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Gough T, Christiansen P, Hardman CA, Keenan GS. The development and validation of the food insecurity physical activity concerns scale. Appetite 2024; 200:107516. [PMID: 38801996 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity - defined as having limited access to nutritious foods - is linked with obesity. Previous research has also shown that food insecurity is associated with lower levels of leisure-time physical activity (physical activity performed outside of essential activities). This association may occur in part due to concerns about preserving levels of energy during times of food shortage. Currently, no scale exists which measures this construct. Therefore, we aimed to develop and validate such a scale - the food insecurity physical activity concerns scale (FIPACS). Participants (N = 603, individuals with food insecurity = 108) completed an online survey, consisting of the FIPACS, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short-form (IPAQ), the restraint subscale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ), the amotivation subscale of the Behaviour Regulation In Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2), and the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Approach System Reactivity scale (BIS/BAS) to assess convergent and divergent validity. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor model of the FIPACS - namely 'Concerns relating to hunger', 'Concerns of replenishment and calories', 'Concerns of physiological effects of exercise' and 'Compensatory behaviours' which was verified through a confirmatory factor analysis. To assess test-retest reliability, 100 participants completed the FIPACS again two weeks later. The FIPACS had good internal, test-retest reliability and divergent validity. However, there was limited evidence of convergent validity. Future studies could incorporate this scale when investigating the association between food insecurity and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gough
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | | | | | - Gregory S Keenan
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, L16 9JD, UK
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Ha LJ, Kim M, Yeo HG, Baek I, Kim K, Lee M, Lee Y, Choi HJ. Development of an assessment method for freely moving nonhuman primates' eating behavior using manual and deep learning analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25561. [PMID: 38356587 PMCID: PMC10865331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although eating is imperative for survival, few comprehensive methods have been developed to assess freely moving nonhuman primates' eating behavior. In the current study, we distinguished eating behavior into appetitive and consummatory phases and developed nine indices to study them using manual and deep learning-based (DeepLabCut) techniques. Method The indices were utilized to three rhesus macaques by different palatability and hunger levels to validate their utility. To execute the experiment, we designed the eating behavior cage and manufactured the artificial food. The total number of trials was 3, with 1 trial conducted using natural food and 2 trials using artificial food. Result As a result, the indices of highest utility for hunger effect were approach frequency and consummatory duration. Appetitive composite score and consummatory duration showed the highest utility for palatability effect. To elucidate the effects of hunger and palatability, we developed 2D visualization plots based on manual indices. These 2D visualization methods could intuitively depict the palatability perception and hunger internal state. Furthermore, the developed deep learning-based analysis proved accurate and comparable with manual analysis. When comparing the time required for analysis, deep learning-based analysis was 24-times faster than manual analysis. Moreover, temporal and spatial dynamics were visualized via manual and deep learning-based analysis. Based on temporal dynamics analysis, the patterns were classified into four categories: early decline, steady decline, mid-peak with early incline, and late decline. Heatmap of spatial dynamics and trajectory-related visualization could elucidate a consumption posture and a higher spatial occupancy of food zone in hunger and with palatable food. Discussion Collectively, this study describes a newly developed and validated multi-phase method for assessing freely moving nonhuman primate eating behavior using manual and deep learning-based analyses. These effective tools will prove valuable in food reward (palatability effect) and homeostasis (hunger effect) research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Jaesun Ha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Meelim Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems (CWPHS), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyeok Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Miwoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Téllez-Rodríguez MA, Amaya-Hernández A, Ortega-Luyando M, Serrano-Juárez CA, Yáñez-Téllez G, López-Alonso VE, Mancilla-Diaz JM, Escartín-Pérez RE. Exploratory study of the prevalence of food addiction and its relationship with executive functioning, depression, and reinforcement sensitivity in a sample of Mexican adults. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1277681. [PMID: 38106896 PMCID: PMC10722417 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1277681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study of food addiction (FA) has become relevant due to its high prevalence, the negative impact on quality of life, and its association with neuropsychological and psychiatric symptoms. Several studies have provided scientific support for these associations, however, the results are contradictory. Additionally, studies have unsuccessfully elucidated the true nature of the failures in executive functioning in people with FA symptomatology, particularly when it comes to executive deficits. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to establish whether the presence of executive dysfunction, depressive symptoms and binge eating problems, as well as high reward sensitivity entails a greater severity in FA traits and high body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods The sample consisted of Mexican men and women between 21-59 years (n = 36); who completed self-report questionnaires and performance tests to measure the study variables. Additionally, BMI was estimated with self-reported height and weight. Results Our results showed that a high number of FA symptoms were associated with higher executive dysfunction scores, greater reward sensitivity, and more severe depressive and binge eating problems. Furthermore, factors that are more strongly associated with higher scores of FA include severe executive deficits, greater activation of the punishment avoidance system, and persistence in the search for reward when the depressive symptoms increased. The factors that best explained changes in the estimated BMI of women were a decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and the inability to control food intake as the number of FA symptoms increased. Discussion In summary, the cognitive functioning profile characterized by general failure of the executive functioning, as well as a greater activation of the Punishment Avoidance System and persistence in the search for reward, were associated with greater severity of FA symptoms, especially when the depressive symptomatology was severe. In parallel, the psychopathology in participants associated with FA confirms the contribution of anxious and depressive symptomatology and borderline personality traits which could facilitate the expression of clinically relevant FA symptoms in women. Finally, we found that decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and inability to control food intake were linked to higher BMI when the number of FA symptoms increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Alejandra Téllez-Rodríguez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Adriana Amaya-Hernández
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Mayaro Ortega-Luyando
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Serrano-Juárez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Yáñez-Téllez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Verónica Elsa López-Alonso
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Mancilla-Diaz
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Erick Escartín-Pérez
- Programa de Maestría en Psicología, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Residencia en Neuropsicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Nutrition Research Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Kabasakal Cetin A. Chronotype is associated with addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food intake among undergraduate students. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1435-1443. [PMID: 37818640 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2267677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationships between chronotype and addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food consumption among undergraduate students. Specific and validated scales were used in order to evaluate chronotype, addiction-like eating behavior and mindful eating (N = 605). Dietary intake was determined by food frequency questionnaire and percentage energy from ultra-processed food was calculated. Self-reported weights and heights were obtained from the participants. Mean scores of scales, social jetlag, energy intake, ultra-processed food intake and BMI were compared by chronotypes. Associations between chronotype, addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating, ultra-processed food consumption and BMI were determined by Pearson's test. The relationships between chronotype and addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food intake were assessed by linear regression models and adjusted for sex, BMI, energy intake, season, smoking and alcohol consumption. Evening-type participants had higher scores of social jetlag (2.01 ± 0.09), appetitive drive (26.02 ± 0.63), low dietary control (20.50 ± 0.41), addiction-like eating behavior (46.52 ± 0.85), lower scores of recognition (21.91 ± 0.43) and higher percentage energy from ultra-processed food (32.24 ± 1.26%). Chronotype score showed negative associations with addiction like eating behavior (β=-0.247, p < 0.001) and ultra-processed food consumption (β=-0.247, p < 0.001), and a positive association with recognition (β = 0.124, p < 0.001). Results suggest that chronotype is inversely associated with addiction-like eating behavior and ultra-processed food consumption, and positively associated with mindful eating among undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Kabasakal Cetin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Paul A, Ghanta A, Chao AM. Features of Addiction in Binge-Eating Disorder: Considerations for Screening and Treatment. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2023; 14:77-87. [PMID: 37560533 PMCID: PMC10408689 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s391636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Similarities have been reported between the diagnostic and associated characteristics of binge-eating disorder (BED) and substance-related and non-substance-related disorders. This has resulted in interest in using addiction models to inform clinical care for people with BED. The purpose of this paper was to review features of addiction in BED with a focus on clinical implications. First, we briefly summarize similarities and differences in diagnostic and mechanistic features and symptoms for BED and food addiction, substance-related disorders, and non-substance-related disorders. Then we review aspects of addiction in BED that have clinical implications for screening and treatment of this condition. Similarities in diagnostic criteria between BED and substance-related and non-substance-related disorders include loss of control, greater use than intended, continued use despite adverse consequences, and marked distress. Addiction models may help inform aspects of clinical care of BED, particularly for shared antecedents and mechanisms underlying both disorders and to enhance engagement in treatment. Yet, there are large gaps in evidence regarding the effects of many aspects of addiction models to BED. More research is needed to examine the safety and efficacy of using addiction theories and frameworks for clinical strategies for BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paul
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleena Ghanta
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariana M Chao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Johnson AN, Clockston RLM, Fremling L, Clark E, Lundeberg P, Mueller M, Graham DJ. Changes in Adults' Eating Behaviors During the Initial Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023; 123:144-194.e30. [PMID: 36075551 PMCID: PMC9444582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Factors such as regulations and health concerns shifted daily habits, including eating behaviors, during the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes research on eating behavior changes during the early months of the pandemic (February to June 2020), including changes in amount, rate, and timing of food consumption, types and healthfulness of foods consumed, the occurrence of other specified eating behaviors (eg, restrained eating or binging), and reasons for eating (eg, stress or cravings), among adults. A literature search using three EBSCOhost databases and Google Scholar was conducted to identify relevant articles made available in 2020. A total of 71 articles representing 250,715 individuals from more than 30 countries were reviewed. Findings show eating behaviors changed little during the early COVID-19 pandemic for most participants. Among those whose eating behaviors changed, increases in both intake and frequency of eating meals and snacks were more common than decreases. Findings on timing of eating and healthfulness of food consumed showed mixed results. However, when changes occurred in the type of food consumed, increases were more common for snacks, homemade pastries, white bread/pasta, legumes, and fruits/vegetables; decreases were more common for meats, seafood/fish, frozen foods, fast food, dark breads/grains, and dark leafy green vegetables. During the pandemic, binging, uncontrolled eating, and overeating increased, meal skipping decreased, and restrictive eating had mixed findings. Changes in factors such as emotions and mood (eg, depression), cravings, and environmental factors (eg, food insecurity) were related to changes in eating behaviors. Findings can inform clinical practitioners in efforts to mitigate disruptions to normal, healthy eating patterns among adults both in and outside of global health catastrophes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie N Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Linfield University, McMinnville, Oregon.
| | | | - Lindsey Fremling
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Emma Clark
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Pamela Lundeberg
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Megan Mueller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dan J Graham
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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7
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Rossi AA, Mannarini S, Castelnuovo G, Pietrabissa G. Disordered Eating Behaviors Related to Food Addiction/Eating Addiction in Inpatients with Obesity and the General Population: The Italian Version of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviors Scale (AEBS-IT). Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010104. [PMID: 36615762 PMCID: PMC9823792 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to test the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviors Scale (AEBS) in an Italian sample of adults with severe obesity seeking treatment for weight reduction and the general population, and to examine the measurement invariance of the tool by comparing a clinical and a nonclinical sample. METHODS A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was initially conducted to test the factorial structure of the Italian version of the AEBS (AEBS-IT) on a total of 953 participants. Following this, the measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the tool AEBS-IT were assessed on both inpatients with severe obesity (n = 502) and individuals from the general population (n = 451). Reliability and convergent validity analysis were also run. RESULTS CFA revealed a bi-factor structure for the AEBS-IT, which also showed good reliability and positive correlations with food addiction (through the mYFAS2.0 symptom count), binge-eating symptoms, compulsive eating behavior, and dysfunctional eating patterns and the individuals' body mass index (BMI). Moreover, the tool was invariant across populations. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that the AEBS-IT is a valid and reliable measure of FA in both clinical and nonclinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Verbania, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Verbania, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy
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Christensen SM, Varney C, Gupta V, Wenz L, Bays HE. Stress, psychiatric disease, and obesity: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2022; 4:100041. [PMID: 37990662 PMCID: PMC10662113 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statements (CPS) included topics such as behavior modification, motivational interviewing, and eating disorders, as well as the effect of concomitant medications on weight gain/reduction (i.e., including psychiatric medications). This OMA CPS provides clinicians a more focused overview of stress and psychiatric disease as they relate to obesity. Methods The scientific support for this CPS is based upon published citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by the Obesity Medicine Association leadership. Results Topics in this CPS include the relationship between psychological stress and obesity, including both acute and chronic stress. Additionally, this CPS describes the neurobiological pathways regarding stress and addiction-like eating behavior and explores the relationship between psychiatric disease and obesity, with an overview of psychiatric medications and their potential effects on weight gain and weight reduction. Conclusions This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on stress and psychiatric disease is one of a series of OMA CPSs designed to assist clinicians in the care of patients with the disease of obesity. Knowledge of stress, addiction-like eating behavior, psychiatric disease, and effects of psychiatric medications on body weight may improve the care obesity medicine clinicians provide to their patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Christensen
- Integrative Medical Weight Management, 2611 NE 125th St., Suite 100B, Seattle, WA, 98125, USA
| | - Catherine Varney
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia Bariatric Surgery, PO BOX 800729, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- 510 N Prospect Suite 301, Redondo Beach, California, 90277, USA
| | - Lori Wenz
- St. Mary's Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Clinic, 2440 N 11th St, Grand Junction, CO, 81501, USA
- Comprehensive Weight Management, Cayucos, CA, USA
| | - Harold Edward Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA
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Addiction-like Eating in Chinese Adults: An Assessment Tool and Its Associations with Modern Eating-Related Habits. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224836. [PMID: 36432524 PMCID: PMC9699218 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rapid increase in Chinese obesity rates has aroused research interest in addiction-like eating (AE); however, the unavailability of assessment tools is a major barrier to further investigation. To address the research gap, this study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale (AEBS) and explore associations between AE and three modern eating-related habits (i.e., ordering delivery food, eating late-night meals and watching mukbang) among Chinese adults. METHODS The STROBE checklist was followed for reporting this cross-sectional study. We conducted a telephone survey with a two-stage cluster random sampling method and acquired a probability sample of 1010 community-dwelling Chinese adults (55.2% female; age: 18-88 years, M = 38.52, SD = 14.53). RESULTS Results confirmed the conceptualized two-factor structure of AEBS with satisfactory model fit, reliability and validity. Chinese adults reported higher levels of AE in the context of low dietary control rather than appetitive drive. These two AE factors showed significant and positive associations with modern eating-related habits. CONCLUSIONS The current study was the first to assess AE among Chinese adults and provided a reliable and valid assessment tool. Our correlational findings can also be utilized for designing interventions for weight management and healthy eating.
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10
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O'Connor RM, Kenny PJ. Utility of 'substance use disorder' as a heuristic for understanding overeating and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 118:110580. [PMID: 35636576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of obesity and obesity-associated diseases have increased dramatically in countries with developed economies. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by the persistent use of the substance despite negative consequences. It has been hypothesized that overconsumption of palatable energy dense food can elicit SUD-like maladaptive behaviors that contribute to persistent caloric intake beyond homeostatic need even in the face of negative consequences. Palatable food and drugs of abuse act on many of the same motivation-related circuits in the brain, and can induce, at least superficially, similar molecular, cellular, and physiological adaptations on these circuits. As such, applying knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of SUDs may serve as useful heuristic to better understand the persistent overconsumption of palatable food that contributes to obesity. However, many important differences exist between the actions of drugs of abuse and palatable food in the brain. This warrants caution when attributing weight gain and obesity to the manifestation of a putative SUD-related behavioral disorder. Here, we describe similarities and differences between compulsive drug use in SUDs and overconsumption in obesity and consider the merit of the concept of "food addiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Connor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America.
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Demirtaş A, Aykanat Girgin B, Güven A, Kırmızıbekmez H. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:324-333. [PMID: 35633640 PMCID: PMC9422910 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2022-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Resilience in diabetes refers to the capacity overcome diabetes-related challenges to achieve favorable psychosocial and health outcomes. Despite the known benefits of resilience in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), there tends to be more emphasis on risk factors in research and practice. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes (DSTAR-Teen) in Turkey. Methods This descriptive, methodological study was conducted between October 2020 and May 2021. The Turkish DSTAR-Teen was administered to 120 adolescents with T1DM, and the data were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, factor analyses, test-retest correlation, and item-total score correlations. Results The Turkish DSTAR-Teen has 12 items in two factors that explained 50.64% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed goodness-of-fit and comparative fit indices of 0.92 and 0.95, respectively. The total Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was 0.85. Item-total score correlations ranged from 0.49 to 0.74 (p<0.001). Conclusion Our analyses showed that the Turkish DSTAR-Teen is a valid and reliable instrument in Turkish adolescents with T1DM. The Turkish DSTAR-Teen can be used to evaluate strengths and resilience associated with diabetes management in adolescents with T1DM in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Demirtaş
- Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Aykanat Girgin
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing, Department of Pediatric Nursing, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayla Güven
- Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Heves Kırmızıbekmez
- İstanbul Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
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12
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Defining Risky Use in the Context of Food Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Development and validation of a rapid psychosocial well-being screening tool in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Int J Nurs Sci 2022; 9:303-312. [PMID: 35891904 PMCID: PMC9305018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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14
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Hilbert A, Witte V, Meule A, Braehler E, Kliem S. Development of the Hedonic Overeating–Questionnaire (HEDO–Q). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091865. [PMID: 35565829 PMCID: PMC9100100 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive-like eating is prevalent, but a clear conceptualization and operationalization outside of an addiction framework is lacking. By adopting a biopsychological framework of food reward, this study sought to develop and evaluate a brief self-report questionnaire for the trait assessment of hedonic overeating and dyscontrol. Items in the Hedonic Overeating–Questionnaire (HEDO–Q) were constructed following a rational approach and psychometrically evaluated in a large random sample from the German population (N = 2531). A confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional nature of the six-item HEDO–Q with the three postulated components of wanting, liking, and dyscontrol. Psychometric properties were favorable with good corrected item-total correlations, acceptable item difficulty and homogeneity, and high internal consistency. Population norms were provided. The HEDO–Q revealed strict measurement invariance for sex and partial invariance for age and weight status. Discriminant validity was demonstrated in distinguishing participants with versus without eating disturbances or obesity. Associations with the established measures of eating disorder and general psychopathology supported the convergent and divergent validity of the HEDO–Q. This first evaluation indicates good psychometric properties of the HEDO–Q in the general population. Future validation work is warranted on the HEDO–Q’s stability, sensitivity to change, and predictive and construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Witte
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Elmar Braehler
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Soeren Kliem
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences, 07745 Jena, Germany;
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15
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Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the quality of life in childhood epilepsy questionnaire. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 62:91-97. [PMID: 34625303 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological disease that requires long-term treatment and monitoring and causes significant restrictions in physical, emotional, intellectual, and social life that negatively affect the quality of life of the individual. This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire in Turkey. METHODS The study was conducted on 421 parents using a descriptive correlational method. The data of the study were collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire. Data analysis and evaluation were performed using factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and item-total score correlation. FINDINGS The scale consists of 16 items and four sub-dimensions. The four sub-dimensions recorded a variance of 87.83%. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Turkish version of the scale was 0.96. The two-month test-retest reliability evaluated with intra-class correlation was 0.85. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated, the model fit index results were recorded as follows: 0.93 as the Goodness-of-Fit Index; comparative fit index, 0.98 and non-normed fit index (NNFI), 0.97. CONCLUSIONS The study determined that the Turkish version of the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire (QOLCE-16) is a valid and reliable measurement tool when used to measure quality of life for Turkish children with epilepsy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is recommended that the health-related quality of life should be evaluated to assess the treatment of children with epilepsy and to intervene early in potential risk factors associated with the disease management process. All healthcare professionals can use this scale in interventional studies aiming at evaluating or improving the quality of life of children with epilepsy.
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16
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The Relationship between Addictive Eating and Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010164. [PMID: 35011039 PMCID: PMC8747081 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research suggests that certain foods may have addictive effects; however, no reviews have systematically appraised studies in this area. The aims of this review were to determine the nutrients, foods and dietary patterns associated with addictive eating. (2) Methods: Published studies up to November 2020 were identified through searches of 6 electronic databases. Eligible studies included those in in children and adults that reported dietary intakes of individuals with 'food addiction'. (3) Results: Fifteen studies (n = 12 in adults and n = 3 in children/adolescents with Yale Food Addiction Scale defined 'food addiction') were included. Foods commonly associated with addictive eating were those high in a combination of fat and refined carbohydrates. Generally, intakes of energy, carbohydrates and fats were significantly higher in individuals with addictive eating compared to those without. (4) Conclusions: Due to the heterogeneity in study methodologies and outcomes across included studies, it is difficult to conclude if any specific foods, nutrients or dietary patterns facilitate an addictive process. Further research is needed to elucidate potential associations. However, present addictive eating treatment approaches could incorporate individualised dietary advice targeting foods high in fat and refined carbohydrates.
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Parnarouskis L, Jouppi RJ, Cummings JR, Gearhardt AN. A randomized study of effects of obesity framing on weight stigma. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1625-1634. [PMID: 34431611 PMCID: PMC10826923 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing evidence suggests highly processed foods may trigger an addictive-like process, which is associated with obesity. Other research suggests an addictive-like process occurs in response to eating itself, rather than specific foods. Addiction-based obesity explanations raise concerns about double stigmatization of people with obesity and addiction. This study compared effects of obesity framings on external and internalized weight stigma. METHODS The study was preregistered via Open Science Framework. Four hundred and forty-seven adults read an informational passage that described food addiction, eating addiction, or calorie balance explanations for obesity or a control passage about memory. Participants then completed external and internalized weight stigma measures. RESULTS Participants in the food addiction condition reported higher internalized weight stigma compared with those in the control condition. Obesity framing did not significantly affect external weight stigma compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that food addiction explanations for obesity may elicit greater internalized weight stigma than non-obesity-related messages. Addiction-based and traditional obesity explanations do not appear to influence external weight stigma. Illuminating the effects of obesity framing on stigma will help researchers communicate discoveries in ways that mitigate stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenna R. Cummings
- Jenna R. Cummings is now at the Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Jenna R. Cummings is now at the Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- The University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Legendre M, Bégin C. French validation of the addiction-like eating behavior scale and its clinical implication. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1893-1902. [PMID: 33048328 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The first conception of food addiction (FA) as substance addiction, measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), is controversial. Some proposed that FA would be better conceptualized with a behavioral approach. In accordance with this conceptualization, Ruddock and colleagues published a new self-reported scale for food addiction, the Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale (AEBS). Overall, preliminary validation of the scale demonstrated good psychometric properties with a community sample. The aim of the present study is twofold, to validate the French-Canadian version of the AEBS with a community sample and to examine how well the instrument fits into a clinical sample with overweight/obesity. METHODS A community sample (N = 466) and a clinical sample with overweight/obesity seeking help for their eating difficulties (N = 126) completed an online survey regarding FA, binge eating, dietary restraint, depression, and BMI. Factor analysis, internal consistency, and construct validity were assessed. RESULTS With the community sample, factorial structure, and psychometric properties of the AEBS were replicated. With the clinical sample, proper convergent validity was demonstrated with the YFAS 2.0 and binge eating, and proper divergent validity was demonstrated with dietary restraint. Among the clinical sample, AEBS explain similar variance of BMI and depression level when compared to YFAS 2.0. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that the French-Canadian version of the AEBS is a valid measure of food addiction, but it did not permit to establish advantages over YFAS 2.0 with a clinical sample. Clinical implications of the AEBS and FA characteristic are discussed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Legendre
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Decoding the Role of Gut-Microbiome in the Food Addiction Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136825. [PMID: 34202073 PMCID: PMC8297196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviour is characterised by a solid balance between homeostatic and hedonic regulatory mechanisms at the central level and highly influenced by peripheral signals. Among these signals, those generated by the gut microbiota have achieved relevance in recent years. Despite this complex regulation, under certain circumstances eating behaviour can be deregulated becoming addictive. Although there is still an ongoing debate about the food addiction concept, studies agree that patients with eating addictive behaviour present similar symptoms to those experienced by drug addicts, by affecting central areas involved in the control of motivated behaviour. In this context, this review tries to summarise the main data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in eating behaviour and how a gut dysbiosis can be responsible for a maladaptive behaviour such as “food addiction”.
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20
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Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the addiction-like eating behavior scale for university students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Neff KMH, Fay A, Saules KK. Foods and Nutritional Characteristics Associated With Addictive-Like Eating. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:1937-1956. [PMID: 33934668 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211014156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging literature is exploring the contribution of specific nutritional characteristics and food additives to the development of addictive-like eating, implicating highly processed foods and those high in fat and sugar in its pathophysiology. To our knowledge, no mixed methods study has yet aimed to investigate the relationship between food characteristics and addictive-like eating. Towards this end, we applied an a priori classification scheme to open-ended answers to enable us to use quantitative methods to analyze qualitative data. A sample of individuals who endorsed self-perceived "food addiction" (N = 182; 50% female; Mage = 34.1) reported the foods to which they believed they were "addicted." We classified these foods according to their levels of fat, carbohydrates, sugar, and sodium, and evaluated their predictive power on addictive-like eating. Pizza, chocolate, hamburgers, and pasta respectively, were the most reported food items to which participants felt they were addicted. Addictive-like eating was significantly predicted by endorsement of "addiction" to high-sodium foods. In contrast, "addiction" to high-sugar foods negatively predicted addictive-like eating symptoms. Findings support an association between highly processed and high-sodium foods with addictive-like eating behavior among humans, consistent in large part with prior human and animal literature. Results also suggest that people are readily able to report on their experiences of addiction to foods; specifically, they can freely endorse the experience of addictive-like eating and offer experiences of addictive foods that are largely consistent with theory and the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie M Herb Neff
- Department of Psychology, 8759Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Angela Fay
- Department of Psychology, 8759Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Karen K Saules
- Department of Psychology, 8759Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
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22
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Whatnall M, Skinner J, Verdejo-Garcia A, Carter A, Brown RM, Andrews ZB, Dayas CV, Hardman CA, Loxton N, Sumithran P, Burrows T. Symptoms of Addictive Eating: What Do Different Health Professions Think? Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11050060. [PMID: 33925846 PMCID: PMC8145409 DOI: 10.3390/bs11050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of addictive eating are often debated, with some overlap in symptoms with substance addictions or other disorders such as binge eating disorder. This study explored the levels of agreement with symptoms of addictive eating among different health professions, the conditions they provide advice for, and the population group/s they work with. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in February-April 2020 including 142 health professionals (87% female, 65% residing in Australia, 28% each working in private practice/hospital settings). Of these, 47% were dietitians, 20% psychologists/psychotherapists/counsellors, 16% other health practitioners (e.g., social workers), 13% health researchers, and 5% medical professionals. Agreement with 11 statements relating to addictive eating symptoms was assessed on a scale of 1/strongly disagree to 5/strongly agree (e.g., certain foods produce physiological effects in the brain rewards system). Differences in agreement by health profession were assessed by one-way analysis of variance. There were significant differences in agreement with individual statements between health professions. Psychologists, psychotherapists, and counsellors reported lower agreement to statements relating to physiological effects in the reward system, withdrawal symptoms, and over-eating to alleviate stress/anxiety, than other professions (p < 0.05). Those providing advice for disordered eating only reported lower agreement across statements compared with those providing advice for overweight/obesity or both (p < 0.001). There were minimal differences based on the population group/s that health professionals work with. There is some agreement among health professionals regarding addictive eating symptoms, however, this differs by profession and the conditions they treat. This study provides a novel perspective on health professionals' views on addictive eating symptoms, and there is a need for more research to explore the concepts further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Whatnall
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.); (J.S.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Janelle Skinner
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.); (J.S.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.V.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrian Carter
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.V.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Robyn M. Brown
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.B.); (Z.B.A.)
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.B.); (Z.B.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris V. Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Charlotte A. Hardman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK;
| | - Natalie Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4122, Australia;
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg Heights, VIC 3081, Australia
| | - Tracy Burrows
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (M.W.); (J.S.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Lacroix E, von Ranson KM. Body image disturbance partially explains eating-related psychosocial impairment in food addiction. Eat Behav 2021; 41:101512. [PMID: 33932882 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the association of food addiction (FA) with eating-related psychosocial impairment and examine the extent to which this association was explained directly by FA symptoms themselves, versus through body image disturbance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants (356 university students and 544 crowdsourced adults) completed self-report measures of FA (Yale Food Addiction Scale; YFAS 2.0), psychosocial impairment (Clinical Impairment Assessment; CIA 3.0), and body image disturbance (Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire; EDE-Q 6.0), and reported their body mass index (BMI) and gender. RESULTS Endorsement of distress and/or impairment on the YFAS corresponded to ratings on the CIA. Structural equation models indicated the relationship between FA and eating-related psychosocial impairment was partially mediated by body image disturbance. The indirect effect of body image disturbance explained more variance in eating-related psychosocial impairment than did YFAS scores themselves. Neither BMI nor gender significantly moderated any direct or indirect pathways from food addiction to psychosocial impairment. CONCLUSIONS Food addiction is associated with clinical impairment in men and women across the weight spectrum. A large portion of psychosocial impairment associated with food addiction may be explained by body image disturbance. Due to its role in explaining psychosocial impairment, body image disturbance warrants increased attention in FA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Yalçıntuğ FM, Ayar D. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Epilepsy-Related Fears in Parents Questionnaire. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 57:e52-e58. [PMID: 33750569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy affects both children and their parents, as it is a chronic disease with recurrent seizures. Parents play a key role in acceptance of the diagnosis of epilepsy by the child and compliance of the child with its treatment. Therefore, the perceptions and experiences of parents about this process are critical. The Epilepsy-Related Fears in Parents Questionnaire is one such instrument, and it has been used to measure the epilepsy-related fear experienced by parents who had children with epilepsy in Germany. This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Epilepsy-Related Fears in the Parents Questionnaire in Turkey. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted on 403 parents using a descriptive correlational method. The Sociodemographic Information Form and Epilepsy-Related Fears in Parents Questionnaire were used to gather data. Data analysis and evaluation were performed using factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and item-total score correlation. RESULTS Seventeen items were recorded on the main scale and other items on two subscales. The two subscales recorded a variance of 55.695%. Turkish Cronbach's alpha coefficient recorded a total of 0.929. Because of confirmatory factor analysis, the model fit index results were recorded as follows: 0.94 as the Goodness-of-Fit Index and 0.92 as the Comparative Fit Index. CONCLUSIONS The study determined that the Turkish version of the Epilepsy-Related Fears in Parents Questionnaire was a valid and reliable measurement tool. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS All health professionals can use this scale to evaluate fears of parents who have children diagnosed with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Merve Yalçıntuğ
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Health Science, Turkey
| | - Dijle Ayar
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing, Turkey.
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25
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Tang CSK, Gan Y, Ko J, Kwon JH, Wu A, Yan E, Yogo M. The associations among emotional factors, personality traits, and addiction-like eating: A study on university students in six Asian countries/regions. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:125-131. [PMID: 32415884 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Addiction-like eating (AE) is characterized by food cravings and loss of control over excessive food consumption. This study investigated the associations among emotional factors, personality traits, and AE symptoms in Asian young adults. METHOD This study included 6,823 Asian university students in South Korea, China, Singapore, Hong Kong/Macao, Japan, and Taiwan. Participants completed the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS) and scales on the Big-Five personality traits, impulsivity, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS 6.2% of the participants met the mYFAS (DSM-IV-TR) food addiction diagnostic threshold. Participants from South Korea (7.9%) had the highest rate of food addiction, while participants from Japan (5.1%) and Taiwan (4.1%) reported the lowest rates. Emotional factors of anxiety and depression were the most robust correlates of AE symptoms, followed by country/region and personality factors of higher impulsivity, higher extraversion, and lower agreeableness. Personality correlates were region-specific. Higher impulsivity was a significant correlate for participants from South Korea and Taiwan, higher extraversion for participants from Singapore and Japan, and lower agreeableness for participants from China and Taiwan. Gender was also a significant correlate for participants from South Korea, Hong Kong/Macao, and Taiwan. DISCUSSION Emotional and personality factors are important correlates of AE symptoms among Asian young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiqun Gan
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Ko
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hyde Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anise Wu
- Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macao, Macau
| | - Elsie Yan
- GH349, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Masao Yogo
- Department of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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Koball AM, Borgert AJ, Kallies KJ, Grothe K, Ames G, Gearhardt AN. Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in Patients Seeking Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2021; 31:1533-1540. [PMID: 33405178 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed in 2009 to assess food addiction (FA); a revised version was released in 2016 (YFAS 2.0). The objective of this study was to determine the statistical and clinical validity of the YFAS 2.0 in adults seeking bariatric surgery. METHODS Patients who underwent a preoperative psychological evaluation in preparation for bariatric surgery from 2015 to 2018 were included. The YFAS 2.0 was administered as part of routine clinical care and validated against an assessment battery of standardized clinical measures. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests and calculation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS Overall, 1061 patients were included. Mean age and BMI were 47.5 ± 12.9 years and 46.9 ± 13.4 kg/m2, respectively. There were 196 (18%) patients who screened positive on the YFAS 2.0 (21% mild, 23% moderate, and 56% severe FA). The YFAS 2.0 demonstrated strong convergent validity where patients who met criteria for FA had significantly increased levels of binge eating (p < 0.001), emotional eating (p < 0.001), and lower self-efficacy (p < 0.001). Discriminant validity was demonstrated by lack of association with alcohol use (p = 0.319). The YFAS 2.0 was significantly correlated with total scores for depression (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), bipolar disorder symptoms (p < 0.001), and trauma history (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of FA in a large sample of patients seeking bariatric surgery was consistent with previous literature. These data suggest that the YFAS 2.0 is psychometrically valid, demonstrating strong construct validity, and is a clinically useful measure of FA severity in patients pursuing bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton M Koball
- Department of Behavioral Health, Gundersen Health System, 1900 South Avenue, H04-004, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA.
| | - Andrew J Borgert
- Department of Medical Research, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Kara J Kallies
- Department of Medical Research, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Karen Grothe
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gretchen Ames
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Robinson E, Boyland E, Chisholm A, Harrold J, Maloney NG, Marty L, Mead BR, Noonan R, Hardman CA. Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: A study of UK adults. Appetite 2021; 156:104853. [PMID: 33038479 PMCID: PMC7540284 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eating, physical activity and other weight-related lifestyle behaviors may have been impacted by the COVID-19 crisis and people with obesity may be disproportionately affected. We examined weight-related behaviors and weight management barriers among UK adults during the COVID-19 social lockdown. During April-May of the 2020 COVID-19 social lockdown, UK adults (N = 2002) completed an online survey including measures relating to physical activity, diet quality, overeating and how mental/physical health had been affected by lockdown. Participants also reported on perceived changes in weight-related behaviors and whether they had experienced barriers to weight management, compared to before the lockdown. A large number of participants reported negative changes in eating and physical activity behavior (e.g. 56% reported snacking more frequently) and experiencing barriers to weight management (e.g. problems with motivation and control around food) compared to before lockdown. These trends were particularly pronounced among participants with higher BMI. During lockdown, higher BMI was associated with lower levels of physical activity and diet quality, and a greater reported frequency of overeating. Reporting a decline in mental health because of the COVID-19 crisis was not associated with higher BMI, but was predictive of greater overeating and lower physical activity in lockdown. The COVID-19 crisis may have had a disproportionately large and negative influence on weight-related behaviors among adults with higher BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Emma Boyland
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Anna Chisholm
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Joanne Harrold
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Niamh G Maloney
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Lucile Marty
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Bethan R Mead
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Rob Noonan
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Charlotte A Hardman
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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Process Evaluation of a Personality Targeted Intervention for Addictive Eating in Australian Adults. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10120186. [PMID: 33287346 PMCID: PMC7761794 DOI: 10.3390/bs10120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Addictive eating prevalence is estimated at 15-20% in studied populations, and is associated with concurrent mental health conditions and eating disorders as well as overweight and obesity. However, few evidence-based interventions targeting addictive eating are available. The further development of evidence-based interventions requires assessment of intervention feasibility and efficacy. This study aimed to determine the feasibility, including intervention delivery and program acceptability, of FoodFix; a personality targeted intervention for the treatment of addictive eating behaviours in Australian adults. Participants (n = 52) were randomised to intervention (n = 26) or wait-list control groups (n = 26) and received three personalised telehealth sessions with an Accredited Practising Dietitian over seven weeks. Intervention delivery was assessed by tracking adherence to scheduled timing of intervention sessions. Program acceptability of participants was assessed via an online process evaluation survey and program acceptability of intervention providers was assessed via semi-structured phone interviews. In total, 79% of participants adhered to scheduled timing for session two and 43% for session three, defined as within one week (before/after) of the scheduled date. Further, 21% of participants completed the process evaluation survey (n = 11). The majority of participants were extremely/very satisfied with FoodFix (n = 7, 63%). Intervention providers (n = 2) expressed that they felt adequately trained to deliver the intervention, and that the overall session format, timing, and content of FoodFix was appropriate for participants. These findings highlight the importance of assessing intervention feasibility to further understand intervention efficacy.
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Treatment of the sensory and motor components of urges to eat (eating addiction?): a mobile-health pilot study for obesity in young people. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1779-1787. [PMID: 31939105 PMCID: PMC7581598 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Compelling evidence indicates that an addictive process might contribute to overeating/obesity. We hypothesize that this process consists of two components: (a) a sensory addiction to the taste, texture, and temperature of food, and (b) a motor addiction to the actions of eating (e.g., biting, chewing, crunching, sucking, swallowing). Previously, we reported a mobile health application (mHealth app) obesity intervention addressing the sensory addiction component, based on staged food withdrawal. We propose that the motor addiction component can be treated using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based strategies for body-focused repetitive behaviors (BRFB), e.g., nail biting, skin picking, and hair pulling. METHODS The present study tested the effectiveness of CBT-based, BFRB therapies added to the staged withdrawal app. Thirty-five participants, ages 8-20, 51.4% females, mean zBMI 2.17, participated in a 4-month study using the app, followed by a 5-month extension without the app. Using staged withdrawal, participants withdrew from specific, self-identified, "problem" foods until cravings resolved; then from non-specific snacking; and lastly from excessive mealtime amounts. BFRB therapies utilized concurrently included: distractions, competing behaviors, triggers avoidance, relaxation methods, aversion techniques, and distress tolerance. RESULTS Latent growth curve analysis determined that mean body weight and zBMI decreased significantly more than in a previous study that used only staged withdrawal (p < 0.01). In the 5-month follow-up, participants maintained overall weight loss. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further preliminary evidence for the acceptability of an addiction model treatment of obesity in youth, and that the addition of CBT-based, BFRB therapies increased the effectiveness of staged food withdrawal. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis with the intervention.
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No control and overwhelming cravings: Australian adults' perspectives on the experience of food addiction. Appetite 2020; 159:105054. [PMID: 33248192 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of food addiction is continuing to increase with recent reviews suggesting that food addiction is a distinctive condition that has many symptoms similar to substance use disorders. The current study explored the perspectives and experiences of Australian adults seeking treatment for addictive eating. Quantitative data for this study was collected via self-report questionnaires completed online, including demographics, the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. Qualitative data was collected via semi-structured interviews using open-ended questions about the individual experience of food addiction and perspectives regarding intervention and recovery. Interview data was available for 34 participants, with the majority (n = 33) being females who were overweight, (mean ± SD age = 42.9 ± 13.2 years, BMI=36.5 ± 6.8 kg/m2). Stress (19.9 ± 11.4 out of 21) and depression (16.8 ± 10.2 out of 21) were the most prominent negative emotional states. Thematic analysis identified two themes of compulsion and control. Compulsion distinguished the participants' experiences related to addictive eating behaviours, in particular the notion of craving. Control encompassed their perception of both the processes and outcomes of overcoming their addictive eating. The two themes identified were not mutually exclusive, and relationships between them and their influence on each other were observable. This study provides a unique contribution to understanding adults' experience of food addiction by highlighting the strong desire to be in control of eating behaviours, and the inability of participants to overcome their compulsions to eat specific food despite minimal anticipation of positive effect.
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Lacroix E, von Ranson KM. Lived Experience and Defining Addictive-Like Eating: a Synthesis of Qualitative Research. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113401. [PMID: 33167515 PMCID: PMC7694501 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Past public health crises (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, opioids, cholera, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lead, pollution, venereal disease, even coronavirus (COVID-19) have been met with interventions targeted both at the individual and all of society. While the healthcare community is very aware that the global pandemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has its origins in our Western ultraprocessed food diet, society has been slow to initiate any interventions other than public education, which has been ineffective, in part due to food industry interference. This article provides the rationale for such public health interventions, by compiling the evidence that added sugar, and by proxy the ultraprocessed food category, meets the four criteria set by the public health community as necessary and sufficient for regulation—abuse, toxicity, ubiquity, and externalities (How does your consumption affect me?). To their credit, some countries have recently heeded this science and have instituted sugar taxation policies to help ameliorate NCDs within their borders. This article also supplies scientific counters to food industry talking points, and sample intervention strategies, in order to guide both scientists and policy makers in instituting further appropriate public health measures to quell this pandemic.
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Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for obese women. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:2512-2520. [PMID: 33040760 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The face and construct validity of the Iranian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was evaluated, and the convergent validity and test-retest reliability of both Iranian and original versions of YFAS for obese women were assessed. DESIGN The internal consistency of the YFAS was analysed. Exploratory factor analysis for dichotomous data was performed by varimax rotation, polychoric correlation coefficients and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was established by evaluating the correlation between the original and the Iranian versions of YFAS and the Binge Eating Scale (BES). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was measured between test-retest results. SETTING A weight management clinic in Tehran. PARTICIPANTS 450 obese women. RESULTS The single-factor structure indicated that the factor loadings for all the items were > 0·5, except for three items (explained proportion variance = 51 %). Based on CFA, the single factor had a better fit to the data after excluding three items. The Kuder-Richardson-20 coefficient was 0·86 for the total twenty-two items. The symptom count and diagnostic version of both the Iranian (ICC = 0·92 and 0·87, respectively) and original YFAS (ICC = 0·92 and 0·86, respectively) were stable over 2 weeks. Both the symptom count and the diagnostic version of these two scales had significant correlations with the measures of BES (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS The initial reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the YFAS among obese women are supported. Further studies should be conducted on men and normal/overweight samples.
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Burrows T, Collins R, Rollo M, Leary M, Hides L, Davis C. The feasibility of a personality targeted intervention for addictive overeating: FoodFix. Appetite 2020; 156:104974. [PMID: 32991946 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent reviews have identified potential treatment targets for addictive overeating. These include: motivational interviewing, development of specific coping strategies for emotional regulation and the use of harm minimisation strategies based on interventions for substance use disorders. However, there is very little experiential evidence. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of a personality-targeted motivational interviewing intervention in adults above the healthy-weight range with symptoms of addictive eating, to reduce symptoms of addictive overeating and improve dietary profiles. Individuals with overweight and obesity (BMI >25 kg/m2) with addictive eating as defined by the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS) were recruited to a three-session intervention held over 3 months. Sessions were conducted by telehealth and facilitated by dietitians. Fifty-two individuals were randomised to either intervention or control (mean age 43.6 ± 12.2yrs, mean BMI 36.7 ± 6.8 kg/m2, 96% female). At three month follow up, there were significant reductions from baseline (BL) for both groups in total YFAS 2.0 symptoms, however, these changes were not significantly different between groups (intervention BL 8.0 ± 2.7; 3-months 6.5 ± 3.8, control BL 8.1 ± 2.5; 3-months 6.9 ± 3.9, p > 0.05). At 3 months the intervention group significantly reduced their energy from non-core foods compared with control (intervention BL 48% energy/day; 3-months 38%, control BL 41% energy/day; 3-months 38%, p < 0.01). The FoodFix intervention provides insight to the development of future management interventions for addictive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Megan Rollo
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mark Leary
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, NSW, Australia.
| | - Caroline Davis
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Burrows T, Verdejo-Garcia A, Carter A, Brown RM, Andrews ZB, Dayas CV, Hardman CA, Loxton N, Sumithran P, Whatnall M. Health Professionals' and Health Professional Trainees' Views on Addictive Eating Behaviours: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092860. [PMID: 32962008 PMCID: PMC7551788 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing research on the concept of addictive eating, there is currently no published evidence on the views of health professionals who potentially consult with patients presenting with addictive eating behaviours, or of students training to become health professionals. This study aimed to explore the views and understanding of addictive eating behaviours among health professionals and health professionals in training and to identify potential gaps in professional development training. An international online cross-sectional survey was conducted in February–April 2020. The survey (70 questions, 6 key areas) assessed participants’ opinions and clinical experience of addictive eating; opinions on control, responsibility, and stigma relating to addictive eating; and knowledge of addictive eating and opinions on professional development training. In total, 142 health professionals and 33 health professionals in training completed the survey (mean age 38.1 ± 12.5 years, 65% from Australia/16% from the U.K.) Of the health professionals, 47% were dietitians and 16% were psychologists. Most participants (n = 126, 72%) reported that they have been asked by individuals about addictive eating. Half of the participants reported that they consider the term food addiction to be stigmatising for individuals (n = 88). Sixty percent (n = 105) reported that they were interested/very interested in receiving addictive eating training, with the top two preferred formats being online and self-paced, and face-to-face. These results demonstrate that addictive eating is supported by health professionals as they consult with patients presenting with this behaviour, which supports the views of the general community and demonstrates a need for health professional training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Burrows
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.V.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrian Carter
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.V.-G.); (A.C.)
| | - Robyn M. Brown
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.B.); (Z.B.A.)
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (R.M.B.); (Z.B.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris V. Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Charlotte A. Hardman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK;
| | - Natalie Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4122, Australia;
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg Heights, VIC 3081, Australia
| | - Megan Whatnall
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Food Addiction among Female Patients Seeking Treatment for an Eating Disorder: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061897. [PMID: 32604734 PMCID: PMC7353200 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of "food addiction" (FA) has aroused much focus because of evidence for similarities between overeating and substance use disorders (SUDs). However, few studies have explored this concept among the broad spectrum of eating disorders (ED), especially in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to assess FA prevalence in ED female patients and to determine its associated factors. We recruited a total of 195 adult women with EDs from an ED treatment center. The prevalence of FA diagnosis (Yale Food Addiction Scale) in the whole ED sample was 83.6%; AN restrictive type (AN-R), 61.5%; AN binge-eating/purging type (AN-BP), 87.9%; bulimia nervosa (BN), 97.6%; and binge-eating disorder (BED), 93.3%. The most frequently met criteria of FA were "clinically significant impairment or distress in relation to food", "craving" and "persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut down". An FA diagnosis was independently associated with three variables: presence of recurrent episodes of binge eating, ED severity, and lower interoceptive awareness. In showing an overlap between ED and FA, this study allows for considering EDs, and AN-R in particular, from an "addictive point of view", and thus for designing therapeutic management that draws from those proposed for addictive disorders.
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Cardoso TQ, Pereira CW, de Souza Costa T, da CostaLima MD. Translation and validation of the addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale from English to Portuguese in Brazil. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:113-121. [PMID: 32193994 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1724607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Eating addiction is an important condition related to obesity. The Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale (AEBS) was recently validated in English to evaluate addictive eating behaviors. To perform the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the AEBS scale to Portuguese to identify eating addictions in the Brazilian population. The AEBS translation, adaptation, and validation followed previously published criteria, including the steps of translation, back translation, evaluation by a committee of judges, and a pretest with 40 students. Subsequently, 150 students from the Medical School at the Recife Campus of the Federal University of Pernambuco were tested using the AEBS-Portuguese version (AEBS-p). Of these, 37 were evaluated a second time for a test-retest analysis. For data collection, 5 instruments were used: the AEBS-p, a modified version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0)-Portuguese version, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Binge Eating Scale (BES), and the Socio-demographic Questionnaire. The AEBS-p showed good reliability, based on a significant internal consistency value (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91), and good correlation in the test-retest evaluation. A committee of judges considered the content validity appropriate. Convergent validation was positive with the mYFAS 2.0 and BES (p < 0.001). The AEBS-p showed a significant correlation with body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) and significantly predicted variance in BMI that was accounted for by both the mYFAS 2.0 and BES (p = 0.022). The AEBS-p demonstrated good reliability and validity for evaluating addictive eating behaviors in the Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Queiroz Cardoso
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - UFPE, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Tainah de Souza Costa
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, USP (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Koball AM, Ames G, Goetze RE, Grothe K. Bariatric Surgery as a Treatment for Food Addiction? A Review of the Literature. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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39
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Brunault P, Berthoz S, Gearhardt AN, Gierski F, Kaladjian A, Bertin E, Tchernof A, Biertho L, de Luca A, Hankard R, Courtois R, Ballon N, Benzerouk F, Bégin C. The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: Validation Among Non-Clinical and Clinical French-Speaking Samples and Comparison With the Full Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:480671. [PMID: 33033480 PMCID: PMC7509420 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.480671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) was designed to assess food addiction using a shorter version than the YFAS 2.0. We lack data about the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0 in patients with obesity, as well as studies comparing the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0 versus the full YFAS 2.0. This study aimed to validate the French-language mYFAS 2.0 in a non-clinical population (study 1, n = 250), to determine the yet unknown psychometric properties of this scale in patients with obesity (study 2, n = 345), and to compare the full YFAS 2.0 and the mYFAS 2.0 in terms of food addiction (FA) prevalence and symptoms detection in both populations. METHOD Study 1 included 250 non-clinical individuals (non-underweight and non-obese persons screened negative for eating disorders). Study 2 included 345 bariatric surgery candidates recruited in three centers (Québec, Canada; Reims and Tours, France). The mYFAS 2.0 structure was investigated using confirmatory factorial analyses with tetrachoric correlations. Convergent validity was tested using the full YFAS 2.0, the Binge Eating Scale (both studies), the revised 18-item Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (study 1), the Beck Depression Inventory (study 2), and the body mass index (BMI; both studies). RESULTS The mYFAS 2.0 was unidimensional, and had adequate (study 1: KR-20 = .78) and acceptable (study 2: KR-20 = .73) internal consistency. In study 1, the mYFAS 2.0 had good convergent validity with the YFAS 2.0, BMI, binge eating, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating; in study 2, the mYFAS 2.0 had good convergent validity with the YFAS 2.0, binge eating, depression, but not BMI. Participants endorsed fewer symptoms with the mYFAS 2.0 than with the YFAS 2.0; FA prevalences were similar between questionnaires in the non-clinical, but not in the clinical sample. A FA 'diagnosis' and risk of binge eating disorder were associated but did not completely overlap. CONCLUSIONS The mYFAS 2.0 has close psychometric properties to the YFAS 2.0 in non-clinical and clinical samples. However, the use of the mYFAS 2.0 in bariatric surgery candidates might lead to a significant underestimation of FA prevalence and number of FA symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brunault
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France.,Qualipsy EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Berthoz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, Paris, France.,Département de Psychiatrie de l'Adolescent et du Jeune Adulte, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fabien Gierski
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Psychiatrie adulte, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), laboratoire C2S (EA 6291), Reims, France
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Psychiatrie adulte, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), laboratoire C2S (EA 6291), Reims, France
| | - Eric Bertin
- CHU de Reims, Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Reims, France
| | - André Tchernof
- Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud de Luca
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Interne-Nutrition, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Inserm, UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Régis Hankard
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Interne-Nutrition, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Inserm, UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Robert Courtois
- Qualipsy EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CRIAVS, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Farid Benzerouk
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Psychiatrie adulte, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.,Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), laboratoire C2S (EA 6291), Reims, France
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40
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Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Pucci M, Giusepponi ME, Romano A, Lambertucci C, Volpini R, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Gaetani S, Maccarrone M, D'Addario C, Cifani C. Regulation of adenosine A 2A receptor gene expression in a model of binge eating in the amygdaloid complex of female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1550-1561. [PMID: 31161847 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119845798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological treatment approaches for eating disorders, such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa, are currently limited. METHODS AND AIMS Using a well-characterized animal model of binge eating, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of the A2A Adenosine Receptor (A2AAR) and dopaminergic D2 receptor (D2R) genes. RESULTS Gene expression analysis revealed a selective increase of both receptor mRNAs in the amygdaloid complex of stressed and restricted rats, which exhibited binge-like eating, when compared to non-stressed and non-restricted rats. Consistently, pyrosequencing analysis revealed a significant reduction of the percentage of DNA methylation but only at the A2AAR promoter region in rats showing binge-like behaviour compared to the control animals. Focusing thus on A2AAR agonist (VT 7) administration (which inhibited the episode of binge systemically at 0.1 mg/kg or intra-central amygdala (CeA) injection at 900 ng/side) induced a significant increase of A2AAR mRNA levels in restricted and stressed rats when compared to the control group. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in A2AAR mRNA levels in rats treated with the A2AAR antagonist (ANR 94) at 1 mg/kg. Consistent changes in the DNA methylation status of the A2AAR promoter were found in restricted and stressed rats after administration of VT 7 or ANR 94. CONCLUSION We confirm the role of A2AAR in binge eating behaviours, and we underline the importance of epigenetic regulation of the A2AAR gene, possibly due to a compensatory mechanism to counteract the effect of binge eating. We suggest that A2AAR activation, inducing receptor gene up-regulation, could be relevant to reduction of food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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41
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Abstract
The concept of food addiction is currently a highly debated subject within both the general public and the scientific communities. The term food addiction suggests that individuals may experience addictive-like responses to food, similar to those seen with classic substances of abuse. An increasing number of studies have established the prevalence and correlates of food addiction. Moreover, food addiction may be associated with obesity and disordered eating. Thus, intervening on food addiction may be helpful in the prevention and therapy of obesity and eating disorders. However, controversy exists about if this phenomenon is best defined through paradigms reflective of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) substance-related disorders (e.g. food addiction) or non-substance-related disorders (e.g. eating addiction) criteria. This review paper will give a brief summarisation of the current state of research on food addiction, a more precise definition of its classification, its differentiation from eating addiction and an overview on potential overlaps with eating disorders. Based on this review, there is evidence that food addiction may represent a distinct phenomenon from established eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. Future studies are needed to further examine and establish orthogonal diagnostic criteria specific to food addiction. Such criteria must differentiate the patterns of eating and symptoms that may be similar to those of eating disorders to further characterise food addiction and develop therapy options. To date, it is too premature to draw conclusions about the clinical significance of the concept of food addiction.
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42
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Conceptualizing addictive-like eating: A qualitative analysis. Appetite 2019; 141:104326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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43
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Obesity Stigma: Is the 'Food Addiction' Label Feeding the Problem? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092100. [PMID: 31487868 PMCID: PMC6770691 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often attributed to an addiction to high-calorie foods. However, the effect of "food addiction" explanations on weight-related stigma remains unclear. In two online studies, participants (n = 439, n = 523, respectively, recruited from separate samples) read a vignette about a target female who was described as 'very overweight'. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions which differed in the information provided in the vignette: (1) in the "medical condition", the target had been diagnosed with food addiction by her doctor; (2) in the "self-diagnosed condition", the target believed herself to be a food addict; (3) in the control condition, there was no reference to food addiction. Participants then completed questionnaires measuring target-specific stigma (i.e., stigma towards the female described in the vignette), general stigma towards obesity (both studies), addiction-like eating behavior and causal beliefs about addiction (Study 2 only). In Study 1, participants in the medical and self-diagnosed food addiction conditions demonstrated greater target-specific stigma relative to the control condition. In Study 2, participants in the medical condition had greater target-specific stigma than the control condition but only those with low levels of addiction-like eating behavior. There was no effect of condition on general weight-based stigma in either study. These findings suggest that the food addiction label may increase stigmatizing attitudes towards a person with obesity, particularly within individuals with low levels of addiction-like eating behavior.
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44
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adopting an addiction perspective on eating disorders and obesity may have practical implications for diagnostic classification, prevention, and treatment of these disorders. The present article critically examines these implications derived from the food addiction concept. RECENT FINDINGS Introducing food addiction as a new disorder in diagnostic classification system seems redundant as most individuals with an addiction-like eating behavior are already covered by established eating disorder diagnoses. Food addiction may be a useful metaphor in the treatment of binge eating, but would be inappropriate for the majority of obese individuals. Implying an addiction to certain foods is not necessary when applying certain approaches inspired by the addiction field for prevention and treatment of obesity. The usefulness of abstinence models in the treatment of eating disorders and obesity needs to be rigorously tested in future studies. Some practical implications derived from the food addiction concept provide promising avenues for future research (e.g., using an addiction framework in the treatment of binge eating or applying abstinence models). For others, however, the necessity of implying an addiction to some foods needs to be scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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45
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Vainik U, García-García I, Dagher A. Uncontrolled eating: a unifying heritable trait linked with obesity, overeating, personality and the brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2430-2445. [PMID: 30667547 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many eating-related psychological constructs have been proposed to explain obesity and overeating. However, these constructs, including food addiction, disinhibition, hedonic hunger, emotional eating, binge eating and the like all have similar definitions, emphasizing loss of control over intake. As questionnaires measuring the constructs correlate strongly (r > 0.5) with each other, we propose that these constructs should be reconsidered to be part of a single broad phenotype: uncontrolled eating. Such an approach enables reviewing and meta-analysing evidence obtained with each individual questionnaire. Here, we describe robust associations between uncontrolled eating, body mass index (BMI), food intake, personality traits and brain systems. Reviewing cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we show that uncontrolled eating is phenotypically and genetically intertwined with BMI and food intake. We also review evidence on how three psychological constructs are linked with uncontrolled eating: lower cognitive control, higher negative affect and a curvilinear association with reward sensitivity. Uncontrolled eating mediates all three constructs' associations with BMI and food intake. Finally, we review and meta-analyse brain systems possibly subserving uncontrolled eating: namely, (i) the dopamine mesolimbic circuit associated with reward sensitivity, (ii) frontal cognitive networks sustaining dietary self-control and (iii) the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, amygdala and hippocampus supporting stress reactivity. While there are limits to the explanatory and predictive power of the uncontrolled eating phenotype, we conclude that treating different eating-related constructs as a single concept, uncontrolled eating, enables drawing robust conclusions on the relationship between food intake and BMI, psychological variables and brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uku Vainik
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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46
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"There is no way to avoid the first bite": A qualitative investigation of addictive-like eating in treatment-seeking Brazilian women and men. Appetite 2019; 137:35-46. [PMID: 30794818 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been polarizing debate on addictive-like eating in recent years. To move toward valid definition and measurement of this construct, qualitative research describing individuals' experiences is needed. The present study explored how Brazilian men and women define and experience addictive-like eating. Interviews were conducted with 7 men and 8 women (Mage = 46.6 years, MBMI = 35.43 kg/m2) seeking treatment for addictive-like eating. Thematic analysis of interviews identified three saturated, overarching themes describing participants' conceptualizations of the (1) characteristics, (2) causal factors, and (3) consequences of addictive-like eating. Lack of control was a key characteristic of addictive-like eating described by all participants. A causal factor which most participants described was emotional eating. Consequences included emotional, interpersonal, occupational, and health-related impairments which appeared primarily related to weight gain, rather than to the pattern of addictive-like eating itself. These results are largely consistent with those of previous qualitative studies. Importantly, the symptoms described by our participants and in previous qualitative studies may be inadequately captured by existing self-report questionnaires designed to assess addictive-like eating. To address this potential limitation, we provide recommendations for assessing the full range of possible addictive-like eating symptoms.
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47
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Ruddock H, Field M, Jones A, Hardman C. State and trait influences on attentional bias to food-cues: The role of hunger, expectancy, and self-perceived food addiction. Appetite 2018; 131:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Peters T, Antel J, Föcker M, Esber S, Hinney A, Schéle E, Dickson SL, Albayrak Ö, Hebebrand J. The association of serum leptin levels with food addiction is moderated by weight status in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:618-628. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Simon Esber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Erik Schéle
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Suzanne L. Dickson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Özgür Albayrak
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School (MHH); Hannover Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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49
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Chao AM, Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Pearl RL, Alamuddin N, Bakizada ZM, Pinkasavage E, Leonard SM, Alfaris N, Berkowitz RI. Effects of addictive-like eating behaviors on weight loss with behavioral obesity treatment. J Behav Med 2018; 42:246-255. [PMID: 30066187 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the relationship between food cravings and food addiction as defined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and to assess the effects of these variables on weight loss during a 14-week group lifestyle modification program. Data were from 178 participants who were prescribed a 1000-1200 kcal/day portion-controlled diet and provided with weekly group lifestyle modification sessions. Participants completed the Food Craving Inventory and YFAS pre- and post-treatment. Weight was measured weekly. Participants with YFAS-defined food addiction (6.7%) reported more frequent overall food cravings relative to those without food addiction. More frequent food cravings at baseline were associated with less weight loss over the 14 weeks. Analyzed categorically, participants in the highest tertile of baseline food cravings lost 7.6 ± 0.5% of initial weight, which was significantly less compared to those in the lowest tertile who lost 9.1 ± 0.5%. Percent weight loss did not differ significantly between participants with YFAS-defined food addiction (6.5 ± 1.2%) and those who did not meet criteria (8.6 ± 0.3%). Addictive-like eating behaviors significantly declined from pre- to post-treatment. Participants with frequent food cravings lost less weight than their peers. Targeted interventions for food cravings could improve weight loss in these individuals. Few participants met YFAS-defined criteria for food addiction. Addictive-like eating behaviors tended to decline during behavioral weight loss, but neither baseline nor change in YFAS scores predicted weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M Chao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Thomas A Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jena Shaw Tronieri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Pearl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naji Alamuddin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zayna M Bakizada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emilie Pinkasavage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon M Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nasreen Alfaris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Obesity, Metabolism, and Endocrine Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert I Berkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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50
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Lacroix E, Tavares H, von Ranson KM. Moving beyond the "eating addiction" versus "food addiction" debate: Comment on Schulte et al. (2017). Appetite 2018; 130:286-292. [PMID: 29936021 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a recent commentary, Schulte et al. (2017) argued that addictive-like eating should be conceptualized as a substance use disorder rather than a behavioural addiction, and noted that many parallels that Hebebrand et al. (2014) drew between addictive-like eating and behavioural addictions apply likewise to substance use disorders. However, we argue that many of the arguments advanced by Schulte et al. (2017) in support of a substance-based food addiction model, including the important role played by ingested substances, are nonspecific. That is, these arguments apply equally well to behavioural addictions and other mental disorders, notably eating disorders, which raises the question of whether the phenomenon of addictive-like eating is encompassed by existing eating disorder diagnoses. Similarities between addictive-like eating and substance use, no matter how compelling, do not ensure the validity or clinical utility of a substance-based food addiction model and should not drive the conceptualization of addictive-like eating. The present commentary discusses problems with Schulte et al.'s (2017) arguments for substance-based food addiction, and draws attention to alternative conceptualizations of addictive-like eating which risk being overlooked when this conversation is framed as a dichotomous debate between the food and eating addiction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hermano Tavares
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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