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Soares AP, Rodrigues M, Padrão P, Gonçalves C, Moreira A, Moreira P. Association between Urinary Sodium Excretion and Body Fat in School-Aged Children: Insights from the ARIA Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1197. [PMID: 38674887 PMCID: PMC11054948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity has been associated with increased sodium intake. Nonetheless, evidence linking sodium intake to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Mass Percentage (%BF) remains limited, especially in the pediatric age group. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether there is an association between 24 h urinary sodium excretion with BMI and %BF in a sample group of children from the ARIA study. This cross-sectional analysis included 303 children aged 7 to 12 from across 20 public schools in Porto, Portugal. Weight and %BF were assessed using the Tanita™ BC-418 Segmental Body Analyzer. Children's Total Energy Intake (TEI) was estimated through a single 24 h Recall Questionnaire, and urinary sodium and potassium excretion was estimated by a 24 h urine collection. The association of %BF and BMI with 24 h sodium excretion was estimated by a binary logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, physical activity, total energy intake, parental education, and 24 h urinary excreted potassium. There was a significant positive association between higher levels of urinary sodium excretion and higher %BF values, even after adjusting for confounders. However, the same was not observed for BMI. Our findings suggest that higher sodium intake is associated with higher values of %BF among children, regardless of TEI and potassium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Soares
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Mónica Rodrigues
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - André Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Immuno-Allergology Department, São João Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Ferguson TS, Younger-Coleman NOM, Webster-Kerr K, Tulloch-Reid MK, Bennett NR, Davidson T, Grant AS, Gordon-Johnson KAM, Govia I, Soares-Wynter S, McKenzie JA, Walker E, Cunningham-Myrie CA, Anderson SG, Blake AL, Ho J, Stephenson R, Edwards SE, McFarlane SR, Spence S, Wilks RJ. Sodium and potassium consumption in Jamaica: National estimates and associated factors from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35308. [PMID: 37800785 PMCID: PMC10553171 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate dietary sodium and potassium consumption among Jamaicans and evaluate associations with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017. Participants were noninstitutionalized Jamaicans aged ≥15 years. Trained staff collected sociodemographic and health data via interviewer-administered questionnaires and spot urine samples. The Pan American Health Organization formula was used to estimate 24-hour urine sodium and potassium excretion. High sodium level was defined as ≥2000 mg/day, and low potassium levels as <3510 mg/day (World Health Organization criteria). Associations between these outcomes and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were explored using multivariable ANOVA models using log-transformed 24-hour urine sodium and potassium as outcome variables. Analyses included 1009 participants (368 males, 641 females; mean age 48.5 years). The mean sodium excretion was 3582 mg/day (males 3943 mg/day, females 3245 mg/day, P < .001). The mean potassium excretion was 2052 mg/day (males, 2210 mg/day; females, 1904 mg/day; P = .001). The prevalence of high sodium consumption was 66.6% (males 72.8%, females 60.7%, P < .001) and that of low potassium intake was 88.8% (85.1% males, 92.3% females, P < .001). Sodium consumption was inversely associated with older age, higher education, and low glomerular filtration rate but was directly associated with being male, current smoking, and obesity. Overall, males had higher sodium consumption than women, with the effect being larger among hypertensive men. Women with hypertension had lower sodium consumption than nonhypertensive women; however, hypertensive men had higher sodium consumption than nonhypertensive men. Potassium consumption was higher among men, persons with obesity, and those with high total cholesterol but was lower among men with "more than high school" education compared to men with "less than high school" education. We conclude that most Jamaican adults have diets high in sodium and low in potassium. In this study, sodium consumption was directly associated with male sex, obesity, and current smoking but was inversely associated with older age and higher education. High potassium consumption was associated with obesity and high cholesterol levels. These associations should be further explored in longitudinal studies and population-based strategies should be developed to address these cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Novie O. M. Younger-Coleman
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Nadia R. Bennett
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | | | | | - Ishtar Govia
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Suzanne Soares-Wynter
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Joette A. McKenzie
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Evelyn Walker
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Colette A. Cunningham-Myrie
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Alphanso L. Blake
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - James Ho
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | | | - Shelly R. McFarlane
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Rainford J. Wilks
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
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Watso JC, Fancher IS, Gomez DH, Hutchison ZJ, Gutiérrez OM, Robinson AT. The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13589. [PMID: 37336641 PMCID: PMC10406397 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults worldwide. In this review, we focus on two of the most critical public health challenges that contribute to hypertension-obesity and excess dietary sodium from salt (i.e., sodium chloride). While the independent effects of these factors have been studied extensively, the interplay of obesity and excess salt overconsumption is not well understood. Here, we discuss both the independent and combined effects of excess obesity and dietary salt given their contributions to vascular dysfunction, autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation, kidney dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We discuss the role of ultra-processed foods-accounting for nearly 60% of energy intake in America-as a major contributor to both obesity and salt overconsumption. We highlight the influence of obesity on elevated blood pressure in the presence of a high-salt diet (i.e., salt sensitivity). Throughout the review, we highlight critical gaps in knowledge that should be filled to inform us of the prevention, management, treatment, and mitigation strategies for addressing these public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Watso
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ibra S. Fancher
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dulce H. Gomez
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Orlando M. Gutiérrez
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Xu J, Mao F, Lu Y, Liu T, Li X, Li Y. Hepatic Transcriptomics Reveals Reduced Lipogenesis in High-Salt Diet Mice. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050966. [PMID: 37239325 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that a high salt diet (HSD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction. In particular, the impact and molecular mechanisms of long-term HSD on hepatic metabolism remain largely unknown. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) affecting the metabolism of liver tissues from HSD and control groups, a transcriptome analysis of liver tissues was performed in this study. As a result of the transcriptome analysis, the expression of genes related to lipid and steroid biosynthesis (such as Fasn, Scd1, and Cyp7a1) was significantly reduced in the livers of HSD mice. Additionally, several gene ontology (GO) terms have been identified as associated with metabolic processes in the liver, including the lipid metabolic process (GO: 0006629) and the steroid metabolic process (GO: 0008202). An additional quantitative RT-qPCR analysis was conducted to confirm six down-regulated genes and two up-regulated genes. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of HSD-induced metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Institute of Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tiemin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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Serirukchutarungsee S, Watari I, Narukawa M, Podyma-Inoue KA, Sangsuriyothai P, Ono T. Two-generation exposure to a high-fat diet induces the change of salty taste preference in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5742. [PMID: 37029190 PMCID: PMC10082214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) leads to multiple complications, including taste alteration. This study observed the effect of a two-generation exposure to an HFD on the peripheral taste system in offspring. Ten pregnant Wistar rats were assigned a standard diet (SD) (n = 5) or HFD (n = 5) from day 7 of pregnancy through the lactation. Thirty-six male and female 3-week-old offspring were measured for body weight and blood glucose level, and the circumvallate papillae were collected. The other twenty-four 3-week-old offspring were weaned on the same diet as their mothers and raised individually. The taste preference behaviors were studied using the two-bottle taste preference test and analyzed five basic tastes (sweet, bitter, umami, sour, and salty). The expressions of epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit (ENaCα) and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) in the circumvallate papilla were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We found increased body weight and salty taste preference of offspring from the HFD group in both sexes. Correspondingly, the AT1 level of the taste bud cells significantly increased in 3-week-old female offspring from the HFD group. An increase in AT1 levels may be a risk factor for changes in salty taste preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Serirukchutarungsee
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ippei Watari
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Masataka Narukawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katarzyna Anna Podyma-Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pornchanok Sangsuriyothai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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Lee J, Sohn C, Kim OY, Lee YM, Yoon MO, Lee M. The association between dietary sodium intake and obesity in adults by sodium intake assessment methods: a review of systematic reviews and re-meta-analysis. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:175-191. [PMID: 37009133 PMCID: PMC10042719 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The scientific evidence of a sodium-obesity association is limited by sodium intake assessments. Our specific aim is to synthesize the association between dietary sodium intake and obesity across the sodium intake assessments as evidenced by systematic reviews in adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS A systematic search identified systematic reviews comparing the association of dietary sodium intakes with obesity-related outcomes such as body mass index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference, and risk of (abdominal) obesity. We searched PubMed on October 24, 2022. To assess the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS), we employed the ROBIS tool. RESULTS This review included 3 systematic reviews, consisting of 39 unique observational studies (35 cross-sectional studies and 4 longitudinal studies) and 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We found consistently positive associations between dietary sodium intake and obesity-related outcomes in cross-sectional studies. Studies that used 24-h urine collection indicated a greater BMI for those with higher sodium intake (mean difference = 2.27 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-2.51; P < 0.001; I2 = 77%) compared to studies that used spot urine (mean difference = 1.34 kg/m2; 95% CI, 1.13-1.55; P < 0.001; I2 = 95%) and dietary methods (mean difference = 0.85 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.1-1.51; P < 0.05; I2 = 95%). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative synthesis of the systematic reviews has shown that cross-sectional associations between dietary sodium intake and obesity outcomes were substantially different across the sodium intake assessments. We need more high-quality prospective cohort studies and RCTs using 24-h urine collection to examine the causal effects of sodium intake on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounghee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea
| | - Cheongmin Sohn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Oh-Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Practical Science Education, Gyeongin National University of Education, Incheon 21044, Korea
| | - Mi Ock Yoon
- Nutrition Information Center, Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul 04376, Korea
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Bio-Health Convergence, Health & Wellness College, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea
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Rupasinghe WAWS, Perera TSH, Silva KDRR, Samita S, Wickramaratne MN. Nutritional intake of sport undergraduates in Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36593516 PMCID: PMC9806877 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional intake plays an important role in determining energy availability which is vital to health, wellbeing, and sports performance in an active population. This research assessed the sports undergraduates' nutritional intake compared to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and nutrition goals provided by WHO. METHODS This study is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. One hundred and one (n = 101) sports undergraduates aged between 20 to 23 years were recruited and the nutrient intake was assessed using the three-day food diary method and quantified the macro and micronutrients by the food composition database. One sample t-test was performed to compare the mean nutrient intakes with the lowest recommendation values. RESULTS Though most undergraduates were able to meet the dietary requirements in carbohydrates, they were deficient in their protein intake and exceeded in fats intake. Further, both male and female students were deficient in their daily energy intake (1723 kcal, 1607 kcal) and dietary fiber intake (8 g, 11 g). The saturated fat intake was met by all students while 20% of males and 21% of females exceeded the recommendations (< 10%). The micronutrient intake of vitamins such as C, B1, B2, B9, and B12 and minerals such as Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium, were significantly below the recommendations (p < 0.05) except for vitamin B3 niacin. CONCLUSIONS Providing a nutritionally valuable meal is essentially required to maintain both physical and mental fitness. Our results revealed that the Sri Lankan sport science undergraduates do not have an adequate daily dietary intake of energy, proteins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins such as C, B1, B2, B9, and B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. A. W. S. Rupasinghe
- grid.440836.d0000 0001 0710 1208Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - T. S. H. Perera
- grid.440836.d0000 0001 0710 1208Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - K. D. R. R. Silva
- grid.443386.e0000 0000 9419 9778Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila Sri Lanka
| | - S. Samita
- grid.11139.3b0000 0000 9816 8637Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M. Nirmali Wickramaratne
- grid.440836.d0000 0001 0710 1208Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Hidellana, Rathnapura Sri Lanka
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Rahman MJ, Parvez SM, Rahman M, He FJ, Cunningham SA, Narayan KMV, Abedin J, Naser AM. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Obesity Markers among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Pooled Data from Three Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:3000. [PMID: 35889957 PMCID: PMC9323227 DOI: 10.3390/nu14143000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the relationship of urinary sodium excretion with a conditional mean, 10th and 90th percentiles of body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference among 10,034 person-visits of Bangladeshi population. We fitted linear mixed models with participant-level random intercept and restricted maximum likelihood estimation for conditional mean models; and quantile mixed-effect models with participant-level random intercept and Laplace estimation for 10th and 90th percentiles models. For each 100 mmol/24 h increase in urinary sodium excretion, participants had a 0.10 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.10) increase in the mean; a 0.39 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.54) increase in the 10th percentile; and a 0.59 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.78) increase in the 90th percentile of BMI. For each 100 mmol/24 h increase in urinary sodium excretion, participants had a 0.20 cm (95% CI: 0.10, 0.30) increase in mean; a 0.18 cm (95% CI: -0.03, 0.40) change in the 10th percentile; and a 0.23 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 0.43) increase in the 90th percentile of waist circumference. We found a modest association between urine sodium and conditional mean of BMI and waist circumference. The magnitude of associations between urine sodium and the 10th and 90th percentile BMI distributions were higher compared to the conditional mean models, suggesting high sodium intake could be more detrimental to underweight and obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat J. Rahman
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Sarker M. Parvez
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Feng J. He
- Centre for Public Health and Policy, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Solveig A. Cunningham
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.A.C.); (K.M.V.N.)
| | - K. M. Venkat Narayan
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.A.C.); (K.M.V.N.)
| | - Jaynal Abedin
- Data Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Abu Mohd Naser
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Takahashi F, Hashimoto Y, Kaji A, Sakai R, Kawate Y, Okamura T, Kitagawa N, Okada H, Nakanishi N, Majima S, Osaka T, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. The Association of Salt Intake and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:943790. [PMID: 35911124 PMCID: PMC9326474 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.943790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has a close relationship with type 2 diabetes (T2D), is related to salt intake in the general population. In contrast, the relationship between salt intake and the presence of NAFLD in patients with T2D has not been clarified. Methods Salt intake (g/day) was assessed using urinary sodium excretion, and a high salt intake was defined as an intake greater than the median amount of 9.5 g/day. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) ≥ 36 points was used to diagnosed NAFLD. Odds ratios of high salt intake to the presence of NAFLD were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results The frequency of NAFLD was 36.5% in 310 patients with T2D (66.7 ± 10.7 years old and 148 men). The patients with high salt intake had a higher body mass index (25.0 ± 4.0 vs. 23.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2, p < 0.001) than those with low salt intake. HSI in patients with high salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake (36.2 ± 6.2 vs. 34.3 ± 5.5 points, p = 0.005). In addition, the presence of NALFD in patients with high salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake (44.5% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.005). High salt intake was associated with the prevalence of NAFLD [adjusted odds ratio, 1.76 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–3.03), p = 0.043]. Conclusion This cross-sectional study revealed that salt intake is related to the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshitaka Hashimoto
| | - Ayumi Kaji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawate
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saori Majima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Osaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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The association between salt intake and blood pressure is mediated by body mass index but modified by hypertension: The ELSA-Brasil study. J Hum Hypertens 2022:10.1038/s41371-022-00714-9. [PMID: 35752648 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High salt intake has been linked to both obesity and high blood pressure (BP). Part of the variability of BP attributed to salt intake might be BMI-mediated. To investigate whether hypertension would be an effect modifier in the complex network including salt intake, obesity, and BP, we tested the hypothesis that salt intake has direct and BMI-mediated effects on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Data from 9,028 participants (aged 34-75 years, 53.6% women) were analyzed. A validated formula was used to estimate daily salt intake from the sodium excretion (12 h urine collection). A path model adjusted for covariates was designed in which salt intake has both a direct and a BMI-mediated effect on BP. In normotensives, standardized beta coefficients showed significant direct (Men: 0.058 and 0.052, Women: 0.072 and 0,061, P < 0.05) and BMI-mediated (Men: 0.040 and 0.065, Women: 0.038 and 0.067, P < 0.05) effect of salt intake on the SBP and DBP, respectively. However, in hypertensive individuals, neither the direct (Men: 0.006 and 0.056, Women: 0.048 and 0.017) nor the indirect effect (Men: -0.044 and 0.014, Women: 0.011 and 0.050) of salt intake on the SBP and DBP were significant. These data suggest that cardiovascular risk stratification should consider the complex interaction between salt intake and weight gain, and their effects on BP of normotensive and hypertensive individuals.
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11
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Golpour-Hamedani S, Rafie N, Pourmasoumi M, Morteza Safavi S, Mohammadifard N. Sodium and potassium intakes and adiposity among Iranian pre-adolescents and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2022; 21:23. [PMID: 35477471 PMCID: PMC9047328 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High sodium and low potassium intakes are associated with the early development of chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, obesity). Taking into account the limited data on sodium and potassium intakes by 24-h excretion in urine in pre-adolescents and adolescents, we wished to determine baseline salt intake in Iranian subjects aged 11–18 years. Methods This was an observational study involving 374 pre-adolescents and adolescents (154 boys and 220 girls). Sodium and potassium intakes were ascertained by measuring sodium and potassium excretion in urine over 24 h. Creatinine level was used to validate the completeness of the urine collections. The association between sodium and potassium intake and adiposity was determined based on body fat percentage. Results The mean 24-h urine sodium concentration was 3130 ± 2200 mg/day, equal to 7.961 ± 5.596 g/day salt intake. Approximately half of the study participants exceeded the upper limit of Na intake. The mean potassium intake was estimated 1480 ± 1050 mg/day. There was a positive association between urinary sodium excretion and adiposity in crude (OR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.08—2.74) and full adjusted model (OR: 3.15; 95% CI: 2.28–4.63). Also, in subsample analysis, there was a positive correlation between urinary sodium and adiposity in both pre-adolescents (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.29—3.93) and adolescents (OR: 3.55; 95% CI: 2.17—4.74). However, no significant association was found between 24-h urinary potassium and adiposity. Conclusion Sodium intake, as estimated by 24-h urinary excretion, was higher than recommended and it was positively associated with adiposity. Also, this study reported low compliance of potassium intake recommendations in 11–18 years’ Iranian pre-adolescents and adolescents. Health promotion interventions are needed in order to broaden public awareness of high sodium intake and potassium inadequacy to reduce chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Golpour-Hamedani
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Rafie
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Makan Pourmasoumi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sayyed Morteza Safavi
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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12
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Raphadu TT, Matshipi M, Mphekgwana PM, Monyeki KD. Assessing the Association of Sodium, Potassium Intake and Sodium/Potassium Ratio on Blood Pressure and Central Adiposity Measurements amongst Ellisras Undernourished, Rural Children Aged 5–13 Years: South Africa. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030422. [PMID: 35327794 PMCID: PMC8947557 DOI: 10.3390/children9030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have shown how diet, such as sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake, is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to assess the relationship between sodium intake, potassium intake; and sodium/potassium ratio with blood pressure (BP) and abdominal obesity amongst Ellisras rural children. Method: In this cross-sectional study, data on dietary intake of sodium and potassium were collected using a 24-h recall questionnaire from a total of 765 participants, aged 5–13 years. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were also collected. Generalised linear models and Pearson correlation were conducted to assess the association of sodium intake, potassium intake; and their ratio with BP, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Results: In both age groups, less than 14.9% of males and 19.8% of females consumed above the recommended adequate intake (AI) of sodium. In addition, both age groups had more than 90% of males and females who consumed below the recommended AI of potassium. Moreover, the sodium/potassium ratio was above the WHO recommended level in more than 30% of males and females. The study found a significant, weak positive correlation of sodium intake with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and with WHtR. A significant, weak positive correlation was also found between sodium/potassium ratio and WHtR. In addition, a significant association was found between potassium intake and systolic BP. Conclusion: Although our study found a notable low average intake of sodium and potassium as compared to the recommended values. There was positive correlation found between sodium intake and BP. Furthermore, a positive correlation of sodium intake and sodium/potassium ratio with WHtR was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thato Tshepo Raphadu
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Moloko Matshipi
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Peter Modupi Mphekgwana
- Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-152682953
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13
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Song S, Lee K, Park S, Shin N, Kim H, Kim J. Association between Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and Possible Risk of Dyslipidemia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124334. [PMID: 34959886 PMCID: PMC8706499 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the various types of diets derived from plants and vulnerability of dyslipidemia has rarely been investigated, and limited data exist in Asians whose dietary pattern is fairly different from that of the Western population. We aim to analyze the relationship between three plant-based diet indices (PDI) and the risk of dyslipidemia. Participants included 173,209 Korean adults who were aged ≥40 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study_Health Examination (2004–2013). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. Three PDI were quantified for the study: overall PDI, healthful PDI (hPDI), and unhealthful PDI (uPDI). Among the 147,945 included, 48,166 (32.6%) of participants had dyslipidemia. Great adherence to uPDI was related with 15% greater odds of having dyslipidemia (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.11–1.20, p-trend < 0.0001). No significant association was observed between PDI, hPDI, and dyslipidemia. The association between uPDI and dyslipidemia was significantly stronger among participants aged ≥55 years when compared to participants aged <55 years (p-value for interaction = 0.001). The quality of plant foods is vital in preventing dyslipidemia among people consuming high plant-based food diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Kyueun Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Soim Park
- Department of Internal Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.L.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-3497
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14
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Takahashi F, Hashimoto Y, Kaji A, Sakai R, Miki A, Kawate Y, Okamura T, Kitagawa N, Okada H, Nakanishi N, Majima S, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Hamaguchi M, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Fukui M. Association of Estimated Salt and Miso Intake with the Prevalence of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:3014. [PMID: 34578892 PMCID: PMC8472052 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt intake is often estimated by the amount of sodium excreted in urine, and miso has been reported to increase it. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between obesity and high estimated salt intake with and without habitual miso consumption. Estimates of salt intake (g/day) were calculated using urinary sodium excretion, and a high estimated intake was defined as greater than the median amount of 9.5 g/day. Participants were divided into four groups based on estimated salt intake and miso consumption. Among 300 people, the proportions of obesity were 77.8% (n = 14/18), 40.2% (n = 53/132), 26.0% (n = 33/127), and 34.8% (n = 8/23) in the (+/-), (+/+), (-/+), and (-/-) groups of high estimated salt intake/habitual miso consumption, respectively. Compared with the (+/-) group, the adjusted odds ratios for obesity were 0.07 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02-0.26, p < 0.001), 0.16 (95% CI: 0.03-0.76, p = 0.022), and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.04-0.51, p = 0.003) in the (-/+), (-/-), and (+/+) groups, respectively. The presence of obesity was not much higher in people with high estimated salt intake with habitual miso consumption than that in people without. Clinicians should be aware that miso consumption promotes salt excretion, which may lead to an apparently higher estimated salt intake than actual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Ayumi Kaji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Akane Miki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Yuka Kawate
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Noriyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
- Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kyoto 621-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi 570-8540, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Saori Majima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Mai Asano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.T.); (A.K.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (Y.K.); (T.O.); (N.K.); (H.O.); (N.N.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.H.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (M.F.)
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15
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Stern N, Buch A, Goldsmith R, Nitsan L, Margaliot M, Endevelt R, Marcus Y, Shefer G, Grotto I. The role of caloric intake in the association of high salt intake with high blood pressure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15803. [PMID: 34349181 PMCID: PMC8339119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since current recommendations call for a substantial reduction in overall sodium consumption, we tested whether or not these recommendations are implemented in common large subpopulations such as those with abnormal weight or hypertension in the current high sodium, high-calorie nutritional environment. In a national representative cross-sectional survey of the community-dwelling subjects aged 25-65 years conducted in Israel between 2015 and 2017, 582 randomly selected subjects completed health and dietary questionnaires, underwent blood pressure and anthropometric measurements and collected 24-h urine specimens, to assess dietary sodium intake. Overall mean 24-h sodium excretion was 3834 mg, more than double the recommended upper intake for adults < 1500 mg/day. Sodium excretion was directly related to caloric intake and blood pressure and linked to the presence of hypertension and overweight/obesity. The highest sodium excretion was seen in overweight/obese hypertensive subjects. This recent national survey shows a high consumption of sodium in the Israeli population and a dose-response association between caloric intake and urinary sodium excretion, independent of BMI and hypertension. Nevertheless, overweight/obese subjects with hypertension consume (excrete) more sodium than other BMI/ blood pressure-related phenotypes and may thus comprise a target subpopulation for future efforts to reduce sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naftali Stern
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Assaf Buch
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Lesley Nitsan
- Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Margaliot
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Endevelt
- Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yonit Marcus
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabi Shefer
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Aging and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Itamar Grotto
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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16
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Dudenbostel T, Li P, Calhoun DA. Paradoxical Increase of 24-Hour Urinary Aldosterone Levels in Obese Patients With Resistant Hypertension on a High Salt Diet. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:600-608. [PMID: 33290515 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Having previously reported that aldosterone levels increase progressively with body mass index (BMI), the current analysis was done to determine to what extent this association is related to dietary high salt intake. We anticipated that aldosterone levels would decrease with higher sodium status consistent with classical suppression of aldosterone release secondary to progressive fluid retention induced by high dietary sodium intake. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of a large diverse cohort of 2,705 patients with resistant hypertension (HTN) seen in a referral HTN Clinic. Dietary sodium intake was indexed by 24-hour (h) urinary sodium (UNa), aldosterone status was determined by plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, and 24 h urinary aldosterone (UAldo). Patients with normal weight served as control. RESULTS In this study, 1,572 individuals with complete 24 h urine collections were analyzed. Mean BMI was 32.5 ± 7.1 kg/m2 and ranged from 24.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2 (first quartile) to 41.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2 (fourth quartile). BMI was positively associated with 24 h UNa and UAldo levels (P < 0.0001), 24 h UNa and UAldo. There was a positively stronger correlation in obese (r = 0.273, P < 0.0001) compared with normal weight individuals (r = 0.108, P = 0.0342) independent of number and classes of antihypertensive medications. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis shows that there is an altered regulation of aldosterone in obese patients in the setting of high dietary salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Dudenbostel
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Acute, Chronic & Continuing Care, School of Nursing, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David A Calhoun
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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17
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Fang K, He Y, Fang Y, Lian Y. Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010-2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094551. [PMID: 33923000 PMCID: PMC8123343 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS), 2010–2012. All participants recruited in this study aged 7–18 years old and provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24 h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to define overweight/obesity, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was used to define abdominal obesity. Sodium intake showed association with risk of overweight/obesity assessed by BMI in the highest tertile group with OR of 1.48 (95%CI 1.13–1.94) and 1.89 (95%CI 1.33–2.67) for WHtR. After adjusted for gender, age, household income, area, energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, and fiber intake, the relationship between sodium intake and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity are not changed. The same results were founded in subjects aged 10–18 years old. Our results reveal a positive association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuna He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-67791292
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Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, Jackson SL, Loria CM, Galuska DA, Wiltz JL, Merritt R, Cogswell ME. Association of Usual Sodium Intake with Obesity Among US Children and Adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:587-594. [PMID: 33528899 PMCID: PMC9134125 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of sodium intake with obesity in US children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional data were analyzed for 9,026 children and adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2016. Usual sodium intake was estimated from 24-hour dietary recalls using a measurement error model. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of sodium intake with overweight/obesity, obesity, and central obesity (waist to height ratio [WtHR] ≥ 0.5; waist circumferences (WC) ≥ age- and sex-specific 90th percentile). RESULTS Mean (SE) sodium intake was 3,010 (9) and 3,404 (20) mg/d for children and adolescents, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) comparing Q4 versus Q1 (87.5th vs. 12.5th percentile of sodium intake) among children was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.19-3.28) for overweight/obesity, 2.20 (1.30-3.73) for obesity, 2.10 (1.12-3.95) for WC ≥ 90th percentile, and 1.68 (0.95-2.97) for WtHR ≥ 0.5, adjusting for demographics, energy, and sugar-sweetened beverage intake. Among adolescents, AOR was 1.81 (0.98-3.37) for overweight/obesity, 1.71 (0.82-3.56) for obesity, 1.62 (0.71-3.66) for WC ≥ 90th percentile, and 1.73 (0.85-3.50) for WtHR ≥ 0.5. CONCLUSIONS Sodium intake was positively associated with overweight/obesity, obesity, and central obesity among US children independent of energy and SSB intake, but the association did not reach significance among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhao
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Ogden
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Quanhe Yang
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra L. Jackson
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine M. Loria
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A. Galuska
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Wiltz
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Merritt
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary E. Cogswell
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lee WJ, Lim JE, Jung HU, Kang JO, Park T, Won S, Rhee SY, Kim MK, Kim YJ, Oh B. Analysis of the Interaction between Polygenic Risk Score and Calorie Intake in Obesity in the Korean Population. Lifestyle Genom 2020; 14:20-29. [PMID: 33302275 DOI: 10.1159/000511333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity results from an imbalance in the intake and expenditure of calories that leads to lifestyle-related diseases. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed many obesity-related genetic factors, the interactions of these factors and calorie intake remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate interactions between calorie intake and the polygenic risk score (PRS) of BMI. METHODS Three cohorts, i.e., from the Korea Association REsource (KARE; n = 8,736), CArdioVAscular Disease Association Study (CAVAS; n = 9,334), and Health EXAminee (HEXA; n = 28,445), were used for this study. BMI-related genetic loci were selected from previous GWAS. Two scores, PRS, and association (a)PRS, were used; the former was determined from 193 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 5 GWAS datasets, and the latter from 62 SNPs (potentially associated) from 3 Korean cohorts (meta-analysis, p < 0.01). RESULTS PRS and aPRS were significantly associated with BMI in all 3 cohorts but did not exhibit a significant interaction with total calorie intake. Similar results were obtained for obesity. PRS and aPRS were significantly associated with obesity but did not show a significant interaction with total calorie intake. We further analyzed the interaction with protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake. The results were similar to those for total calorie intake, with PRS and aPRS found to not be associated with the interaction of any of the 3 nutrition components for either BMI or obesity. DISCUSSION The interaction of BMI PRS with calorie intake was investigated in 3 independent Korean cohorts (total n = 35,094) and no interactions were found between PRS and calorie intake for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Un Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-One Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jung Kim
- Division of Biobank for Health Science, Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
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Lee SY, Kim J, Oh S, Kim Y, Woo S, Jang HB, Lee HJ, Park SI, Park KH, Lim H. A 24-week intervention based on nutrition care process improves diet quality, body mass index, and motivation in children and adolescents with obesity. Nutr Res 2020; 84:53-62. [PMID: 33218692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Higher motivation could support to lead behavioral change for obese children and adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a nutrition care process (NCP)-based intervention targeted on diet and weight status in moderate to severe obese children and adolescents in Korea. One hundred four subjects (mean age: 10.95 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥97th percentile of age-sex) participated in the present study. Subjects were divided into a usual care group (UG) and a nutrition group (NG). All participants underwent nutrition education 6 times. The NG received individual access and continuous monitoring and setting goals with respect to nutritional problems. Consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient (HCLN) food was significantly decreased (P < .05) and the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) score also increased with respect to sodium (P < .001). The total self-efficacy score was increased from 9.15 to 10.14 points (P < .01). After 24 weeks, the BMI-z-score decreased from 2.27 to 2.19 in the NG (P < .05); however, no group difference was found. BMI-z-score was negatively associated with self-efficacy (β = -0.03, P < .019). NCP-based intervention might be helpful to solve dietary problems by enhancing self-efficacy and lower BMI-z-score in moderately to severely obese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea.
| | - Jieun Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
| | - Seulki Oh
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea.
| | - YoonMyung Kim
- University College, Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon 21983, South Korea.
| | - Sarah Woo
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14068, South Korea.
| | - Han Byul Jang
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159, South Korea.
| | - Hye-Ja Lee
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159, South Korea.
| | - Sang Ick Park
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159, South Korea.
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14068, South Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea; Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
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Han K, Yang YJ, Kim H, Kwon O. A Modified Recommended Food Score Is Inversely Associated with High Blood Pressure in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113479. [PMID: 33198396 PMCID: PMC7697087 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease and mortality. The interplay between dietary intake—especially sodium intake—and high blood pressure highlights the importance of understanding the role of eating patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors. This study investigates the relationship between a modified version of the Recommended Food Score (RFS) and hypertension in 8389 adults aged 19–64 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015. A dish-based, semi-quantitative, 112-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. Modified RFS (mRFS) is based on the reported consumption of foods recommended in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet modified for Korean foods. High blood pressure included hypertension and prehypertension, also known as stage 1 hypertension. Men and women with the highest quintile of mRFS had a 27.2% (OR: 0.728, 95% CI: 0.545–0.971, p-trend = 0.0289) and 32.9% (OR: 0.671, 95% CI: 0.519–0.867, p-trend = 0.0087) lower prevalence of high blood pressure than those with the lowest quintile of mRFS, respectively. Our finding suggests that a higher mRFS may be associated with a lower prevalence of high blood pressure among the Korean adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuyoung Han
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, 60, Hwarang-ro 13-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (O.K.); Tel./Fax: +82-2-3277-6860 (O.K.)
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- System Health & Engineering Major in Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (O.K.); Tel./Fax: +82-2-3277-6860 (O.K.)
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The association between dietary sodium intake, adiposity and sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:409-427. [PMID: 33054868 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Higher intakes of Na may contribute to weight gain. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between dietary Na intake and measures of adiposity in children and adults. Given the previous link between Na intake and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), which are a known risk factor for obesity, a secondary aim examining the relationship between Na intake and SSB consumption was assessed. A systematic literature search identified cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials (RCT) which reduced dietary Na (≥3 months). Meta-analysis was performed for outcomes with ≥3 studies. Cross-sectionally higher Na intakes were associated with overweight/obesity in adults (five studies; n 11 067; OR 1·74; 95 % CI 1·43, 2·13) and in children (three studies; n 3625, OR 3·29; 95 % CI 2·25, 4·80), and abdominal obesity (five studies; n 19 744; OR 2·04; 95 % CI 1·72, 2·42) in adults. Overall, associations remained in sensitivity analyses which adjusted for energy. Findings from longitudinal studies were inconsistent. RCT in adults indicated a trend for lower body weight on reduced-Na compared with control diets (fifteen studies; n 5274; -0·29 kg; 95 % CI -0·59, 0·01; P = 0·06); however, it is unclear if energy intakes were also altered on reduced-Na diets. Among children higher Na intakes were associated with higher intake of SSB (four studies, n 10 329, b = 22, 16 and 26 g/d); no studies were retrieved for adults. Overall, there was a lack of high-quality studies retrieved. While cross-sectional evidence indicates Na intake was positively associated with adiposity, these findings have not been clearly confirmed by longitudinal studies or RCT.
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Rito AI, Mendes S, Santos M, Goiana-da-Silva F, Cappuccio FP, Whiting S, Dinis A, Rascôa C, Castanheira I, Darzi A, Breda J. Salt Reduction Strategies in Portuguese School Meals, from Pre-School to Secondary Education-The Eat Mediterranean Program. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082213. [PMID: 32722323 PMCID: PMC7469016 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High sodium (salt) consumption is associated with an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases. However, in most European countries, Portugal included, sodium intake is still high. This study aimed to assess the sodium content of school meals before and after the Eat Mediterranean (EM) intervention—a community-based program to identify and correct nutritional deviations through the implementation of new school menus and through schools’ food handlers training. EM (2015–2017) was developed in 25 schools (pre to secondary education) of two Portuguese Municipalities, reaching students aged 3–21 years old. Samples of the complete meals (soup + main course + bread) from all schools were collected, and nutritional quality and laboratory analysis were performed to determine their nutritional composition, including sodium content. Overall, there was a significant decrease (−23%) in the mean sodium content of the complete school meals, which was mainly achieved by the significant reduction of 34% of sodium content per serving portion of soup. In conclusion, EM had a positive effect on the improvement of the school meals’ sodium content, among the participant schools. Furthermore, school setting might be ideal for nutrition literacy interventions among children, for flavors shaping, and for educating towards less salty food acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Rito
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition and Childhood Obesity—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (I.C.)
- Centre for Studies and Research in Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-217-519-200
| | - Sofia Mendes
- Centre for Studies and Research in Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Santos
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition and Childhood Obesity—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (I.C.)
- National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Goiana-da-Silva
- Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (F.G.-d.-S.); (A.D.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Cappuccio
- University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK;
| | - Stephen Whiting
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russia; (S.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Ana Dinis
- Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (ARSLVT), 1700-179 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.R.)
| | - Carla Rascôa
- Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (ARSLVT), 1700-179 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.R.)
| | - Isabel Castanheira
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition and Childhood Obesity—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (I.C.)
| | - Ara Darzi
- Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (F.G.-d.-S.); (A.D.)
| | - João Breda
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russia; (S.W.); (J.B.)
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Jiang S, Ma X, Li M, Yan S, Zhao H, Pan Y, Wang C, Yao Y, Jin L, Li B. Association between dietary mineral nutrient intake, body mass index, and waist circumference in U.S. adults using quantile regression analysis NHANES 2007-2014. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9127. [PMID: 32411541 PMCID: PMC7204818 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mineral nutrients play an important role in maintaining material and energy metabolism. Reports on mineral nutrient intakes and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are rare in the United States. This study examined the relationship between BMI, WC and dietary mineral intakes. METHOD We used the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2014. Nutrient intakes were adjusted for energy according to the residual adjustment method. We used the quantile regression model to analyze the relationship between BMI, WC under different distributions and the average daily mineral intakes. RESULT A total of 19,952 people were included in the study, including 9,879 men and 10,073 women (≥20 years old). The median BMI was 27.935 kg/m2 and the median WC was 97.700 cm. The results of quantile regression showed that calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron intakes were negatively correlated with BMI and WC, after adjusting for age and gender. Sodium and phosphorus intakes were positively correlated with BMI, sodium intakes were positively correlated with WC. This correlation was enhanced with increasing quantiles of risk levels. In high BMI or high WC populations, mineral intakes had a greater impact on BMI and WC. The quantile regression coefficients of selenium intakes were not statistically significant at each quantile. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the mineral nutrient intakes were associated with BMI and WC in American adults. However, we also need to further study the longitudinal effects of mineral intakes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoumeng Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hantong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingan Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changcong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
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Do MH, Lee HB, Lee E, Park HY. The Effects of Gelatinized Wheat Starch and High Salt Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorder. Nutrients 2020; 12:E301. [PMID: 31979147 PMCID: PMC7070891 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt-induced metabolic disorders and changes in gut microbiota have scarcely been studied. In this study, mice on wheat starch diets (WD) exhibited significantly higher body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT), and gut permeability compared to those on normal diet (ND). However, gelatinized wheat starch diet (GWD) and NaCl-supplemented gelatinized wheat starch diet (SGW) mice did not increase body and WAT weights or dyslipidemia, and maintained consistent colon pH at ND levels. WD mice showed higher levels of Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus and lower levels of Muribaculum compared to ND mice. However, GWD and SGW mice showed a significantly different gut microbial composition, such as a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio, and higher proportion of Faecalibaculum and Muribaculum compared to WD mice. High starch diet-induced dysbiosis caused increase of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related proteins' expression, thereby leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, GWD and SGW showed lower levels than that, and it might be due to the difference in the gut microbial composition compared to WD. Taken together, diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt induced mild metabolic disorders compared to native starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Ho Do
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
| | - Hye-Bin Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea;
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
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Mitra DK, Mistry SK, Afsana K, Rahman M. Demographic, Socio-economic and Lifestyle Determinants of Under- and Over-nutrition among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019; 8:134-142. [PMID: 30864754 PMCID: PMC7377563 DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bangladesh is currently going through a nutritional transition with rapid increase in overnutrition while undernutrition is still remaining prevalent. Nevertheless, population-based data on demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors associated with underweight and overweight among adult population is scarce. Employing a nationwide cross-sectional survey, we collected anthropometric, demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and dietary information from 12,180 adults aged ≥35 years. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using standard formula and categorized into underweight (<18.50), normal weight (18.50–22.99), and overweight (≥23.00). Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with underweight and overweight. Overall, prevalence of underweight and overweight was 18.1% (95% CI: 17.5–18.8) and 33.7% (95% CI: 32.9–34.6), respectively. All the demographic, socio-economic, dietary and lifestyle factors showed significant association with nutritional status in bivariate analysis. In adjusted analysis, factors showing significant positive association with underweight included female gender (ARRR-1.38, 95% CI: 1.11–1.71), older age [compared to 35–39 years age group, ARRR (95% CI) for ≥ 70 years is 2.32 (1.89–2.86), for 60–69 years is 1.62 (1.36–1.93), for 50–59 years 1.34 (1.13–1.58) and for 40–49 years 1.05 (0.87–1.15)] and smoking habit (ARRR-1.32, 95% CI: 1.14–1.52) while factors showing significant inverse association with underweight included higher household wealth [compared to lowest wealth quintile, ARRR (95% CI) for highest quintile is 0.68 (0.55–0.84), for second highest quintile 0.77 (0.65–0.91), for middle quintile 0.81 (0.69–0.94) and for second lowest quintile 0.89 (0.77–1.03)], urban residence (ARRR-0.66, 95% CI: 0.66–0.90), and more frequent meat/fish and fruits consumption (ARRR-0.76, 95% CI: 0.65–0.90). On the other hand, factors significantly associated with increased risk of overweight included female gender (ARRR-1.35, 95% CI: 1.12–1.63), higher household wealth [compared to lowest wealth quintile, ARRR (95% CI) for highest quintile is 2.27 (1.93–2.68), for second highest quintile 1.67 (1.44–1.94), for middle quintile 1.26 (1.10–1.46) and for second lowest quintile 1.07 (0.93–1.24), excess food availability [compared to food shortage, ARRR (95% CI) for excess food in the household is 1.29 (1.12–1.47) and for no shortage/no excess is 1.23 (1.09–1.38) and more frequent fruits consumption [compared to no fruits, ARRR (95% CI) for 5–7 days per week consumption is 1.61 (1.41–1.83) and for 3–4 days per week is 1.28 (1.16–1.41) and factors significantly associated with decreased risk of overweight included older age [compared to 35–39 years age group, ARRR (95% CI) for ≥ 70 years is 0.77 (0.64–0.93), for 60–69 years is 0.82 (0.71–0.94), for 50–59 years 0.91 (0.80–1.04) and for 40–49 years 1.01 (0.89–1.15)] and smoking (ARRR-0.76, 95% CI: 0.68–0.86). Both underweight and overweight are prevalent in Bangladeshi adult population. Several demographic, socio-economic, dietary and lifestyle factors are associated with underweight and overweight in Bangladesh. Population level impact of these factors should be examined to design suitable public health and nutrition interventions to address this dual challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak K Mitra
- School of Public Health, North South University, Bangladesh
| | - Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kaosar Afsana
- Health Nutrition and Population Programme, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzar Rahman
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Na W, Chung B, Sohn C. A Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Dyslipidemia in Urban-dwelling Middle-Aged Korean Men: Using Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Clin Nutr Res 2019; 8:219-228. [PMID: 31384600 PMCID: PMC6675962 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of dyslipidemia has been strongly associated with the mortality rate of cardiovascular disease. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and dyslipidemia in adult men aged 40–64 years. A total of 5,643 subjects from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) were selected for the final analysis. We analyzed 24-hour dietary recall data. Using principal component analysis, 3 dietary patterns were identified: rice based Korean food pattern, flour based western dietary pattern, and convenience food dietary pattern. The flour based western dietary pattern was significantly and positively associated with total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p for trend < 0.05). With regard to the rice based Korean food pattern, the group with the highest factor score had a significantly lower risk of hyper LDL cholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR], 0.802; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.698–0.922) and high total cholesterol levels (OR, 0.868; 95% CI, 0.761–0.990) than the group with the lowest factor score. For the flour based western dietary pattern the group with the highest factor score showed a significantly high risk of hyper LDL cholesterolemia (OR, 1.189; 95% CI, 1.033–1.367; p for trend < 0.05) than the group with the lowest factor score. Our results showed that the rice based Korean food pattern protected against dyslipidemia. In contrast, the western staple pattern, which is rich in flour and processed foods, was independently associated with dyslipidemia in urban male residents of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woori Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Bonghee Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Cheongmin Sohn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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Leroux IN, Ferreira APSDS, Paniz FP, Silva FFD, Luz MS, Batista BL, Marchioni DM, Olympio KPK. Brazilian preschool children attending day care centers show an inadequate micronutrient intake through 24-h duplicate diet. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 54:175-182. [PMID: 31109609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate micronutrient intake in childhood harms growth and development, and it is related to increased rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dietary intake and prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake in preschool children (1-4 years old) attending two-day care centers. To assess children's dietary micronutrient intake, 24-h duplicate diets (n = 64) were collected for one week-day, including everything the children ate and drank both at home and in kindergarten. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to evaluate the children's nutritional status. The micronutrients copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc, potassium, sodium, and manganese were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Calcium and selenium were found with high inadequate intake rates: 50% and 42%, respectively, for children aged 1-3 years old, and 93% and 90% for children aged 4 years. Potassium was consumed in very low amounts, 13% and 5% of children aged 1-3 and 4 years old, respectively, achieved the adequate intake for the nutrient. Sodium intakes were excessive: 23% of the 1-3-year old and 42% of the 4-year-old children, respectively, had an intake higher than the tolerable upper levels. Regarding the nutritional status, overweight and obesity prevalence was 17%. Therefore, considering the damaging health effects for children of micronutrient deficiency and overweight and obesity status, it is necessary that government authorities be aware and update public policies and educational programs in order to promote healthy eating habits in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Nogueira Leroux
- Laboratório de Análises da Exposição Humana a Contaminantes Ambientais, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Análises da Exposição Humana a Contaminantes Ambientais, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Pollo Paniz
- Laboratório de Análises da Exposição Humana a Contaminantes Ambientais, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Ferreira da Silva
- EnvironMetals, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil; Agilent Technologies, Alameda Araguaia, 1142, Alphaville Industrial, CEP: 6455000, Barueri, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maciel Santos Luz
- Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos, Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT), Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- EnvironMetals, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Maria Marchioni
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Laboratório de Análises da Exposição Humana a Contaminantes Ambientais, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kure Liu C, Joseph PV, Feldman DE, Kroll DS, Burns JA, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Brain Imaging of Taste Perception in Obesity: a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 8:108-119. [PMID: 30945140 PMCID: PMC6486899 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize neuroimaging findings related to processing of taste (fat, salt, umami, bitter, and sour) in the brain and how they influence hedonic responses and eating behaviors and their role in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Neuroimaging studies in obese individuals have revealed alterations in reward/motivation, executive control/self-regulation, and limbic/affective circuits that are implicated in food and drug addiction. Psychophysical studies show that sensory properties of food ingredients may be associated with anthropometric and neurocognitive outcomes in obesity. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of taste and processing of calories and nutrient content in obesity. The literature of neural correlated of bitter, sour, and salty tastes remains sparse in obesity. Most published studies have focused on sweet, followed by fat and umami taste. Studies on calorie processing and its conditioning by preceding taste sensations have started to delineate a dynamic pattern of brain activation associated with appetition. Our expanded understanding of taste processing in the brain from neuroimaging studies is poised to reveal novel prevention and treatment targets to help address overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kure Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Paule Valery Joseph
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Rm 5B03, Bethesda, MD 20892-2178 USA
| | - Dana E. Feldman
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Danielle S. Kroll
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Jamie A. Burns
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892-9581 USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm B2L124, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
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Petrenya N, Skeie G, Melhus M, Brustad M. No ethnic disparities in nutritional adequacy between the Indigenous Sami and the non-Sami population living in rural Northern Norway—the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey. Nutr Res 2019; 64:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zhao L, Cogswell ME, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Onufrak S, Jackson SL, Chen TC, Loria CM, Wang CY, Wright JD, Terry AL, Merritt R, Ogden CL. Association of usual 24-h sodium excretion with measures of adiposity among adults in the United States: NHANES, 2014. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:139-147. [PMID: 30624582 PMCID: PMC6500904 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both excessive sodium intake and obesity are risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The association between sodium intake and obesity is unclear, with few studies assessing sodium intake using 24-h urine collection. Objectives Our objective was to assess the association between usual 24-h sodium excretion and measures of adiposity among US adults. Methods Cross-sectional data were analyzed from a sample of 730 nonpregnant participants aged 20-69 y who provided up to 2 complete 24-h urine specimens in the NHANES 2014 and had data on overweight or obesity [body mass index (kg/m2) ≥25] and central adiposity [waist circumference (WC): >88 cm for women, >102 cm for men]. Measurement error models were used to estimate usual sodium excretion, and multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess its associations with measures of adiposity, adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and dietary variables [i.e., energy intake or sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake]. All analyses accounted for the complex survey sample design. Results Unadjusted mean ± SE usual sodium excretion was 3727 ± 43.5 mg/d and 3145 ± 55.0 mg/d among participants with and without overweight/obesity and 3653 ± 58.1 mg/d and 3443 ± 35.3 mg/d among participants with or without central adiposity, respectively. A 1000-mg/d higher sodium excretion was significantly associated with 3.8-units higher BMI (95% CI: 2.8, 4.8) and a 9.2-cm greater WC (95% CI: 6.9, 11.5 cm) adjusted for covariates. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of sodium excretion, the adjusted prevalence ratios in the highest quartile were 1.93 (95% CI: 1.69, 2.20) for overweight/obesity and 2.07 (95% CI: 1.74, 2.46) for central adiposity. The associations also were significant when adjusting for SSBs, instead of energy, in models. Conclusions Higher usual sodium excretion is associated with overweight/obesity and central adiposity among US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhao
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA,IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA,Address correspondence to LZ (e-mail: )
| | - Mary E Cogswell
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Quanhe Yang
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zefeng Zhang
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen Onufrak
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sandra L Jackson
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Te-Ching Chen
- National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD
| | | | - Chia-Yih Wang
- National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD
| | | | - Ana L Terry
- National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Robert Merritt
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA
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Associations of urinary sodium levels with overweight and central obesity in a population with a sodium intake. BMC Nutr 2018; 4:47. [PMID: 32153908 PMCID: PMC7050808 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-018-0255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported an association between dietary sodium intake and overweight/central obesity. However, dietary survey methods were prone to underestimate sodium intake. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of calculated 24-h urinary sodium excretion, an index of dietary sodium intake, with various obesity parameters including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a population with a relatively high sodium intake. Methods A total of 16,250 adults (aged ≥19 years) and 1476 adolescents (aged 10-18 years), with available information on spot urine sodium levels and anthropometric measurements from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were included in this study. We calculated 24-h urine sodium excretion levels from spot urine sodium levels using the Tanaka formula. Results In adults, those with high sodium excretion levels (≥ 3200 mg) showed increased odds of overweight and central obesity compared to those with low urinary sodium excretion level (< 2200 mg) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.90-2.49 for overweight; OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 2.13-2.94 for central obesity). These associations were also observed in adolescents (OR = 5.80, 95% CI = 3.17-10.60 for overweight; OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.78-9.89 for central obesity). Conclusions The present study suggests that reducing salt intake might be important for preventing overweight and central obesity, especially in adolescents. However, because the present study was conducted with cross-sectional study design, further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the causal relationship between urinary sodium excretion and overweight/central obesity.
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Brey CW, Akbari-Alavijeh S, Ling J, Sheagley J, Shaikh B, Al-Mohanna F, Wang Y, Gaugler R, Hashmi S. Salts and energy balance: A special role for dietary salts in metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1971-1985. [PMID: 30446179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary salts sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+) are important in metabolic diseases. Yet, we do not have sufficient understanding on the salts global molecular network in these diseases. In this systematic review we have pooled information to identify the general effect of salts on obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension. AIMS To assess the roles of salts in metabolic disorders by focusing on their individual effect and the network effect among these salts. METHODS We searched articles in PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. We selected original laboratory research, systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies and epidemiological data that focused on dietary salts and followed the preferred reporting items for systematic review in designing the present systematic review. RESULTS From the initial search of 2898 studies we selected a total of 199 articles that met our inclusion criteria and data extraction. Alterations in metabolic pathways associated with the sensitivity of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium may lead to obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. We found that the results of most laboratory research, animal studies and clinical trials are coherent but some research outcome are either inconsistent or inconclusive. CONCLUSION Important of salts in metabolic disorder is evident. In order to assess the effects of dietary salts in metablic diseases, environmental factors, dietary habits, physical activity, and the microbiome, should be considered in any study. Although interest in this area of research continues to grow, the challenge is to integrate the action of these salts in metabolic syndrom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safoura Akbari-Alavijeh
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jun Ling
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
| | - Jordan Sheagley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
| | - Bilal Shaikh
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Randy Gaugler
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Sarwar Hashmi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health, Rutgers University, USA.
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A positive association between dietary sodium intake and obesity and central obesity: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. Nutr Res 2018; 55:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wakasugi M, James Kazama J, Narita I. Self-reported Slower Eating Is Associated with a Lower Salt Intake: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study. Intern Med 2018; 57:1561-1567. [PMID: 29321431 PMCID: PMC6028664 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9725-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence suggests that the eating rate is positively associated with the body weight and blood pressure. Furthermore, people who are overweight or obese tend to have higher salt intakes than those of normal weight. To investigate whether or not the eating rate is also associated with the salt intake, a cross-sectional study was conducted using health examination survey data collected in 2014 from 7,941 residents of Sado City, Niigata, Japan. Methods The eating rates were evaluated using a questionnaire; 11.7% of participants rated themselves as slow eaters, 65.6% as normal eaters, and 22.7% as fast eaters. The salt intake was estimated from sodium and creatinine spot urine measurements using Tanaka's formula. Associations with eating rate were evaluated using multivariate linear regression analyses, with normal eaters as the reference (set at 0). Results Self-reported eating rates were positively associated with the salt intake after adjustment for age and sex [β coefficient (95% confidence interval) for slow -0.51 (-0.67, -0.35); fast 0.18 (0.05, 0.30) ]. Further adjustment for the body mass index showed that slower eaters had lower salt intakes than normal eaters, but there was no marked difference in the salt intake between normal and fast eaters. The association between slower eating and a lower salt intake persisted after further adjustment for comorbidities [slow -0.33 (-0.49, -0.18) ]. Conclusion Our results suggest that reducing eating rates may be an effective strategy for reducing dietary salt intake as well as preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Wakasugi
- Division of Comprehensive Geriatrics in Community, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | | | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
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Abstract
The relationship between salt and hypertension is the focus of a large amount of research, there are few reviews of the relationship between salt and diabetes, despite the increasing incidence of diabetes. By searching PubMed and the Cochrane Library, we summarized the relationships between diabetic risk factors, diabetic complications and salt intake. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of salt on diabetes risk factors and diabetic complications are also discussed. Our findings should assist experts and scholars to understand the current research of salt intake and to pay more attention to the prevention and treatment of related diseases caused by excessive salt intake; guide treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus; and provide a reference for government departments to formulate a reasonable salt restriction policy. We also recommend future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Han
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Daolin Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nianjiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Duan L, Liu W, Zhang P, Liu S, Liu X, Sang M, Liu L, Lin H, Sang Z. Salt Intake of Lactating Women as Assessed by Modified Food Weighted Records. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:614-619. [PMID: 29667517 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1454354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High salt intake among lactating women can increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in infants/offspring. However, considering the limited salt intake data in lactating women, the aims of this study were to compare the salt intake assessed by modified food weighted records (FWR) with that estimated by 24-h urinary sodium excretion and to investigate the salt intake of lactating women. METHODS In total, 30 lactating women aged 20-39 years who were 2 to 4 months postpartum were recruited from the cities of Tianjin and Luoyang in China. The household salt intakes of the lactating women were collected by modified FWR for 3 days. Information on the gender, age, eating behaviours and labour intensity of the family members and guests dining at home during the 3 days was recorded. Meanwhile, 24-h urine samples of lactating women were collected. RESULTS The salt intakes of the lactating women estimated by modified FWR and 24-h urinary sodium excretion were 8.50 ± 5.32 g/d and 9.34±3.74 g/d (t=-1.29, P=0.207), respectively, which exceeded the WHO recommendation of 5 g/d. There was a significant correlation (r=0.628, P < 0.001) between the salt intakes assessed by the two methods. A Bland-Altman plot showed no significant mean difference between the two methods (salt intake measured by 24-h urinary sodium excretion-salt intake assessed by modified FWR=0.46 g/d, P=0.207). CONCLUSIONS The modified FWR is a reliable tool to assess the salt intake of lactating women. The salt intake of lactating women in China remains higher than the WHO recommendation and should be restricted through further efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Duan
- a Department of endocrinology , Tianjin First Center Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Wendi Liu
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Peng Zhang
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Shiyan Liu
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Maocheng Sang
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Lu Liu
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhongna Sang
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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Han SY, Kim NH, Kim DH, Han K, Kim SM. Relationship between urinary sodium-creatinine ratios and insulin resistance in Korean children and adolescents with obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018. [PMID: 29543590 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity has significantly increased in Korea. This study aimed to use data from the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to investigate the association between sodium (Na) intake and insulin resistance in children and adolescents with obesity. METHODS The study population consisted of 578 adolescents aged 12-18 years who were enrolled in the 2010 KNHANES. Subjects were classified into the following four groups based on their body mass index (BMI) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values: normal BMI and HOMA-IR (Group 1), normal BMI and ≥75% HOMA-IR (Group 2), ≥85% BMI and normal HOMA-IR (Group 3) and ≥85% BMI and ≥75% HOMA-IR (Group 4). The groups were further divided into four quartiles (Q1-Q4) based on urinary sodium-creatinine ratios (UNa/Cr) to analyze the association between obesity and metabolic abnormality as a result of increased Na intake. RESULTS There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of abdominal obesity (p<0.000), waist circumference (WC) (p<0.000) blood glucose levels (p<0.000), insulin levels (p<0.000) and UNa/Cr, with Groups 2, 3 and 4 having significantly higher UNa/Cr than Group 1 (p=0.002). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between UNa/Cr and obesity (Q1=1 vs. Q4=3.23, p=0.019) and metabolic abnormality (Q1=1 vs. Q4=2.25, p=0.167). CONCLUSIONS Increased Na intake showed a positive statistical correlation with insulin resistance and is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities in obese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoon Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24-h urinary sodium to potassium ratio and its association with obesity in children and adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:947-953. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Eating alone and metabolic syndrome: A population-based Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:146-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kang HJ, Jun DW, Lee SM, Jang EC, Cho YK. Low salt and low calorie diet does not reduce more body fat than same calorie diet: a randomized controlled study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8521-8530. [PMID: 29492213 PMCID: PMC5823556 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent several observational studies have reported that high salt intake is associated with obesity. But it is unclear whether salt intake itself induce obesity or low salt diet can reduce body fat mass. We investigated whether a low salt diet can reduce body weight and fat amount. Matrials and Methods The randomized, open-label pilot trial was conducted at a single institution. A total of 85 obese people were enrolled. All participants were served meals three times a day, and provided either a low salt diet or control diet with same calorie. Visceral fat was measured with abdominal computer tomography, while body fat mass and total body water was measured with bio-impedance. Results Reductions in body weight (–6.3% vs. –5.0%, p = 0.05) and BMI (–6.6% vs. –5.1%, p = 0.03) were greater in the low salt group than in the control group. Extracellular water and total body water were significantly reduced in the low salt group compared to the control group. However, changes in body fat mass, visceral fat area, and skeletal muscle mass did not differ between the two groups. Changes in lipid profile, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions A two-month low salt diet was accompanied by reduction of body mass index. However, the observed decrease of body weight was caused by reduction of total body water, not by reduction of body fat mass or visceral fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Chul Jang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Elfassy T, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Van Horn L, Gellman M, Sotres-Alvarez D, Schneiderman N, Daviglus M, Beasley JM, Llabre MM, Shaw PA, Prado G, Florez H, Zeki Al Hazzouri A. Associations of Sodium and Potassium with Obesity Measures Among Diverse US Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:442-450. [PMID: 29318759 PMCID: PMC5783725 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional associations of sodium and potassium with BMI, waist circumference (WC), and body fat and to determine whether the nativity and/or duration of United States (US) residence modified these associations. METHODS Sodium and potassium were derived from 24-hour diet recalls from 16,156 US participants of the 2008 to 2011 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) and from 24-hour urine in 447 HCHS/SOL participants. BMI, WC, and body fat were measured. RESULTS Dietary sodium that was 500 mg/d higher was cross-sectionally associated with a 0.07-kg/m2 higher BMI (P < 0.05) and a 0.18-cm larger WC (P = 0.04). Dietary potassium that was 500 mg/d higher was only associated with lower BMI and smaller WC among those who were foreign-born with 10 + years in the US (-0.13 kg/m2 , P < 0.01 and -0.36 cm, P = 0.01, respectively) and among those who were US-born (-0.62 kg/m2 , P < 0.01 and -1.42 cm, P < 0.01, respectively). Urinary sodium that was 500 mg/d higher was associated with a 0.27-kg/m2 higher BMI (P < 0.01) and 0.54 kg more body fat (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Sodium intake was associated with higher BMI, WC, and body fat. Potassium intake was associated with lower BMI and smaller WC among US-born participants and participants with a longer duration of US residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Elfassy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Marc Gellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neil Schneiderman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Maria M Llabre
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guillermo Prado
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hermes Florez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Demographic, Socio-economic and Lifestyle Determinants of Under- and Over-nutrition among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Association between 24-h urinary sodium excretion and obesity in Korean adults: A multicenter study. Nutrition 2017; 41:113-119. [PMID: 28760420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the association between sodium intake, as assessed by 24-h urinary sodium excretion, and various obesity parameters among South Korean adults. The associations of 24-h urinary sodium excretion and sodium intake calculated from the dietary questionnaire with obesity parameters also were compared. METHODS This multicenter, cross-sectional study analyzed data of 640 healthy adults from eight provinces in South Korea. Obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Mean 24-h urinary sodium excretion was calculated from repeatedly collected 24-h urine samples. Participants' dietary intake was assessed by 24-h dietary recall interview on the days before 24-h urine collection. RESULTS In both sexes, the means of all anthropometric measurements tended to increase proportionally with 24-h urinary sodium excretion quartiles, regardless of adjustment. Men in the highest quartile (Q4) of 24-h urinary sodium excretion had increased odds of obesity (as assessed by BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR) compared with men in the three lower quartiles (Q1-Q3) of 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Women in Q4 of 24-h urinary sodium excretion exhibited a higher chance of general obesity and abdominal obesity. Sodium intake calculated from the dietary questionnaire was not significantly associated with obesity in either sex. CONCLUSIONS In Korean adults, there was a positive association between higher sodium intake as assessed by 24-h urinary sodium excretion and obesity independent of energy intake.
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Cheon SY, Wang HW, Lee HJ, Hwang KM, Yoon HS, Kang YJ. Relationship of sodium consumption with obesity in Korean adults based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Cheon
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hye Won Wang
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Lee
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Hwang
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Yoon
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Kang
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
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46
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Jung J, Lee M. Effects of interaction betweenSLC12A3polymorphism, salt-sensitive gene, and sodium intake on risk of child obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4163/jnh.2017.50.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
- Research Institute of obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
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Lee M, Kwon DY, Park J. The impacts of the interaction of genetic variation, CYP11β2 and NEDD4L, with sodium intake on pediatric obesity with gender difference: a 3-year panel study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:542-550. [PMID: 28017963 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds/Objectives:This panel study was to predict the incidences of pediatric obesity by the interaction of sodium (Na) intake and nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of salt-sensitive genes (SSGs), ACE(angiotensin-converting enzyme), ADD1 G460W,AGT M235T,CYP11β2 (cytochrome P450 family 11-subfamily β-2, -aldosterone synthase),GNB3 C285T,GRK4(A142V)(G-protein-coupled receptor kinases type 4),GRK4 (A486V),NEDD4L (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4 like; rs2288774) and SLC12A3 (solute carrier family 12 (Na/Cl transporters)-member 3), selected from genome-wide association study. SUBJECTS/METHODS Non-obese (non-OB) Korean children of 9 years old were recruited from eight elementary schools in Seoul in 2007 and 2009, each. Follow-up subjects (total=798) in 2010 and 2012 were final participants. Participants were classified as OB group for those whose body mass index were over the 85th percentile using the 'Korean National Growth Charts', and others were classified as non-OB. With nine SNPs typing, the genetic interaction with the variation of Na intake for 3 years was evaluated as an obesity risk. RESULTS The obesity incidence rate for non-OB children at baseline after 3 years was 10.31%. Na intake in non-OB after 3 years was significantly decreased compared with the baseline, whereas Na intake reduction was undetectable in OB. We found gender differences on association between the changes of Na intake and the obesity incidence for 3 years by the SSG variation. Odds ratio for the obesity risk was 5.75 times higher in girls having hetero/mutant types of NEDD4L with higher Na intakes (Q2+Q3+Q4 in quartiles) compared with that in the wild type with the lowest Na intake (Q1). Girls with hetero/mutant of CYP11β2 tended to increase the obesity incidence as Na intake increased (Q1<Q2<Q3<Q4, P-value trend=0.047). The other seven SNPs of SSGs had no significance over Na intake. CONCLUSIONS From this panel study and the previous cross-sectional study, we found CYP11β2 as the common gene, powerful to explain the interaction between obesity incidence and Na intake, in particular, among girls. Girls with hetero/mutant allele of this gene should reduce their daily Na intake to prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Food and Nutrition (A-658), Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Statistics, Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sugnshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Kwon
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J Park
- Division of Statistics, Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sugnshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ha KH, Kim DJ. Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:510-518. [PMID: 27834078 PMCID: PMC5195826 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.4.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide and is increasing not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries. This increase may lead to an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases throughout the lifespan. In Korean children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity increased from 6.8% in 1998 to 10.0% in 2013. Obesity is a state that more commonly influences children and adolescents of lower socioeconomic status (SES) than those with a higher SES. However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents decreased from 1998 to 2012. According to the Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children aged 18 years or younger was 153.5 per 100,000 in 2006 and 205.0 per 100,000 in 2013. Obesity is a complex disease influenced by many interacting factors, such as adipocytokines, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, adenovirus 36 infection, birth weight, lifestyle, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Obesity in youth can adversely impact practically every organ system and lead to serious consequences, such as metabolic, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and psychosocial complications. Therefore, coordinated efforts by governments, organizations, communities, and individuals are needed to prevent and treat childhood obesity. In particular, a long-term policy to improve the social environment will also be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hwa Ha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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49
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Kang YJ, Wang HW, Cheon SY, Lee HJ, Hwang KM, Yoon HS. Associations of Obesity and Dyslipidemia with Intake of Sodium, Fat, and Sugar among Koreans: a Qualitative Systematic Review. Clin Nutr Res 2016; 5:290-304. [PMID: 27812518 PMCID: PMC5093226 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2016.5.4.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A qualitative systematic review was performed to identify associations of obesity and dyslipidemia with intake of sodium, fat, and sugar among Koreans. We reviewed 6 Korean research databases (KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, DBpia, RISS, KISS) with the keywords “sodium intake,” “fat intake,” and “sugar intake.” Total of 11 studies were investigated in this present study. Of these articles, 7 studies were related to sodium intake, 2 studies had a relation to fat intake, and 2 studies were associated with sugar intake. We indicated general characteristics, concentration of serum lipids, nutrition intake, and statistically significant results. High sodium intake contributed to increased etiology of hypertriglyceridemia, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypocholesterolemia, and a risk of being overweight. Fat intake was significantly associated with body fat, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) hypercholesterolemia, and HDL hypocholesterolemia. Sugar intake from coffee drinks and sugar-sweetened beverages contributed to increased HDL hypocholesterolemia and continuous metabolic syndrome score. This qualitative review among Koreans represented that intake of sodium, fat, and sugar has a positive relationship with cause of obesity-related diseases. Especially, this present study has a great significance in terms of considered study that intake of the potentially hazardous nutrients among Koreans has an association with obesity and dyslipidemia. However, further studies such as randomized controlled trials on associations between sodium, fat, and sugar and obesity and dyslipidemia need to be continuously required in order to conduct quantitative systematic reviews and a meta-analysis for Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Kang
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hye Won Wang
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Se Young Cheon
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Lee
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Hwang
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Yoon
- Nutrition and Functional Food Research Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Korea
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Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:265-277. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1239700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Parisa Moosavian
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Students’ Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pamela J. Surkan
- Department of International Health, John Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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