Kidney transplant recipients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma have an increased risk of internal malignancy

Immunosuppression regimen and latitude impact keratinocyte carcinoma risk in U.S. liver transplant recipients

Immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation is associated with an increased risk of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC). Despite its established morbidity, KC risk in liver transplant (LT) recipients is understudied, including the contribution of immunosuppression regimen and latitude. A retrospective cohort of 9,966 adult first LT alone recipients alive with their native allograft at 1-year post-LT without prior KC between 2007 and 2016 were identified using linked data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and Medicare administrative claims. The primary exposures were immunosuppression regimen and latitude of residence. The primary outcome was incident, de novo KC occurring at least 1-year after LT. Adjusted Cox regression analysis stratified by transplant center was used in all analyses. The cohort was 63.4% male, 70.2% White and with median age 61 years (interquartile range, IQR, 54-66) at transplant. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) with anti-metabolite combination was independently associated with incident KC when measured as intention-to-treat (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.21 vs. CNI monotherapy, 95% CI 1.02-1.43, p = 0.026), in a time-updating as-treated analysis (aHR 1.61, 95% CI 1.34-1.93; p < 0.001) and when measured as cumulative exposure (aHR 1.13 per 6-month increase, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33; p = 0.027). More southern latitude of residence was also independently associated with incident KC with an aHR of 1.26 per 5°N decrease towards the Equator (95% CI: 1.08-1.47, p = 0.003). We demonstrate independent effects of CNI with antiM immunosuppression regimen and latitude of residence on the risk of post-LT KC, which will better inform screening practices and immunosuppression management.

Frequency of skin diseases in renal transplant recipients and patients with chronic kidney disease in a tertiary center: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased in the recent decades, along with the number of patients in the terminal stages of this disease, requiring transplantation. Some skin disorders are more frequent in patients with CKD and in renal transplant recipients (RTR).

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the frequency of skin diseases in RTR and patients with CKD receiving conservative treatment.

DESIGN AND SETTING

This observational cross-sectional study recruited consecutive patients with CKD and RTR from a nephrology clinic at a teaching hospital in Brazil between 2015 and 2020.

METHODS

Quantitative, descriptive, and analytical approaches were used. The sample was selected based on convenience sampling. Data were collected from dermatological visits and participants' medical records.

RESULTS

Overall, 308 participants were included: 206 RTR (66.9%, median age: 48 years, interquartile range [IQR] 38.0-56.0, 63.6% men) and 102 patients with CKD (33.1%, median age: 61.0 years, IQR 50.0-71.2, 48% men). The frequency of infectious skin diseases (39.3% vs. 21.6% P = 0.002) were higher in RTR than in patients with CKD. Neoplastic skin lesions were present in nine (4.4%) RTR and in only one (1.0%) patient with CKD. Among the RTR, the ratio of basal cell carcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma was 2:1.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that an increased frequency of infectious skin diseases may be expected in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation. Among skin cancers, BCC is more frequently observed in RTR, especially in those using azathioprine.

Use of sirolimus as an adjuvant therapy for kidney transplant recipients with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: a prospective non-randomized controlled study

INTRODUCTION

Previous research demonstrated benefits of late conversion to mTOR inhibitors against cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR), despite of poor tolerability. This study investigated whether stepwise conversion to sirolimus monotherapy without an attack dose modified the course of disease with improved tolerability.

METHODS

This prospective exploratory study included non-sensitized KTR with more than 12-months post-transplant, on continuous use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI)-based therapy, and with poor-prognosis cSCC lesions. Incidence densities of high-risk cSCC over 3-years after conversion to sirolimus-monotherapy were compared to a non-randomized group with high-risk cSCC but unsuitable/not willing for conversion.

RESULTS

Forty-four patients were included (83% male, mean age 60 ± 9.7years, 62% with skin type II, mean time after transplantation 9 ± 5.7years). There were 25 patients converted to SRL and 19 individuals kept on CNI. There was a tendency of decreasing density of incidence of all cSCC in the SRL group and increasing in the CNI group (1.49 to 1.00 lesions/patient-year and 1.74 to 2.08 lesions/patient-year, p = 0.141). The density incidence of moderately differentiated decreased significantly in the SRL group while increasing significantly in the CNI group (0.31 to 0.11 lesions/patient-year and 0.25 to 0.62 lesions/patient-year, p = 0.001). In the SRL group, there were no sirolimus discontinuations, no acute rejection episodes, and no de novo DSA formation. Renal function remained stable.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that sirolimus monotherapy may be useful as adjuvant therapy of high-risk cSCC in kidney transplant recipients. The conversion strategy used was well tolerated and safe regarding key mid-term transplant outcomes.

Systematic Review of Calcineurin Inhibitors and Incidence of Skin Malignancies after Kidney Transplantation in Adult Patients: A Study of 309,551 Cases

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma development in renal transplant recipients who receive calcineurin inhibitors to that of patients treated with other immunosuppressive agents, and investigate the possible association between the type of maintenance immunosuppression and the incidence of NSMC and melanoma in this group of patients. The authors searched databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles that would help establish the influence of calcineurin inhibitors on skin cancer development. The inclusion criteria for the study consisted of randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies that compared patients who received kidney transplants and were treated with a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), such as cyclosporine A (CsA) or tacrolimus (Tac), to those who received alternative immunosuppressants and did not receive a CNI. Seven articles were analyzed overall. The results revealed a correlation between CNI treatment in renal transplant recipients and increased total skin cancer risk (OR 1.28; 95% CI: 0.10-16.28; p < 0.01), melanoma risk (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.25-4.74; p < 0.01), and NMSC risk (OR 1.16; 95% CI: 0.41-3.26; p < 0.01). In conclusion, the calcineurin inhibitors used after kidney transplantation are associated with a higher risk of skin cancer-both non-melanoma and melanoma-when compared with other immunosuppressive therapies. This finding suggests that careful monitoring for skin lesions in post-transplant patients must be conducted. However, the decision on the kind of immunotherapy used should always be considered on an individual basis for each renal transplant recipient.

Exhaustion of CD8+ central memory responder T cell differentiation provokes non-melanoma skin cancer in elderly kidney transplant recipients

Introduction

Immunosuppressive therapy prevents graft rejection but increases the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), especially in elderly kidney transplant recipients (KTR).

Methods

In this study, we separately investigated the differentiation of CD8⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and responder T cells (Tresps) between healthy KTR without NMSC, KTR developing de-novo NMSC within two years after the enrolment, and KTR with NMSC at the time of enrolment. Antigen-unexperienced CCR7⁺CD45RA⁺CD31⁺ recent thymic emigrant (RTE) cells differentiate via CD45RA^-CD31⁺ memory (CD31⁺ memory) cells, via resting mature naïve (MN) cells or via direct proliferation into CD45RA^-CD31^- memory (CD31^- memory) cells, consisting of both CCR7⁺CD45RA^- central memory (CM) and CCR7^-CD45RA^- effector memory (EM) cells.

Results

We found that both RTE Treg and Tresp differentiation via CD31⁺ memory Tregs/Tresps was age-independently increased in KTR, who developed de novo NMSC during the follow-up period, causing abundant CM Treg/Tresp production, which may be crucial for cancer immunity. These changes favored a strongly increased CD8⁺ Treg/Tresp ratio, suggesting this ratio as a reliable marker for de-novo NMSC development in KTR. However, with age, this differentiation was replaced by increased conversion of resting MN Tregs/Tresps into CM Tregs/Tresps, which exhausted for Tresps but not for Tregs. In KTR with already existing NMSC at enrolment, differentiation was maintained via conversion and proliferation of resting MN Tregs/Tresps, which however increasingly exhausted with age, especially for Tresps. This resulted in a strong accumulation of terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) Tresps in elderly individuals. Patients with NMSC recurrence showed increased proliferation of resting MN Tregs/Tresps into EM Tregs/Tresps, which tended to exhaust more rapidly, particularly for Tresps, than in patients without NMSC recurrence.

Discussion

In conclusion, we provide evidence that immunosuppressive therapy inhibits differentiation of CD8⁺ Tregs more than that of CD8⁺ Tresps, resulting in an exhausted Tresp profile, thus providing a possible therapeutic approach to improve poor cancer immunity in elderly KTR.

Interventions After First Post-Transplant Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proposed Decision Framework

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after organ transplant. Many patients subsequently develop multiple CSCC following a first CSCC, and the risk of metastasis and death is significantly increased compared to the general population. Post-transplant CSCC represents a disease at the interface of dermatology and transplant medicine. Both systemic chemoprevention and modulation of immunosuppression are frequently employed in patients with multiple CSCC, yet there is little consensus on their use after first CSCC to reduce risk of subsequent tumors. While relatively few controlled trials have been undertaken, extrapolation of observational data suggests the most effective interventions may be at the time of first CSCC. We review the need for intervention after a first post-transplant CSCC and evidence for use of various approaches as secondary prevention, before discussing barriers preventing engagement with this approach and finally highlight areas for future research. Close collaboration between specialties to ensure prompt deployment of these interventions after a first CSCC may improve patient outcomes.

Sirolimus for Secondary Prevention of Skin Cancer in Kidney Transplant Recipients: 5-Year Results

Purpose Transplant recipients who develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are at high risk for multiple subsequent skin cancers. Sirolimus has been shown to reduce the occurrence of secondary skin cancers, but no study included a follow-up exceeding 2 years. We extended at 5 years the TUMORAPA randomized trial of sirolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen versus calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression. Methods Kidney transplant recipients receiving calcineurin inhibitors who had at least one cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma were randomly assigned to receive sirolimus as a substitute for calcineurin inhibitors (n = 64) or to maintain their initial treatment (n = 56). The primary end point was survival free of squamous cell carcinoma at 5 years. Secondary end points included the occurrence of other skin cancers, renal function, patient and graft survival, and treatment tolerance. Results Survival free of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma was significantly longer in the sirolimus group than in the calcineurin inhibitor group ( P = .007). In the sirolimus group, the number of patients with new skin cancers was significantly lower compared with the calcineurin inhibitor group: 22% versus 59% for squamous cell carcinomas ( P < .001), 34% versus 66% for other skin cancers ( P < .001), and 20% versus 37.5% for basal cell carcinomas ( P < .05). Kidney graft function, patients, and graft survival were similar in both groups. In the sirolimus group, the mean number of serious adverse effects per patient decreased from 1.16 during the first 2 years, to 0.83 between years 2 and 5. Conclusion In kidney transplant recipients with previous cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, the antitumoral effect of conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus was maintained at 5 years, and sirolimus tolerance was satisfactory.

Long-term Change in the Risk of Skin Cancer After Organ Transplantation: A Population-Based Nationwide Cohort Study

Importance

The high risk of skin cancer after organ transplantation is a major clinical challenge and well documented, but reports on temporal trends in the risk of posttransplant cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are few and appear contradictory.

Objective

To study temporal trends for the risk of skin cancer, particularly SCC, after organ transplantation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Population-based, nationwide, prospective cohort study of 8026 patients receiving a kidney, heart, lung, or liver transplant in Norway from 1968 through 2012 using patient data linked to a national cancer registry. The study was conducted in a large organ transplantation center that serves the entire Norwegian population of approximately 5.2 million.

Exposures

Receiving a solid organ transplant owing to late-stage organ failure, followed by long-term immunosuppressive treatment according to graft-specific treatment protocols.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Occurrence of first posttransplant SCC, melanoma, or Kaposi sarcoma of the skin. Risk of skin cancer was analyzed using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and, for SCC, multivariable Poisson regression analysis of SIR ratios, adjusting for 5-year time period of transplantation, different follow-up time, age, sex, and type of organ.

Results

The study cohort included 8026 organ transplant recipients, 5224 men (65.1%), with a mean age at transplantation of 48.5 years. Median follow-up time was 6.7 years per recipient; total follow-up time, 69 590 person-years. The overall SIRs for SCC, melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma were 51.9 (95% CI, 48.4-55.5), 2.4 (95% CI, 1.9-3.0), and 54.9 (95% CI, 27.4-98.2), respectively. In those who underwent transplantation in the 1983-1987 period, the unadjusted SIR for SCC was 102.7 (95%, 85.8-122.1), declining to 21.6 (95% CI, 16.8-27.0) in those who underwent transplantation in the 2003-2007 period. Adjusting for different follow-up times and background population risks, as well as age, graft organ, and sex, a decline in the SIR for SCC was found, with SIR peaking in patients who underwent transplantation in the 1983-1987 period and later declining to less than half in patients who underwent transplantation in the 1998-2002, 2003-2007, and 2008-2012 periods, with the relative SIRs being 0.42 (95% CI, 0.32-0.55), 0.31 (95% CI, 0.22-0.42), and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.30-0.66), respectively.

Conclusions and Relevance

The risk of SCC after organ transplantation has declined significantly since the mid-1980s in Norway. Less aggressive and more individualized immunosuppressive treatment and close clinical follow-up may explain the decline. Still, the risk of SCC in organ transplant recipients remains much higher than in the general population and should be of continuous concern for dermatologists, transplant physicians, and patients.

De Novo Malignancies After Transplantation: Risk and Surveillance Strategies

De novo malignancies are one of the leading causes of late mortality after liver and kidney transplantation. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy, followed by posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder and solid organ tumors. Immunosuppression is a key factor for cancer development, although many other transplant-related and traditional risk factors also play a role. In this review, the authors summarize risk factors and outcomes of frequently encountered de novo malignancies after liver and kidney transplantation to stratify recipients at highest risk. Future efforts in prospectively validated, cost-effective surveillance strategies that improve survival of these complex patients are greatly needed.

Keratinocyte Carcinoma as a Marker of a High Cancer-Risk Phenotype

Keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) (also referred to as nonmelanoma skin cancer) is by far the most common form of human cancer. A personal history of KC is well established to be associated with increased risk of recurrent KC and malignant melanoma, a less common yet more fatal form of skin cancer. More surprising is that a substantial body of epidemiologic evidence now indicates that a personal history of KC is significantly associated with an overall elevated risk of noncutaneous malignancies. This association is not limited to one or a few types of cancer but applies across many different types of malignancy. This association has been consistently observed in prospective studies across genders for both major histologic types of KC, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The risk of other cancers has been even stronger in those with younger compared with older age of onset of KC. A robust body of evidence lends support to the notion that KC may be a marker of a high cancer-risk phenotype. The underlying mechanisms for this association remain to be elucidated, but the cross-cutting nature of this association across numerous malignancies suggests that research to uncover these mechanisms is a promising line of inquiry that could potentially yield valuable insight into human carcinogenesis.

Post-transplantation malignancies: here today, gone tomorrow?

From the early days of transplantation onwards, increased cancer development in transplant recipients, who require immunosuppression to avoid graft rejection, has been recognized. Registry data indicate that approximately 10-30% of deaths are attributed to post-transplant malignancy, with an upward trend in this incidence as more patients have been exposed to chronic lifelong immunosuppression. In this Review, the overall incidence and most frequent types of cancer encountered are summarized, along with information about which transplant recipients are at the greatest risk of malignancy. Reasons for why differences exist in susceptibility to cancer in this patient population are examined, and approaches that might improve our understanding of the options available for reducing the incidence of this adverse effect of immunosuppression are described. Whether anti-rejection drugs have been successful in diminishing overall immunosuppressive burden, and consequently show any promise for decreasing post-transplant malignancies is also discussed. The topic shifts to one class of conventional anti-rejection drugs, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, which paradoxically have both immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic properties. The complex activities of mTOR are reviewed in order to provide context for how these seemingly opposing effects are possible, and the latest clinical data on use of mTOR inhibitors in the clinic are discussed. The current and future perspectives on how best to normalize these unacceptably high rates of post-transplantation malignancies are highlighted.

Long-Term Risk of Cancer in Survivors of Pediatric ESRD

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

ESRD is associated with an increased risk of malignancies. We analyzed the incidence of cancer in patients with pediatric ESRD after long-term follow-up.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS

All Dutch patients born before 1979 who were transplanted at age <15 years old in 1972-1992 were followed until 2010. We explored type and incidence of malignancies in patients compared with the general population using the National Cancer Registry.

RESULTS

After a median of 25.3 years (1.3-37.8) of transplantation and at a median age of 33.5 years old (11.0-49.0), 105 primary malignancies had occurred in 54 of 249 patients. Among them, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma was most frequent. Patients ages 25-30 years old had developed 16.5 times (95% confidence interval, 7.9 to 34.6) as many de novo tumors and 991 times (95% confidence interval, 313 to 3137) as many de novo cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas as their general population counterparts; in survivors ages 45-50 years old, these numbers were 81.5 (95% confidence interval, 50.7 to 131.1) and 2610 (95% confidence interval, 1596 to 4267), respectively. Cumulative incidence competing risk analysis showed that, after 30 years of transplantation, 41% of the survivors had developed cancer; 31% had developed a second de novo cancer <1 year after initial cancer diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Cancer is highly prevalent among patients with pediatric ESRD after 25.3 years of transplantation, with a high rate of recurrence.

Is a personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer associated with increased or decreased risk of other cancers?

Two conflicting hypotheses have been tested concerning the association between a personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and risk of other malignancies. One hypothesis is that as a marker of extensive sunlight exposure and hence vitamin D status, NMSC should be inversely associated with risk of other cancers. Alternatively, under the multiple primary cancer model, NMSC is postulated to be an informative first cancer to study as a marker of increased risk of subsequent primary cancer diagnoses. In this journal issue, Ong and colleagues report the results of a large-scale study in the United Kingdom with findings that NMSC was significantly associated with increased risk of a broad spectrum of other malignancies, with the associations stronger the younger the age of onset of NMSC. These results are consistent with the larger body of evidence on this topic, which is highly asymmetrical in favor of the multiple primary cancer hypothesis. Two divergent hypotheses have been tested, with the empirical evidence unequivocally indicating that NMSC is a marker of a high cancer risk phenotype. Future research is warranted to better characterize this association, to understand why NMSC is a marker of excess risk of other cancers, and to determine whether this association is clinically relevant.

Subsequent primary malignancies in patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer in England: a national record-linkage study

BACKGROUND

Conflicting evidence exists about whether people with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are at higher risk of subsequent primary malignant cancers than those without.

METHODS

An all England record-linked hospital and mortality dataset spanning from 1999 to 2011 was used. We constructed two cohorts: one that comprised people with a history of NMSC (502,490 people), and a control cohort that comprised people without. We "followed up" these two cohorts electronically to determine observed and expected numbers of people with subsequent primary cancers in each, based on person-years at risk, and calculated standardized risk ratios (RR).

RESULTS

Comparing the NMSC cohort with the non-NMSC cohort, the RR for all subsequent malignant cancers combined was 1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.35-1.37]. Significantly increased RRs (P < 0.05) were found for 26 of the 29 cancer types studied, in particular for salivary gland, melanoma, bone, and upper gastrointestinal tract cancers. The RRs were also particularly high when comparing younger people with and without NMSC.

CONCLUSIONS

NMSC is strongly associated with a broad spectrum of other primary cancers, particularly in younger age groups. The pattern suggests a genetic or early-acquired etiologic association.

IMPACT

These results represent what can be done using very large, linked, routinely collected administrative datasets; but such datasets lack detail. Further work to establish the mechanisms behind these associations is warranted.

Skin cancers after liver transplantation: retrospective single-center study on 371 recipients

BACKGROUND

The increased risk of skin cancer is well known in heart and kidney transplant recipients, but fewer data exist on liver-transplant recipients (LTRs). The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence, clinical features and risk factors of skin cancers in LTR treated mainly with tacrolimus.

METHODS

We selected LTR grafted in our hospital between January 1996 and December 2008, aged 20 years or more at the time of the study. Data were collected from the patients' medical files and with a questionnaire.

RESULTS

Three hundred seventy-one LTR were included. The median follow-up period was 8.2 years. The overall prevalence of skin cancers was 13.5%. The prevalence of melanoma was 1.3%. The squamous cell carcinoma to basal cell carcinoma ratio was 1:3. Both the overall cumulative patient risk of de novo skin malignancies and the squamous cell carcinoma-to-basal cell carcinoma ratio increased with time postgraft. The duration of immunosuppression was a risk factor, in addition to those common in the general population. No association was found between the primary liver disease and the development of skin cancer.

CONCLUSION

Contrasting with previous data of the literature, our findings suggest that, for a similar follow-up time, the risk of skin cancer in LTR is comparable to that of kidney transplant recipients.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Emerging need for novel biomarkers

The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) is rising worldwide resulting in demand for clinically useful prognostic biomarkers for these malignant tumors, especially for invasive and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Important risk factors for the development and progression of cSCC include ultraviolet radiation, chronic skin ulcers and immunosuppression. Due to the role of cumulative long-term sun exposure, cSCC is usually a disease of the elderly, but the incidence is also growing in younger individuals due to increased recreational exposure to sunlight. Although clinical diagnosis of cSCC is usually easy and treatment with surgical excision curable, it is responsible for the majority of NMSC related deaths. Clinicians treating skin cancer patients are aware that certain cSCCs grow rapidly and metastasize, but the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the aggressive progression of a subpopulation of cSCCs remain incompletely understood. Recently, new molecular markers for progression of cSCC have been identified.