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Cui Y, Rolova T, Fagerholm SC. The role of integrins in brain health and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151441. [PMID: 39002282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric membrane proteins expressed on the surface of most cells. They mediate adhesion and signaling processes relevant for a wealth of physiological processes, including nervous system development and function. Interestingly, integrins are also recognized therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we discuss the role of integrins in brain development and function, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke). Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic targeting of these adhesion receptors in inflammatory diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Cui
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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2
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Esposito D, Cruciani G, Zaccaro L, Di Carlo E, Spitoni GF, Manti F, Carducci C, Fiori E, Leuzzi V, Pascucci T. A Systematic Review on Autism and Hyperserotonemia: State-of-the-Art, Limitations, and Future Directions. Brain Sci 2024; 14:481. [PMID: 38790459 PMCID: PMC11119126 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperserotonemia is one of the most studied endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but there are still no unequivocal results about its causes or biological and behavioral outcomes. This systematic review summarizes the studies investigating the relationship between blood serotonin (5-HT) levels and ASD, comparing diagnostic tools, analytical methods, and clinical outcomes. A literature search on peripheral 5-HT levels and ASD was conducted. In total, 1104 publications were screened, of which 113 entered the present systematic review. Of these, 59 articles reported hyperserotonemia in subjects with ASD, and 26 presented correlations between 5-HT levels and ASD-core clinical outcomes. The 5-HT levels are increased in about half, and correlations between hyperserotonemia and clinical outcomes are detected in a quarter of the studies. The present research highlights a large amount of heterogeneity in this field, ranging from the characterization of ASD and control groups to diagnostic and clinical assessments, from blood sampling procedures to analytical methods, allowing us to delineate critical topics for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Esposito
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Gianluca Cruciani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.S.)
| | - Laura Zaccaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.Z.); (T.P.)
| | - Emanuele Di Carlo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Grazia Fernanda Spitoni
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.S.)
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306-354, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Manti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Claudia Carducci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.D.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Elena Fiori
- Rome Technopole Foundation, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.Z.); (T.P.)
- Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Chen Y, Li W, Lv L, Yue W. Shared Genetic Determinants of Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder Implicate Opposite Risk Patterns: A Genome-Wide Analysis of Common Variants. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae044. [PMID: 38616054 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The synaptic pruning hypothesis posits that schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may represent opposite ends of neurodevelopmental disorders: individuals with ASD exhibit an overabundance of synapses and connections while SCZ was characterized by excessive pruning of synapses and a reduction. Given the strong genetic predisposition of both disorders, we propose a shared genetic component, with certain loci having differential regulatory impacts. STUDY DESIGN Genome-Wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of European descent from SCZ (N cases = 53 386, N controls = 77 258) and ASD (N cases = 18 381, N controls = 27 969) were analyzed. We used genetic correlation, bivariate causal mixture model, conditional false discovery rate method, colocalization, Transcriptome-Wide Association Study (TWAS), and Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) to investigate the genetic overlap and gene expression pattern. STUDY RESULTS We found a positive genetic correlation between SCZ and ASD (rg = .26, SE = 0.01, P = 7.87e-14), with 11 genomic loci jointly influencing both conditions (conjFDR <0.05). Functional analysis highlights a significant enrichment of shared genes during early to mid-fetal developmental stages. A notable genetic region on chromosome 17q21.31 (lead SNP rs2696609) showed strong evidence of colocalization (PP.H4.abf = 0.85). This SNP rs2696609 is linked to many imaging-derived brain phenotypes. TWAS indicated opposing gene expression patterns (primarily pseudogenes and long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) for ASD and SCZ in the 17q21.31 region and some genes (LRRC37A4P, LINC02210, and DND1P1) exhibit considerable variation in the cerebellum across the lifespan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a shared genetic basis for SCZ and ASD. A common genetic variant, rs2696609, located in the Chr17q21.31 locus, may exert differential risk regulation on SCZ and ASD by altering brain structure. Future studies should focus on the role of pseudogenes, lncRNAs, and cerebellum in synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder (2018RU006), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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He B, Wang Y, Li H, Huang Y. The role of integrin beta in schizophrenia: a preliminary exploration. CNS Spectr 2023; 28:561-570. [PMID: 36274632 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852922001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric (αβ) receptors that transduce mechanical signals between the extracellular milieu and the cell in a bidirectional manner. Extensive research has shown that the integrin beta (β) family is widely expressed in the brain and that they control various aspects of brain development and function. Schizophrenia is a relatively common neurological disorder of unknown etiology and has been found to be closely related to neurodevelopment and neurochemicals in neuropathological studies of schizophrenia. Here, we review literature from recent years that shows that schizophrenia involves multiple signaling pathways related to neuronal migration, axon guidance, cell adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and that dysregulation of these processes affects the normal function of neurons and synapses. In fact, alterations in integrin β structure, expression and signaling for neural circuits, cortex, and synapses are likely to be associated with schizophrenia. We explored several aspects of the possible association between integrin β and schizophrenia in an attempt to demonstrate the role of integrin β in schizophrenia, which may help to provide new insights into the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshan He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Huang Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Salem S, Mosaad R, Lotfy R, Ashaat E, Ismail S. PCSK9 Involvement in Autism Etiology: Sequence Variations, Protein Concentration, and Promoter Methylation. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:102860. [PMID: 37499571 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides its main role in the control of blood cholesterol, PCSK9 has a role in the regulation of neuronal development and apoptosis. We suggest, for the first time, the possible involvement of PCSK9 in autism. METHOD In this case-control study, Sanger sequencing was used to analyze sequence variations in the PCSK9 gene exons and their flanking intronic sequences. ELISA assay was used to determine the plasma concentration of PCSK9. The methylation percentage of the PCSK9 gene promoter was assessed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). RESULTS Forty-three variants were found; out of them, seven showed differential frequency between patients and controls. rs.45448095, rs.45613943, rs.630431, rs.529500286, and rs.45439391 are risk factors for autism, while rs.11800231 and rs.483462 are protective variants. The concentration of plasma PCSK9 protein was significantly elevated and the methylation percentage of PCSK9 gene promoter was significantly lower in cases than in controls (p <0.001 and = 0.002, respectively). ROC curve analysis identified an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.915 for plasma protein concentration and 0.693 for percent gene promoter methylation. In addition, two new variants were identified (g.23809C>T in intron 11 and g.24071T>G in 3' UTR). CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the correlation between PCSK9 protein and autism and suggests the potential involvement of PCSK9 as one of the susceptibility genes for autism. Further studies with a larger number of subjects are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohair Salem
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rehab Mosaad
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Randa Lotfy
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy Ashaat
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samira Ismail
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre Cairo, Egypt
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Iyshwarya B, Vajagathali M, Ramakrishnan V. Investigation of Genetic Polymorphism in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Pathogenesis of the Neurodevelopmental Disorder. ADVANCES IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2022; 6:136-146. [DOI: 10.1007/s41252-022-00251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
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Lopuch AJ, Swinehart BD, Widener EL, Holley ZL, Bland KM, Handwerk CJ, Brett CA, Cook HN, Kalinowski AR, Rodriguez HV, Song MI, Vidal GS. Integrin β3 in forebrain Emx1-expressing cells regulates repetitive self-grooming and sociability in mice. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:12. [PMID: 35247972 PMCID: PMC8897866 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by repetitive behaviors, deficits in communication, and overall impaired social interaction. Of all the integrin subunit mutations, mutations in integrin β3 (Itgb3) may be the most closely associated with ASD. Integrin β3 is required for normal structural plasticity of dendrites and synapses specifically in excitatory cortical and hippocampal circuitry. However, the behavioral consequences of Itgb3 function in the forebrain have not been assessed. We tested the hypothesis that behaviors that are typically abnormal in ASD-such as self-grooming and sociability behaviors-are disrupted with conditional Itgb3 loss of function in forebrain circuitry in male and female mice. METHODS We generated male and female conditional knockouts (cKO) and conditional heterozygotes (cHET) of Itgb3 in excitatory neurons and glia that were derived from Emx1-expressing forebrain cells during development. We used several different assays to determine whether male and female cKO and cHET mice have repetitive self-grooming behaviors, anxiety-like behaviors, abnormal locomotion, compulsive-like behaviors, or abnormal social behaviors, when compared to male and female wildtype (WT) mice. RESULTS Our findings indicate that only self-grooming and sociability are altered in cKO, but not cHET or WT mice, suggesting that Itgb3 is specifically required in forebrain Emx1-expressing cells for normal repetitive self-grooming and social behaviors. Furthermore, in cKO (but not cHET or WT), we observed an interaction effect for sex and self-grooming environment and an interaction effect for sex and sociability test chamber. LIMITATIONS While this study demonstrated a role for forebrain Itgb3 in specific repetitive and social behaviors, it was unable to determine whether forebrain Itgb3 is required for a preference for social novelty, whether cHET are haploinsufficient with respect to repetitive self-grooming and social behaviors, or the nature of the interaction effect for sex and environment/chamber in affected behaviors of cKO. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings strengthen the idea that Itgb3 has a specific role in shaping forebrain circuitry that is relevant to endophenotypes of autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lopuch
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Brian D Swinehart
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Eden L Widener
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Z Logan Holley
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Katherine M Bland
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Christopher J Handwerk
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Cooper A Brett
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Hollyn N Cook
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Anna R Kalinowski
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Hilda V Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - M Irene Song
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - George S Vidal
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
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Chaddad A, Li J, Lu Q, Li Y, Okuwobi IP, Tanougast C, Desrosiers C, Niazi T. Can Autism Be Diagnosed with Artificial Intelligence? A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2032. [PMID: 34829379 PMCID: PMC8618159 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiomics with deep learning models have become popular in computer-aided diagnosis and have outperformed human experts on many clinical tasks. Specifically, radiomic models based on artificial intelligence (AI) are using medical data (i.e., images, molecular data, clinical variables, etc.) for predicting clinical tasks such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we summarized and discussed the radiomic techniques used for ASD analysis. Currently, the limited radiomic work of ASD is related to the variation of morphological features of brain thickness that is different from texture analysis. These techniques are based on imaging shape features that can be used with predictive models for predicting ASD. This review explores the progress of ASD-based radiomics with a brief description of ASD and the current non-invasive technique used to classify between ASD and healthy control (HC) subjects. With AI, new radiomic models using the deep learning techniques will be also described. To consider the texture analysis with deep CNNs, more investigations are suggested to be integrated with additional validation steps on various MRI sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Chaddad
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin Universiy of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.)
- The Laboratory for Imagery, Vision and Artificial Intelligence, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada;
| | - Jiali Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin Universiy of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.)
| | - Qizong Lu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin Universiy of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.)
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin Universiy of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.)
| | - Idowu Paul Okuwobi
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin Universiy of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.)
| | - Camel Tanougast
- Laboratoire de Conception, Optimisation et Modélisation des Systèmes, University of Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France;
| | - Christian Desrosiers
- The Laboratory for Imagery, Vision and Artificial Intelligence, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada;
| | - Tamim Niazi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
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Swinehart BD, Bland KM, Holley ZL, Lopuch AJ, Casey ZO, Handwerk CJ, Vidal GS. Integrin β3 organizes dendritic complexity of cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons along a tangential gradient. Mol Brain 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 33317577 PMCID: PMC7734815 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional dendritic arborization is a key feature of many developmental neurological disorders. Across various human brain regions, basal dendritic complexity is known to increase along a caudal-to-rostral gradient. We recently discovered that basal dendritic complexity of layer II/III cortical pyramidal neurons in the mouse increases along a caudomedial-to-rostrolateral gradient spanning multiple regions, but at the time, no molecules were known to regulate that exquisite pattern. Integrin subunits have been implicated in dendritic development, and the subunit with the strongest associations with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability is integrin β3 (Itgb3). In mice, global knockout of Itgb3 leads to autistic-like neuroanatomy and behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Itgb3 is required for increasing dendritic complexity along the recently discovered tangential gradient among layer II/III cortical pyramidal neurons. We targeted a subset of layer II/III cortical pyramidal neurons for Itgb3 loss-of-function via Cre-loxP-mediated excision of Itgb3. We tracked the rostrocaudal and mediolateral position of the targeted neurons and reconstructed their dendritic arbors. In contrast to controls, the basal dendritic complexity of Itgb3 mutant neurons was not related to their cortical position. Basal dendritic complexity of mutant and control neurons differed because of overall changes in branch number across multiple branch orders (primary, secondary, etc.), rather than any changes in the average length at those branch orders. Furthermore, dendritic spine density was related to cortical position in control but not mutant neurons. Thus, the autism susceptibility gene Itgb3 is required for establishing a tangential pattern of basal dendritic complexity among layer II/III cortical pyramidal neurons, suggesting an early role for this molecule in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Swinehart
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
| | - Katherine M Bland
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
| | - Z Logan Holley
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
| | - Andrew J Lopuch
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
| | - Zachary O Casey
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
| | - Christopher J Handwerk
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA
| | - George S Vidal
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA.
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10
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Gene expression profile analysis of ileum transcriptomes in pigs fed Gelsemium elegans plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15756. [PMID: 31673142 PMCID: PMC6823445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsemium elegans is a flowering plant in the Loganiaceae. Because it can promote the growth of pigs and sheep, it is widely used, including in veterinary clinics, but little information is available about its biological effects. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the ileums of pigs between a control group and a group fed Gelsemium elegans for 45 days. We found that Gelsemium elegans affected many inflammatory and immune pathways, including biological processes such as defense responses, inflammation and immune responses. Moreover, this study identified several important genes related to the anti-inflammatory activity of Gelsemium elegans (e.g., CXCL-8, IL1A, and CSF2), which will be beneficial for further study of the pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications of Gelsemium elegans.
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Padmakumar M, Van Raes E, Van Geet C, Freson K. Blood platelet research in autism spectrum disorders: In search of biomarkers. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:566-577. [PMID: 31624776 PMCID: PMC6781926 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by gene-environment interactions. To improve its diagnosis and treatment, numerous efforts have been undertaken to identify reliable biomarkers for autism. None of them have delivered the holy grail that represents a reproducible, quantifiable, and sensitive biomarker. Though blood platelets are mainly known to prevent bleeding, they also play pivotal roles in cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Platelets could serve as a peripheral biomarker or cellular model for autism as they share common biological and molecular characteristics with neurons. In particular, platelet-dense granules contain neurotransmitters such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Molecular players controlling granule formation and secretion are similarly regulated in platelets and neurons. The major platelet integrin receptor αIIbβ3 has recently been linked to ASD as a regulator of serotonin transport. Though many studies revealed associations between platelet markers and ASD, there is an important knowledge gap in linking these markers with autism and explaining the altered platelet phenotypes detected in autism patients. The present review enumerates studies of different biomarkers detected in ASD using platelets and highlights the future needs to bring this research to the next level and advance our understanding of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Padmakumar
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eveline Van Raes
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Gabriele S, Canali M, Lintas C, Sacco R, Tirindelli MC, Ricciardello A, Persico AM. Evidence that ITGB3 promoter variants increase serotonin blood levels by regulating platelet serotonin transporter trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1153-1161. [PMID: 30535103 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serotonin (5-HT) blood levels, the first biomarker identified in autism research, has been consistently found in 20-30% of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Hyperserotonemia is mainly due to greater 5-HT uptake into platelets, mediated by the 5-HT transporter (SERT) located at the platelet plasma membrane. The protein complex involved in platelet SERT trafficking and externalization includes integrin β3, the beta subunit of the platelet membrane adhesive GP IIb/IIIa. Integrin β3 is encoded by the ITGB3 gene, previously identified as a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for 5-HT blood levels in ASD at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2317385. The present study aims to identify the functional ITGB3 gene variants contributing to hyperserotonemia. ITGB3 gene sequencing in 20 individuals selected on the basis of rs2317385 genotypes defined four haplotypes encompassing six SNPs located in the ITGB3 gene promoter region, all in linkage disequilibrium with rs2317385. Luciferase assays in two hematopoietic cell lines, K-562 and HEL 92.1.7, demonstrate that ITGB3 gene promoter activity is enhanced by the presence of the C allele at rs55827077 specifically during differentiation into megakaryocytes (P < 0.01), with modulatory effects by flanking SNPs. This same allele is strongly associated with (a) higher 5-HT blood levels in 176 autistic individuals (P < 0.001), (b) greater platelet integrin β3 protein expression (P < 0.05) and (c) enhanced SERT trafficking from the cytosol toward the platelet plasma membrane (P = 4.05 × 10-11). Our results support rs55827077 as the functional ITGB3 gene promoter variant contributing to elevated 5-HT blood levels in ASD and define a mechanistic chain of events linking ITGB3 to hyperserotonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gabriele
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Canali
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Ricciardello
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
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13
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Castronovo P, Baccarin M, Ricciardello A, Picinelli C, Tomaiuolo P, Cucinotta F, Frittoli M, Lintas C, Sacco R, Persico AM. Phenotypic spectrum of NRXN1 mono- and bi-allelic deficiency: A systematic review. Clin Genet 2019; 97:125-137. [PMID: 30873608 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurexins are presynaptic cell adhesion molecules critically involved in synaptogenesis and vesicular neurotransmitter release. They are encoded by three genes (NRXN1-3), each yielding a longer alpha (α) and a shorter beta (β) transcript. Deletions spanning the promoter and the initial exons of the NRXN1 gene, located in chromosome 2p16.3, are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, neurological and neuropsychological phenotypes. We have performed a systematic review to define (a) the clinical phenotypes most associated with mono-allelic exonic NRXN1 deletions, and (b) the phenotypic features of NRXN1 bi-allelic deficiency due to compound heterozygous deletions/mutations. Clinically, three major conclusions can be drawn: (a) incomplete penetrance and pleiotropy do not allow reliable predictions of clinical outcome following prenatal detection of mono-allelic exonic NRXN1 deletions. Newborn carriers should undergo periodic neuro-behavioral observations for the timely detection of warning signs and the prescription of early behavioral intervention; (b) the presence of additional independent genetic risk factors should always be sought, as they may influence prognosis; (c) children with exonic NRXN1 deletions displaying early-onset, severe psychomotor delay in the context of a Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome 2 phenotype, should undergo DNA sequencing of the spared NRXN1 allele in search for mutations or very small insertions/deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Castronovo
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Baccarin
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Ricciardello
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Picinelli
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Tomaiuolo
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cucinotta
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Myriam Frittoli
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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p38α MAPK signaling drives pharmacologically reversible brain and gastrointestinal phenotypes in the SERT Ala56 mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10245-E10254. [PMID: 30297392 PMCID: PMC6205438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809137115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder with limited treatment options. Activation of p38 MAPK signaling networks has been identified in ASD, and p38 MAPK signaling elevates serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) activity, effects mimicked by multiple, hyperfunctional SERT coding variants identified in ASD subjects. Mice expressing the most common of these variants (SERT Ala56) exhibit hyperserotonemia, a biomarker observed in ASD subjects, as well as p38 MAPK-dependent SERT hyperphosphorylation, elevated hippocampal 5-HT clearance, hypersensitivity of CNS 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptors, and behavioral and gastrointestinal perturbations reminiscent of ASD. As the α-isoform of p38 MAPK drives SERT activation, we tested the hypothesis that CNS-penetrant, α-isoform-specific p38 MAPK inhibitors might normalize SERT Ala56 phenotypes. Strikingly, 1-week treatment of adult SERT Ala56 mice with MW150, a selective p38α MAPK inhibitor, normalized hippocampal 5-HT clearance, CNS 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptor sensitivities, social interactions, and colonic motility. Conditional elimination of p38α MAPK in 5-HT neurons of SERT Ala56 mice restored 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A/2C receptor sensitivities as well as social interactions, mirroring effects of MW150. Our findings support ongoing p38α MAPK activity as an important determinant of the physiological and behavioral perturbations of SERT Ala56 mice and, more broadly, supports consideration of p38α MAPK inhibition as a potential treatment for core and comorbid phenotypes present in ASD subjects.
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Abstract
The formation of correct synaptic structures and neuronal connections is paramount for normal brain development and a functioning adult brain. The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors and their ligands play essential roles in the control of several processes regulating neuronal connectivity - including neurite outgrowth, the formation and maintenance of synapses, and synaptic plasticity - that are affected in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. Many ASD- and schizophrenia-associated genes are linked to alterations in the genetic code of integrins and associated signalling pathways. In non-neuronal cells, crosstalk between integrin-mediated adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton, and the regulation of integrin activity (affinity for extracellular ligands) are widely studied in healthy and pathological settings. In contrast, the roles of integrin-linked pathways in the central nervous system remains less well defined. In this Review, we will provide an overview of the known pathways that are regulated by integrin-ECM interaction in developing neurons and in adult brain. We will also describe recent advances in the identification of mechanisms that regulate integrin activity in neurons, and highlight the interesting emerging links between integrins and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lilja
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20500 Turku, Finland
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16
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The Gain-of-Function Integrin β3 Pro33 Variant Alters the Serotonin System in the Mouse Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11271-11284. [PMID: 29038237 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1482-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of integrins by the extracellular matrix initiates signaling cascades that drive a variety of cellular functions, including neuronal migration and axonal pathfinding in the brain. Multiple lines of evidence link the ITGB3 gene encoding the integrin β3 subunit with the serotonin (5-HT) system, likely via its modulation of the 5-HT transporter (SERT). The ITGB3 coding polymorphism Leu33Pro (rs5918, PlA2) produces hyperactive αvβ3 receptors that influence whole-blood 5-HT levels and may influence the risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using a phenome-wide scan of psychiatric diagnoses, we found significant, male-specific associations between the Pro33 allele and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and ASDs. Here, we used knock-in (KI) mice expressing an Itgb3 variant that phenocopies the human Pro33 variant to elucidate the consequences of constitutively enhanced αvβ3 signaling to the 5-HT system in the brain. KI mice displayed deficits in multiple behaviors, including anxiety, repetitive, and social behaviors. Anatomical studies revealed a significant decrease in 5-HT synapses in the midbrain, accompanied by decreases in SERT activity and reduced localization of SERTs to integrin adhesion complexes in synapses of KI mice. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) rescued SERT function in synapses of KI mice, demonstrating that constitutive active FAK signaling downstream of the Pro32Pro33 integrin αvβ3 suppresses SERT activity. Our studies identify a complex regulation of 5-HT homeostasis and behaviors by integrin αvβ3, revealing an important role for integrins in modulating risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The integrin β3 Leu33Pro coding polymorphism has been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) within a subgroup of patients with elevated blood 5-HT levels, linking integrin β3, 5-HT, and ASD risk. We capitalized on these interactions to demonstrate that the Pro33 coding variation in the murine integrin β3 recapitulates the sex-dependent neurochemical and behavioral attributes of ASD. Using state-of-the-art techniques, we show that presynaptic 5-HT function is altered in these mice, and that the localization of 5-HT transporters to specific compartments within the synapse, disrupted by the integrin β3 Pro33 mutation, is critical for appropriate reuptake of 5-HT. Our studies provide fundamental insight into the genetic network regulating 5-HT neurotransmission in the CNS that is also associated with ASD risk.
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Klein M, van Donkelaar M, Verhoef E, Franke B. Imaging genetics in neurodevelopmental psychopathology. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:485-537. [PMID: 29984470 PMCID: PMC7170264 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are defined by highly heritable problems during development and brain growth. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID) are frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, with common comorbidity among them. Imaging genetics studies on the role of disease-linked genetic variants on brain structure and function have been performed to unravel the etiology of these disorders. Here, we reviewed imaging genetics literature on these disorders attempting to understand the mechanisms of individual disorders and their clinical overlap. For ADHD and ASD, we selected replicated candidate genes implicated through common genetic variants. For ID, which is mainly caused by rare variants, we included genes for relatively frequent forms of ID occurring comorbid with ADHD or ASD. We reviewed case-control studies and studies of risk variants in healthy individuals. Imaging genetics studies for ADHD were retrieved for SLC6A3/DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, NOS1, and SLC6A4/5HTT. For ASD, studies on CNTNAP2, MET, OXTR, and SLC6A4/5HTT were found. For ID, we reviewed the genes FMR1, TSC1 and TSC2, NF1, and MECP2. Alterations in brain volume, activity, and connectivity were observed. Several findings were consistent across studies, implicating, for example, SLC6A4/5HTT in brain activation and functional connectivity related to emotion regulation. However, many studies had small sample sizes, and hypothesis-based, brain region-specific studies were common. Results from available studies confirm that imaging genetics can provide insight into the link between genes, disease-related behavior, and the brain. However, the field is still in its early stages, and conclusions about shared mechanisms cannot yet be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Verhoef
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Mariath LM, Silva AMD, Kowalski TW, Gattino GS, Araujo GAD, Figueiredo FG, Tagliani-Ribeiro A, Roman T, Vianna FSL, Schuler-Faccini L, Schuch JB. Music genetics research: Association with musicality of a polymorphism in the AVPR1A gene. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:421-429. [PMID: 28534928 PMCID: PMC5488451 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Musicality is defined as a natural tendency, sensibility, knowledge, or talent to
create, perceive, and play music. Musical abilities involve a great range of social
and cognitive behaviors, which are influenced by both environmental and genetic
factors. Although a number of studies have yielded insights into music genetics
research, genes and biological pathways related to these traits are not fully
understood. Our hypothesis in the current study is that genes associated with
different behaviors could also influence the musical phenotype. Our aim was to
investigate whether polymorphisms in six genes (AVPR1A, SLC6A4, ITGB3, COMT, DRD2 and
DRD4) related to social and cognitive traits are associated with musicality in a
sample of children. Musicality was assessed through an individualized music therapy
assessment profile (IMTAP) which has been validated in Brazil to measure musical
ability. We show here that the RS1 microsatellite of the AVPR1A gene is nominally
associated with musicality, corroborating previous results linking AVPR1A with
musical activity. This study is one of the first to investigate musicality in a
comprehensive way, and it contributes to better understand the genetic basis
underlying musical ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Monteavaro Mariath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Mauat da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Schulz Gattino
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Andrade de Araujo
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Grahl Figueiredo
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alice Tagliani-Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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O'Callaghan EK, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Cell adhesion molecules and sleep. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:29-38. [PMID: 27884699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play essential roles in the central nervous system, where some families are involved in synaptic development and function. These synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) are involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neuronal networks. Recent findings from studies examining the consequences of sleep loss suggest that these molecules are candidates to act in sleep regulation. This review highlights the experimental data that lead to the identification of SAMs as potential sleep regulators, and discusses results supporting that specific SAMs are involved in different aspects of sleep regulation. Further, some potential mechanisms by which SAMs may act to regulate sleep are outlined, and the proposition that these molecules may serve as molecular machinery in the two sleep regulatory processes, the circadian and homeostatic components, is presented. Together, the data argue that SAMs regulate the neuronal plasticity that underlies sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kate O'Callaghan
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Neurophysiology of Sleep and Biology Rhythms Laboratory, IDISPA (Health Research Foundation Illes Balears), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada,.
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20
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Abstract
Autism is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are not well understood. Cerebellar involvement has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders with increasing evidence from both clinical studies and animal models supporting an important role for cerebellar dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. This article discusses the various cerebellar contributions to autism spectrum disorders. Both clinical and preclinical studies are discussed and future research directions highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Tsai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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21
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Drago A, Crisafulli C, Sidoti A, Calabrò M, Serretti A. The microtubule-associated molecular pathways may be genetically disrupted in patients with Bipolar Disorder. Insights from the molecular cascades. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:429-438. [PMID: 26551401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar Disorder is a severe disease characterized by pathological mood swings from major depressive episodes to manic ones and vice versa. The biological underpinnings of Bipolar Disorder have yet to be defined. As a consequence, pharmacological treatments are suboptimal. In the present paper we test the hypothesis that the molecular pathways involved with the direct targets of lithium, hold significantly more genetic variations associated with BD. A molecular pathway approach finds its rationale in the polygenic nature of the disease. The pathways were tested in a sample of ∼ 7,000 patients and controls. Data are available from the public NIMH database. The definition of the pathways was conducted according to the National Cancer Institute (http://pid.nci.nih.gov/). As a result, 3 out of the 18 tested pathways related to lithium action resisted the permutation analysis and were found to be associated with BD. These pathways were related to Reelin, Integrins and Aurora. A pool of genes selected from the ones linked with the above pathways was further investigated in order to identify the fine molecular mechanics shared by our significant pathways and also their link with lithium mechanism of action. The data obtained point out to a possible involvement of microtubule-related mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Calabrò
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Sacco R, Lintas C, Persico AM. Autism genetics: Methodological issues and experimental design. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:946-57. [PMID: 26335734 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder of developmental origin, where multiple genetic and environmental factors likely interact resulting in a clinical continuum between "affected" and "unaffected" individuals in the general population. During the last two decades, relevant progress has been made in identifying chromosomal regions and genes in linkage or association with autism, but no single gene has emerged as a major cause of disease in a large number of patients. The purpose of this paper is to discuss specific methodological issues and experimental strategies in autism genetic research, based on fourteen years of experience in patient recruitment and association studies of autism spectrum disorder in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sacco
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, I-00128, Italy.,Department of Experimental Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Santa Lucia", Rome, I-00143, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, I-00128, Italy.,Department of Experimental Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Santa Lucia", Rome, I-00143, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, I-00128, Italy. .,Department of Experimental Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Santa Lucia", Rome, I-00143, Italy.
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23
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Mosconi MW, Wang Z, Schmitt LM, Tsai P, Sweeney JA. The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:296. [PMID: 26388713 PMCID: PMC4555040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been repeatedly implicated in gene expression, rodent model and post-mortem studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How cellular and molecular anomalies of the cerebellum relate to clinical manifestations of ASD remains unclear. Separate circuits of the cerebellum control different sensorimotor behaviors, such as maintaining balance, walking, making eye movements, reaching, and grasping. Each of these behaviors has been found to be impaired in ASD, suggesting that multiple distinct circuits of the cerebellum may be involved in the pathogenesis of patients' sensorimotor impairments. We will review evidence that the development of these circuits is disrupted in individuals with ASD and that their study may help elucidate the pathophysiology of sensorimotor deficits and core symptoms of the disorder. Preclinical studies of monogenetic conditions associated with ASD also have identified selective defects of the cerebellum and documented behavioral rescues when the cerebellum is targeted. Based on these findings, we propose that cerebellar circuits may prove to be promising targets for therapeutic development aimed at rescuing sensorimotor and other clinical symptoms of different forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Mosconi
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA ; Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter Tsai
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
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Mazalouskas M, Jessen T, Varney S, Sutcliffe JS, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Cook EH, Carneiro AMD. Integrin β3 Haploinsufficiency Modulates Serotonin Transport and Antidepressant-Sensitive Behavior in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2015-24. [PMID: 25684064 PMCID: PMC4839525 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence have identified genetic interactions between the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene and ITGB3, which encodes the β3 subunit that forms the αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrin receptor complexes. Here we examine the consequences of haploinsufficiency in the mouse integrin β3 subunit gene (Itgb3) on SERT function and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) effectiveness in vivo. Biochemical fractionation studies and immunofluorescent staining of murine brain slices reveal that αvβ3 receptors and SERTs are enriched in presynaptic membranes from several brain regions and that αvβ3 colocalizes with a subpopulation of SERT-containing synapses in raphe nuclei. Notably, we establish that loss of a single allele of Itgb3 in murine neurons is sufficient to decrease 5-HT uptake by SERT in midbrain synaptosomes. Pharmacological assays to elucidate the αvβ3-mediated mechanism of reduced SERT function indicate that decreased integrin β3 subunit expression scales down the population size of active SERT molecules and, as a consequence, lowers the effective dose of SSRIs. These data are consistent with the existence of a subpopulation of SERTs that are tightly modulated by integrin αvβ3 and significantly contribute to global SERT function at 5-HT synapses in the midbrain. Importantly, our screen of a normal human population for single nucleotide polymorphisms in human ITGB3 identified a variant associated with reductions in integrin β3 expression levels that parallel our mouse findings. Thus, polymorphisms in human ITGB3 may contribute to the differential responsiveness of select patients to SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mazalouskas
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tammy Jessen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth Varney
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James S Sutcliffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Edwin H Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana M D Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 461 Preston Research Building, 23rd Avenue South at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Tel: +1 615 875 5635, Fax: 615-343-1084, E-mail:
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25
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Fabbri C, Crisafulli C, Gurwitz D, Stingl J, Calati R, Albani D, Forloni G, Calabrò M, Martines R, Kasper S, Zohar J, Juven-Wetzler A, Souery D, Montgomery S, Mendlewicz J, Girolamo GD, Serretti A. Neuronal cell adhesion genes and antidepressant response in three independent samples. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:538-48. [PMID: 25850031 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-effect phenotypes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines recently allowed to identify CHL1 (cell adhesion molecule with homology to L1CAM), GAP43 (growth-associated protein 43) and ITGB3 (integrin beta 3) as new candidates for involvement in the antidepressant effect. CHL1 and ITGB3 code for adhesion molecules, while GAP43 codes for a neuron-specific cytosolic protein expressed in neuronal growth cones; all the three gene products are involved in synaptic plasticity. Sixteen polymorphisms in these genes were genotyped in two samples (n=369 and 90) with diagnosis of major depressive episode who were treated with antidepressants in a naturalistic setting. Phenotypes were response, remission and treatment-resistant depression. Logistic regression including appropriate covariates was performed. Genes associated with outcomes were investigated in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) genome-wide study (n=1861) as both individual genes and through a pathway analysis (Reactome and String databases). Gene-based analysis suggested CHL1 rs4003413, GAP43 rs283393 and rs9860828, ITGB3 rs3809865 as the top candidates due to their replication across the largest original sample and the STAR*D cohort. GAP43 molecular pathway was associated with both response and remission in the STAR*D, with ELAVL4 representing the gene with the highest percentage of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with outcomes. Other promising genes emerging from the pathway analysis were ITGB1 and NRP1. The present study was the first to analyze cell adhesion genes and their molecular pathways in antidepressant response. Genes and biomarkers involved in neuronal adhesion should be considered by further studies aimed to identify predictors of antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Italy
| | - J Stingl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, University Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - R Calati
- Faculty Centre for Translational Medicine, University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Albani
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - G Forloni
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - M Calabrò
- Department of Biomedical Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - R Martines
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - S Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Zohar
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Juven-Wetzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Souery
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel, Centre Européen de Psychologie Medicale, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - J Mendlewicz
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G D Girolamo
- Faculty Centre for Translational Medicine, University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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26
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Jaiswal P, Guhathakurta S, Singh AS, Verma D, Pandey M, Varghese M, Sinha S, Ghosh S, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U. SLC6A4 markers modulate platelet 5-HT level and specific behaviors of autism: a study from an Indian population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:196-206. [PMID: 25261775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Presence of platelet hyperserotonemia and effective amelioration of behavioral dysfunctions by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) indicate that irregularities in serotonin (5-HT) reuptake and its homeostasis could be the basis of behavioral impairments in ASD patients. SLC6A4, the gene encoding serotonin transporter (SERT) is considered as a potential susceptibility gene for ASD, since it is a quantitative trait locus for blood 5-HT levels. Three functional polymorphisms, 5-HTTLPR, STin2 and 3'UTR-SNP of SLC6A4 are extensively studied for possible association with the disorder, with inconclusive outcome. In the present study, we investigated association of these polymorphisms with platelet 5-HT content and symptoms severity as revealed by childhood autism rating scale in ASD children from an Indian population. Higher 5-HT level observed in ASD was highly significant in children with heterozygous and homozygous genotypes comprising of minor alleles of the markers. Quantitative transmission disequilibrium test demonstrated significant genetic effect of STin2 allele as well as STin2/3'UTR-SNP and 5-HTTLPR/3'UTR-SNP haplotypes on 5-HT levels, but no direct association with overall CARS score and ASD phenotype. Significant genetic effect of the markers on specific behavioral phenotypes was observed for various sub-phenotypes of CARS in quantitative trait analysis. Even though the 5-HT level was not associated with severity of behavioral CARS score, a significant negative relationship was observed for 5-HT levels and level and consistency of intellectual response and general impression in ASD children. Population-based study revealed higher distribution of the haplotype 10/G of STin2/3'UTR-SNP in male controls, suggesting protective effect of this haplotype in male cases. Overall results of the study suggest that SLC6A4 markers have specific genetic effect on individual ASD behavioral attributes, might be through the modulation of 5-HT content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhrangshu Guhathakurta
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Asem Surindro Singh
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Deepak Verma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Mritunjay Pandey
- Lab of Clinical & Experimental Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Merina Varghese
- Lab of Clinical & Experimental Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Out-Patients Department, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Saurabh Ghosh
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 BT Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Lab of Clinical & Experimental Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, India.
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Schuch JB, Muller D, Endres RG, Bosa CA, Longo D, Schuler-Faccini L, Ranzan J, Becker MM, dos Santos Riesgo R, Roman T. The role of β3 integrin gene variants in Autism Spectrum Disorders--diagnosis and symptomatology. Gene 2014; 553:24-30. [PMID: 25280596 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) represent a group of very complex early-onset neurodevelopmental diseases. In this study, we analyzed 5 SNPs (rs2317385, rs5918, rs15908, rs12603582, rs3809865) at the β3 integrin locus (ITGB3), which has been suggested as a possible susceptibility gene, both as single markers and as part of haplotypes in 209 ASD children and their biological parents. We tested for association with the following: a) DSM-IV ASD diagnosis; b) clinical symptoms common in ASD patients (repetitive behaviors, echolalia, seizures and epilepsy, mood instability, aggression, psychomotor agitation, sleep disorders); and c) dimensional scores obtained with the Autism Screening Questionnaire and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. These hypotheses were investigated using family-based tests, logistic regression models and analysis of covariance. The family-based tests showed an association with the H5 haplotype (composed by GTCGA alleles, the order of SNPs as above), which was transmitted less often than expected by chance (P=0.006; Pcorr=0.036). The analyses of the clinical symptoms showed a trend for an association with rs12603582 (P=0.008; Pcorr=0.064) and positive results for the haplotype composed of rs15908 and rs12603582 (Pglcorr=0.048; Pindcorr=0.015), both in symptoms of echolalia. Other nominal associations with different variants were found and involved epilepsy/seizures, aggression symptoms and higher ASQ scores. Although our positive results are not definitive, they suggest small effect associations of the ITGB3 gene with both ASD diagnosis and symptoms of echolalia. Other studies are nonetheless needed to fully understand the involvement of this locus on the etiology of ASDs and its different clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Diana Muller
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Giuliani Endres
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Alves Bosa
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Dânae Longo
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Josiane Ranzan
- Child Neurology Unit, Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michele Michelin Becker
- Child Neurology Unit, Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rudimar dos Santos Riesgo
- Child Neurology Unit, Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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28
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Gabriele S, Sacco R, Persico AM. Blood serotonin levels in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:919-29. [PMID: 24613076 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated blood serotonin (5-HT) levels were the first biomarker identified in autism research. Many studies have contrasted blood 5-HT levels in autistic patients and controls, but different measurement protocols, technologies, and biomaterials have been used through the years. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide an overall estimate of effect size and between-study heterogeneity, while verifying whether and to what extent different methodological approaches influence the strength of this association. Our literature search strategy identified 551 papers, from which 22 studies providing patient and control blood 5-HT values were selected for meta-analysis. Significantly higher 5-HT levels in autistic patients compared to controls were recorded both in whole blood (WB) [O.R.=4.6; (3.1-5.2); P=1.0×10(-12]), and in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) [O.R.=2.6 (1.8-3.9); P=2.7×10(-7)]. Predictably, studies measuring 5-HT levels in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) yielded no significant group difference [O.R.=0.54 (0.2-2-0); P=0.36]. Altogether, elevated 5-HT blood levels were recorded in 28.3% in WB and 22.5% in PRP samples of autistic individuals, as reported in 15 and 4 studies, respectively. Studies employing HPLC vs fluorometric assays yield similar cumulative effect sizes, but the former display much lower variability. In summary, despite some limitations mainly due to small study sample sizes, our results significantly reinforce the reliability of elevated 5-HT blood levels as a biomarker in ASD, providing practical indications potentially useful for its inclusion in multi-marker diagnostic panels for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gabriele
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, I-00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, I-00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, I-00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy; Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy.
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29
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Singh AS, Chandra R, Guhathakurta S, Sinha S, Chatterjee A, Ahmed S, Ghosh S, Rajamma U. Genetic association and gene-gene interaction analyses suggest likely involvement of ITGB3 and TPH2 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Indian population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 45:131-43. [PMID: 23628433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotoninergic dysfunction leads to neurodevelopmental abnormalities and behavioral impairments. Platelet hyperserotoninemia is reported as the best identified endophenotype for autism spectrum disorders. Therefore, in the present study we investigate the association of TPH2, the rate limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis and ITGB3, a serotonin quantitative trait locus with ASD in the Indian population. METHODS Population and family-based genetic association and gene-gene interaction analyses were performed to evaluate the role of ITGB3 and TPH2 markers in ASD etiology. RESULTS Association tests using ITGB3 markers revealed significant paternal overtransmission of T allele of rs5918 to male probands. Interestingly for TPH2, we observed significant overrepresentation of A-A (rs11179000-rs4290270), G-A (rs4570625-rs4290270), G-G-A (rs4570625-rs11179001-rs4290270) and A-G-A (rs11179000-rs11179001-rs4290270) haplotypes in the controls and maternal preferential transmission of A-A (rs11179001-rs7305115), T-A-A (rs4570625-rs11179001-rs7305115) and T-A-A (rs11179000-rs11179001-rs7305115) and nontransmission of G-G-A (rs4570625-rs11179001-rs7305115) haplotypes to the affected offspring. Moreover, interaction of ITGB3 marker, rs15908 with TPH2 markers was found to be significant and influenced by the sex of the probands. Predicted individual risk, which varied from very mild to moderate, supports combined effect of these markers in ASD. CONCLUSION Overall results of the present study indicate likely involvement of ITGB3 and TPH2 in the pathophysiology of ASD in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem Surindro Singh
- Manovikas Biomedical Research & Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Buccheri MA, Spina S, Ruberto C, Lombardo T, Labie D, Ragusa AA. Annotated Definition of BCL11A and HMIP-2 Haplotypes Through the Analysis of Sicilian β-Thalassemia Patients with High Levels of Fetal Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin 2013; 37:423-34. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2013.800823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Watanabe Y, Broders-Bondon F, Baral V, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Pingault V, Dufour S, Bondurand N. Sox10 and Itgb1 interaction in enteric neural crest cell migration. Dev Biol 2013; 379:92-106. [PMID: 23608456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SOX10 involvement in syndromic form of Hirschsprung disease (intestinal aganglionosis, HSCR) in humans as well as developmental defects in animal models highlight the importance of this transcription factor in control of the pool of enteric progenitors and their differentiation. Here, we characterized the role of SOX10 in cell migration and its interactions with β1-integrins. To this end, we crossed the Sox10(lacZ/+) mice with the conditional Ht-PA::Cre; beta1(neo/+) and beta1(fl/fl) mice and compared the phenotype of embryos of different genotypes during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. The Sox10(lacZ/+); Ht-PA::Cre; beta1(neo/fl) double mutant embryos presented with increased intestinal aganglionosis length and more severe neuronal network disorganization compared to single mutants. These defects, detected by E11.5, are not compensated after birth, showing that a coordinated and balanced interaction between these two genes is required for normal ENS development. Use of video-microscopy revealed that defects observed result from reduced migration speed and altered directionality of enteric neural crest cells. Expression of β1-integrins upon SOX10 overexpression or in Sox10(lacZ/+) mice was also analyzed. The modulation of SOX10 expression altered β1-integrins, suggesting that SOX10 levels are critical for proper expression and function of this adhesion molecule. Together with previous studies, our results strongly indicate that SOX10 mediates ENCC adhesion and migration, and contribute to the understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of ENS defects observed both in mutant mouse models and in patients carrying SOX10 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Watanabe
- INSERM U955, Equipe 11, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France
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32
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Nurden AT. Is there a redundancy of β3 and other platelet receptors in the brain and central nervous system? Platelets 2012; 24:170-2. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2012.678427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ellegood J, Henkelman RM, Lerch JP. Neuroanatomical Assessment of the Integrin β3 Mouse Model Related to Autism and the Serotonin System Using High Resolution MRI. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:37. [PMID: 22557981 PMCID: PMC3337465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrinβ3 (ITGβ3) gene has been associated with both autism and the serotonin system. The purpose of this study was to examine the volumetric differences in the brain of an ITGβ3 homozygous knockout mouse model compared with a corresponding wild-type mouse using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging and detailed statistical analyses. The most striking difference found was an 11% reduction in total brain volume. Moreover, 32 different regions were found to have significantly different relative volumes (percentage total brain volume) in the ITGβ3 mouse. A number of interesting differences relevant to autism were discovered including a smaller corpus callosum volume and bilateral decreases in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. Relative volume increases were also found in the frontal and parieto-temporal lobes as well as in the amygdala. Particularly intriguing were the changes in the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nuclei since that nucleus is so integral to the development of many different brain regions and the serotonin system in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada
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Carayol J, Schellenberg GD, Dombroski B, Genin E, Rousseau F, Dawson G. Autism risk assessment in siblings of affected children using sex-specific genetic scores. Mol Autism 2011; 2:17. [PMID: 22017886 PMCID: PMC3214848 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inheritance pattern in most cases of autism is complex. The risk of autism is increased in siblings of children with autism and previous studies have indicated that the level of risk can be further identified by the accumulation of multiple susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) allowing for the identification of a higher-risk subgroup among siblings. As a result of the sex difference in the prevalence of autism, we explored the potential for identifying sex-specific autism susceptibility SNPs in siblings of children with autism and the ability to develop a sex-specific risk assessment genetic scoring system. Methods SNPs were chosen from genes known to be associated with autism. These markers were evaluated using an exploratory sample of 480 families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) repository. A reproducibility index (RI) was proposed and calculated in all children with autism and in males and females separately. Differing genetic scoring models were then constructed to develop a sex-specific genetic score model designed to identify individuals with a higher risk of autism. The ability of the genetic scores to identify high-risk children was then evaluated and replicated in an independent sample of 351 affected and 90 unaffected siblings from families with at least 1 child with autism. Results We identified three risk SNPs that had a high RI in males, two SNPs with a high RI in females, and three SNPs with a high RI in both sexes. Using these results, genetic scoring models for males and females were developed which demonstrated a significant association with autism (P = 2.2 × 10-6 and 1.9 × 10-5, respectively). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that individual susceptibility associated SNPs for autism may have important differential sex effects. We also show that a sex-specific risk score based on the presence of multiple susceptibility associated SNPs allow for the identification of subgroups of siblings of children with autism who have a significantly higher risk of autism.
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35
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Gene expression studies in autism: moving from the genome to the transcriptome and beyond. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:69-75. [PMID: 21839838 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. Although multiple genes, risk alleles and copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated in ASD, none of the currently established genetic causes of ASD accounts for more than 2% of the cases, and a genetic diagnosis is not yet possible for most autism patients. Thus, advancing our understanding of autism genetics requires the integration of genetic information with information on genome function, as provided by transcriptomic data. We review recent autism transcriptome studies, in the context of current knowledge of autism genetics, and discuss the utility of gene expression data in evaluating the functional relevance of genetic variants and identifying common molecular pathways dysregulated in autism.
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