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Uhl B, Braun C, Dominik J, Luft J, Canis M, Reichel CA. A Novel Experimental Approach for In Vivo Analyses of the Salivary Gland Microvasculature. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604470. [PMID: 33679695 PMCID: PMC7925411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of salivary gland disorders. Restoring and preserving microvascular integrity might therefore represent a promising strategy for the treatment of these pathologies. The mechanisms underlying microvascular dysfunction in salivary glands, however, are still obscure, partly due to the unavailability of adequate in vivo models. Here, we present a novel experimental approach that allows comprehensive in vivo analyses of the salivary gland microvasculature in mice. For this purpose, we employed different microscopy techniques including multi-photon in vivo microscopy to quantitatively analyze interactions of distinct immune cell subsets in the submandibular gland microvasculature required for their infiltration into the surrounding parenchyma and their effects on microvascular function. Confocal microscopy and multi-channel flow cytometry in tissue sections/homogenates complemented these real-time analyses by determining the molecular phenotype of the participating cells. To this end, we identified key adhesion and signaling molecules that regulate the subset- and tissue-specific trafficking of leukocytes into inflamed glands and control the associated microvascular leakage. Hence, we established an experimental approach that allows in vivo analyses of microvascular processes in healthy and diseased salivary glands. This enables us to delineate distinct pathogenetic factors as novel therapeutic targets in salivary gland diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Uhl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Braun
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Dominik
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua Luft
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Reichel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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2
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CD40/CD40L Signaling as a Promising Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Renal Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113653. [PMID: 33202988 PMCID: PMC7697100 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) is activated by the CD40 ligand (CD40L) in a variety of diverse cells types and regulates important processes associated with kidney disease. The CD40/CD40L signaling cascade has been comprehensively studied for its roles in immune functions, whereas the signaling axis involved in local kidney injury has only drawn attention in recent years. Clinical studies have revealed that circulating levels of soluble CD40L (sCD40L) are associated with renal function in the setting of kidney disease. Levels of the circulating CD40 receptor (sCD40), sCD40L, and local CD40 expression are tightly related to renal injury in different types of kidney disease. Additionally, various kidney cell types have been identified as non-professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that express CD40 on the cell membrane, which contributes to the interactions between immune cells and local kidney cells during the development of kidney injury. Although the potential for adverse CD40 signaling in kidney cells has been reported in several studies, a summary of those studies focusing on the role of CD40 signaling in the development of kidney disease is lacking. In this review, we describe the outcomes of recent studies and summarize the potential therapeutic methods for kidney disease which target CD40.
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3
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Wilkening A, Krappe J, Mühe AM, Lindenmeyer MT, Eltrich N, Luckow B, Vielhauer V. C-C chemokine receptor type 2 mediates glomerular injury and interstitial fibrosis in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:227-239. [PMID: 30597038 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are hallmarks of chronic kidney injury leading to end-stage renal disease. Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to glomerular and interstitial scarring, including chemokine-mediated recruitment of leucocytes. In particular, accumulation of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-expressing macrophages promotes renal injury and fibrotic remodelling in diseases like glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy. The functional role of CCR2 in the initiation and progression of primary glomerulosclerosis induced by podocyte injury remains to be characterized. METHODS We analysed glomerular expression of CCR2 and its chemokine ligand C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Additionally, CCL2 expression was determined in stimulated murine glomeruli and glomerular cells in vitro. To explore pro-inflammatory and profibrotic functions of CCR2 we induced adriamycin nephropathy, a murine model of FSGS, in BALB/c wild-type and Ccr2-deficient mice. RESULTS Glomerular expression of CCR2 and CCL2 significantly increased in human FSGS. In adriamycin-induced FSGS, progressive glomerular scarring and reduced glomerular nephrin expression was paralleled by induced glomerular expression of CCL2. Adriamycin exposure stimulated secretion of CCL2 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) in isolated glomeruli and mesangial cells and CCL2 in parietal epithelial cells. In addition, TNF induced CCL2 expression in all glomerular cell populations, most prominently in podocytes. In vivo, Ccr2-deficient mice with adriamycin nephropathy showed reduced injury, macrophage and fibrocyte infiltration and inflammation in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium. Importantly, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were significantly ameliorated. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CCR2 is an important mediator of glomerular injury and progression of FSGS. CCR2- targeting therapies may represent a novel approach for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wilkening
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Krappe
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne M Mühe
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nuru Eltrich
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Luckow
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Vielhauer
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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4
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Seifert A, Wozniak J, Düsterhöft S, Kasparek P, Sedlacek R, Dreschers S, Orlikowsky TW, Yildiz D, Ludwig A. The iRhom2/ADAM17 Axis Attenuates Bacterial Uptake by Phagocytes in a Cell Autonomous Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175978. [PMID: 32825187 PMCID: PMC7503280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake of bacteria by phagocytes is a crucial step in innate immune defence. Members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family critically control the immune response by limited proteolysis of surface expressed mediator molecules. Here, we investigated the significance of ADAM17 and its regulatory adapter molecule iRhom2 for bacterial uptake by phagocytes. Inhibition of metalloproteinase activity led to increased phagocytosis of pHrodo labelled Gram-negative and -positive bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus, respectively) by human and murine monocytic cell lines or primary phagocytes. Bone marrow-derived macrophages showed enhanced uptake of heat-inactivated and living E. coli when they lacked either ADAM17 or iRhom2 but not upon ADAM10-deficiency. In monocytic THP-1 cells, corresponding short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown confirmed that ADAM17, but not ADAM10, promoted phagocytosis of E. coli. The augmented bacterial uptake occurred in a cell autonomous manner and was accompanied by increased release of the chemokine CXCL8, less TNFα release and only minimal changes in the surface expression of the receptors TNFR1, TLR6 and CD36. Inhibition experiments indicated that the enhanced bacterial phagocytosis after ADAM17 knockdown was partially dependent on TNFα-activity but not on CXCL8. This novel role of ADAM17 in bacterial uptake needs to be considered in the development of ADAM17 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Stephan Dreschers
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.D.); (T.W.O.)
| | - Thorsten W. Orlikowsky
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.D.); (T.W.O.)
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, PZMS, ZHMB, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-241-8035771 (A.L.); Fax: +49-241-8082433 (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.S.); (J.W.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-241-8035771 (A.L.); Fax: +49-241-8082433 (A.L.)
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5
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Sung SSJ, Fu SM. Interactions among glomerulus infiltrating macrophages and intrinsic cells via cytokines in chronic lupus glomerulonephritis. J Autoimmun 2019; 106:102331. [PMID: 31495649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN) and inflammatory cytokines within the glomeruli are critical in this process. However, little information is available for the identities of the cell types that are primarily responsible for the production and function of the various cytokines. We have devised a novel method to visualize cytokine signals in the kidney by confocal microscopy and found that cytokine production within the glomerulus is cell type-specific and under translational control. In the lupus-prone NZM2328 mice with chronic glomerulonephritis, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the glomerulus were produced predominantly by mesangial cells, podocytes, and glomerulus-infiltrating blood-derived macrophages, respectively. Microarray and RNASeq analyses showed that these cells expressed the receptors for these cytokines. Together the 3 cell types form a cytokine circuit in amplifying cytokine responses in LN. The intrinsic cells and infiltrating macrophages also produced other cytokines including M-CSF, SCF, and IL-34 that constituted within the enclosed glomerular space the soluble effector milieu which may mediate cellular damage and proliferation, and cytokine transcriptional and translation regulation. IL-10 and IL-1β were translationally regulated in the glomeruli in the intact kidney in a cell type-specific manner. The production of these 2 cytokines by infiltrating macrophages was undetectable in a visualization system for in situ protein accumulation despite high mRNA expression levels. However, these macrophages in isolated glomeruli which are released from Bowman's capsules produced large amounts of IL-10 and IL-1β. These data reveal the complexity of cytokine regulation, production, and function in the glomerulus and provide a model in which cytokine blocking may be beneficial in LN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sang J Sung
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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6
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Lux M, Blaut A, Eltrich N, Bideak A, Müller MB, Hoppe JM, Gröne HJ, Locati M, Vielhauer V. The Atypical Chemokine Receptor 2 Limits Progressive Fibrosis after Acute Ischemic Kidney Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:231-247. [PMID: 30448408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Following renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), resolution of inflammation allows tubular regeneration, whereas ongoing inflammatory injury mediated by infiltrating leukocytes leads to nephron loss and renal fibrosis, typical hallmarks of chronic kidney disease. Atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2) is a chemokine decoy receptor that binds and scavenges inflammatory CC chemokines and reduces local leukocyte accumulation. We hypothesized that ACKR2 limits leukocyte infiltration, inflammation, and fibrotic tissue remodeling after renal IRI, thus preventing progression to chronic kidney disease. Compared with wild type, Ackr2 deficiency increases CC chemokine ligand 2 levels in tumor necrosis factor-stimulated tubulointerstitial tissue in vitro. In Ackr2-deficient mice with early IRI 1 or 5 days after transient renal pedicle clamping, tubular injury was similar to wild type, although accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes increased in postischemic Ackr2-/- kidneys. Regarding long-term outcomes, Ackr2-/- kidneys displayed more tubular injury 5 weeks after IRI, which was associated with persistently increased renal infiltrates of mononuclear phagocytes, T cells, Ly6Chigh inflammatory macrophages, and inflammation. Moreover, Ackr2 deficiency caused substantially aggravated renal fibrosis in Ackr2-/- kidneys 5 weeks after IRI, shown by increased expression of matrix molecules, renal accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts, and bone marrow-derived fibrocytes. ACKR2 is important in limiting persistent inflammation, tubular loss, and renal fibrosis after ischemic acute kidney injury and, thus, can prevent progression to chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Lux
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Blaut
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nuru Eltrich
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrei Bideak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin B Müller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - John M Hoppe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Volker Vielhauer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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7
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Westhorpe CLV, Norman MU, Hall P, Snelgrove SL, Finsterbusch M, Li A, Lo C, Tan ZH, Li S, Nilsson SK, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Effector CD4 + T cells recognize intravascular antigen presented by patrolling monocytes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:747. [PMID: 29467472 PMCID: PMC5821889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although effector CD4+ T cells readily respond to antigen outside the vasculature, how they respond to intravascular antigens is unknown. Here we show the process of intravascular antigen recognition using intravital multiphoton microscopy of glomeruli. CD4+ T cells undergo intravascular migration within uninflamed glomeruli. Similarly, while MHCII is not expressed by intrinsic glomerular cells, intravascular MHCII-expressing immune cells patrol glomerular capillaries, interacting with CD4+ T cells. Following intravascular deposition of antigen in glomeruli, effector CD4+ T-cell responses, including NFAT1 nuclear translocation and decreased migration, are consistent with antigen recognition. Of the MHCII+ immune cells adherent in glomerular capillaries, only monocytes are retained for prolonged durations. These cells can also induce T-cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, monocyte depletion reduces CD4+ T-cell-dependent glomerular inflammation. These findings indicate that MHCII+ monocytes patrolling the glomerular microvasculature can present intravascular antigen to CD4+ T cells within glomerular capillaries, leading to antigen-dependent inflammation. Monocytes constitutively adhere and crawl along the glomerular endothelium and are thought to contribute to glomerulonephritis. Here the authors use multiphoton microscopy to show local antigen presentation by MHCII+ monocytes to T cells in glomerular capillaries of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L V Westhorpe
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - M Ursula Norman
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Pam Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Michaela Finsterbusch
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anqi Li
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Camden Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Zhe Hao Tan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Songhui Li
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Departments of Nephrology and Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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8
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Bideak A, Blaut A, Hoppe JM, Müller MB, Federico G, Eltrich N, Gröne HJ, Locati M, Vielhauer V. The atypical chemokine receptor 2 limits renal inflammation and fibrosis in murine progressive immune complex glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2018; 93:826-841. [PMID: 29395335 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2), also named D6, regulates local levels of inflammatory chemokines by internalization and degradation. To explore potential anti-inflammatory functions of ACKR2 in glomerulonephritis, we induced autologous nephrotoxic nephritis in C57/BL6 wild-type and Ackr2-deficient mice. Renal ACKR2 expression increased and localized to interstitial lymphatic endothelium during nephritis. At two weeks Ackr2-/-mice developed increased albuminuria and urea levels compared to wild-type mice. Histological analysis revealed increased structural damage in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments within Ackr2-/- kidneys. This correlated with excessive renal leukocyte infiltration of CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes with increased numbers in the tubulointerstitium but not glomeruli in knockout mice. Expression of inflammatory mediators and especially markers of fibrotic tissue remodeling were increased along with higher levels of ACKR2 inflammatory chemokine ligands like CCL2 in nephritic Ackr2-/- kidneys. In vitro, Ackr2 deficiency in TNF-stimulated tubulointerstitial tissue but not glomeruli increased chemokine levels. These results are in line with ACKR2 expression in interstitial lymphatic endothelial cells, which also assures efflux of activated leukocytes into regional lymph nodes. Consistently, nephritic Ackr2-/- mice showed reduced adaptive cellular immune responses indicated by decreased regional T-cell activation. However, this did not prevent aggravated injury in the kidneys of Ackr2-/- mice with nephrotoxic nephritis due to simultaneously increased tubulointerstitial chemokine levels, leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis. Thus, ACKR2 is important in limiting renal inflammation and fibrotic remodeling in progressive nephrotoxic nephritis. Hence, ACKR2 may be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in immune complex glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bideak
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Blaut
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - John M Hoppe
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin B Müller
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nuru Eltrich
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Volker Vielhauer
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and .,Departments of Nephrology and.,Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
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10
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Sung SSJ, Li L, Huang L, Lawler J, Ye H, Rosin DL, Vincent IS, Le TH, Yu J, Görldt N, Schrader J, Okusa MD. Proximal Tubule CD73 Is Critical in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Protection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:888-902. [PMID: 27628903 PMCID: PMC5328157 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73-derived adenosine plays an anti-inflammatory role in various organs. However, its role in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is controversial. We targeted CD73 mutant mice to determine the function of CD73 expressed by various renal cell types under mild IRI conditions. Mice with CD73 deletion in proximal tubules exhibited exacerbated IRI, comparable with that of CD73-/- mice compared with WT mice. Mice with CD73 deletions in other cell types, including cortical type 1 fibroblast-like cells, mesangial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, showed small or no increases in injury above control mice when subjected to threshold levels of ischemia. Results from adoptive transfer experiments between WT and CD73-/- mice and pharmacologic studies modulating enzymatic activity of CD73 and extracellular adenosine levels supported a critical role of adenosine generated by proximal tubule CD73 expression in abrogating IRI. Renal adenosine levels were lower before and after ischemia in CD73-deficient mice. However, reduction in total acid-extractable renal adenosine levels was inadequate to explain the marked difference in kidney injury in these CD73-deficient mice. Furthermore, CD73 inhibition and enzyme replacement studies showed no change in total kidney adenosine levels in treated mice compared with vehicle-treated controls. Protection from IRI in neutrophil-depleted WT recipients was sustained by repopulation with bone marrow neutrophils from WT mice but not by those lacking adenosine 2a receptors (from Adora2a-/- mice). These data support the thesis that local adenosine generated by cells at the injury site is critical for protection from IRI through bone marrow-derived adenosine 2a receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sang J Sung
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Li Li
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Jessica Lawler
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Hong Ye
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Diane L Rosin
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
- Departments of Pharmacology and
| | - Issah S Vincent
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
| | - Jing Yu
- Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Nicole Görldt
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and
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11
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Sung SSJ, Ge Y, Dai C, Wang H, Fu SM, Sharma R, Hahn YS, Yu J, Le TH, Okusa MD, Bolton WK, Lawler JR. Dependence of Glomerulonephritis Induction on Novel Intraglomerular Alternatively Activated Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Mac-1 and PD-L1 in Lupus-Prone NZM2328 Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2589-2601. [PMID: 28219886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular damage mediated by glomerulus-infiltrating myeloid-derived cells is a key pathogenic event in lupus nephritis (LN), but the process is poorly understood. Confocal microscopy of kidney sections and flow cytometry analysis of glomerular cells from magnetic bead-purified glomeruli have identified glomerulus-infiltrating leukocyte populations in NZM2328 (NZM) lupus-prone mice with spontaneous chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) and anti-glomerular basement membrane-induced nephritis. The occurrence of a major glomerulus-infiltrating CD11b+F4/80-I-A- macrophage population exhibiting the markers programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), Mac-2, and macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) and producing Klf4, Il10, Retnla, Tnf, and Il6 mRNA, which are known to be expressed by alternatively activated (M2b) macrophages, correlated with proteinuria status. In NZM mice with spontaneous LN, glomerular macrophage infiltration is predominant. CD11b+F4/80-I-A- intraglomerular macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are important in inducing GN, as anti-CD11b and -ICAM-1 mAb inhibited both proteinuria and macrophage and PMN infiltration. The predominant and high expression of PD-L1 by CD11b+F4/80-I-A- glomerular macrophages in kidneys of mice with GN and the inhibition of proteinuria by anti-PD-L1 mAb supported the pathogenic role of these macrophages but not the PD-L1- PMN in GN development and in inducing podocyte damage. In NZM mice with spontaneous chronic GN and severe proteinuria, few glomerulus-infiltrating PMN were found, leaving macrophages and, to a less extent, dendritic cells as the major infiltrating leukocytes. Taken together, these data support the important pathogenic effect of CD11b+F4/80-I-A- M2b-like glomerulus-infiltrating macrophages in LN and reinforce macrophages as a promising target for GN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sang J Sung
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908; .,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yan Ge
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Chao Dai
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Thu H Le
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Warren K Bolton
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jessica R Lawler
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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12
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Abstract
Glomerular diseases are common and important. They can arise from systemic inflammatory or metabolic diseases that affect the kidney. Alternately, they are caused primarily by local glomerular abnormalities, including genetic diseases. Both intrinsic glomerular cells and leukocytes are critical to the healthy glomerulus and to glomerular dysregulation in disease. Mesangial cells, endothelial cells, podocytes, and parietal epithelial cells within the glomerulus all play unique and specialized roles. Although a specific disease often primarily affects a particular cell type, the close proximity, and interdependent functions and interactions between cells mean that even diseases affecting one cell type usually indirectly influence others. In addition to those cells intrinsic to the glomerulus, leukocytes patrol the glomerulus in health and mediate injury in disease. Distinct leukocyte types and subsets are present, with some being involved in different ways in an individual glomerular disease. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems are important, directing systemic immune and inflammatory responses, locally mediating injury, and potentially dampening inflammation and facilitating repair. The advent of new genetic and molecular techniques, and new disease models means that we better understand both the basic biology of the glomerulus and the pathogenesis of glomerular disease. This understanding should lead to better diagnostic techniques, biomarkers, and predictors of prognosis, disease severity, and relapse. With this knowledge comes the promise of better therapies in the future, directed toward halting pathways of injury and fibrosis, or interrupting the underlying pathophysiology of the individual diseases that lead to significant and progressive glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, and
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly L. Hutton
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, and
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13
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Cao Q, Harris DCH, Wang Y. Macrophages in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:183-94. [PMID: 25933819 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00046.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are found in normal kidney and in increased numbers in diseased kidney, where they act as key players in renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells and exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics in response to various stimuli in the local microenvironment in different types of kidney disease. In kidney tissue necrosis and/or infection, damage- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to further tissue injury, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. Apoptotic cells and anti-inflammatory factors in post-inflammatory tissues induced anti-inflammatory macrophages, which can mediate kidney repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the role of macrophages with different phenotypes in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in various acute and chronic kidney diseases. Understanding alterations of kidney microenvironment and the factors that control the phenotype and functions of macrophages may offer an avenue for the development of new cellular and cytokine/growth factor-based therapies as alternative treatment options for patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Chessa F, Mathow D, Wang S, Hielscher T, Atzberger A, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Burgdorf S, Gröne HJ, Popovic ZV. The renal microenvironment modifies dendritic cell phenotype. Kidney Int 2016; 89:82-94. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Kanzaki G, Nagasaka S, Higo S, Kajimoto Y, Kanemitsu T, Aoki M, Nagahama K, Natori Y, Tsuboi N, Yokoo T, Shimizu A. Impact of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies and glomerular neutrophil activation on glomerulonephritis in experimental myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:574-85. [PMID: 26582929 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and neutrophil interactions play important roles in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) pathogenesis. However, mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of crescent formation in ANCA-associated vasculitis have not been completely elucidated. To ascertain the involvement of these interactions in necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN), we used an AAV rat model and investigated the effects of the anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibody (Ab) titer, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and subnephritogenic anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) Abs, as proinflammatory stimuli. METHODS NCGN was induced in Wistar Kyoto rats by human MPO (hMPO) immunization. Renal function, pathology, and glomerular cytokine and chemokine expression were evaluated in hMPO-immunized rats with/without several co-treatments (TNF-α, G-CSF or subnephritogenic anti-GBM Abs). Rat neutrophils activation by IgG purified from rat serum in each group was examined in vitro. RESULTS The hMPO-immunized rats had significantly higher level of anti-hMPO Ab production. The induced anti-hMPO Abs cross-reacted with TNF-α- or G-CSF-primed rat neutrophils secreting TNF-α and interleukin-1β in vitro. The reactivity of anti-MPO Abs against rat MPO, crescent formation with neutrophil extracellular traps and glomerular-activated neutrophil infiltration in the rat model were significantly enhanced by subnephritogenic anti-GBM Ab but not by TNF-α or G-CSF administration. The model rats injected with the subnephritogenic anti-GBM Abs showed increased urinary albumin excretion and serum TNF-α, chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXCL2 levels. TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8 increased in the glomeruli with significant amounts of crescent formation. In addition, in vitro activated neutrophils decreased CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) and CXCR2 expressions. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of subnephritogenic anti-GBM Abs leads to the inflammatory environment in glomeruli that is amplified by the interaction of ANCA and neutrophils. Development of NCGN in MPO-AAV may be necessary for not only the accumulation of neutrophils in glomeruli, but also the aberrant neutrophil activation on glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Kanzaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagasaka
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Higo
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kajimoto
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kanemitsu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Michiko Aoki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nagahama
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Natori
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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16
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Ma J, Liu R, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen Y, Valle RP, Zuo YY, Xia T, Liu S. Crucial Role of Lateral Size for Graphene Oxide in Activating Macrophages and Stimulating Pro-inflammatory Responses in Cells and Animals. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10498-515. [PMID: 26389709 PMCID: PMC5522963 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is increasingly used in biomedical applications because it possesses not only the unique properties of graphene including large surface area and flexibility but also hydrophilicity and dispersibility in aqueous solutions. However, there are conflicting results on its biocompatibility and biosafety partially due to large variations in physicochemical properties of GO, and the role of these properties including lateral size in the biological or toxicological effects of GO is still unclear. In this study, we focused on the role of lateral size by preparing a panel of GO samples with differential lateral sizes using the same starting material. We found that, in comparison to its smaller counterpart, larger GO showed a stronger adsorption onto the plasma membrane with less phagocytosis, which elicited more robust interaction with toll-like receptors and more potent activation of NF-κB pathways. By contrast, smaller GO sheets were more likely taken up by cells. As a result, larger GO promoted greater M1 polarization, associated with enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of immune cells. The in vitro results correlated well with local and systemic inflammatory responses after GO administration into the abdominal cavity, lung, or bloodstream through the tail vein. Together, our study delineated the size-dependent M1 induction of macrophages and pro-inflammatory responses of GO in vitro and in vivo. Our data also unearthed the detailed mechanism underlying these effects: a size-dependent interaction between GO and the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Russell P. Valle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to (S. Liu) ; (T. Xia)
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Address correspondence to (S. Liu) ; (T. Xia)
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17
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Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytes (dendritic cells and macrophages) are closely related immune cells with central roles in anti-infectious defense and maintenance of organ integrity. The canonical function of dendritic cells is the activation of T cells, whereas macrophages remove apoptotic cells and microbes by phagocytosis. In the kidney, these cell types form an intricate system of mononuclear phagocytes that surveys against injury and infection and contributes to organ homeostasis and tissue repair but may also promote progression of CKD. This review summarizes the general functions and classification of dendritic cells and macrophages in the immune system and recapitulates why overlapping definitions and historically separate research have created controversy about their tasks. Their roles in acute kidney disease, CKD, and renal transplantation are described, and therapeutic strategy to modify these cells for therapeutic purposes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Weisheit
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany and Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany and Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany and
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18
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Compartment-specific flow cytometry for the analysis of TNF-mediated recruitment and activation of glomerular leukocytes in murine kidneys. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1155:173-86. [PMID: 24788182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0669-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines of the TNF superfamily, particularly TNF itself, are important mediators of inflammatory leukocyte recruitment and activation in parenchymal organs. In inflammatory kidney diseases, leukocytes accumulate in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium, leading to glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial nephritis, respectively. In particular, glomeruli can be the target of organ-threatening leukocyte-mediated inflammation. As microvasculatures of the glomerulus and the tubulointerstitium differ markedly in their structural and functional properties, recruitment and subsequent activation of leukocytes to these sites occur via distinct mechanisms. To understand the pathways and mediators of leukocyte-driven inflammation in the kidney it is therefore essential to analyze glomerular and tubulointerstitial leukocyte recruitment in a compartment-specific way. The protocol presented here describes an easy and rapid technique that allows compartment-specific quantitation and qualitative analysis of leukocytes present in glomeruli and tubulointerstitial tissue by flow cytometry after separation of these tissue compartments.
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Andersen K, Eltrich N, Lichtnekert J, Anders HJ, Vielhauer V. The NLRP3/ASC inflammasome promotes T-cell-dependent immune complex glomerulonephritis by canonical and noncanonical mechanisms. Kidney Int 2014; 86:965-78. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Kitching AR. Dendritic cells in progressive renal disease: some answers, many questions. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2185-93. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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