD/
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuyang Dou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Daoliang Xia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zibo Yin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yangyang Xiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Lulu Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , No. 9, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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12
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Shailes H, Tse WY, Freitas MO, Silver A, Martin SA. Statin Treatment as a Targeted Therapy for APC-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:880552. [PMID: 35712511 PMCID: PMC9197185 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.880552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) are found in 80% of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors and are also responsible for the inherited form of CRC, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Methods To identify novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of APC mutated CRC, we generated a drug screening platform that incorporates a human cellular model of APC mutant CRC using CRISPR-cas9 gene editing and performed an FDA-approved drug screen targeting over 1000 compounds. Results We have identified the group of HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors known as statins, which cause a significantly greater loss in cell viability in the APC mutated cell lines and in in vivo APC mutated patient derived xenograft (PDX) models, compared to wild-type APC cells. Mechanistically, our data reveals this new synthetic lethal relationship is a consequence of decreased Wnt signalling and, ultimately, a reduction in the level of expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Survivin, upon statin treatment in the APC-mutant cells only. This mechanism acts via a Rac1 mediated control of beta-catenin. Conclusion Significantly, we have identified a novel synthetic lethal dependence between APC mutations and statin treatment, which could potentially be exploited for the treatment of APC mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Shailes
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Yiu Tse
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta O. Freitas
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Silver
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Martin
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sarah A. Martin,
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13
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Zhu JY, Huang X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Zheng P, Liu Y, Han Z. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of hypoxia signaling attenuates oncogenic RAS-induced cancer phenotypes. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:272327. [PMID: 34580712 PMCID: PMC8617310 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras mutations are highly prevalent in hematopoietic malignancies. However, it is difficult to directly target oncogenic RAS proteins for therapeutic intervention. We have developed a Drosophila acute myeloid leukemia model induced by human KRASG12V, which exhibits a dramatic increase in myeloid-like leukemia cells. We performed both genetic and drug screens using this model. The genetic screen identified 24 candidate genes able to attenuate the oncogenic RAS-induced phenotype, including two key hypoxia pathway genes HIF1A and ARNT (HIF1B). The drug screen revealed that echinomycin, an inhibitor of HIF1A, can effectively attenuate the leukemia phenotype caused by KRASG12V. Furthermore, we showed that echinomycin treatment can effectively suppress oncogenic RAS-driven leukemia cell proliferation, using both human leukemia cell lines and a mouse xenograft model. These data suggest that inhibiting the hypoxia pathway could be an effective treatment approach and that echinomycin is a promising targeted drug to attenuate oncogenic RAS-induced cancer phenotypes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Hypoxia pathway inhibition, either genetically or pharmacologically, rescues RAS-induced oncogenesis in a Drosophila acute myeloid leukemia model, mouse xenograft model and human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Zhu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Division of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiaohu Huang
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Division of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yulong Fu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Pan Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Division of Immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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14
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Fanini F, Bandini E, Plousiou M, Carloni S, Wise P, Neviani P, Murtadha M, Foca F, Fabbri F, Vannini I, Fabbri M. MicroRNA-16 Restores Sensitivity to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Outperforms MEK Inhibitors in KRAS-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13357. [PMID: 34948154 PMCID: PMC8705178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Chemotherapy, the treatment of choice in non-operable cases, achieves a dismal success rate, raising the need for new therapeutic options. In about 25% of NSCLC, the activating mutations of the KRAS oncogene define a subclass that cannot benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The tumor suppressor miR-16 is downregulated in many human cancers, including NSCLC. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate miR-16 treatment to restore the TKI sensitivity and compare its efficacy to MEK inhibitors in KRAS-mutated NSCLC. METHODS We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate whether miR-16 could be exploited to overcome TKI resistance in KRAS-mutated NSCLC. We had three goals: first, to identify the KRAS downstream effectors targeted by mir-16, second, to study the effects of miR-16 restoration on TKI resistance in KRAS-mutated NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo, and finally, to compare miR-16 and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib in reducing KRAS-mutated NSCLC growth in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We demonstrated that miR-16 directly targets the three KRAS downstream effectors MAPK3, MAP2K1, and CRAF in NSCLC, restoring the sensitivity to erlotinib in KRAS-mutated NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo. We also provided evidence that the miR-16-erlotinib regimen is more effective than the selumetinib-erlotinib combination in KRAS-mutated NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the biological preclinical rationale for using miR-16 in combination with erlotinib in the treatment of NSCLC with KRAS-activating mutations.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- MicroRNAs/biosynthesis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanini
- Immuno-Gene Therapy Factory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (F.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Erika Bandini
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (E.B.); (M.P.); (F.F.); (I.V.)
| | - Meropi Plousiou
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (E.B.); (M.P.); (F.F.); (I.V.)
| | - Silvia Carloni
- Immuno-Gene Therapy Factory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (F.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Extracellular Vesicle Core, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Mariam Murtadha
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA;
| | - Flavia Foca
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Francesco Fabbri
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (E.B.); (M.P.); (F.F.); (I.V.)
| | - Ivan Vannini
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (E.B.); (M.P.); (F.F.); (I.V.)
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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15
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Plangger A, Rath B, Hochmair M, Funovics M, Hamilton G. Cytotoxicity of combinations of the pan-KRAS inhibitor BAY-293 against primary non-small lung cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101230. [PMID: 34598083 PMCID: PMC8488304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is mutated in approximately 25% of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients and first specific inhibitors showed promising responses that may be improved by concurrent interference with downstream signaling pathways. Cell lines exhibiting KRAS mutations show specific sensitivities to modulators affecting glucose utilization, signal transduction and cell survival. Novel SOS1-directed inhibitors with a broader anticancer coverage such as BAY-293 and BI-3406 inhibit KRAS through the hindrance of SOS1-KRAS interactions. The aim of this study was to check the putative synergy of BAY-293 with modulators having revealed specific vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutated cell lines. The present investigation tested the cytotoxicity of BAY-293 combinations against a series of Osimertinib-resistant primary NSCLC cell lines using MTT tests and calculation of combination indices according to the Chou-Talalay method. The results show that BAY-293 synergizes with modulators of glucose metabolism, inhibitors of cellular proliferation, several chemotherapeutics and a range of diverse modulators, thus corroborating the chemosensitivities of cells expressing mutated KRAS. In conclusion, BAY-293 exerts cytotoxicity with a wide range of drugs against Osimertinib-resistant primary NSCLC cell lines. The administration of pan-KRAS inhibitors alone may be limited in vivo by toxicity to normal tissues but made feasible by its use as part of suitable drug combinations. This study shows that BAY-293 combinations are active against NSCLC cells not further amenable to mutated EGFR-directed targeted therapy and results likewise hold relevance for pancreatic and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Plangger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13A, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13A, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Funovics
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Bioimaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hamilton
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13A, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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16
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Chen X, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Kroemer G, Tang D. Cell death in pancreatic cancer: from pathogenesis to therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:804-823. [PMID: 34331036 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating gastrointestinal cancer characterized by late diagnosis, limited treatment success and dismal prognosis. Exocrine tumours account for 95% of pancreatic cancers and the most common pathological type is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The occurrence and progression of PDAC involve multiple factors, including internal genetic alterations and external inflammatory stimuli. The biology and therapeutic response of PDAC are further shaped by various forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and alkaliptosis. Cell death induced by local or systemic treatments suppresses tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis. However, unrestricted cell death or tissue damage might result in an inflammation-related immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is conducive to tumour progression or recurrence. The precise extent to which cell death affects PDAC is not yet well described. A growing body of preclinical and clinical studies document significant correlations between mutations (for example, in KRAS and TP53), stress responses (such as hypoxia and autophagy), metabolic reprogramming and chemotherapeutic responses. Here, we describe the molecular machinery of cell death, discuss the complexity and multifaceted nature of lethal signalling in PDAC cells, and highlight the challenges and opportunities for activating cell death pathways through precision oncology treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France. .,Suzhou Institute for Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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17
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Dong Q, Liu M, Chen B, Zhao Z, Chen T, Wang C, Zhuang S, Li Y, Wang Y, Ai L, Liu Y, Liang H, Qi L, Gu Y. Revealing biomarkers associated with PARP inhibitors based on genetic interactions in cancer genome. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4435-4446. [PMID: 34471490 PMCID: PMC8379270 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate genomic biomarkers were revealed for PARPis from genetic interactions. Gain-of-function mutation of EGFR induced resistance to PARP inhibitors. Lung cancer may benefit from combination of PARP inhibitor and EGFR inhibitor. Gene set of biomarkers for PARPis contributes to the prognosis of cancer patients.
Poly (ADPribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are clinically approved drugs designed according to the concept of synthetic lethality (SL) interaction. It is crucial to expand the scale of patients who can benefit from PARPis, and overcome drug resistance associated with it. Genetic interactions (GIs) include SL and synthetic viability (SV) that participate in drug response in cancer cells. Based on the hypothesis that mutated genes with SL or SV interactions with PARP1/2/3 are potential sensitive or resistant PARPis biomarkers, respectively, we developed a novel computational method to identify them. We analyzed fitness variation of cell lines to identify PARP1/2/3-related GIs according to CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA interference functional screens. Potential resistant/sensitive mutated genes were identified using pharmacogenomic datasets. We identified 41 candidate resistant and 130 candidate sensitive PARPi-response related genes, and observed that EGFR with gain-of-function mutation induced PARPi resistance, and predicted a combination therapy with PARP inhibitor (veliparib) and EGFR inhibitor (erlotinib) for lung cancer. We also revealed that a resistant gene set (TNN, PLEC, and TRIP12) in lower grade glioma and a sensitive gene set (BRCA2, TOP3A, and ASCC3) in ovarian cancer, which were associated with prognosis. Thus, cancer genome-derived GIs provide new insights for identifying PARPi biomarkers and a new avenue for precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhangxiang Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuping Zhuang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqiang Ai
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lishuang Qi
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunyan Gu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Du Y, Li X, Niu Q, Mo X, Qui M, Ma T, Kuo CJ, Fu H. Development of a miniaturized 3D organoid culture platform for ultra-high-throughput screening. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:630-643. [PMID: 32678871 PMCID: PMC7751183 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of robust methods to grow human tissues as 3D organoids allows us to recapitulate the 3D architecture of tumors in an in vitro setting and offers a new orthogonal approach for drug discovery. However, organoid culturing with extracellular matrix to support 3D architecture has been challenging for high-throughput screening (HTS)-based drug discovery due to technical difficulties. Using genetically engineered human colon organoids as a model system, here we report our effort to miniaturize such 3D organoid culture with extracellular matrix support in high-density plates to enable HTS. We first established organoid culturing in a 384-well plate format and validated its application in a cell viability HTS assay by screening a 2036-compound library. We further miniaturized the 3D organoid culturing in a 1536-well ultra-HTS format and demonstrated its robust performance for large-scale primary compound screening. Our miniaturized organoid culturing method may be adapted to other types of organoids. By leveraging the power of 3D organoid culture in a high-density plate format, we provide a physiologically relevant screening platform to model tumors to accelerate organoid-based research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qiankun Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min Qui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tingxuan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Hamilton G, Plangger A. Cytotoxic activity of KRAS inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1065-1074. [PMID: 34347509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1965123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver in pancreatic, lung, and colon cancer. Recently, KRAS inhibitors in clinical use show promising activity but most responses are partial and drug resistance develops. The use of therapeutics in combination with KRAS inhibitors are expected to improve outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review describes the KRAS G12C mutation-specific inhibitors and the SOS1-targeting inhibitors that reduce the GTP-loading of wildtype and mutated KRAS. Both types of compounds reduce tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The combinations of the various KRAS inhibitors with downstream signaling effectors, modulators of KRAS-associated metabolic alterations and chemotherapeutics are summarized. EXPERT OPINION The clinical potency of mutated KRAS-specific inhibitors needs to be improved by suitable drug combinations. Inhibition of downstream signaling cascades increases toxicity and other combinations exploited comprise G12C-directed inhibitors with SOS1 inhibitors, glucose/glutamine metabolic modulators, classical chemotherapeutics, and others. The most suitable inhibitor combinations corroborated in preclinical development await clinical verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Igarashi K, Nishizawa H, Saiki Y, Matsumoto M. The transcription factor BACH1 at the crossroads of cancer biology: From epithelial-mesenchymal transition to ferroptosis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101032. [PMID: 34339740 PMCID: PMC8387770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer involves not only the gradual evolution of cells by mutations in DNA but also alterations in the gene expression induced by those mutations and input from the surrounding microenvironment. Such alterations contribute to cancer cells' abilities to reprogram metabolic pathways and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which facilitate the survival of cancer cells and their metastasis to other organs. Recently, BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), a heme-regulated transcription factor that represses genes involved in iron and heme metabolism in normal cells, was shown to shape the metabolism and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The growing list of BACH1 target genes in cancer cells reveals that BACH1 promotes metastasis by regulating various sets of genes beyond iron metabolism. BACH1 represses the expression of genes that mediate cell–cell adhesion and oxidative phosphorylation but activates the expression of genes required for glycolysis, cell motility, and matrix protein degradation. Furthermore, BACH1 represses FOXA1 gene encoding an activator of epithelial genes and activates SNAI2 encoding a repressor of epithelial genes, forming a feedforward loop of EMT. By synthesizing these observations, we propose a “two-faced BACH1 model”, which accounts for the dynamic switching between metastasis and stress resistance along with cancer progression. We discuss here the possibility that BACH1-mediated promotion of cancer also brings increased sensitivity to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) through crosstalk of BACH1 target genes, imposing programmed vulnerability upon cancer cells. We also discuss the future directions of this field, including the dynamics and plasticity of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hironari Nishizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Rio-Vilariño A, del Puerto-Nevado L, García-Foncillas J, Cebrián A. Ras Family of Small GTPases in CRC: New Perspectives for Overcoming Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3757. [PMID: 34359657 PMCID: PMC8345156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains among the cancers with the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality worldwide. Although the development of targeted therapies against the EGFR and VEGFR membrane receptors has considerably improved survival in these patients, the appearance of resistance means that their success is still limited. Overactivation of several members of the Ras-GTPase family is one of the main actors in both tumour progression and the lack of response to cytotoxic and targeted therapies. This fact has led many resources to be devoted over the last decades to the development of targeted therapies against these proteins. However, they have not been as successful as expected in their move to the clinic so far. In this review, we will analyse the role of these Ras-GTPases in the emergence and development of colorectal cancer and their relationship with resistance to targeted therapies, as well as the status and new advances in the design of targeted therapies against these proteins and their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-V.); (L.d.P.-N.)
| | - Arancha Cebrián
- Translational Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-V.); (L.d.P.-N.)
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22
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Elmes K, Schmich F, Szczurek E, Jenkins J, Beerenwinkel N, Gavryushkin A. Learning epistatic gene interactions from perturbation screens. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254491. [PMID: 34255784 PMCID: PMC8277066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of complex diseases often relies on combinatorial therapy, a strategy where drugs are used to target multiple genes simultaneously. Promising candidate genes for combinatorial perturbation often constitute epistatic genes, i.e., genes which contribute to a phenotype in a non-linear fashion. Experimental identification of the full landscape of genetic interactions by perturbing all gene combinations is prohibitive due to the exponential growth of testable hypotheses. Here we present a model for the inference of pairwise epistatic, including synthetic lethal, gene interactions from siRNA-based perturbation screens. The model exploits the combinatorial nature of siRNA-based screens resulting from the high numbers of sequence-dependent off-target effects, where each siRNA apart from its intended target knocks down hundreds of additional genes. We show that conditional and marginal epistasis can be estimated as interaction coefficients of regression models on perturbation data. We compare two methods, namely glinternet and xyz, for selecting non-zero effects in high dimensions as components of the model, and make recommendations for the appropriate use of each. For data simulated from real RNAi screening libraries, we show that glinternet successfully identifies epistatic gene pairs with high accuracy across a wide range of relevant parameters for the signal-to-noise ratio of observed phenotypes, the effect size of epistasis and the number of observations per double knockdown. xyz is also able to identify interactions from lower dimensional data sets (fewer genes), but is less accurate for many dimensions. Higher accuracy of glinternet, however, comes at the cost of longer running time compared to xyz. The general model is widely applicable and allows mining the wealth of publicly available RNAi screening data for the estimation of epistatic interactions between genes. As a proof of concept, we apply the model to search for interactions, and potential targets for treatment, among previously published sets of siRNA perturbation screens on various pathogens. The identified interactions include both known epistatic interactions as well as novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Elmes
- Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fabian Schmich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ewa Szczurek
- Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jeremy Jenkins
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (NB); (AG)
| | - Alex Gavryushkin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (NB); (AG)
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23
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Cerrito MG, Grassilli E. Identifying Novel Actionable Targets in Colon Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050579. [PMID: 34065438 PMCID: PMC8160963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of death from cancer worldwide, mainly due to the high incidence of drug-resistance toward classic chemotherapeutic and newly targeted drugs. In the last decade or so, the development of novel high-throughput approaches, both genome-wide and chemical, allowed the identification of novel actionable targets and the development of the relative specific inhibitors to be used either to re-sensitize drug-resistant tumors (in combination with chemotherapy) or to be synthetic lethal for tumors with specific oncogenic mutations. Finally, high-throughput screening using FDA-approved libraries of “known” drugs uncovered new therapeutic applications of drugs (used alone or in combination) that have been in the clinic for decades for treating non-cancerous diseases (re-positioning or re-purposing approach). Thus, several novel actionable targets have been identified and some of them are already being tested in clinical trials, indicating that high-throughput approaches, especially those involving drug re-positioning, may lead in a near future to significant improvement of the therapy for colon cancer patients, especially in the context of a personalized approach, i.e., in defined subgroups of patients whose tumors carry certain mutations.
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24
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Dai W, Xie S, Chen C, Choi BH. Ras sumoylation in cell signaling and transformation. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:301-309. [PMID: 33812985 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPases that participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Mutations or deregulated activities of Ras are frequently the driving force for oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in mediating the stability, activity, or subcellular localization/trafficking of numerous cellular regulators including Ras proteins. A series of recent studies reveal that Ras proteins are also regulated by sumoylation. All three Ras protein isoforms (HRas, KRas, and NRas) are modified by SUMO3. The conserved lysine42 appears to be the primary site for mediating sumoylation. Expression of KRasV12/R42 mutants compromised the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling axis, leading to a reduced rate of cell migration and invasion in vitro in multiple cell lines. Moreover, treatment of transformed pancreatic cells with a SUMO E2 inhibitor blocks cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, which is associated with a reduced level of both KRas sumoylation and expression of mesenchymal cell markers. Furthermore, mouse xenograft experiments reveal that expression of a SUMO-resistant mutant appears to suppress tumor development in vivo. Combined, these studies indicate that sumoylation functions as an important mechanism in mediating the roles of Ras in cell proliferation, differentiation, and malignant transformation and that the SUMO-modification system of Ras oncoproteins can be explored as a new druggable target for various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA
| | - Suqing Xie
- Institute of Pathology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Changyan Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA.
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25
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Liu X, Li Z, Wang Y. Advances in Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e1900236. [PMID: 33729700 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with an overall 5-year survival rate of <6% due to therapeutic resistance and late-stage diagnosis. These statistics have not changed despite 50 years of research and therapeutic development. Pancreatic cancer is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer mortality by the year 2030. Currently, the treatment options for pancreatic cancer are limited. This disease is usually diagnosed at a late stage, which prevents curative surgical resection. Chemotherapy is the most frequently used approach for pancreatic cancer treatment and has limited effects. In many other cancer types, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have made great progress and have been shown to be very promising prospects; these treatments also provide hope for pancreatic cancer. The need for research on targeted therapy and immunotherapy is pressing due to the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer, and in recent years, there have been some breakthroughs for targeted therapy and immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. This review summarizes the current preclinical and clinical studies of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer and ends by describing the challenges and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, SINH - Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, SINH - Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, SINH - Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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26
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Secondary leukemia in patients with germline transcription factor mutations (RUNX1, GATA2, CEBPA). Blood 2021; 136:24-35. [PMID: 32430494 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition that germline mutations can predispose individuals to blood cancers, often presenting as secondary leukemias, has largely been driven in the last 20 years by studies of families with inherited mutations in the myeloid transcription factors (TFs) RUNX1, GATA2, and CEBPA. As a result, in 2016, classification of myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition for each of these and other genes was added to the World Health Organization guidelines. The incidence of germline mutation carriers in the general population or in various clinically presenting patient groups remains poorly defined for reasons including that somatic mutations in these genes are common in blood cancers, and our ability to distinguish germline (inherited or de novo) and somatic mutations is often limited by the laboratory analyses. Knowledge of the regulation of these TFs and their mutant alleles, their interaction with other genes and proteins and the environment, and how these alter the clinical presentation of patients and their leukemias is also incomplete. Outstanding questions that remain for patients with these germline mutations or their treating clinicians include: What is the natural course of the disease? What other symptoms may I develop and when? Can you predict them? Can I prevent them? and What is the best treatment? The resolution of many of the remaining clinical and biological questions and effective evidence-based treatment of patients with these inherited mutations will depend on worldwide partnerships among patients, clinicians, diagnosticians, and researchers to aggregate sufficient longitudinal clinical and laboratory data and integrate these data with model systems.
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27
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Gilad Y, Gellerman G, Lonard DM, O’Malley BW. Drug Combination in Cancer Treatment-From Cocktails to Conjugated Combinations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:669. [PMID: 33562300 PMCID: PMC7915944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized today that anticancer drugs often are most effective when used in combination. However, the establishment of chemotherapy as key modality in clinical oncology began with sporadic discoveries of chemicals that showed antiproliferative properties and which as a first attempt were used as single agents. In this review we describe the development of chemotherapy from its origins as a single drug treatment with cytotoxic agents to polydrug therapy that includes targeted drugs. We discuss the limitations of the first chemotherapeutic drugs as a motivation for the establishment of combined drug treatment as standard practice in spite of concerns about frequent severe, dose limiting toxicities. Next, we introduce the development of targeted treatment as a concept for advancement within the broader field of small-molecule drug combination therapy in cancer and its accelerating progress that was boosted by recent scientific and technological progresses. Finally, we describe an alternative strategy of drug combinations using drug-conjugates for selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells that potentiates future improvement of drug combinations in cancer treatment. Overall, in this review we outline the development of chemotherapy from a pharmacological perspective, from its early stages to modern concepts of using targeted therapies for combinational treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Gilad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - David M. Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Bert W. O’Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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28
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Zhao L, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zuo L, Niu A, Zhang W, Xue X, Zhao S, Sun C, Li K, Wang J, Bian Z, Zhao X, Saur D, Seidler B, Wang C, Qi T. Generation and identification of a conditional knockout allele for the PSMD11 gene in mice. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 33517884 PMCID: PMC7849139 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study have shown that the PSMD11 protein was an important survival factor for cancer cells except for its key role in regulation of assembly and activity of the 26S proteasome. To further investigate the role of PSMD11 in carcinogenesis, we constructed a conditional exon 5 floxed allele of PSMD11 (PSMD11flx) in mice. RESULTS It was found that homozygous PSMD11 flx/flx mice showed normal and exhibited a normal life span and fertility, and showed roughly equivalent expression of PSMD11 in various tissues, suggesting that the floxed allele maintained the wild-type function. Cre recombinase could induce efficient knockout of the floxed PSMD11 allele both in vitro and in vivo. Mice with constitutive single allele deletion of PSMD11 derived from intercrossing between PSMD11flx/flx and CMV-Cre mice were all viable and fertile, and showed apparent growth retardation, suggesting that PSMD11 played a significant role in the development of mice pre- or postnatally. No whole-body PSMD11 deficient embryos (PSMD11-/-) were identified in E7.5-8.5 embryos in uteros, indicating that double allele knockout of PSMD11 leads to early embryonic lethality. To avoid embryonic lethality produced by whole-body PSMD11 deletion, we further developed conditional PSMD11 global knockout mice with genotype Flp;FSF-R26CAG - CreERT2/+; PSMD11 flx/flx, and demonstrated that PSMD11 could be depleted in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. Meanwhile, it was found that depletion of PSMD11 could induce massive apoptosis in MEFs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data demonstrated that we have successfully generated a conditional knockout allele of PSMD11 in mice, and found that PSMD11 played a key role in early and postnatal development in mice, the PSMD11 flx/flx mice will be an invaluable tool to explore the functions of PSMD11 in development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Longyan Zuo
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Airu Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sanhe Yanjiao No.23 Hospital, Beijing, 065201, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Suhong Zhao
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Kailin Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Zhimin Bian
- Comprehensive Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/Key Laboratory of Thoracic Cancer in Universities of Shandong, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Dieter Saur
- The II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der Technischen Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- The II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der Technischen Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Tonggang Qi
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China.
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29
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Ertay A, Liu H, Liu D, Peng P, Hill C, Xiong H, Hancock D, Yuan X, Przewloka MR, Coldwell M, Howell M, Skipp P, Ewing RM, Downward J, Wang Y. WDHD1 is essential for the survival of PTEN-inactive triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1001. [PMID: 33221821 PMCID: PMC7680459 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer that lacks the oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, making it difficult to target therapeutically. Targeting synthetic lethality is an alternative approach for cancer treatment. TNBC shows frequent loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression, which is associated with poor prognosis and treatment response. To identify PTEN synthetic lethal interactions, TCGA analysis coupled with a whole-genome siRNA screen in isogenic PTEN-negative and -positive cells were performed. Among the candidate genes essential for the survival of PTEN-inactive TNBC cells, WDHD1 (WD repeat and high-mobility group box DNA-binding protein 1) expression was increased in the low vs. high PTEN TNBC samples. It was also the top hit in the siRNA screen and its knockdown significantly inhibited cell viability in PTEN-negative cells, which was further validated in 2D and 3D cultures. Mechanistically, WDHD1 is important to mediate a high demand of protein translation in PTEN-inactive TNBC. Finally, the importance of WDHD1 in TNBC was confirmed in patient samples obtained from the TCGA and tissue microarrays with clinic-pathological information. Taken together, as an essential gene for the survival of PTEN-inactive TNBC cells, WDHD1 could be a potential biomarker or a therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ertay
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Huiquan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Dian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Peng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Charlotte Hill
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - David Hancock
- Oncogene Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Marcin R Przewloka
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark Coldwell
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- High-Throughput Screening, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rob M Ewing
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Yihua Wang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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30
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Tahir R, Renuse S, Udainiya S, Madugundu AK, Cutler JA, Nirujogi RS, Na CH, Xu Y, Wu X, Pandey A. Mutation-Specific and Common Phosphotyrosine Signatures of KRAS G12D and G13D Alleles. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:670-683. [PMID: 32986951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes across all cancer subtypes. Two of the most frequent oncogenic KRAS mutations observed in patients result in glycine to aspartic acid substitution at either codon 12 (G12D) or 13 (G13D). Although the biochemical differences between these two predominant mutations are not fully understood, distinct clinical features of the resulting tumors suggest involvement of disparate signaling mechanisms. When we compared the global phosphotyrosine proteomic profiles of isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines bearing either G12D or G13D KRAS mutation, we observed both shared as well as unique signaling events induced by the two KRAS mutations. Remarkably, while the G12D mutation led to an increase in membrane proximal and adherens junction signaling, the G13D mutation led to activation of signaling molecules such as nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, MAPK kinases, and regulators of metabolic processes. The importance of one of the cell surface molecules, MPZL1, which was found to be hyperphosphorylated in G12D cells, was confirmed by cellular assays as its knockdown led to a decrease in proliferation of G12D but not G13D expressing cells. Overall, our study reveals important signaling differences across two common KRAS mutations and highlights the utility of our approach to systematically dissect subtle differences between related oncogenic mutants and potentially lead to individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiha Tahir
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Santosh Renuse
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Savita Udainiya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.,Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jevon A Cutler
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Pre-Doctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Yaoyu Xu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.,Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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31
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Rao C, Huisman DH, Vieira HM, Frodyma DE, Neilsen BK, Chakraborty B, Hight SK, White MA, Fisher KW, Lewis RE. A Gene Expression High-Throughput Screen (GE-HTS) for Coordinated Detection of Functionally Similar Effectors in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3143. [PMID: 33120942 PMCID: PMC7692652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide, loss-of-function screening can be used to identify novel vulnerabilities upon which specific tumor cells depend for survival. Functional Signature Ontology (FUSION) is a gene expression-based high-throughput screening (GE-HTS) method that allows researchers to identify functionally similar proteins, small molecules, and microRNA mimics, revealing novel therapeutic targets. FUSION uses cell-based high-throughput screening and computational analysis to match gene expression signatures produced by natural products to those produced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and synthetic microRNA libraries to identify putative protein targets and mechanisms of action (MoA) for several previously undescribed natural products. We have used FUSION to screen for functional analogues to Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1), a scaffold protein downstream of Ras in the Raf-MEK-ERK kinase cascade, and biologically validated several proteins with functional similarity to KSR1. FUSION incorporates bioinformatics analysis that may offer higher resolution of the endpoint readout than other screens which utilize Boolean outputs regarding a single pathway activation (i.e., synthetic lethal and cell proliferation). Challenges associated with FUSION and other high-content genome-wide screens include variation, batch effects, and controlling for potential off-target effects. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of FUSION to identify novel inhibitors and oncogene-induced changes that may be cancer cell-specific as well as several potential pitfalls within FUSION and best practices to avoid them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Rao
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.R.); (D.H.H.); (H.M.V.); (D.E.F.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Dianna H. Huisman
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.R.); (D.H.H.); (H.M.V.); (D.E.F.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Heidi M. Vieira
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.R.); (D.H.H.); (H.M.V.); (D.E.F.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Danielle E. Frodyma
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.R.); (D.H.H.); (H.M.V.); (D.E.F.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Beth K. Neilsen
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.R.); (D.H.H.); (H.M.V.); (D.E.F.); (B.K.N.)
| | - Binita Chakraborty
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Suzie K. Hight
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Michael A. White
- Chief Scientific Officer, Samumed, LLC, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Kurt W. Fisher
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Robert E. Lewis
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.R.); (D.H.H.); (H.M.V.); (D.E.F.); (B.K.N.)
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32
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Development of synthetic lethality in cancer: molecular and cellular classification. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:241. [PMID: 33077733 PMCID: PMC7573576 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, genetically targeted cancer therapies have been a topic of great interest. Synthetic lethality provides a new approach for the treatment of mutated genes that were previously considered unable to be targeted in traditional genotype-targeted treatments. The increasing researches and applications in the clinical setting made synthetic lethality a promising anticancer treatment option. However, the current understandings on different conditions of synthetic lethality have not been systematically assessed and the application of synthetic lethality in clinical practice still faces many challenges. Here, we propose a novel and systematic classification of synthetic lethality divided into gene level, pathway level, organelle level, and conditional synthetic lethality, according to the degree of specificity into its biological mechanism. Multiple preclinical findings of synthetic lethality in recent years will be reviewed and classified under these different categories. Moreover, synthetic lethality targeted drugs in clinical practice will be briefly discussed. Finally, we will explore the essential implications of this classification as well as its prospects in eliminating existing challenges and the future directions of synthetic lethality.
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33
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Youn Y, Lee JC, Kim J, Kim JH, Hwang JH. Cdc6 disruption leads to centrosome abnormalities and chromosome instability in pancreatic cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16518. [PMID: 33020506 PMCID: PMC7536414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6) plays key roles in regulating DNA replication, and activation and maintenance of cell cycle check points. In addition, Cdc6 exerts oncogenic properties via genomic instability associated with incomplete DNA replication. This study aimed to examine the effects of Cdc6 on pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. Our results showed that Cdc6 expression was higher in clinical PC specimens (based on analysis of the GEPIA database) and cell lines, and the high Cdc6 expression was associated with poorer survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas-PC cohort. In addition, Cdc6-depleted PC cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, delayed G2/M cell cycle progression, and increased expression of p-histone H3 and cyclin A2 levels. These observations could be explained by Cdc6 depletion leading to multipolar and split spindles via centrosome amplification and microtubule disorganization which eventually increases chromosome missegregation. Furthermore, Cdc6-depleted PC cells showed significantly increased apoptosis, which was consistent with increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that Cdc6-depleted PC cells are arrested in mitosis and eventually undergo cell death by induced multipolar spindles, centrosome aberrations, microtubule disorganization, and chromosome instability. In conclusion, Cdc6 may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Youn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaihwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Jebelli A, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Baghbanzadeh A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Tayebi L. Recent developments in targeting genes and pathways by RNAi-based approaches in colorectal cancer. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:395-434. [PMID: 32990372 DOI: 10.1002/med.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of genetic and epigenetic variations together with environmental factors has made colorectal cancer (CRC), which involves the colon and rectum, a challenging and heterogeneous cancer. CRC cannot be effectively overcomed by common conventional therapies including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone replacement which highlights the need for a rational design of novel anticancer therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that RNA interference (RNAi) could be an important avenue to generate great therapeutic efficacy for CRC by targeting genes that are responsible for the viability, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, metastasis, and invasion of CRC cells. In this review, we underline the documented benefits of small interfering RNAs and short hairpin RNAs to target genes and signaling pathways related to CRC tumorigenesis. We address the synergistic effects of RNAi-mediated gene knockdown and inhibitors/chemotherapy agents to increase the sensitivity of CRC cells to common therapies. Finally, this review points new delivery systems/materials for improving the cellular uptake efficiency and reducing off-target effects of RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Jebelli
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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35
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Topatana W, Juengpanich S, Li S, Cao J, Hu J, Lee J, Suliyanto K, Ma D, Zhang B, Chen M, Cai X. Advances in synthetic lethality for cancer therapy: cellular mechanism and clinical translation. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:118. [PMID: 32883316 PMCID: PMC7470446 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality is a lethal phenomenon in which the occurrence of a single genetic event is tolerable for cell survival, whereas the co-occurrence of multiple genetic events results in cell death. The main obstacle for synthetic lethality lies in the tumor biology heterogeneity and complexity, the inadequate understanding of synthetic lethal interactions, drug resistance, and the challenges regarding screening and clinical translation. Recently, DNA damage response inhibitors are being tested in various trials with promising results. This review will describe the current challenges, development, and opportunities for synthetic lethality in cancer therapy. The characterization of potential synthetic lethal interactions and novel technologies to develop a more effective targeted drug for cancer patients will be explored. Furthermore, this review will discuss the clinical development and drug resistance mechanisms of synthetic lethality in cancer therapy. The ultimate goal of this review is to guide clinicians at selecting patients that will receive the maximum benefits of DNA damage response inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Topatana
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sarun Juengpanich
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Diana Ma
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China. .,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China. .,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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36
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Harnessing DNA Replication Stress for Novel Cancer Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090990. [PMID: 32854236 PMCID: PMC7564951 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is the fundamental process for accurate duplication and transfer of genetic information. Its fidelity is under constant stress from endogenous and exogenous factors which can cause perturbations that lead to DNA damage and defective replication. This can compromise genomic stability and integrity. Genomic instability is considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer. In normal cells, various checkpoints could either activate DNA repair or induce cell death/senescence. Cancer cells on the other hand potentiate DNA replicative stress, due to defective DNA damage repair mechanism and unchecked growth signaling. Though replicative stress can lead to mutagenesis and tumorigenesis, it can be harnessed paradoxically for cancer treatment. Herein, we review the mechanism and rationale to exploit replication stress for cancer therapy. We discuss both established and new approaches targeting DNA replication stress including chemotherapy, radiation, and small molecule inhibitors targeting pathways including ATR, Chk1, PARP, WEE1, MELK, NAE, TLK etc. Finally, we review combination treatments, biomarkers, and we suggest potential novel methods to target DNA replication stress to treat cancer.
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37
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Beyond Synthetic Lethality: Charting the Landscape of Pairwise Gene Expression States Associated with Survival in Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 28:938-948.e6. [PMID: 31340155 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic effect of perturbing a gene's activity depends on the activity level of other genes, reflecting the notion that phenotypes are emergent properties of a network of functionally interacting genes. In the context of cancer, contemporary investigations have primarily focused on just one type of functional relationship between two genes-synthetic lethality (SL). Here, we define the more general concept of "survival-associated pairwise gene expression states" (SPAGEs) as gene pairs whose joint expression levels are associated with survival. We describe a data-driven approach called SPAGE-finder that when applied to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data identified 71,946 SPAGEs spanning 12 distinct types, only a minority of which are SLs. The detected SPAGEs explain cancer driver genes' tissue specificity and differences in patients' response to drugs and stratify breast cancer tumors into refined subtypes. These results expand the scope of cancer SPAGEs and lay a conceptual basis for future studies of SPAGEs and their translational applications.
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38
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Reduced replication origin licensing selectively kills KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells via mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32612138 PMCID: PMC7330027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To unravel vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant CRC cells, a shRNA-based screen specifically inhibiting MAPK pathway components and targets was performed in CaCo2 cells harboring conditional oncogenic KRASG12V. The custom-designed shRNA library comprised 121 selected genes, which were previously identified to be strongly regulated in response to MEK inhibition. The screen showed that CaCo2 cells expressing KRASG12V were sensitive to the suppression of the DNA replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), whereas KRASwt CaCo2 cells were largely resistant to MCM7 suppression. Similar results were obtained in an isogenic DLD-1 cell culture model. Knockdown of MCM7 in a KRAS-mutant background led to replication stress as indicated by increased nuclear RPA focalization. Further investigation showed a significant increase in mitotic cells after simultaneous MCM7 knockdown and KRASG12V expression. The increased percentage of mitotic cells coincided with strongly increased DNA damage in mitosis. Taken together, the accumulation of DNA damage in mitotic cells is due to replication stress that remained unresolved, which results in mitotic catastrophe and cell death. In summary, the data show a vulnerability of KRAS-mutant cells towards suppression of MCM7 and suggest that inhibiting DNA replication licensing might be a viable strategy to target KRAS-mutant cancers.
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39
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Uras IZ, Moll HP, Casanova E. Targeting KRAS Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4325. [PMID: 32560574 PMCID: PMC7352653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer with an aggressive clinical course and high mortality rates. Most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages when treatment options are limited and the efficacy of chemotherapy is poor. The disease has a complex and heterogeneous background with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of patients and lung adenocarcinoma being the most common histological subtype. Almost 30% of adenocarcinomas of the lung are driven by an activating Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation. The ability to inhibit the oncogenic KRAS has been the holy grail of cancer research and the search for inhibitors is immensely ongoing as KRAS-mutated tumors are among the most aggressive and refractory to treatment. Therapeutic strategies tailored for KRAS+ NSCLC rely on the blockage of KRAS functional output, cellular dependencies, metabolic features, KRAS membrane associations, direct targeting of KRAS and immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an update on the most recent advances in anti-KRAS therapy for lung tumors with mechanistic insights into biological diversity and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Z. Uras
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig P. Moll
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (H.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (H.P.M.); (E.C.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), 1090 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Lord CJ, Quinn N, Ryan CJ. Integrative analysis of large-scale loss-of-function screens identifies robust cancer-associated genetic interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e58925. [PMID: 32463358 PMCID: PMC7289598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic interactions, including synthetic lethal effects, can now be systematically identified in cancer cell lines using high-throughput genetic perturbation screens. Despite this advance, few genetic interactions have been reproduced across multiple studies and many appear highly context-specific. Here, by developing a new computational approach, we identified 220 robust driver-gene associated genetic interactions that can be reproduced across independent experiments and across non-overlapping cell line panels. Analysis of these interactions demonstrated that: (i) oncogene addiction effects are more robust than oncogene-related synthetic lethal effects; and (ii) robust genetic interactions are enriched among gene pairs whose protein products physically interact. Exploiting the latter observation, we used a protein-protein interaction network to identify robust synthetic lethal effects associated with passenger gene alterations and validated two new synthetic lethal effects. Our results suggest that protein-protein interaction networks can be used to prioritise therapeutic targets that will be more robust to tumour heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lord
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Niall Quinn
- School of Computer Science and Systems Biology Ireland, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Colm J Ryan
- School of Computer Science and Systems Biology Ireland, University College DublinDublinIreland
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41
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Ku AA, Hu HM, Zhao X, Shah KN, Kongara S, Wu D, McCormick F, Balmain A, Bandyopadhyay S. Integration of multiple biological contexts reveals principles of synthetic lethality that affect reproducibility. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2375. [PMID: 32398776 PMCID: PMC7217969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethal screens have the potential to identify new vulnerabilities incurred by specific cancer mutations but have been hindered by lack of agreement between studies. In the case of KRAS, we identify that published synthetic lethal screen hits significantly overlap at the pathway rather than gene level. Analysis of pathways encoded as protein networks could identify synthetic lethal candidates that are more reproducible than those previously reported. Lack of overlap likely stems from biological rather than technical limitations as most synthetic lethal phenotypes are strongly modulated by changes in cellular conditions or genetic context, the latter determined using a pairwise genetic interaction map that identifies numerous interactions that suppress synthetic lethal effects. Accounting for pathway, cellular and genetic context nominates a DNA repair dependency in KRAS-mutant cells, mediated by a network containing BRCA1. We provide evidence for why most reported synthetic lethals are not reproducible which is addressable using a multi-faceted testing framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Ku
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Hsien-Ming Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Khyati N Shah
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sameera Kongara
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sourav Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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42
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Lim N, Townsend PA. Cdc6 as a novel target in cancer: Oncogenic potential, senescence and subcellular localisation. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1528-1534. [PMID: 32010971 PMCID: PMC7496346 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cdc6 is a key replication licencing factor with a pivotal role in regulating the process of DNA replication, rendering it an important investigatory focus in tumourigenesis. Indeed, Cdc6 overexpression has been found to be a feature in certain tumours and has been associated as an early event in malignancies. With a focus on pancreatic cancer, there are evidence of its convergence in downstream pathways implicated in major genetic alterations found in pancreatic cancer, primarily KRAS. There is also data of its direct influence on protumourigenic processes as a transcriptional regulator, repressing the key tumour suppressor loci CDH1 (E‐Cadherin) and influencing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, gene amplification of Cdc6 as well as of E2F (an upstream regulator of Cdc6) have also been found to be a key feature in tumours overexpressing Cdc6, further highlighting this event as a potential driver of tumourigenesis. In this review, we summarise the evidence for the role of Cdc6 overexpression in cancer, specifically that of pancreatic cancer. More importantly, we recapitulate the role of Cdc6 as part of the DNA damage response and on senescence—an important antitumour barrier—in the context of pancreatic cancer. Finally, recent emerging observations suggest that the potential of the subcellular localisation of Cdc6 in inducing senescence. In this regard, we speculate and hypothesise potentially exploitable mechanisms in the context of inducing senescence via a novel pathway involving cytoplasmic retention of Cdc6 and Cyclin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lim
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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43
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Tang L, Chen R, Xu X. Synthetic lethality: A promising therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:120-128. [PMID: 32070778 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main cause of liver cancer-related death, is one of the main cancers in terms of incidence and mortality. However, HCC is difficult to target and develops strong drug resistance. Therefore, a new treatment strategy is urgently needed. The clinical application of the concept of synthetic lethality in recent years provides a new therapeutic direction for the accurate treatment of HCC. Here, we introduce the concept of synthetic lethality, the screening used to study synthetic lethality, and the identified and potential genetic interactions that induce synthetic lethality in HCC. In addition, we propose opportunities and challenges for translating synthetic lethal interactions to the clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHFPC Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Ronggao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHFPC Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHFPC Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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44
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Jariyal H, Weinberg F, Achreja A, Nagarath D, Srivastava A. Synthetic lethality: a step forward for personalized medicine in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:305-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Wu HZ, Xiao JQ, Xiao SS, Cheng Y. KRAS: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2081-2097. [PMID: 31486755 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190905164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. The developments of many cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, which makes KRAS a high-priority therapeutic target. Scientists have not successfully developed drugs that target KRAS, although efforts have been made last three decades. In this review, we highlight the emerging experimental strategies of impairing KRAS membrane localization and the direct targeting of KRAS. We also conclude the combinatorial therapies and RNA interference technology for the treatment of KRAS mutant cancers. Moreover, the virtual screening approach to discover novel KRAS inhibitors and synthetic lethality interactors of KRAS are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhou Wu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xiao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Song-Shu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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46
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Chen F, Alphonse MP, Liu Y, Liu Q. Targeting Mutant KRAS for Anticancer Therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2098-2113. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190902151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
:Over the past decades, designing therapeutic strategies to target KRAS-mutant cancers, which is one of the most frequent mutant oncogenes among all cancer types, have proven unsuccessful regardless of many concerted attempts. There are key challenges for KRAS-mutant anticancer therapy, as the complex cellular processes involved in KRAS signaling has present. Herein, we highlight the emerging therapeutic approaches for inhibiting KRAS signaling and blocking KRAS functions, in hope to serve as a more effective guideline for future development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, United States
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 216, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 216, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
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47
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Machine learning and data mining frameworks for predicting drug response in cancer: An overview and a novel in silico screening process based on association rule mining. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Deng X, Das S, Valdez K, Camphausen K, Shankavaram U. SL-BioDP: Multi-Cancer Interactive Tool for Prediction of Synthetic Lethality and Response to Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111682. [PMID: 31671773 PMCID: PMC6895978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality exploits the phenomenon that a mutation in a cancer gene is often associated with new vulnerability which can be uniquely targeted therapeutically, leading to a significant increase in favorable outcome. DNA damage and survival pathways are among the most commonly mutated networks in human cancers. Recent data suggest that synthetic lethal interactions between a tumor defect and a DNA repair pathway can be used to preferentially kill tumor cells. We recently published a method, DiscoverSL, using multi-omic cancer data, that can predict synthetic lethal interactions of potential clinical relevance. Here, we apply the generality of our models in a comprehensive web tool called Synthetic Lethality Bio Discovery Portal (SL-BioDP) and extend the cancer types to 18 cancer genome atlas cohorts. SL-BioDP enables a data-driven computational approach to predict synthetic lethal interactions from hallmark cancer pathways by mining cancer’s genomic and chemical interactions. Our tool provides queries and visualizations for exploring potentially targetable synthetic lethal interactions, shows Kaplan–Meier plots of clinical relevance, and provides in silico validation using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and drug efficacy data. Our method would thus shed light on mechanisms of synthetic lethal interactions and lead to the discovery of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Deng
- Bioinformatics core facility, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Shaoli Das
- Bioinformatics core facility, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kristin Valdez
- Bioinformatics core facility, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Bioinformatics core facility, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Bioinformatics core facility, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Scorilas A, Gonçalves AC, Efferth T, Trougakos IP. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 47:100646. [PMID: 31733611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many decades classical anti-tumor therapies included chemotherapy, radiation and surgery; however, in the last two decades, following the identification of the genomic drivers and main hallmarks of cancer, the introduction of therapies that target specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic pathways, has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Despite the significant progress in cancer therapy, clinical oncologists are often facing the primary impediment of anticancer drug resistance, as many cancer patients display either intrinsic chemoresistance from the very beginning of the therapy or after initial responses and upon repeated drug treatment cycles, acquired drug resistance develops and thus relapse emerges, resulting in increased mortality. Our attempts to understand the molecular basis underlying these drug resistance phenotypes in pre-clinical models and patient specimens revealed the extreme plasticity and adaptive pathways employed by tumor cells, being under sustained stress and extensive genomic/proteomic instability due to the applied therapeutic regimens. Subsequent efforts have yielded more effective inhibitors and combinatorial approaches (e.g. the use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors with immunotherapy) that exhibit synergistic effects against tumor cells, hence enhancing therapeutic indices. Furthermore, new advanced methodologies that allow for the early detection of genetic/epigenetic alterations that lead to drug chemoresistance and prospective validation of biomarkers which identify patients that will benefit from certain drug classes, have started to improve the clinical outcome. This review discusses emerging principles of drug resistance to cancer therapies targeting a wide array of oncogenic kinases, along with hedgehog pathway and the proteasome and apoptotic inducers, as well as epigenetic and metabolic modulators. We further discuss mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, potential biomarkers of drug response/drug resistance, along with possible new therapeutic avenues for the clinicians to combat devastating drug resistant malignancies. It is foreseen that these topics will be major areas of focused multidisciplinary translational research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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50
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What sustains the multidrug resistance phenotype beyond ABC efflux transporters? Looking beyond the tip of the iceberg. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 46:100643. [PMID: 31493711 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of multidrug (MDR) efflux transporters that belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily, represented an important breakthrough for understanding cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) and its possible overcoming. However, recent data indicate that drug resistant cells have a complex intracellular physiology that involves constant changes in energetic and oxidative-reductive metabolic pathways, as well as in the molecular circuitries connecting mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the key molecular mechanisms of cellular reprogramming that induce and maintain MDR, beyond the presence of MDR efflux transporters. We specifically highlight how cancer cells characterized by high metabolic plasticity - i.e. cells able to shift the energy metabolism between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, to survive both the normoxic and hypoxic conditions, to modify the cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative-reductive metabolism, are more prone to adapt to exogenous stressors such as anti-cancer drugs and acquire a MDR phenotype. Similarly, we discuss how changes in mitochondria dynamics and mitophagy rates, changes in proteome stability ensuring non-oncogenic proteostatic mechanisms, changes in ubiquitin/proteasome- and autophagy/lysosome-related pathways, promote the cellular survival under stress conditions, along with the acquisition or maintenance of MDR. After dissecting the complex intracellular crosstalk that takes place during the development of MDR, we suggest that mapping the specific adaptation pathways underlying cell survival in response to stress and targeting these pathways with potent pharmacologic agents may be a new approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy against MDR tumors.
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