1
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Zhu W, Li X, Dong J, Bo H, Liu J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Wei H, Huang W, Zhao X, Chen T, Yang J, Li Z, Zeng X, Li C, Tang J, Xin L, Gao R, Liu L, Tan M, Shu Y, Yang L, Wang D. Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characteristics of Human Infections with Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1332-1344. [PMID: 35476714 PMCID: PMC9239879 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.212482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in the frequency of influenza A(H5N6) infections in China has raised serious concerns about whether the risk for human infection has increased. We surveyed epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic data of human infections with A(H5N6) viruses. Severe disease occurred in 93.8% of cases, and the fatality rate was 55.4%. Median patient age was 51 years. Most H5N6 hemagglutinin (HA) genes in human isolates in 2021 originated from subclade 2.3.4.4b; we estimated the time to most recent common ancestor as June 16, 2020. A total of 13 genotypes with HA genes from multiple subclades in clade 2.3.4.4 were identified in human isolates. Of note, 4 new genotypes detected in 2021 were the major causes of increased H5N6 virus infections. Mammalian-adapted mutations were found in HA and internal genes. Although we found no evidence of human-to-human transmission, continuous evolution of H5N6 viruses may increase the risk for human infections.
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2
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Su K, Yu Z, Lan Y, Wang J, Chen S, Qi L, Chen Y, Tang Y, Xiong Y, Tan Z, Wang M, Ye S, Wang D, Ling H, Liu WJ, Zhong X, Li Q, Tang W. Three Cases Infected with Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus — Chongqing Municipality, China, January–September, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:11-16. [PMID: 35586756 PMCID: PMC8796724 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported a total of 48 cases by October 15, 2021. The continuous genomic reassortments of H5N6 and other subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a long-term threat to public health and the poultry industry. What is added by this report? Three new cases of H5N6 that occurred from January to September 2021 in Chongqing Municipality, China were reported in this study. Epidemiological information of the three cases showed raising poultry and visiting live poultry market contributed to these infections, and there was no evidence of human-to-human transmission of H5N6 currently but a potential spatial cluster. An increase of H5N6 cases was recorded in the area. What are the implications for public health practice? In case of unexplained pneumonia or severe respiratory infection, the patients’ epidemiological history of contact with poultry or live poultry markets (LPMs) may be an important interrogation to help diagnose. Extensive and long-term surveillance of avian influenza viruses in LPMs is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Su
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Qi
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangping Tan
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhong
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Xiaoni Zhong,
| | - Qin Li
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Qin Li,
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Wenge Tang,
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3
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Yang J, Yang L, Zhu W, Wang D, Shu Y. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of the H3 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in China. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:929-936. [PMID: 34745694 PMCID: PMC8563336 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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4
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Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Containing Low Pathogenic Viral Genes in a Local Live Poultry Market, Vietnam. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3835-3842. [PMID: 34546415 PMCID: PMC8486720 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sites of live poultry trade and marketing are hot spots for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission. We conducted active surveillance at a local live poultry market (LPM) in northern Vietnamese provinces in December 2016. Feces samples from the market were collected and tested for AIV. A new reassorted AIV strain was isolated from female chickens, named A/chicken/Vietnam/AI-1606/2016 (H5N6), and was found to belong to group C of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic (HP) AIVs. The neuraminidase gene belongs to the reassortant B type. The viral genome also contained polymerase basic 2 and polymerase acidic, which were most closely related to domestic-duck-origin low pathogenic AIVs in Japan (H3N8) and Mongolia (H4N6). The other six genes were most closely related to poultry-origin H5N6 HP AIVs in Vietnam and had over 97% sequence identity with human AIV isolate A/Guangzhou/39715/2014 (H5N6). The new reassorted AIV isolate A/chicken/Vietnam/AI-1606/2016 (H5N6) identified in this study exemplifies AIVs reassortment and evolution through contact among wild birds, poultry farms, and LPMs. Therefore, active surveillance of AIVs is necessary to prevent potential threats to human and animal health.
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5
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Shan N, Wang X, Lin S, Ma K, Li B, Li H, Liao M, Qi W. Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa079. [PMID: 33324491 PMCID: PMC7724252 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2013 onwards, the spread of novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in China has posed great threats to not only poultry industry but also human health. Since late-2016 in particular, frequent outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAI viruses among wild birds have promoted viral dissemination in South Korea, Japan, and European countries. In response to those trends, we conducted molecular genetic analysis of global clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses in order to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of viral diffusion and genetic diversity among wild birds and poultry. The clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses were classified into three groups (Group B, C, and D). During the cocirculation of Group C/D H5N6 viruses from 2013 to 2017, viral movements occurred between close or adjacent regions of China, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. In addition, viral migration rates from Guangdong and Hunan to multiple adjacent provinces seemed to have been highly supported by transmission routes (Bayes factors >100), suggesting that southern China was an epicenter for the spread of H5N6 viruses in poultry during that period. Since the introduction of H5N6 viruses originating in wild birds in late-2016, evolving H5N6 viruses have lost most previous genotypes (e.g. G1, G2, and G1.2), whereas some prevailing genotypes (e.g. G1.1, G1.1.b, and G3) in aquatic birds have been dominated, and in particular, the effective population size of H5N6 originating in wild birds dramatically increased; however, the population size of poultry-origin H5N6 viruses declined during the same period, indicating that wild bird migration might accelerate the genetic diversity of H5N6 viruses. Phylogeographic approaches revealed that two independent paths of H5N6 viruses into South Korea and Japan from 2016 to 2018 and provided evidence of Group B and Group C H5N6 viruses were originated from Europe and China, respectively, as regions located in the East Asia-Australian migration flyway, which accelerated the genetic variability and dissemination. Altogether, our study provides insights to examine time of origin, evolutionary rate, diversification patterns, and phylogeographical approach of global clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAI viruses for assessing their evolutionary process and dissemination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission.,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Nan Shan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Shuxia Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Kaixiong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Bo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Huanan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission.,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University.,National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission.,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
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6
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Liang WS, He YC, Wu HD, Li YT, Shih TH, Kao GS, Guo HY, Chao DY. Ecological factors associated with persistent circulation of multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among poultry farms in Taiwan during 2015-17. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236581. [PMID: 32790744 PMCID: PMC7425926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5Nx virus clade 2.3.4.4 has resulted in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry in Asia, Europe, and North America. The long-distance migratory birds have been suggested to play a major role in the global spread of avian influenza viruses during this wave of panzootic outbreaks since 2013. Poultry farm epidemics caused by multiple introduction of different HPAI novel subtypes of clade 2.3.4.4 viruses also occurred in Taiwan between 2015 and 2017. The mandatory and active surveillance detected H5N3 and H5N6 circulation in 2015 and 2017, respectively, while H5N2 and H5N8 were persistently identified in poultry farms since their first arrival in 2015. This study intended to assess the importance of various ecological factors contributed to the persistence of HPAI during three consecutive years. We used satellite technology to identify the location of waterfowl flocks. Four risk factors consistently showed strong association with the spatial clustering of H5N2 and H5N8 circulations during 2015 and 2017, including high poultry farm density (aOR:17.46, 95%CI: 5.91–74.86 and 8.23, 95% CI: 2.12–54.86 in 2015 and 2017, respectively), poultry heterogeneity index (aOR of 12.28, 95%CI: 5.02–31.14 and 2.79, 95%CI: 1.00–7.69, in 2015 and 2017, respectively), non-registered waterfowl flock density (aOR: 6.8, 95%CI: 3.41–14.46 and 9.17, 95%CI: 3.73–26.20, in 2015 and 2017, respectively) and higher percentage of cropping land coverage (aOR of 1.36, 95%CI: 1.10–1.69 and 1.04, 95%CI: 1.02–1.07, in 2015 and 2017, respectively). Our study highlights the application of remote sensing and clustering analysis for the identification and characterization of environmental factors in facilitating and contributing to the persistent circulation of certain subtypes of H5Nx in poultry farms in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Liang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen He
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Dar Wu
- Institute of statistics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsun Li
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tai-Hwa Shih
- Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gour-Shenq Kao
- Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yuh Guo
- Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Day-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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8
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James J, Slomka MJ, Reid SM, Thomas SS, Mahmood S, Byrne AMP, Cooper J, Russell C, Mollett BC, Agyeman-Dua E, Essen S, Brown IH, Brookes SM. Proceedings Paper-Avian Diseases 10th AI Symposium Issue Development and Application of Real-Time PCR Assays for Specific Detection of Contemporary Avian Influenza Virus Subtypes N5, N6, N7, N8, and N9. Avian Dis 2020; 63:209-218. [PMID: 31131579 DOI: 10.1637/11900-051518-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previously published NA subtype-specific real-time reverse-transcriptase PCRs (RRT-PCRs) were further validated for the detection of five avian influenza virus (AIV) NA subtypes, namely N5, N6, N7, N8, and N9. Testing of 30 AIV isolates of all nine NA subtypes informed the assay assessments, with the N5 and N9 RRT-PCRs retained as the original published assays while the N7 and N8 assays were modified in the primer-probe sequences to optimize detection of current threats. The preferred N6 RRT-PCR was either the original or the modified variant, depending on the specific H5N6 lineage. Clinical specimen (n = 137) testing revealed the ability of selected N5, N6, and N8 RRT-PCRs to sensitively detect clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) infections due to H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8 subtypes, respectively, all originating from European poultry and wild bird cases during 2016-2018. Similar testing (n = 32 clinical specimens) also showed the ability of N7 and N9 RRT-PCRs to sensitively detect European H7N7 HPAIV and China-origin H7N9 low pathogenicity AIV infections, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom,
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya S Thomas
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Cooper
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Russell
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C Mollett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Agyeman-Dua
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Essen
- EU/OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.,EU/OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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9
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Fu X, Huang Y, Fang B, Liu Y, Cai M, Zhong R, Huang J, Wenbao Q, Tian Y, Zhang G. Evidence of H10N8 influenza virus infection among swine in southern China and its infectivity and transmissibility in swine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:88-94. [PMID: 31900060 PMCID: PMC6968645 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1708811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with a novel H10N8 influenza virus in humans was first described in China in December 2013, which raised concerns related to public health. This novel virus was subsequently confirmed to have originated from a live poultry market. However, whether this virus can infect other mammals remains unclear. In the present study, antibody specific for H10N8 influenza virus was detected in swine herds in southern China during serological monitoring for swine influenza virus. The pathogenicity and transmissibility of this H10N8 influenza virus to swine was examined. The results showed that swine are susceptible to infection with human-origin H10N8 influenza virus, which causes viral shedding, severe tissue lesions, and seroconversion, while infection with avian-origin H10N8 influenza virus causes only seroconversion and no viral shedding. Importantly, human-origin H10N8 influenza virus can inefficiently be transmitted between swine and cause seroconversion through direct contact. This study provides a new perspective regarding the ecology of H10N8 influenza virus and highlights the importance of epidemiological monitoring of the H10N8 influenza virus in different animal species, which will be helpful for preventing and controlling future infections by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruting Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junming Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wenbao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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10
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Dong Z, Ya X, Wang D, Liu C, Shen Q, Xia Y. Genetic Characterization of a Novel Reassortant H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Identified from a 10-Year-Old Girl. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:36-43. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Dong
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Xuerong Ya
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Di Wang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Cheng Liu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Qiang Shen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Yu Xia
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control
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11
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Xu S, Li X, Yang J, Wang Z, Jia Y, Han L, Wang L, Zhu Q. Comparative Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Pandemic H1N1, Avian H5N1, and Human H7N9 Influenza Viruses in Tree Shrews. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2955. [PMID: 31921093 PMCID: PMC6933948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continuously challenge the poultry industry and human health. Studies of IAVs are still hampered by the availability of suitable animal models. Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are closely related to primates physiologically and genetically, which make them a potential animal model for human diseases. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated infectivity and transmissibility in Chinese tree shrews by using pandemic H1N1 (A/Sichuan/1/2009, pdmH1N1), avian-origin H5N1 (A/Chicken/Gansu/2/2012, H5N1) and early human-origin H7N9 (A/Suzhou/SZ19/2014, H7N9) IAVs. We found that these viruses replicated efficiently in primary tree shrew cells and tree shrews without prior adaption. Pathological lesions in the lungs of the infected tree shrews were severe on day 3 post-inoculation, although clinic symptoms were self-limiting. The pdmH1N1 and H7N9 viruses, but not the H5N1 virus, transmitted among tree shrews by direct contact. Interestingly, we also observed that unadapted H7N9 virus could transmit from tree shrews to naïve guinea pigs. Virus-inoculated tree shrews generated a strong humoral immune response and were protected from challenge with homologous virus. Taken together, our findings suggest the Chinese tree shrew would be a useful mammalian model to study the pathogenesis and transmission of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yane Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Yang G, Chowdury S, Hodges E, Rahman MZ, Jang Y, Hossain ME, Jones J, Stark TJ, Di H, Cook PW, Ghosh S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes JR, Wentworth DE, Kennedy E, Davis CT. Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in waterfowl in Bangladesh. Virology 2019; 534:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Jeong JH, Kim EH, Lloren KKS, Kwon JJ, Kwon HI, Ahn SJ, Kim YI, Choi WS, Si YJ, Lee OJ, Han HJ, Baek YH, Song MS, Choi YK, Kim CJ. Preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of an H5N8 vaccine candidate (IDCDC-RG43A) in mouse and ferret models for pandemic preparedness. Vaccine 2018; 37:484-493. [PMID: 30502069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because H5N1 influenza viruses continuously threaten the public health, the WHO has prepared various clades of H5N1 mock-up vaccines as one of the measures for pandemic preparedness. The recent worldwide outbreak of H5Nx virus which belongs to clade 2.3.4.4 and of which H5N6 subtype belongs and already caused human infection also increases the need of pandemic vaccine for such novel emerging viruses. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an egg-based and inactivated whole-virus H5N8 (IDCDC-RG43A) developed by CDC containing HA and NA gene of the parent virus A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014. Mice vaccinated two times elicited low to moderate antibody titer in varying amount of antigen doses against the homologous H5N8 vaccine virus and heterologous intra-clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 (A/Sichuan/26221/2014) virus. Mice immunized with at least 3.0 µg/dose of IDCDC-RG43A with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant were completely protected from lethal challenge with the mouse-adapted H5N8 (A/Environment/Korea/ma468/2015, maH5N8) as well as cleared the viral replication in tissues including lung, brain, spleen, and kidney. Vaccinated ferrets induced high antibody titers against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8/H5N6 viruses and the antibody showed high cross-reactivity to clade 2.2 H5N1 but not to clade 1 and 2.3.4 viruses as measured by hemagglutinin inhibition and serum neutralization assays. Furthermore, administration of the vaccine in ferrets resulted in attenuation of clinical disease signs and virus spread to peripheral organs including lung, spleen, and kidney from high dose challenge with maH5N8 virus. The protective and immunogenic characteristic of the candidate vaccine are essential attributes to be considered for further clinical trials as a pre-pandemic vaccine for a potential pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Green Cross Wellbeing Corporation, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Xu W, Xia S, Pu J, Wang Q, Li P, Lu L, Jiang S. The Antihistamine Drugs Carbinoxamine Maleate and Chlorpheniramine Maleate Exhibit Potent Antiviral Activity Against a Broad Spectrum of Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2643. [PMID: 30459739 PMCID: PMC6232386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) comprise some of the most common infectious pathogens in humans, and they cause significant mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised people as well as children and the elderly. After screening an FDA-approved drug library containing 1280 compounds by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay using the Cell Counting Kit-8, we found two antihistamines, carbinoxamine maleate (CAM) and S-(+)-chlorpheniramine maleate (SCM) with potent antiviral activity against A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9) infection with IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 3.56 and 11.84 μM, respectively. Further studies showed that CAM and SCM could also inhibit infection by other influenza A viruses, including A/Shanghai/37T/2009(H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1), A/Guizhou/54/1989(H3N2), and one influenza B virus, B/Shanghai/2017(BY). Mice were challenged intranasally with A/H7N9/4664T/2013 (H7N9) virus and intraperitoneally injected with CAM (10 mg/kg per day) or SCM (1 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. CAM or SCM (10 mg/kg per day) were fully protected against challenge with A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9). The results from mechanistic studies indicate that both could inhibit influenza virus infection by blocking viral entry into the target cell, the early stage of virus life cycle. However, CAM and SCM neither blocked virus attachment, characteristic of HA activity, nor virus release, characteristic of NA activity. Such data suggest that these two compounds may interfere with the endocytosis process. Thus, we have identified two FDA-approved antihistamine drugs, CAM and SCM, which can be repurposed for inhibiting infection by divergent influenza A strains and one influenza B strain with potential to be used for treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Mostafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S. Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090497. [PMID: 30217093 PMCID: PMC6165440 DOI: 10.3390/v10090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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16
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Hu J, Ma C, Liu X. PA-X: a key regulator of influenza A virus pathogenicity and host immune responses. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:255-269. [PMID: 29974232 PMCID: PMC7086933 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PA-X, a fusion protein belonging to influenza A viruses (IAVs), integrating the N-terminal 191 amino acids of PA gene and the ribosomal frame-shifting product that lengthens out to 41 or 61 amino acids. Since its discovery in 2012, multiple functions have been attributed to this small protein, including a process, where wide-spread protein synthesis in infected host cells is shut down (called host shutoff), and viral replication, polymerase activity, viral-induced cell apoptosis, PA nuclear localization, and virulence are modulated. However, many of its proposed functions may be specific to strain, subtype, host, or cell line. In this review, we start by describing the well-defined global host-shutoff ability of PA-X and the potential mechanisms underlying it. We move on to the role played by PA-X in modulating innate and acquired immune responses in the host. We then systematically discuss the role played by PA-X in modulating the virulence of influenza viruses of different subtypes and host origins, and finish with a general overview of the research advances made in identifying the host cell partners that interact with PA-X. To uncover possible clues about the differential effects of PA-X in modulating viral virulence, we focus on systemically evaluating polymorphisms in PA-X from various viral subtypes and hosts, including avian and human H5N1, H5N6, H9N2, and H7N9 viruses. Finally, we conclude with a proposition regarding the possible future research directions for this important protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxi Ma
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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17
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Genome-wide profiling of microRNAs reveals novel insights into the interactions between H9N2 avian influenza virus and avian dendritic cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:4562-4580. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Comparison of the pathogenic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6, and H5N8 viruses isolated in South Korea during the 2016-2017 winter season. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018. [PMID: 29535296 PMCID: PMC5849756 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N6) and A(H5N8) virus infections resulted in the culling of more than 37 million poultry in the Republic of Korea during the 2016/17 winter season. Here we characterize two representative viruses, A/Environment/Korea/W541/2016 [Em/W541(H5N6)] and A/Common Teal/Korea/W555/2017 [CT/W555(H5N8)], and evaluate their zoonotic potential in various animal models. Both Em/W541(H5N6) and CT /W555(H5N8) are novel reassortants derived from various gene pools of wild bird viruses present in migratory waterfowl arising from eastern China. Despite strong preferential binding to avian virus–type receptors, the viruses were able to grow in human respiratory tract tissues. Em/W541(H5N6) was found to be highly pathogenic in both chickens and ducks, while CT/W555(H5N8) caused lethal infections in chickens but did not induce remarkable clinical illness in ducks. In mice, both viruses appeared to be moderately pathogenic and displayed limited tissue tropism relative to HPAI H5N1 viruses. Em/W541(H5N6) replicated to moderate levels in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets and was detected in the lungs, brain, spleen, liver, and colon. Unexpectedly, two of three ferrets in direct contact with Em/W541(H5N6)-infected animals shed virus and seroconverted at 14 dpi. CT/W555(H5N8) was less pathogenic than the H5N6 virus in ferrets and no transmission was detected. Given the co-circulation of different, phenotypically distinct, subtypes of HPAI H5Nx viruses for the first time in South Korea, detailed virologic investigations are imperative given the capacity of these viruses to evolve and cause human infections.
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19
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Poen MJ, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Kleyheeg E, Eggink D, Lexmond P, van den Brand JMA, Begeman L, van der Vliet S, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00449. [PMID: 29382414 PMCID: PMC5801337 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.17-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were re-introduced into the Netherlands by late 2016, after detections in south-east Asia and Russia. This second H5N8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple European countries. Methods: Here we report on the detection of HPAI H5N8 virus in 57 wild birds of 12 species sampled during active (32/5,167) and passive (25/36) surveillance activities, i.e. in healthy and dead animals respectively, in the Netherlands between 8 November 2016 and 31 March 2017. Moreover, we further investigate the experimental approach of wild bird serology as a contributing tool in HPAI outbreak investigations. Results: In contrast to the first H5N8 wave, local virus amplification with associated wild bird mortality has occurred in the Netherlands in 2016/17, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Discussion: These apparent differences between outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern. With the current circulation of zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia, increased understanding of the drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian poultry viruses via wild birds is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P van der Jeugd
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lineke Begeman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerhard J D M Müskens
- Alterra, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Majoor
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Screening for Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance Markers among Avian Influenza Viruses of the N4, N5, N6, and N8 Neuraminidase Subtypes. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01580-17. [PMID: 29046464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01580-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are emerging as novel human pathogens, and the frequency of related infections has increased in recent years. Although neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only class of antiviral drugs available for therapeutic intervention for AIV-infected patients, studies on NAI resistance among AIVs have been limited, and markers of resistance are poorly understood. Previously, we identified unique NAI resistance substitutions in AIVs of the N3, N7, and N9 NA subtypes. Here, we report profiles of NA substitutions that confer NAI resistance in AIVs of the N4, N5, N6, and N8 NA subtypes using gene-fragmented random mutagenesis. We generated libraries of mutant influenza viruses using reverse genetics (RG) and selected resistant variants in the presence of the NAIs oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir in MDCK cells. In addition, two substitutions, H274Y and R292K (N2 numbering), were introduced into each NA gene for comparison. We identified 37 amino acid substitutions within the NA gene, 16 of which (4 in N4, 4 in N5, 4 in N6, and 4 in N8) conferred resistance to NAIs (oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir, or peramivir) as determined using a fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay. Substitutions conferring NAI resistance were mainly categorized as either novel NA subtype specific (G/N147V/I, A246V, and I427L) or previously reported in other subtypes (E119A/D/V, Q136K, E276D, R292K, and R371K). Our results demonstrate that each NA subtype possesses unique NAI resistance markers, and knowledge of these substitutions in AIVs is important in facilitating antiviral susceptibility monitoring of NAI resistance in AIVs.IMPORTANCE The frequency of human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has increased in recent years. Despite the availability of vaccines, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), as the only available class of drugs for AIVs in humans, have been constantly used for treatment, leading to the inevitable emergence of drug-resistant variants. To screen for substitutions conferring NAI resistance in AIVs of N4, N5, N6, and N8 NA subtypes, random mutations within the target gene were generated, and resistant viruses were selected from mutant libraries in the presence of individual drugs. We identified 16 NA substitutions conferring NAI resistance in the tested AIV subtypes; some are novel and subtype specific, and others have been previously reported in other subtypes. Our findings will contribute to an increased and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NAI-induced inhibition of influenza virus and help lead to the development of drugs that bind to alternative interaction motifs.
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21
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Zhang J, Lao G, Zhang R, Wei Z, Wang H, Su G, Shan N, Li B, Li H, Yu Y, Jia W, Liao M, Qi W. Genetic diversity and dissemination pathways of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses from birds in Southwestern China along the East Asian-Australian migration flyway. J Infect 2017; 76:418-422. [PMID: 29246638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- CNational and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Guangjie Lao
- CNational and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Honghe, Yunnan 654400, PR China
| | - Zhengji Wei
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, PR China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Honghe, Yunnan 654400, PR China
| | - Guanming Su
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Nan Shan
- Nanjing Institution of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Huanan Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yuandi Yu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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22
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Cueno ME, Suzuki I, Shimotomai S, Yokoyama T, Nagahisa K, Imai K. Structural comparison among the 2013-2017 avian influenza A H5N6 hemagglutinin proteins: A computational study with epidemiological implications. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 79:185-191. [PMID: 29220671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses easily spread allowing viral re-assortment to simply occur which in-turn increases the potential for a pandemic. A novel 2013 H5N6 influenza strain was detected among the avian population and was reported to continuously evolve, however, this was never structurally demonstrated. Here, we elucidated the putative structural evolution of the novel H5N6 influenza strain. Throughout this study, we analyzed 2013-2017 H5N6 HA protein models. Model quality was first verified before further analyses and structural comparison was made using superimposition. We found that Leu was inserted at position 1291 among the 2013-2015 models while Leu was not inserted among the 2016-2017 models. Moreover, presence of Leu at position 1291 shifts residue E1261 by 159.6° affecting nearby residues which may explain the difference between the 2013-2015 and 2016-2017 HA structural groups. Similarly, we believe that our results would support the hypothesis that the current H5N6 strain is still continuously evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo 178-0063, Japan.
| | - Izuho Suzuki
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo 178-0063, Japan
| | - Shiori Shimotomai
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo 178-0063, Japan
| | - Takuma Yokoyama
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo 178-0063, Japan
| | - Kai Nagahisa
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo 178-0063, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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23
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Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Ito H, Soda K, Usui T, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Yamaguchi T, Mine J, Ito T, Saito T. Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016-2017. Virology 2017; 512:8-20. [PMID: 28892736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the evolutionary pathway, we sequenced the entire genomes of 89 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Japan during winter 2016-2017 and 117 AIV/HPAIVs isolated in Japan and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 5 distinct genotypes of H5N6 HPAIVs affected poultry and wild birds during that period. Japanese H5N6 isolates shared a common genetic ancestor in 6 of 8 genomic segments, and the PA and NS genes demonstrated 4 and 2 genetic origins, respectively. Six gene segments originated from a putative ancestral clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus that was a possible genetic reassortant among Chinese clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs. In addition, 2 NS clusters and a PA cluster in Japanese H5N6 HPAIVs originated from Chinese HPAIVs, whereas 3 distinct AIV-derived PA clusters were evident. These results suggest that migratory birds were important in the spread and genetic diversification of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu 501-1112, Japan.
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