Insulin regulates SOCS2 expression and the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 in mesangial cells

Gene-Based Network Analysis Reveals Prognostic Biomarkers Implicated in Diabetic Tubulointerstitial Injury

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a significant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a devastating disease worldwide.

Objective

The aim of this study was to reveal crucial genes closely linked to the molecular mechanism of tubulointerstitial injury in DN.

Methods

The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to download the datasets. Based on this, a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) network was constructed to detect DN-related modules and hub genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichments were performed on the selected hub genes and modules. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was performed on the obtained gene signature.

Results

The WGCNA network was constructed based on 3019 genes, and nine gene coexpression modules were generated. A total of 57 genes, including 34 genes in the magenta module and 23 genes in the purple module, were adapted as hub genes. 61 significantly downregulated and 119 upregulated genes were screened as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). 25 overlapping genes between hub genes chosen from WGCNA and DEG were identified. Through LASSO analysis, a 9-gene signature may be a potential prognostic biomarker for DN. To further explore the potential mechanism of DN, the different immune cell infiltrations between tubulointerstitial samples of DN and healthy samples were estimated.

Conclusions

This bioinformatics study identified CX3CR1, HRG, LTF, TUBA1A, GADD45B, PDK4, CLIC5, NDNF, and SOCS2 as candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of DN. Moreover, DN tends to own a higher proportion of memory B cell.

The Effect of SOCS2 Polymorphisms on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Susceptibility and Diabetic Complications in the Chinese Han Population

Background

SOCS2 is downregulated in diabetes, which might be related to diabetes. We explored the effect of SOCS2 polymorphisms on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic complications.

Methods

The subjects consisted of 500 patients with T2DM and 501 healthy controls. Five variants in SOCS2 were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY system. RT-qPCR profiling was performed to detect the expression of SOCS2 mRNA. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results

Rs3825199 (OR = 1.44, p = 0.007), rs11107116 (OR = 1.39, p = 0.014) and rs10492321 (OR = 1.48, p = 0.004) had an increased T2DM risk of T2DM. Moreover, the contribution of SOCS2 polymorphisms to T2DM risk was associated with age, gender, smoking, drinking, and BMI. SOCS2 variants also had a reduced risk for T2DM patients with diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and coronary heart disease. SOCS2 rs10492321 was the best single locus model. SOCS2 mRNA was downregulated in patients with T2DM compared to healthy controls (p = 0.029).

Conclusion

This study firstly reported that rs3825199, rs11107116 and rs10492321 in SOCS2 conferred to an increased risk for the occurrence of T2DM in the Chinese Han population. Moreover, SOCS2 mRNA was downregulated in patients with T2DM, suggesting that SOCS2 might have an important role in the occurrence of T2DM.

Growth Hormone and IGF1 Actions in Kidney Development and Function

Growth hormone (GH) exerts multiple effects on different organs including the kidneys, either directly or via its main mediator, insulin-like-growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The GH/IGF1 system plays a key role in normal kidney development, glomerular hemodynamic regulation, as well as tubular water, sodium, phosphate, and calcium handling. Transgenic animal models demonstrated that GH excess (and not IGF1) may lead to hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and glomerulosclerosis. GH and IGF-1 play a significant role in the early development of diabetic nephropathy, as well as in compensatory kidney hypertrophy after unilateral nephrectomy. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications in children are associated with alterations in the GH/IGF1 axis, including growth retardation, related to a GH-resistant state, attributed to impaired kidney postreceptor GH-signaling and chronic inflammation. This may explain the safety of prolonged rhGH-treatment of short stature in CKD.

Renal effects of growth hormone in health and in kidney disease

Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have manifold effects on the kidneys. GH and IGF receptors are abundantly expressed in the kidney, including the glomerular and tubular cells. GH can act either directly on the kidneys or via circulating or paracrine-synthesized IGF-1. The GH/IGF-1 system regulates glomerular hemodynamics, renal gluconeogenesis, tubular sodium and water, phosphate, and calcium handling, as well as renal synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 and the antiaging hormone Klotho. The latter also acts as a coreceptor of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast-growth factor 23 in the proximal tubule. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) is widely used in the treatment of short stature in children, including those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal studies and observations in acromegalic patients demonstrate that GH-excess can have deleterious effects on kidney health, including glomerular hyperfiltration, renal hypertrophy, and glomerulosclerosis. In addition, elevated GH in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus was thought to induce podocyte injury and thereby contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. This manuscript gives an overview of the physiological actions of GH/IGF-1 on the kidneys and the multiple alterations of the GH/IGF-1 system and its consequences in patients with acromegaly, CKD, nephrotic syndrome, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Finally, the impact of short- and long-term treatment with rhGH/rhIGF-1 on kidney function in patients with kidney diseases will be discussed.

Kidney Adaptations Prevent Loss of Trace Elements in Wistar Rats with Early Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of related metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. These metabolic derangements present significant risk factors for chronic kidney disease that carries to loss of essential micronutrients, which accelerates comorbidity apparition. The work aimed was to evaluate the trace element homeostasis regarding morphological adaptations and renal function in MetS early-onset. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: (a) control group and (b) hypercaloric diet group that developed MetS early-onset after 3 months. Classical zoometric parameters do not show changes; however, biochemical modifications were observed such as hyperglycemia, protein glycation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. MetS early-onset group observed renal structural modifications, but no functional changes. The structural modifications observed were minimal glomerular injury, glomerular basement membrane thickening, as well as mesangial and tubular cells that showed growth and proliferation. In serum and kidney (cortex and medulla), the concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cr, Mg, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni were no differences between the experimental groups, but excretory fractions of these were lower in the hypercaloric diet group. In conclusion, MetS early-onset coexist renal structural modification and a hyperreabsorptive activity of essential trace elements that avoid its loss; thus, the excretory fraction of oligo-elements could be used a biomarker of early renal injury caused by metabolic diseases in the clinical practice.

Identification of key genes and pathways in IgA nephropathy using bioinformatics analysis

BACKGROUND

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most frequent type of primary glomerulonephritis globally and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in young adults. Its pathogenesis is not fully known, but is largely attributed to genetic factors. This study was aimed to explore the prognostic values of key genes in IgAN.

METHODS

The gene expression profile GSE93798 of 20 IgAN samples and 22 normal samples using glomeruli from kidney biopsy was adopted. Totally 447 upregulated and 719 downregulated differentially expressed genes were found in IgAN patients on the R software. The Gene Ontology enrichment and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathway were investigated on DAVID, and the protein-protein interaction network and the top 13 hub genes of the differentially expressed genes were built via the plug-in molecular complex detection and cytoHubba of Cytoscape.

RESULTS

From the protein-protein interaction network, of the top 13 hub genes, FOS, EGFR, SIRT1, ALB, TFRC, JUN, IGF1, HIF1A, and SOCS3 were upregulated, while CTTN, ACTR2, CREB1, and CTNNB1 were downregulated. The upregulated genes took part in the HIF-1 signaling pathway, Choline metabolism in cancer, Pathways in cancer, Amphetamine addiction, Estrogen, TNF, and FoxO signaling pathways, and Osteoclast differentiation, while the downregulated genes were involved in Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, prostate cancer, and melanogenesis.

CONCLUSION

This study based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database updates the knowledge about the mechanism of IgAN and may offer new treatment targets.

A homogeneous immunoassay for detection of the interaction between two tumor biomarkers of IGF1R-β and SOCS1

The current protein interaction method is time consuming and cumbersome or the instrument is expensive. A new method that is convenient, fast, and high throughput needs to be studied urgently. The purpose of this study was to establish a homogeneous immunoassay to detect the interaction between insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor-β (IGF1R-β) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). The recombinant vectors IGF1R-β/pENTER and SOCS1/pENTER were constructed and transfected into 293T cells. Based on homogeneous immunoassay technology, we established a suitable method. The signal intensity in the 293T lysate that overexpressed IGF1R-β and SOCS1, respectively, was compared with the signal intensity in the simultaneous expression of IGF1R-β and SOCS1. The interaction between IGF1R-β and SOCS1 was verified in vitro. The detection system for the interaction between IGF1R-β and SOCS1 was established. Compared with other methods, homogeneous immunoassay has the advantages of being rapid and sensitive, having higher sensitivity, and easy to operate. The interaction between IGF1R-β and SOCS1 was tested to verify the feasibility of this method and prove its practicability and sensitivity. This new method can be used as a high-throughput platform for protein-protein interaction, with the advantages of trace detection, short detective time, and high detective sensitivity.

Inhibitor of IGF1 receptor alleviates the inflammation process in the diabetic kidney mouse model without activating SOCS2

Objective

To explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of IGF1R inhibitor in diabetic nephropathy.

Methods

C57/BL6 mice were reared with high-fat diet for 8 weeks, then were injected 30 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetes. After 8 weeks, the type 2 diabetes nephropathy model was successfully set up the different drugs were administrated to mice with diabetes (insulin 1-2 U/day, benazepril 10 mg/kg per day intragastrically, IGF-1R inhibitor 30 mg/kg per day intragastrically). After 8 weeks drugs administration, all mice were collected the kidney tissue, measured levels of inflammatory factor (F4/80, TLR4and CD68) and fibrosis markers(αSMA, E-cadherin and SR) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.

Results

The type 2 diabetes nephropathy model was built successfully, which along with increased urinary protein excretion rate and increased inflammatory infiltration, and the correlation was characterized by increased CD68⁺, F4/80⁺ cells and increased TLR4, αSMA, SR expression. IGF-1R inhibitors reversed this changes, but benazepril and insulin were without significant changes. The insulin decreased the expression level of IGF-1, and increased the levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2). Benazepril and IGF-1R inhibitor were no significant changes like insulin.

Conclusion

Inhibition of IGF1R was a more effective choice for inflammation treatment than Ben or Ins in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The IGF1R inhibitor blocked pathological changes induced by the over-expression of IGF1 in DKD without up-regulating SOCS2 protein levels.

Suppressor of cytokine signalling-2 limits IGF1R-mediated regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is the leading cause of death from lung malignancies and has a poor prognosis due to metastasis. Suppressor of cytokine signalling-2 (SOCS2), a feedback inhibitor of cytokine signalling, has been shown to be involved in growth control. Here, we show that SOCS2 were significantly downregulated in tumour foci in NSCLC patients. The expression levels of SOCS2 significantly correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, histological subtype and survival time. In particular, the decreased expression of SOCS2 significantly associated with advanced pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and shorter overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients. In vivo animal results showed that overexpressed SOCS2 attenuated the metastatic characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma, including by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further functional studies indicated that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-driven migratory and invasive behaviours of lung adenocarcinoma cells can be partially suppressed by exogenous SOCS2 expression. Investigations into the mechanism of action revealed that SOCS2 inhibits EMT by inactivating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 via the competitive binding of SOCS2 to the STAT binding sites on IGF1R. Altogether, our results reveal an important role for SOCS2 dysregulation in the pathogenicity of lung adenocarcinoma, suggest its potential use as a biomarker for diagnosing lung adenocarcinoma, and paves the way to develop novel therapy targets as the axis of SOCS2-IGF1R-STAT in lung adenocarcinoma.

GFD-Net: A novel semantic similarity methodology for the analysis of gene networks

Since the popularization of biological network inference methods, it has become crucial to create methods to validate the resulting models. Here we present GFD-Net, the first methodology that applies the concept of semantic similarity to gene network analysis. GFD-Net combines the concept of semantic similarity with the use of gene network topology to analyze the functional dissimilarity of gene networks based on Gene Ontology (GO). The main innovation of GFD-Net lies in the way that semantic similarity is used to analyze gene networks taking into account the network topology. GFD-Net selects a functionality for each gene (specified by a GO term), weights each edge according to the dissimilarity between the nodes at its ends and calculates a quantitative measure of the network functional dissimilarity, i.e. a quantitative value of the degree of dissimilarity between the connected genes. The robustness of GFD-Net as a gene network validation tool was demonstrated by performing a ROC analysis on several network repositories. Furthermore, a well-known network was analyzed showing that GFD-Net can also be used to infer knowledge. The relevance of GFD-Net becomes more evident in Section "GFD-Net applied to the study of human diseases" where an example of how GFD-Net can be applied to the study of human diseases is presented. GFD-Net is available as an open-source Cytoscape app which offers a user-friendly interface to configure and execute the algorithm as well as the ability to visualize and interact with the results(http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/gfdnet).

The impact of insulin resistance on the kidney and vasculature

Insulin resistance is a systemic disorder that affects many organs and insulin-regulated pathways. The disorder is characterized by a reduced action of insulin despite increased insulin concentrations (hyperinsulinaemia). The effects of insulin on the kidney and vasculature differ in part from the effects on classical insulin target organs. Insulin causes vasodilation by enhancing endothelial nitric oxide production through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. In insulin-resistant states, this pathway is impaired and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway stimulates vasoconstriction. The action of insulin on perivascular fat tissue and the subsequent effects on the vascular wall are not fully understood, but the hepatokine fetuin-A, which is released by fatty liver, might promote the proinflammatory effects of perivascular fat. The strong association of salt-sensitive arterial hypertension with insulin resistance indicates an involvement of the kidney in the insulin resistance syndrome. The insulin receptor is expressed on renal tubular cells and podocytes and insulin signalling has important roles in podocyte viability and tubular function. Renal sodium transport is preserved in insulin resistance and contributes to the salt-sensitivity of blood pressure in hyperinsulinaemia. Therapeutically, renal and vascular insulin resistance can be improved by an integrated holistic approach aimed at restoring overall insulin sensitivity and improving insulin signalling.

Influence of overexpression of SOCS2 on cells of DN rat

OBJECTIVE

To explore the influence and mechanism of overexpression of SOCS2 on diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats and cells.

METHODS

STZ was used to induce male SD rats and SOCS2 was injected into left renal vein. Rats were divided into DN group, DN-Ad-null group and DN-Ad-SOCS2 group. Glucose with high and normal concentration was used to culture HBZY-1 cells and then transfect Ad-SOCS2. HG group, HG-Ad-null group, HG-Ad-SOCS2 group, CG group, CG-Ad-null group, and CG-Ad-SOCS2 group were created. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6) in kidney tissue of rats, fibrosis related protein (FN, Collagen IV and TGF-β) in kidney tissue and cells of rats, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway related proteins (p-JAK2 and p-STAT3) were tested by western blot. ELISA was used to test the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in cells.

RESULTS

The expression of inflammatory cytokines in DN rats (MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6) and cell (TNF-α and IL-6) were increased (P < 0.01) significantly. However, SOCS2 could decrease the overexpression of mediated inflammatory cytokines in DN animal models and cell models (P < 0.01). The expression of fibrosis related protein in DN rats and cells increased while SOCS2 decreased the overexpression of mediated fibrosis related protein in DN model rats and cells (P < 0.01). The expression of JAK/STAT pathway related protein in both DN rats and cells increased and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was activated. Yet, SOCS2 obviously suppressed the expression of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway as well as the related proteins (p-JAK2 and p-STAT3) in both DN rats and cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The overexpression of SOCS2 can decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis related proteins in DN rats and cells, and meanwhile suppress the activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway mediated by DN.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 2 attenuates renal lesions in rats with diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) involves damage to the kidney caused by diabetes. It is characterized by renal hypertrophy, tubular atrophy/dilation and glomerular hyperfiltration. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 2 has recently been indicated to be involved in the pathogenesis of DN, however, the exact regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study was conducted to explore the role of SOCS2 in the development and progress of DN in a rat model of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Recombinant adenoviruses expressing SOCS2 were used to upregulate the expression of SOCS2 in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Our results demonstrated that intrarenal injection of SOCS2 adenoviruses reduced STZ-induced renal lesions, including renal/glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular hyperfiltration, aberrant inflammation and fibrosis. Increased expression levels of proinflammatory proteins (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrotic factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and profibrotic proteins (transforming growth factor-beta, collagen IV and fibronectin) in the diabetic kidneys were decreased after SOCS2 gene delivery. Additionally, adenovirus-mediated upregulation of renal SOCS2 markedly inhibited STZ-induced phosphorylation increases of Janus kinase (JAK) 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, STAT5 and extracellular receptor-activated kinase (ERK) 1/2. In summary, the present research demonstrates that SOCS2 reduces renal lesions associated with diabetes in rats.

Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the kidney: pathophysiological and clinical implications

Besides their growth-promoting properties, GH and IGF-1 regulate a broad spectrum of biological functions in several organs, including the kidney. This review focuses on the renal actions of GH and IGF-1, taking into account major advances in renal physiology and hormone biology made over the last 20 years, allowing us to move our understanding of GH/IGF-1 regulation of renal functions from a cellular to a molecular level. The main purpose of this review was to analyze how GH and IGF-1 regulate renal development, glomerular functions, and tubular handling of sodium, calcium, phosphate, and glucose. Whenever possible, the relative contributions, the nephronic topology, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH and IGF-1 actions were addressed. Beyond the physiological aspects of GH/IGF-1 action on the kidney, the review describes the impact of GH excess and deficiency on renal architecture and functions. It reports in particular new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of body fluid retention and of changes in phospho-calcium metabolism in acromegaly as well as of the reciprocal changes in sodium, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis observed in GH deficiency. The second aim of this review was to analyze how the GH/IGF-1 axis contributes to major renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, renal failure, renal carcinoma, and polycystic renal disease. It summarizes the consequences of chronic renal failure and glucocorticoid therapy after renal transplantation on GH secretion and action and questions the interest of GH therapy in these conditions.

Insulin signalling to the kidney in health and disease

Ninety-one years ago insulin was discovered, which was one of the most important medical discoveries in the past century, transforming the lives of millions of diabetic patients. Initially insulin was considered only important for rapid control of blood glucose by its action on a restricted number of tissues; however, it has now become clear that this hormone controls an array of cellular processes in many different tissues. The present review will focus on the role of insulin in the kidney in health and disease.

Relationship between expression of SOCS2 and STAT3 and biologic behaviors of gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the relationship between expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and biological behaviors of gastric carcinoma.

METHODS: The expression of SOCS2 and STAT3 in 55 cases of gastric carcinoma and 55 cases of normal gastric tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of SOCS2 and STAT3 expression with tumor differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, clinical stage and patients' gender and age was analyzed.

RESULTS: The positive rate of SOCS2 expression in gastric carcinoma was significantly lower than that in normal gastric tissues (25.5% vs 91.1%, P < 0.05). SOCS2 expression in gastric carcinoma was significantly associated with tumor differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (all P < 0.05). The positive rate of STAT3 expression in gastric carcinoma was significantly higher than that in normal gastric tissue (72.7% vs 18.2%, P < 0.05). STAT3 expression in gastric carcinoma was significantly associated with tumor differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, and clinical stage (all P < 0.05). There was a significant negative relation between the expression of SOCS2 and that of STAT3 in gastric carcinoma (r = -0.486, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION: SOCS2 is lowly expressed in gastric carcinoma, while STAT3 is highly expressed in gastric carcinoma. Interaction between SOCS2 and STAT3 may contribute to gastric carcinogenesis.

Polymorphisms of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) contribute to pathologic progression in childhood IgA nephropathy

Previous studies have suggested that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling might play an important role in renal fibrosis and regulation of the proliferation of mesangial cells and podocytes. We conducted the present study to investigate association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IGF-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) genes and childhood immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy (IgAN). We analyzed five SNPs of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in 188 pediatric IgAN patients and in 263 healthy controls. We compared variations in SNPs in several sets of IgAN subgroups that were designated based on the presence of nephrotic range proteinuria (>40 mg/m2 per h), podocyte foot process effacement, and pathological progression. Genotyping of IgAN patients and controls revealed differences in IGF-1R rs2229765. Moreover, the rs2195239, rs978458, and rs1520220 SNPs of IGF-1 showed significant association with pathological progression. Thus, in the present study, we observed associations between the IGF-1/1R pathway, susceptibility to IgAN, and the pathologic progression of IgAN.

Regulatory role of the GH-SOCS2-IGF-1 axis in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease usually associated with recurrent attacks. Intestinal bacterial translocation induced by intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction may mediate abnormal immune response and chronic intestinal inflammation and therefore play an important role in the development and progression of UC. The GH-SOCS2-IGF1 axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), suppressors of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), is involved in the injury and repair of intestinal mucosal barrier. The research on the abnormal regulation of the GH-SOCS2-IGF1 axis in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in UC has attracted increasing attention. This paper will briefly summarize the respective role of GH, SOCS2, and IGF-1, and discuss the regulatory role of the GH-SOCS2-IGF1 axis in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in UC.