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Kaliora AC. Nutrition in inflammatory bowel diseases; Is there a role? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 62-63:101827. [PMID: 37094912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is of paramount importance not only for healthy individuals, but all the more for the ones with pathologies interlinked with the diet. In that light, diet, when used accordingly can act in a protective manner in inflammatory bowel diseases. The interplay of diet and IBD is not thoroughly defined, and guidelines are a work in progress. However, significant knowledge has been gained with regard to foods and nutrients that may exacerbate or alleviate the core symptoms. Patients with IBD restrict from their diet a plethora of foods often arbitrary, thus depriving themselves from valuable constituents. Careful navigation into the newfound field of genetic variants and personalization of diet should be employed with avoidance of the Westernized diet, processed foods and additives, and focus on a holistic approach with a balanced diet rich in bioactive compounds in order to improve the quality of life of these patients and address diet-related deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana C Kaliora
- Human Nutrition and Foods, Department of Dietetics-Nutrition Science, School of Health and Education Sciences, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave., 17676, Athens, Greece.
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2
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Maes HHM, Lapato DM, Schmitt JE, Luciana M, Banich MT, Bjork JM, Hewitt JK, Madden PA, Heath AC, Barch DM, Thompson WK, Iacono WG, Neale MC. Genetic and Environmental Variation in Continuous Phenotypes in the ABCD Study®. Behav Genet 2023; 53:1-24. [PMID: 36357558 PMCID: PMC9823057 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies yield valuable insights into the sources of variation, covariation and causation in human traits. The ABCD Study® (abcdstudy.org) was designed to take advantage of four universities known for their twin research, neuroimaging, population-based sampling, and expertise in genetic epidemiology so that representative twin studies could be performed. In this paper we use the twin data to: (i) provide initial estimates of heritability for the wide range of phenotypes assessed in the ABCD Study using a consistent direct variance estimation approach, assuring that both data and methodology are sound; and (ii) provide an online resource for researchers that can serve as a reference point for future behavior genetic studies of this publicly available dataset. Data were analyzed from 772 pairs of twins aged 9-10 years at study inception, with zygosity determined using genotypic data, recruited and assessed at four twin hub sites. The online tool provides twin correlations and both standardized and unstandardized estimates of additive genetic, and environmental variation for 14,500 continuously distributed phenotypic features, including: structural and functional neuroimaging, neurocognition, personality, psychopathology, substance use propensity, physical, and environmental trait variables. The estimates were obtained using an unconstrained variance approach, so they can be incorporated directly into meta-analyses without upwardly biasing aggregate estimates. The results indicated broad consistency with prior literature where available and provided novel estimates for phenotypes without prior twin studies or those assessed at different ages. Effects of site, self-identified race/ethnicity, age and sex were statistically controlled. Results from genetic modeling of all 53,172 continuous variables, including 38,672 functional MRI variables, will be accessible via the user-friendly open-access web interface we have established, and will be updated as new data are released from the ABCD Study. This paper provides an overview of the initial results from the twin study embedded within the ABCD Study, an introduction to the primary research domains in the ABCD study and twin methodology, and an evaluation of the initial findings with a focus on data quality and suitability for future behavior genetic studies using the ABCD dataset. The broad introductory material is provided in recognition of the multidisciplinary appeal of the ABCD Study. While this paper focuses on univariate analyses, we emphasize the opportunities for multivariate, developmental and causal analyses, as well as those evaluating heterogeneity by key moderators such as sex, demographic factors and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine H. M. Maes
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033 USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Dana M. Lapato
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033 USA
| | - J. Eric Schmitt
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Marie T. Banich
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA ,grid.266190.a0000000096214564Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - James M. Bjork
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA ,grid.266190.a0000000096214564Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Pamela A. Madden
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Wes K. Thompson
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Biostatistics and Department of Radiology, Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - William G. Iacono
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michael C. Neale
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033 USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
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3
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Vissers LET, Sluijs I, Burgess S, Forouhi NG, Freisling H, Imamura F, Nilsson TK, Renström F, Weiderpass E, Aleksandrova K, Dahm CC, Perez-Cornago A, Schulze MB, Tong TYN, Aune D, Bonet C, Boer JMA, Boeing H, Chirlaque MD, Conchi MI, Imaz L, Jäger S, Krogh V, Kyrø C, Masala G, Melander O, Overvad K, Panico S, Sánches MJ, Sonestedt E, Tjønneland A, Tzoulaki I, Verschuren WMM, Riboli E, Wareham NJ, Danesh J, Butterworth AS, van der Schouw YT. Milk intake and incident stroke and CHD in populations of European descent: a Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1789-1797. [PMID: 34670632 PMCID: PMC9592953 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Higher milk intake has been associated with a lower stroke risk, but not with risk of CHD. Residual confounding or reverse causation cannot be excluded. Therefore, we estimated the causal association of milk consumption with stroke and CHD risk through instrumental variable (IV) and gene-outcome analyses. IV analysis included 29 328 participants (4611 stroke; 9828 CHD) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-CVD (eight European countries) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) case-cohort studies. rs4988235, a lactase persistence (LP) SNP which enables digestion of lactose in adulthood was used as genetic instrument. Intake of milk was first regressed on rs4988235 in a linear regression model. Next, associations of genetically predicted milk consumption with stroke and CHD were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression. Gene-outcome analysis included 777 024 participants (50 804 cases) from MEGASTROKE (including EPIC-CVD), UK Biobank and EPIC-NL for stroke, and 483 966 participants (61 612 cases) from CARDIoGRAM, UK Biobank, EPIC-CVD and EPIC-NL for CHD. In IV analyses, each additional LP allele was associated with a higher intake of milk in EPIC-CVD (β = 13·7 g/d; 95 % CI 8·4, 19·1) and EPIC-NL (36·8 g/d; 95 % CI 20·0, 53·5). Genetically predicted milk intake was not associated with stroke (HR per 25 g/d 1·05; 95 % CI 0·94, 1·16) or CHD (1·02; 95 % CI 0·96, 1·08). In gene-outcome analyses, there was no association of rs4988235 with risk of stroke (OR 1·02; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·05) or CHD (OR 0·99; 95 % CI 0·95, 1·03). Current Mendelian randomisation analysis does not provide evidence for a causal inverse relationship between milk consumption and stroke or CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. T. Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I. Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N. G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H. Freisling
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - F. Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. K. Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - F. Renström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - E. Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - K. Aleksandrova
- Germany Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - C. C. Dahm
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A. Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. B. Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Germany Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - T. Y. N. Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Bonet
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. M. A. Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - H. Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - M. D. Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. I. Conchi
- Navarra Public Health Institute – IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Research Network on Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - L. Imaz
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - S. Jäger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - V. Krogh
- Epidemiology and prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G. Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network – ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - O. Melander
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K. Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - S. Panico
- Dipartemento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - M. J. Sánches
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E. Sonestedt
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A. Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I. Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W. M. M. Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - N. J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Danesh
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A. S. Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Y. T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Evershed RP, Davey Smith G, Roffet-Salque M, Timpson A, Diekmann Y, Lyon MS, Cramp LJE, Casanova E, Smyth J, Whelton HL, Dunne J, Brychova V, Šoberl L, Gerbault P, Gillis RE, Heyd V, Johnson E, Kendall I, Manning K, Marciniak A, Outram AK, Vigne JD, Shennan S, Bevan A, Colledge S, Allason-Jones L, Amkreutz L, Anders A, Arbogast RM, Bălăşescu A, Bánffy E, Barclay A, Behrens A, Bogucki P, Carrancho Alonso Á, Carretero JM, Cavanagh N, Claßen E, Collado Giraldo H, Conrad M, Csengeri P, Czerniak L, Dębiec M, Denaire A, Domboróczki L, Donald C, Ebert J, Evans C, Francés-Negro M, Gronenborn D, Haack F, Halle M, Hamon C, Hülshoff R, Ilett M, Iriarte E, Jakucs J, Jeunesse C, Johnson M, Jones AM, Karul N, Kiosak D, Kotova N, Krause R, Kretschmer S, Krüger M, Lefranc P, Lelong O, Lenneis E, Logvin A, Lüth F, Marton T, Marley J, Mortimer R, Oosterbeek L, Oross K, Pavúk J, Pechtl J, Pétrequin P, Pollard J, Pollard R, Powlesland D, Pyzel J, Raczky P, Richardson A, Rowe P, Rowland S, Rowlandson I, Saile T, Sebők K, Schier W, Schmalfuß G, Sharapova S, Sharp H, Sheridan A, Shevnina I, Sobkowiak-Tabaka I, Stadler P, Stäuble H, Stobbe A, Stojanovski D, Tasić N, van Wijk I, Vostrovská I, Vuković J, Wolfram S, Zeeb-Lanz A, Thomas MG. Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. Nature 2022; 608:336-345. [PMID: 35896751 PMCID: PMC7615474 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years1. Although the selection of LP and the consumption of prehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions2,3. Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around 7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably, LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectories than uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank4,5 cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Adrian Timpson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew S Lyon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy J E Cramp
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Casanova
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Smyth
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen L Whelton
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Dunne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronika Brychova
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Nuclear Dosimetry Department, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucija Šoberl
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pascale Gerbault
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rosalind E Gillis
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- ICArEHB, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Volker Heyd
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Cultures, Section of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Archaeology South-East, UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iain Kendall
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katie Manning
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alan K Outram
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jean-Denis Vigne
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Shennan
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bevan
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sue Colledge
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Adrian Bălăşescu
- Department of Bioarchaeology, 'Vasile Pârvan' Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eszter Bánffy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Anja Behrens
- German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bogucki
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ángel Carrancho Alonso
- Área de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - José Miguel Carretero
- Laboratorio Evolución Humana, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humana, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Erich Claßen
- LVR-State Service for Archaeological Heritage, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hipolito Collado Giraldo
- Patrimonio & Arte Research Group, Extremadura University, Badajoz and Cáceres, Badajoz, Spain
- Geosciences Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Lech Czerniak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Dębiec
- Institute of Archaeology, University Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Julia Ebert
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Evans
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Detlef Gronenborn
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz Research Institute for Archaeology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Haack
- Archaeological Department, Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Hamon
- UMR 8215, Trajectoires, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Roman Hülshoff
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Saxony Anhalt/State Museum of Prehistory, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michael Ilett
- UMR 8215, Trajectoires, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Eneko Iriarte
- Laboratorio Evolución Humana, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - János Jakucs
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andy M Jones
- Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council, Truro, UK
| | | | - Dmytro Kiosak
- 'I.I. Mechnikov', Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine
- Ca' Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Nadezhda Kotova
- Institute of Archaeology of Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Prehistory Department, Institut of Archaeology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Marta Krüger
- Department of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Philippe Lefranc
- UMR 7044, INRAP Grand-Est Sud, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivia Lelong
- GUARD Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Eunomia Research & Consulting, Bristol, UK
| | - Eva Lenneis
- Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Tibor Marton
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Luiz Oosterbeek
- Geosciences Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal
- Terra e Memória Institute, Mação, Portugal
| | - Krisztián Oross
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Joachim Pechtl
- Kelten Römer Museum Manching, Manching, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Pétrequin
- MSHE C.N. Ledoux, CNRS & University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Joshua Pollard
- Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Joanna Pyzel
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Pál Raczky
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Peter Rowe
- Tees Archaeology, Hartlepool, UK
- North Yorkshire County Council HER, Northallerton, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Saile
- Institute of History, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katalin Sebők
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wolfram Schier
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Helen Sharp
- Leicestershire County Council Museums, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | | | - Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Peter Stadler
- Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Astrid Stobbe
- Prehistory Department, Institut of Archaeology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Darko Stojanovski
- Geology Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Ivo van Wijk
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ivana Vostrovská
- Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of History, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Andrea Zeeb-Lanz
- Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Dir. Landesarchäologie, Speyer, Germany
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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5
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Saitou M, Masuda N, Gokcumen O. Similarity-based analysis of allele frequency distribution among multiple populations identifies adaptive genomic structural variants. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6413645. [PMID: 34718708 PMCID: PMC8896759 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural variants have a considerable impact on human genomic diversity. However, their evolutionary history remains mostly unexplored. Here, we developed a new method to identify potentially adaptive structural variants based on a similarity-based analysis that incorporates genotype frequency data from 26 populations simultaneously. Using this method, we analyzed 57,629 structural variants and identified 576 structural variants that show unusual population differentiation. Of these putatively adaptive structural variants, we further showed that 24 variants are multiallelic and overlap with coding sequences, and 20 variants are significantly associated with GWAS traits. Closer inspection of the haplotypic variation associated with these putatively adaptive and functional structural variants reveals deviations from neutral expectations due to: 1) population differentiation of rapidly evolving multiallelic variants, 2) incomplete sweeps, and 3) recent population-specific negative selection. Overall, our study provides new methodological insights, documents hundreds of putatively adaptive variants, and introduces evolutionary models that may better explain the complex evolution of structural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA.,Currently at the Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, 1430 Ås, Norway.,Dept. of Medicine, The University of Chicago. Section of Genetic Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637-1447, USA
| | - Naoki Masuda
- Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA.,Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-5030, USA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA
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6
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Guimarães Alves AC, Sukow NM, Adelman Cipolla G, Mendes M, Leal TP, Petzl-Erler ML, Lehtonen Rodrigues Souza R, Rainha de Souza I, Sanchez C, Santolalla M, Loesch D, Dean M, Machado M, Moon JY, Kaplan R, North KE, Weiss S, Barreto ML, Lima-Costa MF, Guio H, Cáceres O, Padilla C, Tarazona-Santos E, Mata IF, Dieguez E, Raggio V, Lescano A, Tumas V, Borges V, Ferraz HB, Rieder CR, Schumacher-Schuh A, Santos-Lobato BL, Chana-Cuevas P, Fernandez W, Arboleda G, Arboleda H, Arboleda-Bustos CE, O’Connor TD, Beltrame MH, Borda V. Tracing the Distribution of European Lactase Persistence Genotypes Along the Americas. Front Genet 2021; 12:671079. [PMID: 34630506 PMCID: PMC8493957 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.671079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, the ability to digest lactose, the main sugar present in milk of mammals, is a phenotype (lactase persistence) observed in historically herder populations, mainly Northern Europeans, Eastern Africans, and Middle Eastern nomads. As the -13910∗T allele in the MCM6 gene is the most well-characterized allele responsible for the lactase persistence phenotype, the -13910C > T (rs4988235) polymorphism is commonly evaluated in lactase persistence studies. Lactase non-persistent adults may develop symptoms of lactose intolerance when consuming dairy products. In the Americas, there is no evidence of the consumption of these products until the arrival of Europeans. However, several American countries' dietary guidelines recommend consuming dairy for adequate human nutrition and health promotion. Considering the extensive use of dairy and the complex ancestry of Pan-American admixed populations, we studied the distribution of -13910C > T lactase persistence genotypes and its flanking haplotypes of European origin in 7,428 individuals from several Pan-American admixed populations. We found that the -13910∗T allele frequency in Pan-American admixed populations is directly correlated with allele frequency of the European sources. Moreover, we did not observe any overrepresentation of European haplotypes in the -13910C > T flanking region, suggesting no selective pressure after admixture in the Americas. Finally, considering the dominant effect of the -13910∗T allele, our results indicate that Pan-American admixed populations are likely to have higher frequency of lactose intolerance, suggesting that general dietary guidelines deserve further evaluation across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Guimarães Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natalie Mary Sukow
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marla Mendes
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago P. Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lehtonen Rodrigues Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos e Ligação, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ilíada Rainha de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cesar Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Meddly Santolalla
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Douglas Loesch
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Moara Machado
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Scott Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mauricio L. Barreto
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Salvador, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde (Cidacs), Salvador, Brazil
| | - M. Fernanda Lima-Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heinner Guio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Huánuco, Huánuco, Peru
| | - Omar Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
- Carrera de Medicina Humana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Padilla
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ignacio F. Mata
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elena Dieguez
- Neurology Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Víctor Raggio
- Department of Genetics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andres Lescano
- Neurology Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanderci Borges
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique B. Ferraz
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Rieder
- Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- CETRAM, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Fernandez
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E. Arboleda-Bustos
- Neuroscience and Cell Death Research Groups, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Timothy D. O’Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Victor Borda
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Porzi M, Burton-Pimentel KJ, Walther B, Vergères G. Development of Personalized Nutrition: Applications in Lactose Intolerance Diagnosis and Management. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051503. [PMID: 33946892 PMCID: PMC8145768 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries in the “omics” field and the growing focus on preventive health have opened new avenues for personalized nutrition (PN), which is becoming an important theme in the strategic plans of organizations that are active in healthcare, food, and nutrition research. PN holds great potential for individual health optimization, disease management, public health interventions, and product innovation. However, there are still multiple challenges to overcome before PN can be truly embraced by the public and healthcare stakeholders. The diagnosis and management of lactose intolerance (LI), a common condition with a strong inter-individual component, is explored as an interesting example for the potential role of these technologies and the challenges of PN. From the development of genetic and metabolomic LI diagnostic tests that can be carried out in the home, to advances in the understanding of LI pathology and individualized treatment optimization, PN in LI care has shown substantial progress. However, there are still many research gaps to address, including the understanding of epigenetic regulation of lactase expression and how lactose is metabolized by the gut microbiota, in order to achieve better LI detection and effective therapeutic interventions to reverse the potential health consequences of LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Porzi
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kathryn J. Burton-Pimentel
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Walther
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Guy Vergères
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-58-463-8154
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8
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Kleinbielen T, Palencia-Madrid L, Garcia-Ibarbia C, Ortiz F, Riancho JA, M de Pancorbo M. Association of LCT -13910C>T polymorphism and hip fracture in a cohort of older adult population from Northern Spain. Gene 2021; 783:145560. [PMID: 33705808 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hip fracture is a common health problem very frequent in the older adult population and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and societal costs. There are several factors that increase the risk of suffering a hip fracture, however, the effect of genetic lactase non-persistence is not clear-cut yet. For this reason, we investigated if the LCT -13910C>T polymorphism is a potential risk factor for osteoporotic hip fractures in older adult people from the Northern Spain population. A total of 740 individuals were included in this study. Of them, 364 belonged to the group of patients whit osteoporotic hip fracture while the control group consisted of 376 individuals without hip fracture. The genotypes for the LCT -13910C>T polymorphism were analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction and high resolution melting. The prevalence of the CC genotype, which is related to lactase non-persistence, did not differ significantly in both groups. Likewise, no differences were observed between groups when they were compared with regard to the C or the T allele, or when they were analyzed considering gender. Additionally, our results were compared with those obtained in a control group of 207 nonagenarian individuals originally from Northern Spain and no differences were observed. In conclusion, no significant association was observed between the LCT -13910C>T polymorphism and the risk for suffering hip fracture in the older adult population of Northern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kleinbielen
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
| | - Leire Palencia-Madrid
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ibarbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
| | - Fernando Ortiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
| | - José A Riancho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
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9
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Popadowska A, Kempinska-Podhorodecka A. Relation of the C/T-13910 LCT Polymorphism with Body Composition Measures and Their Modulation by Dairy Products in a Caucasian Men. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:15579883211007272. [PMID: 33825585 PMCID: PMC8033404 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211007272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The C/T-13910 LCT is closely associated with lactase persistence and LCT has emerged as a new candidate gene for obesity, in particular in northern Europeans. The aim of this research is to investigate to what degree sex determines the association between the LCT variant and anthropometric traits in a cohort of healthy individuals. We recruited 1000 (500 males and 500 females aged 18-65 years) healthy blood donors. The C/T-13910 LCT polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan assays. All individuals were phenotyped with respect to anthropometric characteristics. Prevalence of genotypes was 22.7% CC (lactase non-persistent, LNP), 58.6% CT, and 18.7% TT. LNP genotype was present less frequently among men p = .0005; OR 0.582 [0.425-0.794]. Therefore, in addition statistical calculations were performed separately for men and women. Additional analysis demonstrated an association between the CC genotypes and higher chest (p = .03), waist (p = .005), and forearm circumference (p = .0004) or more lean body mass (p = .04), than T-allele carriers in males. In females, they were not significantly different. Men consumed more milk (p = .003), while women ate more yoghurt (p = .001). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the higher intake of milk and dairy products was associated with higher fat body mass among men with lactase persistence. In Caucasian men, the LNP genotype is associated with reduced milk intake and dairy products, but more fat-free mass and higher forearm circumference, which may be relevant to dietary management for lactose intolerant.
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10
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Davies NM, Howe LJ, Brumpton B, Havdahl A, Evans DM, Davey Smith G. Within family Mendelian randomization studies. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:R170-R179. [PMID: 31647093 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mendelian randomization (MR) is increasingly used to make causal inferences in a wide range of fields, from drug development to etiologic studies. Causal inference in MR is possible because of the process of genetic inheritance from parents to offspring. Specifically, at gamete formation and conception, meiosis ensures random allocation to the offspring of one allele from each parent at each locus, and these are unrelated to most of the other inherited genetic variants. To date, most MR studies have used data from unrelated individuals. These studies assume that genotypes are independent of the environment across a sample of unrelated individuals, conditional on covariates. Here we describe potential sources of bias, such as transmission ratio distortion, selection bias, population stratification, dynastic effects and assortative mating that can induce spurious or biased SNP-phenotype associations. We explain how studies of related individuals such as sibling pairs or parent-offspring trios can be used to overcome some of these sources of bias, to provide potentially more reliable evidence regarding causal processes. The increasing availability of data from related individuals in large cohort studies presents an opportunity to both overcome some of these biases and also to evaluate familial environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Davies
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Brumpton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Thoracic and Occupational Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.,Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
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11
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Charati H, Jabbari Ori R, Aghajanpour-Mir M, Esmailizadeh A, Zhang YP. The lactase persistence allele –22018 G/A associated with body mass index in an Asian population. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Lawson DJ, Davies NM, Haworth S, Ashraf B, Howe L, Crawford A, Hemani G, Davey Smith G, Timpson NJ. Is population structure in the genetic biobank era irrelevant, a challenge, or an opportunity? Hum Genet 2020; 139:23-41. [PMID: 31030318 PMCID: PMC6942007 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Replicable genetic association signals have consistently been found through genome-wide association studies in recent years. The recent dramatic expansion of study sizes improves power of estimation of effect sizes, genomic prediction, causal inference, and polygenic selection, but it simultaneously increases susceptibility of these methods to bias due to subtle population structure. Standard methods using genetic principal components to correct for structure might not always be appropriate and we use a simulation study to illustrate when correction might be ineffective for avoiding biases. New methods such as trans-ethnic modeling and chromosome painting allow for a richer understanding of the relationship between traits and population structure. We illustrate the arguments using real examples (stroke and educational attainment) and provide a more nuanced understanding of population structure, which is set to be revisited as a critical aspect of future analyses in genetic epidemiology. We also make simple recommendations for how problems can be avoided in the future. Our results have particular importance for the implementation of GWAS meta-analysis, for prediction of traits, and for causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel John Lawson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Neil Martin Davies
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Simon Haworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Bilal Ashraf
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Laurence Howe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew Crawford
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicholas John Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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13
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Viljoen JW, de Villiers JP, van Zyl AJ, Mezzavilla M, Pepper MS. Establishment and equilibrium levels of deleterious mutations in large populations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10384. [PMID: 31316137 PMCID: PMC6637196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical and statistical stochastic approaches are used to model the dispersion of monogenic variants through large populations. These approaches are used to quantify the magnitude of the selective advantage of a monogenic heterozygous variant in the presence of a homozygous disadvantage. Dunbar's results regarding the cognitive upper limit of the number of stable social relationships that humans can maintain are used to determine a realistic effective community size from which an individual can select mates. By envisaging human community structure as a network where social proximity rather than physical geography predominates, a significant simplification is achieved, implicitly accounting for the effects of migration and consanguinity, and with population structure and genetic drift becoming emergent features of the model. Effective community size has a dramatic effect on the probability of establishing beneficial alleles. It also affects the eventual equilibrium values that are reached in the case of variants conferring a heterozygous selective advantage, but a homozygous disadvantage, as in the case of cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. The magnitude of this selective advantage can then be estimated based on observed occurrence levels of a specific allele in a population, without requiring prior information regarding its phenotypic manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan W Viljoen
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, EBIT, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa. .,Development, Research and Technology Department, Hensoldt Optronics, Centurion, 0157, South Africa.
| | - J Pieter de Villiers
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, EBIT, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.,Radar and Electronic Warfare Research and Applications Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Augustinus J van Zyl
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.,SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
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14
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Clarke R. Beneficial Effects of Milk Consumption on Lean Body Mass. Clin Chem 2019; 65:718-719. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.305581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Vissers LET, Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Burgess S, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Bonet C, Chirlaque MD, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Freisling H, Gunter MJ, Quirós JR, Ibsen DB, Kaaks R, Key T, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Mokoroa O, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Pala V, Palli D, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Rolandsson O, Riboli E, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ. Dairy Product Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in EPIC-InterAct: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:568-575. [PMID: 30728219 PMCID: PMC7340535 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the causal association between intake of dairy products and incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 21,820 European individuals (9,686 diabetes cases) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study. Participants were genotyped, and rs4988235 (LCT-12910C>T), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for lactase persistence (LP) that enables digestion of dairy sugar, i.e., lactose, was imputed. Baseline dietary intakes were assessed with diet questionnaires. We investigated the associations between imputed SNP dosage for rs4988235 and intake of dairy products and other foods through linear regression. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates for the milk-diabetes relationship were obtained through a two-stage least squares regression. RESULTS Each additional LP allele was associated with a higher intake of milk (β 17.1 g/day, 95% CI 10.6-23.6) and milk beverages (β 2.8 g/day, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) but not with intake of other dairy products. Other dietary intakes associated with rs4988235 included fruits (β -7.0 g/day, 95% CI -12.4 to -1.7 per additional LP allele), nonalcoholic beverages (β -18.0 g/day, 95% CI -34.4 to -1.6), and wine (β -4.8 g/day, 95% CI -9.1 to -0.6). In instrumental variable analysis, LP-associated milk intake was not associated with diabetes (hazard ratioper 15 g/day 0.99, 95% CI 0.93-1.05). CONCLUSIONS rs4988235 was associated with milk intake but not with intake of other dairy products. This MR study does not suggest that milk intake is associated with diabetes, which is consistent with previous observational and genetic associations. LP may be associated with intake of other foods as well, but owing to the modest associations, we consider it unlikely that this caused the observed null result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E T Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Catalina Bonet
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), UMR1018, INSERM, Institut Gustave Roussy, Paris South University-Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Heinz Freisling
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel B Ibsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kay T Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olatz Mokoroa
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza," University of Turin, and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale (ASP) Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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16
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Bergholdt HKM, Larsen MK, Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG, Ellervik C. Lactase persistence, milk intake, hip fracture and bone mineral density: a study of 97 811 Danish individuals and a meta-analysis. J Intern Med 2018. [PMID: 29537719 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether a causal relationship exists between milk intake and reduced risk of fractures is unclear. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that genetically determined milk intake reduces the risk of fractures and increases bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS We investigated the association between milk intake, LCT-13910 C/T (rs4988235), which is associated with lactase persistence (TT/TC) in Northern Europeans, and hip fractures in three Danish prospective studies (N = 97 811, age ≥20 years). We added meta-analyses of LCT-13910 and fractures and BMD from five published Northern European population studies. RESULTS In the Danish studies, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for hip fracture per one glass per week higher milk intake was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.01). The per T-allele milk intake was 0.58 (0.49-0.68) glasses per week, but HR was 1.01 (0.94-1.09) for hip fracture. In meta-analyses of Danish studies with published Northern European population studies, the random effects odds ratio for any fracture was 0.86 (0.61-1.21; I2 = 73%) for TT vs. CC and 0.90 (0.68-1.21; I2 = 63%) for TC vs. CC. The standardized mean difference in femoral neck BMD was 0.10 (0.02-0.18; I2 = 0%) g cm-2 for TT vs. CC and 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.17; I2 = 17%) g cm-2 for TC vs. CC. There were no differences in lumbar spine or total hip BMD comparing TT or TC with CC. CONCLUSION Genetically lifelong lactase persistence with high milk intake was not associated with hip fracture in Danish population-based cohorts. A meta-analysis combining Danish studies with published Northern European population studies also showed that lactase persistence was not associated with fracture risk. Genetic lactase persistence was associated with a higher femoral neck BMD, but not lumbar spine or total hip BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K M Bergholdt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark.,The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark
| | - M K Larsen
- The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, University of Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - A Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - B G Nordestgaard
- The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - C Ellervik
- The Danish General Suburban Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital Naestved Slagelse Ringsted, Naestved, Denmark.,The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Production, Research and Innovation, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Smit RAJ, Noordam R, le Cessie S, Trompet S, Jukema JW. A critical appraisal of pharmacogenetic inference. Clin Genet 2018; 93:498-507. [PMID: 29136278 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In essence, pharmacogenetic research is aimed at discovering variants of importance to gene-treatment interaction. However, epidemiological studies are rarely set up with this goal in mind. It is therefore of great importance that researchers clearly communicate which assumptions they have had to make, and which inherent limitations apply to the interpretation of their results. This review discusses considerations of, and the underlying assumptions for, utilizing different response phenotypes and study designs popular in pharmacogenetic research to infer gene-treatment interaction effects, with a special focus on those dealing with of clinical effects of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A J Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R Noordam
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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18
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Qasim A, Turcotte M, de Souza RJ, Samaan MC, Champredon D, Dushoff J, Speakman JR, Meyre D. On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations. Obes Rev 2018; 19:121-149. [PMID: 29144594 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Qasim
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Turcotte
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M C Samaan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Champredon
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Dushoff
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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19
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Response to 'Challenge in interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies using lactase persistence as instrumental variable'. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:181-182. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Association of lactase 13910 C/T polymorphism with bone mineral density and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. J Genet 2017; 96:993-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Blant A, Kwong M, Szpiech ZA, Pemberton TJ. Weighted likelihood inference of genomic autozygosity patterns in dense genotype data. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:928. [PMID: 29191164 PMCID: PMC5709839 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic regions of autozygosity (ROA) arise when an individual is homozygous for haplotypes inherited identical-by-descent from ancestors shared by both parents. Over the past decade, they have gained importance for understanding evolutionary history and the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits. However, methods to infer ROA in dense genotype data have not evolved in step with advances in genome technology that now enable us to rapidly create large high-resolution genotype datasets, limiting our ability to investigate their constituent ROA patterns. Methods We report a weighted likelihood approach for inferring ROA in dense genotype data that accounts for autocorrelation among genotyped positions and the possibilities of unobserved mutation and recombination events, and variability in the confidence of individual genotype calls in whole genome sequence (WGS) data. Results Forward-time genetic simulations under two demographic scenarios that reflect situations where inbreeding and its effect on fitness are of interest suggest this approach is better powered than existing state-of-the-art methods to infer ROA at marker densities consistent with WGS and popular microarray genotyping platforms used in human and non-human studies. Moreover, we present evidence that suggests this approach is able to distinguish ROA arising via consanguinity from ROA arising via endogamy. Using subsets of The 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 data we show that, relative to WGS, intermediate and long ROA are captured robustly with popular microarray platforms, while detection of short ROA is more variable and improves with marker density. Worldwide ROA patterns inferred from WGS data are found to accord well with those previously reported on the basis of microarray genotype data. Finally, we highlight the potential of this approach to detect genomic regions enriched for autozygosity signals in one group relative to another based upon comparisons of per-individual autozygosity likelihoods instead of inferred ROA frequencies. Conclusions This weighted likelihood ROA inference approach can assist population- and disease-geneticists working with a wide variety of data types and species to explore ROA patterns and to identify genomic regions with differential ROA signals among groups, thereby advancing our understanding of evolutionary history and the role of recessive variation in phenotypic variation and disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4312-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Blant
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Kwong
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zachary A Szpiech
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor J Pemberton
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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22
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Vissers LET, van der Schouw YT, Sluijs I. Challenge in interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies using lactase persistence as instrumental variable. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 72:179-180. [PMID: 28812574 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L E T Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Y T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Gene-Dairy Food Interactions and Health Outcomes: A Review of Nutrigenetic Studies. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070710. [PMID: 28684688 PMCID: PMC5537825 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Each person differs from the next by an average of over 3 million genetic variations in their DNA. This genetic diversity is responsible for many of the interindividual differences in food preferences, nutritional needs, and dietary responses between humans. The field of nutrigenetics aims to utilize this type of genetic information in order to personalize diets for optimal health. One of the most well-studied genetic variants affecting human dietary patterns and health is the lactase persistence mutation, which enables an individual to digest milk sugar into adulthood. Lactase persistence is one of the most influential Mendelian factors affecting human dietary patterns to occur since the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution. However, the lactase persistence mutation is only one of many mutations that can influence the relationship between dairy intake and disease risk. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available nutrigenetic literature investigating the relationships between genetics, dairy intake, and health outcomes. Nonetheless, the understanding of an individual’s nutrigenetic responses is just one component of personalized nutrition. In addition to nutrigenetic responses, future studies should also take into account nutrigenomic responses (epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic), and phenotypic/characteristic traits (age, gender, activity level, disease status, etc.), as these factors all interact with diet to influence health.
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24
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Yao S, Hong CC, Bandera EV, Zhu Q, Liu S, Cheng TYD, Zirpoli G, Haddad SA, Lunetta KL, Ruiz-Narvaez EA, McCann SE, Troester MA, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Olshan AF, Ambrosone CB. Demographic, lifestyle, and genetic determinants of circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein in African American and European American women. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1362-1371. [PMID: 28424184 PMCID: PMC5445669 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.143248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D may have anticancer activities. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in African Americans (AAs) may be a contributing factor to the cancer health disparities between AAs and European Americans (EAs).Objectives: We compared concentrations of 25(OH)D and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in AA and EA women and investigated determinants of the vitamin D-biomarker concentrations in both populations.Design: We used data and biospecimens from 909 AA and 847 EA healthy control subjects from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS) and the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS) in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. We measured plasma 25(OH)D and VDBP concentrations in all participants and genotyped 67 vitamin D-related genes in AA women only.Results: AA women had lower 25(OH)D concentrations than did EA women (mean ± SD: 14.2 ± 8.1 compared with 21.1 ± 11.5 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.0001) but similar concentrations of VDBP (mean ± SD: 344 ± 133 compared with 336 ± 124 μg/mL, respectively; P = 0.25). With VDBP and other factors controlled for, the observed racial difference in 25(OH)D concentrations did not diminish. Relations of demographic and lifestyle factors with 25(OH)D were similar between AA and EA women. Although none of the genetic variants that have been identified in previous genome-wide association studies of 25(OH)D concentrations in EAs were significant (P > 0.05) in AAs, AA women who carried the allele of a functional single nucleotide polymorphism rs4988235, which has been previously associated with lactase expression and lactose tolerance, had higher dietary vitamin D intake and higher measured 25(OH)D concentrations.Conclusions: AA women have lower concentrations of total 25(OH)D than EA women do, but both groups have similar VDBP concentrations, suggesting that there are lower concentrations of free 25(OH)D in AAs. Although demographic and lifestyle determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations are similar between the 2 groups, genetic determinants may be ethnicity specific. Larger studies in AAs will be needed to fully elucidate the underlying determinants of low vitamin D concentrations in AA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yao
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control and
| | | | - Elisa V Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Song Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Gary Zirpoli
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control and
| | | | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA; and
| | | | | | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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25
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Uno Y, van Velkinburgh JC. Logical hypothesis: Low FODMAP diet to prevent diverticulitis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016; 7:503-512. [PMID: 27867683 PMCID: PMC5095569 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i4.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite little evidence for the therapeutic benefits of a high-fiber diet for diverticulitis, it is commonly recommended as part of the clinical management. The ongoing uncertainty of the cause(s) of diverticulitis confounds attempts to determine the validity of this therapy. However, the features of a high-fiber diet represent a logical contradiction for colon diverticulitis. Considering that Bernoulli’s principle, by which enlarged diameter of the lumen leads to increased pressure and decreased fluid velocity, might contribute to development of the diverticulum. Thus, theoretically, prevention of high pressure in the colon would be important and adoption of a low FODMAP diet (consisting of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) may help prevent recurrence of diverticulitis.
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26
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Hartwig FP, Horta BL, Smith GD, de Mola CL, Victora CG. Association of lactase persistence genotype with milk consumption, obesity and blood pressure: a Mendelian randomization study in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort, with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1573-1587. [PMID: 27170764 PMCID: PMC5100608 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Milk intake has been associated with lower blood pressure (BP) in observational studies, and randomized controlled trials suggested that milk-derived tripeptides have BP-lowering effects. Milk intake has also been associated with body mass index (BMI). Nevertheless, it is unclear whether increasing milk consumption would reduce BP in the general population. Methods: We investigated the association of milk intake with obesity and BP using genetically-defined lactase persistence (LP) based on the rs4988235 polymorphism in a Mendelian randomization design in the 1982 Pelotas (Southern Brazil) Birth Cohort. These results were combined with published reports identified through a systematic review using meta-analysis. Results: In the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, milk intake was 42 [95% confidence interval (CI): 18; 67) ml/day higher in LP individuals. In conventional observational analysis, each 1-dl/day increase in milk intake was associated with −0.26 (95% CI: −0.33; −0.19) kg/m2 in BMI and −0.31 (95% CI: −0.46; −0.16) and -0.35 (95% CI: −0.46; −0.23) mmHg in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. These results were not corroborated when analysing LP status, but confidence intervals were large. In random effects meta-analysis, LP individuals presented higher BMI [0.17 (95% CI: 0.07; 0.27) kg/m2] and higher odds of overweight-obesity [1.09 (95% CI: 1.02; 1.17)]. There were no reliable associations for BP. Conclusions: Our study supports that LP is positively associated with obesity, suggesting that the negative association of milk intake with obesity is likely due to limitations of conventional observational studies. Our findings also do not support that increased milk intake leads to lower BP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo Lessa Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cesar Gomes Victora
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Bergholdt HKM, Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A, Ellervik C. Milk intake is not associated with ischaemic heart disease in observational or Mendelian randomization analyses in 98,529 Danish adults. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 44:587-603. [PMID: 26085675 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observationally, reports on the association between milk intake and risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) have produced conflicting results; and no previous large-scale study using the lactase persistent/non-persistent LCT-13910 C/T genotype as a largely unconfounded proxy for milk intake free of reverse causation has been conducted. We tested the hypothesis that milk intake observationally and genetically through the LCT-13910 C/T genotype is associated with risk of IHD and MI in a Mendelian randomization design. METHODS We included 98,529 White individuals of Danish descent, aged 20-100 years, from three studies of the general population. Information on IHD (N = 10,372) and MI (N = 4188) were obtained from national Danish registries. First, we investigated observational associations between milk intake and incident IHD and MI. Second, we confirmed the association between the rs4988235 genetic variant LCT-13910 C/T, associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence, and milk intake. Finally, we tested whether LCT-13910 C/T genotype was associated with risk of IHD and MI as well as with cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS During a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years, the observational hazard ratio for a 1 glass/week higher milk intake was 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00,1.01] for both IHD and MI. Median milk intake was 3 glasses/week (interquartile range: 0-7) in lactase CC non-persistent individuals compared with 5 glasses/week (0-10) in lactase TC/TT persistent individuals (P = 3*10(-60)). In the dominant genetic model comparing lactase TC/TT persistent individuals with lactase CC non-persistent individuals, the odds ratio was 1.00 (0.92,1.09) for IHD and 0.96 (0.84,1.09) for MI. Finally, in the dominant genetic model genotype was not associated convincingly with plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides or glucose, nor with blood pressure. CONCLUSION Milk intake was not associated with risk of IHD or MI, observationally or genetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle K M Bergholdt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U. The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds. Nutrients 2015; 7:7312-31. [PMID: 26404364 PMCID: PMC4586535 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans learned to exploit ruminants as a source of milk about 10,000 years ago. Since then, the use of domesticated ruminants as a source of milk and dairy products has expanded until today when the dairy industry has become one of the largest sectors in the modern food industry, including the spread at the present time to countries such as China and Japan. This review analyzes the reasons for this expansion and flourishing. As reviewed in detail, milk has numerous nutritional advantages, most important being almost an irreplaceable source of dietary calcium, hence justifying the effort required to increase its consumption. On the other hand, widespread lactose intolerance among the adult population is a considerable drawback to dairy-based foods consumption. Over the centuries, three factors allowed humans to overcome limitations imposed by lactose intolerance: (i) mutations, which occurred in particular populations, most notably in the north European Celtic societies and African nomads, in which carriers of the lactose intolerance gene converted from being lactose intolerant to lactose tolerant; (ii) the ability to develop low-lactose products such as cheese and yogurt; and (iii) colon microbiome adaptation, which allow lactose intolerant individuals to overcome its intolerance. However, in a few examples in the last decade, modern dairy products, such as the popular and widespread bio-cultured yogurts, were suspected to be unsuitable for lactose intolerant peoples. In addition, the use of lactose and milk-derived products containing lactose in non-dairy products has become widespread. For these reasons, it is concluded that it might be important and helpful to label food that may contain lactose because such information will allow lactose intolerant groups to control lactose intake within the physiological limitations of ~12 g per a single meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissim Silanikove
- Biology of Lactation Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Uzi Merin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Amiri M, Diekmann L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Naim HY. The Diverse Forms of Lactose Intolerance and the Putative Linkage to Several Cancers. Nutrients 2015; 7:7209-30. [PMID: 26343715 PMCID: PMC4586527 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) is a membrane glycoprotein and the only β-galactosidase of the brush border membrane of the intestinal epithelium. Besides active transcription, expression of the active LPH requires different maturation steps of the polypeptide through the secretory pathway, including N- and O-glycosylation, dimerization and proteolytic cleavage steps. The inability to digest lactose due to insufficient lactase activity results in gastrointestinal symptoms known as lactose intolerance. In this review, we will concentrate on the structural and functional features of LPH protein and summarize the cellular and molecular mechanism required for its maturation and trafficking. Then, different types of lactose intolerance are discussed, and the molecular aspects of lactase persistence/non-persistence phenotypes are investigated. Finally, we will review the literature focusing on the lactase persistence/non-persistence populations as a comparative model in order to determine the protective or adverse effects of milk and dairy foods on the incidence of colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lena Diekmann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
- The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Kobylecki CJ, Afzal S, Davey Smith G, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically high plasma vitamin C, intake of fruit and vegetables, and risk of ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality: a Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1135-43. [PMID: 25948669 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High intake of fruit and vegetables as well as high plasma vitamin C concentrations have been associated with low risk of ischemic heart disease in prospective studies, but results from randomized clinical trials have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that genetically high concentrations of plasma vitamin C, such as with high intake of fruit and vegetables, are associated with low risk of ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality. DESIGN We used a Mendelian randomization approach and genotyped for solute carrier family 23 member 1 (SLC23A1) rs33972313 in the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 in 97,203 white individuals of whom 10,123 subjects had ischemic heart disease, and 8477 subjects died. We measured plasma vitamin C in 3512 individuals and included dietary information on 83,256 individuals. RESULTS The SLC23A1 rs33972313 G allele was associated with 11% higher plasma vitamin C. The multivariable adjusted HRs for highest compared with lowest fruit and vegetable intakes were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.97; P = 0.01) for ischemic heart disease and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.88; P < 0.001) for all-cause mortality. Corresponding HRs for rs33972313 GG (93%) compared with AA plus AG (7%) genotypes were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.02; P = 0.21) and 0.96 (0.88, 1.03; P = 0.29), respectively. In an instrumental variable analysis, the OR for genetically determined 25% higher plasma vitamin C concentrations was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.08; P = 0.27) for ischemic heart disease and 0.88 (0.72, 1.08; P = 0.22) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS High intake of fruit and vegetables was associated with low risk of ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality. Although the 95% CI for genetically high plasma vitamin C concentrations overlapped 1.0, which made certain statistical inferences difficult, effect sizes were comparable to those for fruit and vegetable intake. Thus, judging by the effect size, our data cannot exclude that a favorable effect of high intake of fruit and vegetables could in part be driven by high vitamin C concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Kobylecki
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (GDS); and the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark (BGN)
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (GDS); and the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark (BGN)
| | - George Davey Smith
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (GDS); and the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark (BGN)
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (CJK, SA, and BGN); the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (GDS); and the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark (BGN).
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Witas HW, Płoszaj T, Jędrychowska-Dańska K, Witas PJ, Masłowska A, Jerszyńska B, Kozłowski T, Osipowicz G. Hunting for the LCT-13910*T allele between the Middle Neolithic and the Middle Ages suggests its absence in dairying LBK people entering the Kuyavia region in the 8th millennium BP. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122384. [PMID: 25853887 PMCID: PMC4390234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations from two medieval sites in Central Poland, Stary Brześć Kujawski-4 (SBK-4) and Gruczno, represented high level of lactase persistence (LP) as followed by the LCT-13910*T allele’s presence (0.86 and 0.82, respectively). It was twice as high as in contemporaneous Cedynia (0.4) and Śródka (0.43), both located outside the region, higher than in modern inhabitants of Poland (0.51) and almost as high as in modern Swedish population (0.9). In an attempt to explain the observed differences its frequency changes in time were followed between the Middle Neolithic and the Late Middle Ages in successive dairying populations on a relatively small area (radius ∼60km) containing the two sites. The introduction of the T allele to Kuyavia 7.4 Ka BP by dairying LBK people is not likely, as suggested by the obtained data. It has not been found in any of Neolithic samples dated between 6.3 and 4.5 Ka BP. The identified frequency profile indicates that both the introduction and the beginning of selection could have taken place approx. 4 millennia after first LBK people arrived in the region, shifting the value of LP frequency from 0 to more than 0.8 during less than 130 generations. We hypothesize that the selection process of the T allele was rather rapid, starting just after its introduction into already milking populations and operated via high rates of fertility and mortality on children after weaning through life-threatening conditions, favoring lactose-tolerant individuals. Facing the lack of the T allele in people living on two great European Neolithization routes, the Danubian and Mediterranean ones, and based on its high frequency in northern Iberia, its presence in Scandinavia and estimated occurrence in Central Poland, we propose an alternative Northern Route of its spreading as very likely. None of the successfully identified nuclear alleles turned out to be deltaF508 CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk W. Witas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomasz Płoszaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Piotr J. Witas
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alicja Masłowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Kozłowski
- Department of Anthropology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Osipowicz
- Department of Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Lactose inhibits regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of effector T-cell interferon-γ and IL-17 production. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1819-25. [PMID: 25331548 PMCID: PMC4239808 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our interest in lactose as an immunomodulatory molecule results from studies showing that
lactose binds to galectin-9, which has been shown to have various regulatory functions in
the immune system including regulation of T-cell responses. Impaired regulation of T
helper (Th)1 and Th17 type immune responses and dysfunction of regulatory T cells
(Treg) have been implicated in many human immune-mediated diseases. In the
present study, we investigated the effects of lactose on immune regulation using
co-cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived Treg and
effector T cells (Teff) obtained from twenty healthy adults. Treg,
i.e. CD4+CD25+CD127−, were isolated from PBMC by
immunomagnetic separation. The fraction of CD4+CD127− cells that was
depleted of CD25+ cells was used as Teff. Treg and
Teff at a ratio 1:5 were activated and the effects of lactose on the
secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-17 were analysed using ELISA for protein and
quantitative RT-PCR for mRNA. Treg down-regulated the secretion of both IFN-γ
(8·8–3·9 ng/ml, n 20, P= 0·003) and IL-17
(0·83–0·64 ng/ml, n 15, P= 0·04) in co-cultures, while
in the presence of lactose the levels of secreted IFN-γ and IL-17 remained high and no
down-regulation was observed (16·4 v. 3·99 ng/ml, n 20,
P< 0·0001, and 0·74 v. 0·64 ng/ml,
n 15, P= 0·005, respectively). We showed that lactose
inhibits human Treg-mediated suppression of Th1 and Th17 immune responses
in vitro.
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Cramp LJE, Jones J, Sheridan A, Smyth J, Whelton H, Mulville J, Sharples N, Evershed RP. Immediate replacement of fishing with dairying by the earliest farmers of the Northeast Atlantic archipelagos. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132372. [PMID: 24523264 PMCID: PMC4027381 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of farming, from its inception in the Near East around 12 000 years ago, finally reached the northwestern extremes of Europe by the fourth millennium BC or shortly thereafter. Various models have been invoked to explain the Neolithization of northern Europe; however, resolving these different scenarios has proved problematic due to poor faunal preservation and the lack of specificity achievable for commonly applied proxies. Here, we present new multi-proxy evidence, which qualitatively and quantitatively maps subsistence change in the northeast Atlantic archipelagos from the Late Mesolithic into the Neolithic and beyond. A model involving significant retention of hunter–gatherer–fisher influences was tested against one of the dominant adoptions of farming using a novel suite of lipid biomarkers, including dihydroxy fatty acids, ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids and stable carbon isotope signatures of individual fatty acids preserved in cooking vessels. These new findings, together with archaeozoological and human skeletal collagen bulk stable carbon isotope proxies, unequivocally confirm rejection of marine resources by early farmers coinciding with the adoption of intensive dairy farming. This pattern of Neolithization contrasts markedly to that occurring contemporaneously in the Baltic, suggesting that geographically distinct ecological and cultural influences dictated the evolution of subsistence practices at this critical phase of European prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J E Cramp
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, , Humanities Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK, National Museums Scotland, , Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
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Lamri A, Poli A, Emery N, Bellili N, Velho G, Lantieri O, Balkau B, Marre M, Fumeron F. The lactase persistence genotype is associated with body mass index and dairy consumption in the D.E.S.I.R. study. Metabolism 2013; 62:1323-9. [PMID: 23647908 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The T allele of a functional polymorphism (rs4988235: LCT-13910 C>T), close to the lactase gene, correlates with lactase persistence (LP) in adults. The LP genotype (TT+TC) has been associated with a higher BMI in European populations in cross-sectional studies. In the French D.E.S.I.R. cohort, a high consumption of dairy products was associated with a lower body weight gain over 9-years, and with a lower incidence of high plasma glucose levels and/or the metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to test in this study, the association of rs4988235 with BMI and related metabolic diseases, in interaction with dairy product consumption. METHODS Among 5212 subjects from D.E.S.I.R., 3575 Caucasians born in mainland France were genotyped and followed over 9years. RESULTS Those with the LP genotype (frequency: 78.5%) had a higher dairy product consumption, at inclusion and at year-9 (P<0.001). They also had a higher BMI at both time points (difference=0.3kg/m(2), P=0.05), but this effect was restricted to medium/high dairy product consumers (difference=0.5kg/m(2), P=0.006). This genotype was also associated with the metabolic syndrome (IDF definition), but this association disappeared after adjustment for BMI. In the whole population, the C allele was associated with a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia and/or type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The lactase persistence genotype was shown to be associated with a higher BMI in a longitudinal study, mainly in those consuming high amounts of dairy products. The association of the C allele, responsible for lactase non-persistence, with the risk of hyperglycemia needs to be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Lamri
- INSERM, U695, Genetic Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 695, UFR de Médecine Site Bichat, Paris, France
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Beyene J, Pare G. Statistical genetics with application to population-based study design: a primer for clinicians. Eur Heart J 2013; 35:495-500. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Satija A, Agrawal S, Bowen L, Khandpur N, Kinra S, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Association between milk and milk product consumption and anthropometric measures in adult men and women in India: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60739. [PMID: 23593300 PMCID: PMC3620205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nutritional aetiology of obesity remains unclear, especially with regard to the role of dairy products in developing countries. OBJECTIVE To examine whether milk/milk product consumption is associated with obesity and high waist circumference among adult Indians. METHODS Information on plain milk, tea, curd and buttermilk/lassi consumption assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire was obtained from the cross-sectional sib-pair designed Indian Migration Study (3698 men and 2659 women), conducted at four factory locations across north, central and south India. The anthropometric measures included were Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Mixed-effect logistic regression models were conducted to accommodate sib-pair design and adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, the risk of being obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) was lower among women (OR = 0.57;95%CI:0.43-0.76;p ≤ 0.0001) and men (OR = 0.67;95%CI: 0.51-0.87;p = 0.005), and the risk of a high WC (men: >90 cm; women: >80 cm) was lower among men (OR = 0.71;95%CI:0.54-0.93;p = 0.005) and women (OR = 0.79;95%CI:0.59-1.05;p>0.05) who consume ≥1 portions of plain milk daily than those who do not consume any milk. The inverse association between daily plain milk consumption and obesity was also confirmed in sibling-pair analyses. Daily tea consumption of ≥ 1 portion was associated with obesity (OR = 1.51;95%CI:1.00-2.25;p>0.050) and high WC (OR = 1.65;95%CI:1.08-2.51;p>0.019) among men but not among women but there was no strong evidence of association of curd and buttermilk/lassi consumption with obesity and high waist circumference among both men and women. CONCLUSIONS The independent, inverse association of daily plain milk consumption with the risk of being obese suggests that high plain milk intake may lower the risk of obesity in adult Indians. However, this is an observational finding and uncontrolled confounding cannot be excluded as an explanation for the association. Therefore, confirmatory studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Satija
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
- South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Sutapa Agrawal
- South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Liza Bowen
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Shah Ebrahim
- South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Albuquerque D, Nóbrega C, Manco L. The lactase persistence -13910C>T polymorphism shows indication of association with abdominal obesity among Portuguese children. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:e153-7. [PMID: 23252911 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The -13910C>T single nucleotide polymorphism located upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) was found tightly associated with lactase persistence in European populations. Recently, it was also associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity in European adults. The aim of this study was to test the association of -13910C>T polymorphism with obesity-related traits and risk of obesity in children. METHODS We genotyped 580 Portuguese children (6-12-year-olds) for the -13910C>T polymorphism using TaqMan probes by real-time PCR. Anthropometric measurements were assessed in all children. Obesity was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs and abdominal obesity using the sex and age-specific ≥90th waist circumference percentile. RESULTS We found indication for an association between the-13910*T allele and children abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.03-1.94; p = 0.030). Under the dominant model, the indicative association was observed between the LCT-13910 CT/TT genotypes and abdominal obesity, remaining significant after adjustment for age and gender (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.04-2.60; p = 0.029). No association was detected with the risk of obesity (p = 0.350). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the -13910C>T polymorphism may predispose to abdominal obesity in Portuguese children. The association with BMI or risk of obesity, previously observed in adults, was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Albuquerque
- Department of Life Sciences; Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology (CNC); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Licínio Manco
- Department of Life Sciences; Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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Bonilla C, Gilbert R, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Fraser WD, Smith GD, Lewis SJ, Lathrop M, Martin RM. Using genetic proxies for lifecourse sun exposure to assess the causal relationship of sun exposure with circulating vitamin d and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:597-606. [PMID: 23441100 PMCID: PMC3616836 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological and epidemiological studies have identified an inverse association of intensity and duration of sunlight exposure with prostate cancer, which may be explained by a reduction in vitamin D synthesis. Pigmentation traits influence sun exposure and therefore may affect prostate cancer risk. Because observational studies are vulnerable to confounding and measurement error, we used Mendelian randomization to examine the relationship of sun exposure with both prostate cancer risk and the intermediate phenotype, plasma levels of vitamin D. METHODS We created a tanning, a skin color, and a freckling score as combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms that have been previously associated with these phenotypes. A higher score indicates propensity to burn, have a lighter skin color and freckles. The scores were tested for association with vitamin D levels (25-hydroxyvitamin-D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D) and prostate-specific antigen detected prostate cancer in 3,123 White British individuals enrolled in the Prostate Testing for cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study. RESULTS The freckling score was inversely associated with 25(OH)D levels [change in 25(OH)D per score unit -0.27; 95% CI, -0.52% to -0.01%], and the tanning score was positively associated with prostate cancer risk (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09), after adjustment for population stratification and potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who tend to burn are more likely to spend less time in the sun and consequently have lower plasma vitamin D levels and higher susceptibility to prostate cancer. IMPACT The use of pigmentation-related genetic scores is valuable for the assessment of the potential benefits of sun exposure with respect to prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bonilla
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Gilbert
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Kemp
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William D. Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University-Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard M. Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Center for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Travis RC, Appleby PN, Siddiq A, Allen NE, Kaaks R, Canzian F, Feller S, Tjønneland A, Føns Johnsen N, Overvad K, Ramón Quirós J, González CA, Sánchez MJ, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Trichopoulou A, Valanou E, Oustoglou E, Palli D, Sieri S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HBA, Stattin P, Ferrari P, Johansson M, Norat T, Riboli E, Key TJ. Genetic variation in the lactase gene, dairy product intake and risk for prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1901-10. [PMID: 22965418 PMCID: PMC3594976 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High dairy protein intake has been found to be associated with increased prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). To further examine this possible relationship, we investigated the hypothesis that a genetic polymorphism in the lactase (LCT) gene might be associated with elevated dairy product intake and increased prostate cancer risk in a case–control study nested in EPIC. The C/T-13910 lactase variant (rs4988235) was genotyped in 630 men with prostate cancer and 873 matched control participants. Dairy product consumption was assessed by diet questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) for prostate cancer in relation to lactase genotype were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Lactase genotype frequency varied significantly between countries, with frequencies of the T (lactase persistence) allele ranging from 7% in Greece to 79% in Denmark. Intake of milk and total dairy products varied significantly by lactase genotype after adjustment for recruitment center; adjusted mean intakes of milk were 44.4, 69.8 and 82.3 g/day among men with CC, CT and TT genotypes, respectively. The lactase variant was not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk, both in our data (adjusted OR for TT vs. CC homozygotes: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.76–1.59) and in a meta-analysis of all the published data (combined OR for T allele carriers vs. CC homozygotes: 1.12, 0.96–1.32). These findings show that while variation in the lactase gene is associated with milk intake in men, the lactase polymorphism does not have a large effect on prostate cancer risk. What's new? High dairy protein intake has previously been found to be associated with increased prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The current study was nested in EPIC, and results from this first Europe-wide study suggest that while the C/T13910 lactase polymorphism is associated with milk intake, the variant has no large effect on prostate cancer risk. The data illustrate the challenges of applying mendelian randomisation to explore the relationship between dairy product consumption and cancer risk. Very large studies with both genetic and dietary data are thus needed for investigations using genetic proxies of nutritional exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Ross S, Anand SS, Joseph P, Paré G. Promises and challenges of pharmacogenetics: an overview of study design, methodological and statistical issues. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 1:10.1258_cvd.2012.012001. [PMID: 24175062 PMCID: PMC3738322 DOI: 10.1258/cvd.2012.012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited variation in drug response. The goal of pharmacogenetics is to develop novel ways of maximizing drug efficacy and minimizing toxicity for individual patients. Personalized medicine has the potential to allow for a patient's genetic information to predict optimal dosage for a drug with a narrow therapeutic index, to select the most appropriate pharmacological agent for a given patient and to develop cost-effective treatments. Although there is supporting evidence in favour of pharmacogenetics, its adoption in clinical practice has been slow because of sometimes conflicting findings among studies. This failure to replicate findings may result from a lack of high-quality pharmacogenetic studies, as well as unresolved methodological and statistical issues. The objective of this review is to discuss the benefits of incorporating pharmacogenetics into clinical practice. We will also address outstanding methodological and statistical issues that may lead to heterogeneity among reported pharmacogenetic studies and how they may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ross
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2 , Canada
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Choquet H, Meyre D. Genetics of Obesity: What have we Learned? Curr Genomics 2011; 12:169-79. [PMID: 22043165 PMCID: PMC3137002 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795677895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have led to the discovery of nine loci involved in Mendelian forms of obesity and 58 loci contributing to polygenic obesity. These loci explain a small fraction of the heritability for obesity and many genes remain to be discovered. However, efforts in obesity gene identification greatly modified our understanding of this disorder. In this review, we propose an overlook of major lessons learned from 15 years of research in the field of genetics and obesity. We comment on the existence of the genetic continuum between monogenic and polygenic forms of obesity that pinpoints the role of genes involved in the central regulation of food intake and genetic predisposition to obesity. We explain how the identification of novel obesity predisposing genes has clarified unsuspected biological pathways involved in the control of energy balance that have helped to understand past human history and to explore causality in epidemiology. We provide evidence that obesity predisposing genes interact with the environment and influence the response to treatment relevant to disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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Gallego Romero I, Basu Mallick C, Liebert A, Crivellaro F, Chaubey G, Itan Y, Metspalu M, Eaaswarkhanth M, Pitchappan R, Villems R, Reich D, Singh L, Thangaraj K, Thomas MG, Swallow DM, Mirazón Lahr M, Kivisild T. Herders of Indian and European cattle share their predominant allele for lactase persistence. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:249-60. [PMID: 21836184 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption and lactose digestion after weaning are exclusively human traits made possible by the continued production of the enzyme lactase in adulthood. Multiple independent mutations in a 100-bp region--part of an enhancer--approximately 14-kb upstream of the LCT gene are associated with this trait in Europeans and pastoralists from Saudi Arabia and Africa. However, a single mutation of purported western Eurasian origin accounts for much of observed lactase persistence outside Africa. Given the high levels of present-day milk consumption in India, together with archaeological and genetic evidence for the independent domestication of cattle in the Indus valley roughly 7,000 years ago, we sought to determine whether lactase persistence has evolved independently in the subcontinent. Here, we present the results of the first comprehensive survey of the LCT enhancer region in south Asia. Having genotyped 2,284 DNA samples from across the Indian subcontinent, we find that the previously described west Eurasian -13910 C>T mutation accounts for nearly all the genetic variation we observed in the 400- to 700-bp LCT regulatory region that we sequenced. Geography is a significant predictor of -13910*T allele frequency, and consistent with other genomic loci, its distribution in India follows a general northwest to southeast declining pattern, although frequencies among certain neighboring populations vary substantially. We confirm that the mutation is identical by descent to the European allele and is associated with the same>1 Mb extended haplotype in both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gallego Romero
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Corella D, Arregui M, Coltell O, Portolés O, Guillem-Sáiz P, Carrasco P, Sorlí JV, Ortega-Azorín C, González JI, Ordovás JM. Association of the LCT-13910C>T polymorphism with obesity and its modulation by dairy products in a Mediterranean population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1707-14. [PMID: 21193851 PMCID: PMC4426982 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The -13910C>T polymorphism (rs4988235) upstream from the lactase (LCT) gene, strongly associated with lactase persistence (LP) in Europeans, is emerging as a new candidate for obesity. We aimed to analyze the association of this polymorphism with obesity-related variables and its modulation by dairy product intake in an elderly population. We studied 940 high-cardiovascular risk Spanish subjects (aged 67 ± 7 years). Dairy product consumption was assessed by a validated questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were directly measured, and metabolic syndrome-related variables were obtained. Prevalence of genotypes was: 38.0% CC (lactase nonpersistent (LNP)), 45.7% CT, and 16.3% TT. The CC genotype was not associated with lower milk or dairy product consumption in the whole population. Only in women was dairy intake significantly lower in CC subjects. The most important association was obtained with anthropometric measurements. CC individuals had lower weight (P = 0.032), lower BMI (29.7 ± 4.2 vs. 30.6 ± 4.2 kg/m(2); P = 0.003) and lower waist circumference (101.1 ± 11.8 vs. 103.5 ± 11.5 cm; P = 0.005) than T-allele carriers. Obesity risk was also significantly higher in T-allele carriers than in CC individuals (odds ratio (OR): 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.81; P = 0.01), and remained significant even after adjustment for sex, age, diabetes, physical activity, and energy intake. However, in subgroup analysis, these associations were found to be significant only among those consuming moderate or high lactose intakes (>8 g/day). No significant associations with lipids, glucose, or blood pressure were obtained after adjustment for BMI. In conclusion, despite not finding marked differences in dairy product consumption, this polymorphism was strongly associated with BMI and obesity and modulated by lactose intake in this Mediterranean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Sibley E, Ahn JK. Theodore E. Woodward Award: lactase persistence SNPs in African populations regulate promoter activity in intestinal cell culture. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2011; 122:155-165. [PMID: 21686221 PMCID: PMC3116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, lactase, is the intestinal enzyme responsible for the digestion of the milk sugar lactose. The majority of the world's human population experiences a decline in expression of the lactase gene by late childhood (lactase non-persistence). Individuals with lactase persistence, however, continue to express high levels of the lactase gene throughout adulthood. Lactase persistence is a heritable autosomal dominant condition and has been strongly correlated with several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located ∼14 kb upstream of the lactase gene in different ethnic populations: -13910*T in Europeans and -13907*G, -13915*G, and -14010*C in several African populations. The coincidence of the four SNPs clustering within 100 bp strongly suggests that this region mediates the lactase non-persistence/persistence phenotype. Having previously characterized the European SNP, we aimed to determine whether the African SNPs similarly mediate a functional role in regulating the lactase promoter. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were transfected with lactase SNP/promoter-reporter constructs and assayed for promoter activity. The -13907*G and -13915*G SNPs result in a significant enhancement of lactase promoter activity relative to the ancestral lactase non-persistence genotype. Such differential regulation by the SNPs is consistent with a causative role in the mechanism specifying the lactase persistence phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sibley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, G310, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Timpson NJ, Brennan P, Gaborieau V, Moore L, Zaridze D, Matveev V, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Chow WH, Rothman N, Boffetta P, Harbord RM, Smith GD. Can lactase persistence genotype be used to reassess the relationship between renal cell carcinoma and milk drinking? Potentials and problems in the application of Mendelian randomization. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1341-8. [PMID: 20447925 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with milk consumption has been reported from observational studies. Whether this represents a causal association or is a result of confounding or bias is unclear. We assessed the potential for using genetic variation in lactase persistence as a tool for the study of this relationship. METHODS Using a large, hospital-based case-control study, we used observational, phenotypic, and genetic data to determine whether the MCM6 -13910 C/T(rs4988235) variant may be used as a nonconfounded and unbiased marker for milk consumption. RESULTS Consumption of milk during adulthood was associated with increased risk of RCC [odds ratio (OR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03-1.76; P=0.03]. Among controls, consumption of milk was associated with the lactase persistence genotype at rs4988235 (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.81-3.15; P=6.9x10(-10)); however, the same genotype was not associated with RCC (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.83-1.22; P=0.9). In controls, milk consumption was associated with confounding factors, including smoking and educational attainment, whereas genotypes at rs4988235 showed negligible association with confounding factors. CONCLUSION The absence of an association between the MCM6 genotype and RCC suggests that observational associations between milk consumption and RCC may be due to confounding or bias. IMPACT Although these data suggest that associations between milk consumption and RCC may be spurious, if the association between genotype and behavioral exposure is weak, then the power of this test may be low. The nature of intermediate risk factor instrumentation is an important consideration in the undertaking and interpretation of this type of causal analysis experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analysis in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.
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Lewis SJ. Mendelian randomization as applied to coronary heart disease, including recent advances incorporating new technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:109-17. [PMID: 20160203 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.880955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lewis
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Szilagyi A. Determinants of geographic patterns of diseases: interaction of lactose/lactase status and sunshine exposure. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:466-70. [PMID: 20457495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Geographic patterns of diseases depend on multilayered causes. However, the division of the world's population into two phenotypes regarding lactose digestion and sunshine exposure to fixed areas of the globe are two relatively slow changing variables. It is hypothesized that it is a vectorial interaction between these two variables that provide a backbone to risk modification of many diseases. Lactase non persistence status tends to follow sunshine exposure particularly in Europe but Lactase persistence status is also been shown to be related to pastoral life styles in spotty regions of Africa, Middle East and China. Current emphasis of research favours the modifying role of vitamin D and sunshine. Nevertheless it was demonstrated that national digester/nondigester status has mathematical relationships to geographic distribution of some diseases. These relationships are also similar to that described for the effects of latitude through sunshine and vitamin D. This observation raises a question as to how each one affects disease outcome. In this paper lactose/lactase interactions are first reviewed for eight exemplary diseases. Based on population findings and corroborative meta-analyses gleaned from the literature 6 types of interactions may be classified. Then in a preliminary fashion lactose digester and maldigester status are related to relative annual sunshine exposure. Further the relative national annual sunshine exposure is evaluated to outcomes of the same exemplary diseases. The patterns related to sunshine reflect that obtained with national lactase status proportions and also corroborate a literature review. However, correlations are weak to moderate and only ovarian cancer reached conventional statistical significance. Because these comparisons are based on modest number of national data firm conclusions cannot be made. However, it is argued that evolutionary pressures exerted by regional sunshine exposure may have had influence on a number of relevant genetic polymorphisms in parallel with lactase status. Furthermore influences of ancestral herding and dairy food consumption also may have exerted independent influences on either lactose phenotype. As such both discussed variables are postulated to exert parallel as well as independent effects on modifying geographic disease patterns. These could partly explain both north to south and west to east directional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Kettunen J, Silander K, Saarela O, Amin N, Müller M, Timpson N, Surakka I, Ripatti S, Laitinen J, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Lahermo P, Anttila V, Männistö S, Jula A, Virtamo J, Salomaa V, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari O, Gieger C, Wichmann EH, Van Duijn CM, Smith GD, McCarthy MI, Järvelin MR, Perola M, Peltonen L. European lactase persistence genotype shows evidence of association with increase in body mass index. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:1129-36. [PMID: 20015952 PMCID: PMC2830824 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity has increased significantly in recent decades, mainly due to excess calorie intake and increasingly sedentary lifestyle. Here, we test the association between obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) and one of the best-known genetic variants showing strong selective pressure: the functional variant in the cis-regulatory element of the lactase gene. We tested this variant since it is presumed to provide nutritional advantage in specific physical and cultural environments. We genetically defined lactase persistence (LP) in 31 720 individuals from eight European population-based studies and one family study by genotyping or imputing the European LP variant (rs4988235). We performed a meta-analysis by pooling the β-coefficient estimates of the relationship between rs4988235 and BMI from the nine studies and found that the carriers of the allele responsible for LP among Europeans showed higher BMI (P = 7.9 × 10−5). Since this locus has been shown to be prone to population stratification, we paid special attention to reveal any population substructure which might be responsible for the association signal. The best evidence of exclusion of stratification came from the Dutch family sample which is robust for stratification. In this study, we highlight issues in model selection in the genome-wide association studies and problems in imputation of these special genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kettunen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.
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Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Harbord R, Timpson N, Day I, Ebrahim S. Clustered environments and randomized genes: a fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e352. [PMID: 18076282 PMCID: PMC2121108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In conventional epidemiology confounding of the exposure of interest with lifestyle or socioeconomic factors, and reverse causation whereby disease status influences exposure rather than vice versa, may invalidate causal interpretations of observed associations. Conversely, genetic variants should not be related to the confounding factors that distort associations in conventional observational epidemiological studies. Furthermore, disease onset will not influence genotype. Therefore, it has been suggested that genetic variants that are known to be associated with a modifiable (nongenetic) risk factor can be used to help determine the causal effect of this modifiable risk factor on disease outcomes. This approach, mendelian randomization, is increasingly being applied within epidemiological studies. However, there is debate about the underlying premise that associations between genotypes and disease outcomes are not confounded by other risk factors. We examined the extent to which genetic variants, on the one hand, and nongenetic environmental exposures or phenotypic characteristics on the other, tend to be associated with each other, to assess the degree of confounding that would exist in conventional epidemiological studies compared with mendelian randomization studies. METHODS AND FINDINGS We estimated pairwise correlations between nongenetic baseline variables and genetic variables in a cross-sectional study comparing the number of correlations that were statistically significant at the 5%, 1%, and 0.01% level (alpha = 0.05, 0.01, and 0.0001, respectively) with the number expected by chance if all variables were in fact uncorrelated, using a two-sided binomial exact test. We demonstrate that behavioural, socioeconomic, and physiological factors are strongly interrelated, with 45% of all possible pairwise associations between 96 nongenetic characteristics (n = 4,560 correlations) being significant at the p < 0.01 level (the ratio of observed to expected significant associations was 45; p-value for difference between observed and expected < 0.000001). Similar findings were observed for other levels of significance. In contrast, genetic variants showed no greater association with each other, or with the 96 behavioural, socioeconomic, and physiological factors, than would be expected by chance. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate why observational studies have produced misleading claims regarding potentially causal factors for disease. The findings demonstrate the potential power of a methodology that utilizes genetic variants as indicators of exposure level when studying environmentally modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Davey Smith
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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