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Matsunaga W, Gotoh A. Adenovirus as a Vector and Oncolytic Virus. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4826-4840. [PMID: 37367056 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors, both oncolytic viruses and gene delivery vectors, are among the earliest approved and commercialised vectors for gene therapy. Adenoviruses have high cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. Therefore, lentiviruses or adeno-associated viruses as viral vectors and herpes simplex virus as an oncolytic virus have recently drawn attention. Thus, adenoviral vectors are often considered relatively obsolete. However, their high cargo limit and transduction efficiency are significant advantages over newer viral vectors. This review provides an overview of the new-generation adenoviral vectors. In addition, we describe the modification of the fiber knob region that enhances affinity of adenoviral vectors for cancer cells and the utilisation of cancer-cell-specific promoters to suppress expression of unwanted transgenes in non-malignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsunaga
- Joint-Use Research Facilities, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akinobu Gotoh
- Department of Education for Medical Research Base, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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2
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Zhou L, Jiang J, Fu Y, Zhang D, Li T, Fu Q, Yan C, Zhong Y, Dionigi G, Liang N, Sun H. Diagnostic performance of Midkine ratios in fine-needle aspirates for evaluation of Cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Diagn Pathol 2021; 16:92. [PMID: 34689799 PMCID: PMC8543763 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a basic diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules. However, 15–30% of nodules are cytologically indeterminate. Midkine (MK), a pleiotropic growth factor, is often upregulated in patients with cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the role of MK and its ratios in fine-needle aspirates (FNA) for predicting thyroid malignancy. Methods This retrospective study included patients with thyroid nodules who underwent preoperative FNA and/or thyroidectomy between April 2017 and September 2017. MK levels in FNA washout were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and thyroglobulin (TG) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels in FNA washout were measured by chemiluminescent immunometric assays. Results A total of 217 patients with 242 nodules were included in this study. The concentrations of TG, FT4, MK/TG, MK/FT4, and FT4/MK were significantly different between papillary thyroid carcinomas and benign thyroid nodules. Both MK/TG and MK/FT4 ratios were positively correlated with maximum tumor diameter, extrathyroidal extension, and T and N stages. The area under the curve for MK/TG was 0.719 with a cutoff value of 55.57 ng/mg, while the area under the curve for MK/FT4 was 0.677 with a cutoff value of 0.11 μg/pmol. FNAC in combination with MK/FT4 had a higher sensitivity (95% vs. 91%) and accuracy (96% vs. 92%) than FNAC alone for cytologically indeterminate specimens, those of unknown significance, or those suspected of malignancy. Conclusions MK/FT4 and MK/TG may have diagnostic utility for evaluation of papillary thyroid carcinomas, particularly for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13000-021-01150-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhou
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jinxi Jiang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yantao Fu
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tong Li
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qingfeng Fu
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Division Of Laboratory Medicine Center, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Gianlorenzo Dionigi
- Division of General and Endocrine Surgery, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nan Liang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Hui Sun
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City, 130033, Jilin Province, China.
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Chen CJ, Chou CY, Shu KH, Chen HC, Wang MC, Chang CC, Hsu BG, Wu MS, Yang YL, Liao WL, Yang C, Hsiao YT, Huang CC. Discovery of Novel Protein Biomarkers in Urine for Diagnosis of Urothelial Cancer Using iTRAQ Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2953-2963. [PMID: 33780252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the ninth most prevalent malignancy worldwide. Noninvasive and efficient biomarkers with high accuracy are imperative for the surveillance and diagnosis of UC. CKD patients were enrolled as a control group in this study for the discovery of highly specific urinary protein markers of UC. An iTRAQ-labeled quantitative proteomic approach was used to discover novel potential markers. These markers were further validated with 501 samples by ELISA assay, and their diagnostic accuracies were compared to those of other reported UC markers. BRDT, CYBP, GARS, and HDGF were identified as novel urinary UC biomarkers with a high discrimination ability in a population comprising CKD and healthy subjects. The diagnostic values of the four novel UC markers were better than that of a panel of well-known or FDA-approved urinary protein markers CYFR21.1, Midkine, and NUMA1. Three of our discovered markers (BRDT, HDGF, GARS) and one well-known marker (CYFR21.1) were finally selected and combined as a marker panel having AUC values of 0.962 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98) and 0.860 (95% CI, 0.83-0.89) for the discrimination between UC and normal groups and UC and control (healthy + CKD) groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan.,Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Chou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.,Department of Post-baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Shu
- Division of Nephrology, Lin Shin Hospital, Taichung 40867, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospitals, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 43303, Taiwan
| | - Mai-Szu Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University and Hospitals, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Lung Yang
- Division of Urology, St. Mary's Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan.,Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Yang
- Division of Nephrology and the Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospitals, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Hsiao
- Division of Nephrology and the Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospitals, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ching Huang
- Division of Nephrology and the Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospitals, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
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Bi X, Zhai J, Xia Y, Li H. Analysis of genetic information from the antlers of Rangifer tarandus (reindeer) at the rapid growth stage. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230168. [PMID: 32168333 PMCID: PMC7069613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reindeer is the only deer species in which both males and females regularly grow antlers, providing an excellent model for studying the rapid growth and annual regeneration of antlers. The study of genetic information from reindeer is the basis for revealing the unique mechanism of antler growth. In the present study, we obtained 18.86 GB of clean reads, which were assembled to obtain 94,575 unigenes (average length: 704.69). Among these reads, 30,980 sequences were identified by searching a database of known proteins and then annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) classifications and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. All 7,480 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. A total of 84,435 and 82,226 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in male and female reindeer, respectively. We identified 31 genes that were highly expressed in reindeer antlers. These genes regulate cell activities that are closely associated with the process of rapid tissue growth. Our results provide a basis for studying reindeer antlers and for further studying the molecular genetics, population genetics, and functional genomics of reindeer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Bi
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chifeng University, Hongshan District, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, China
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, China
| | - Yanling Xia
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, China
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, China
| | - Heping Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, China
- * E-mail:
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5
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Li N, Zhang C, Meng Z, Xu K, He X, Yu Y, Jia Q, Li X, Liu X, Wang X. Changes of serum midkine as a dynamic prognostic factor to monitor disease status in papillary thyroid cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12242. [PMID: 30200153 PMCID: PMC6133610 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the value of dynamic changes of midkine (MK) to monitor post-surgical patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) who were managed with I therapies.MK concentration at initial I ablation therapy (MK1) as well as 10 to 12 months thereafter (MK2) was evaluated. And the dynamic changes of thyroglobulin (Tg) were compared (Tg1 and Tg2). Patients with MK influencing co-morbidities and with positive thyroglobulin antibodies were excluded. Concentrations of MK were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.There were 241 PTC patients (36 males, 205 females) enrolled, 55 cases had metastases (8 males, 47 females) during their follow-up. Cox regression showed if Tg2 decreased (compared with Tg1), but not to less than 1.0ng/mL under TSH stimulation, the risk of metastases was 12.554 times more than if it could decrease to the optimal level. If Tg2 increased, the risk is 19.461 times higher. As for MK, if MK2 level decreased (compared with MK1), but not to a normal level, the risk of metastases is 3.006. If MK2 level increased, it would be 5.030 likely to had metastases.Our results indicated that MK could potentially be used as a disease monitoring biomarker for PTC, although inferior to Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | | | | | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Micro-environment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | | | - Xue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
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Mthembu NN, Mbita Z, Hull R, Dlamini Z. Abnormalities in alternative splicing of angiogenesis-related genes and their role in HIV-related cancers. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2017; 9:77-93. [PMID: 28694706 PMCID: PMC5490432 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s124911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of mRNA leads to an increase in proteome biodiversity by allowing the generation of multiple mRNAs, coding for multiple protein isoforms of various structural and functional properties from a single primary pre-mRNA transcript. The protein isoforms produced are tightly regulated in normal development but are mostly deregulated in various cancers. In HIV-infected individuals with AIDS, there is an increase in aberrant alternative splicing, resulting in an increase in HIV/AIDS-related cancers, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cervical cancer. This aberrant splicing leads to abnormal production of protein and is caused by mutations in cis-acting elements or trans-acting factors in angiogenesis-related genes. Restoring the normal regulation of alternative splicing of angiogenic genes would alter the expression of protein isoforms and may confer normal cell physiology in patients with these cancers. This review highlights the abnormalities in alternative splicing of angiogenesis-related genes and their implication in HIV/AIDS-related cancers. This allows us to gain an insight into the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS-related cancer and in turn elucidate the therapeutic potential of alternatively spliced genes in HIV/AIDS-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- Research, Innovation and Engagements, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Research, Innovation and Engagements, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban
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7
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Jia Q, Meng Z, Xu K, He X, Tan J, Zhang G, Li X, Liu N, Hu T, Zhou P, Wang S, Upadhyaya A, Liu X, Wang H, Zhang C. Serum midkine as a surrogate biomarker for metastatic prediction in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with positive thyroglobulin antibody. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43516. [PMID: 28240744 PMCID: PMC5378906 DOI: 10.1038/srep43516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is the main post-operative tumor biomarker for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) can interfere with Tg level and invalidate the test. In this study, we aimed to investigate the predicative value of midkine (MK) as a cancer biomarker for DTC patients with positive TgAb before the first 131I therapy. MK levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 151 recruited DTC patients after exercising strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 28 TgAb positive DTC patients with metastases and 123 DTC patients without metastases. The value of pre-131I-ablative MK to predict metastasis was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in these two groups of patients. MK levels in the TgAb positive DTC patients were significantly higher than the DTC patients without metastases. ROC showed good predictability of MK, with an area under the curve of 0.856 (P < 0.001), and a diagnostic accuracy of 83% at the optimal cut-off value of 550 pg/ml. In conclusion, we show that MK can potentially be used as a surrogate biomarker for predicting DTC metastases when Tg is not suitable due to TgAb positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Micro-environment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Arun Upadhyaya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Nirgianakis K, Grandi G, McKinnon B, Bersinger N, Cagnacci A, Mueller M. Dienogest mediates midkine suppression in endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1981-6. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Çetin Sorkun H, Akbulut M, Enli Y, Tepeli E, Özkan S, Erdem E. Quantitative comparison of immunohistochemical and PCR analysis of midkine expression in breast cancer types and serum midkine level. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:219-27. [PMID: 27511357 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1411-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, has an important role in cancer progression. The aim of this study was to determine MK expression in breast tissue and the preoperative and postoperative serum levels of patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one patients with breast cancer participated in our study. The MK serum levels were measured pre- and postoperatively for these patients. We also analyzed breast tissues of the 61 patients immunohistochemically. We examined serum midkine levels in 49 healthy volunteers. RESULTS MK expression was observed in 44 (72.1%) of 61 breast cancer patients. In breast cancer patients the serum MK levels (3.68 ± 2.13 ng/mL (mean ± SD)) were significantly higher than in the control group (1.77 ± 0.38 ng/mL) before tumor removal (P = 0.000). After tumor removal, serum MK levels (2.47 ± 1.00 ng/mL) were significantly (P = 0.000) decreased according to preoperative levels. Increased serum levels of MK were related with tumor stages when clinical parameters were analyzed. CONCLUSION We found that increased serum MK levels and protein expressions were associated with the carcinogenesis of breast cancer. MK levels decreased after tumor removal. According to our findings, MK might be a useful tumor marker for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Çetin Sorkun
- Denizli Health Services Vocational School, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Metin Akbulut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Enli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Emre Tepeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Özkan
- School of Health, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ergün Erdem
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Kuzu F, Arpaci D, Unal M, Altas A, Haytaoglu G, Can M, Barut F, Kokturk F, Ilikhan SU, Bayraktaroglu T. Midkine: A Novel Biomarker to Predict Malignancy in Patients with Nodular Thyroid Disease. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:6035024. [PMID: 27446208 PMCID: PMC4944023 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6035024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Midkine (MK), a new heparin-binding growth factor, plays important roles in a variety of biological phenomena such as carcinogenesis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate serum midkine (SMK) and nodular midkine (NMK) levels in patients with thyroid nodules to predict malignancy and whether there was any association between. Methods. A total of 105 patients (74 women, 31 men) with thyroid nodules were enrolled. The levels of SMK and NMK were measured. Any possible correlation between SMK, NMK, and biochemical, cytopathological, or radiological variables was investigated. Results. Both SMK and NMK were found to be higher in hypoechoic nodules with an irregular border and without a halo (p < 0.05). Serum MK levels were significantly higher in nodules with microcalcifications than nodules with macrocalcification or without calcification (p = 0.001). SMK levels were found to be correlated with NMK levels (SMK 0.63 ng/ml versus 1.04 ng/mL and NMK 0.55 ng/mL versus 0.55 ng/mL, r (2) = 0.54, p < 0.001). Conclusion. Both SMK and NMK can predict tumorigenesis of highly malignant/suspicious thyroid cytopathology and also well correlated with sonographic features of thyroid nodules. We suggest that MK levels may serve as an alternative biomarker, in conjunction with the cytopathological results in preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kuzu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Dilek Arpaci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
- *Mustafa Unal:
| | - Ayfer Altas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Haytaoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Kokturk
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevil Uygun Ilikhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Taner Bayraktaroglu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
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Jee YH, Celi FS, Sampson M, Sacks DB, Remaley AT, Kebebew E, Baron J. Midkine concentrations in fine-needle aspiration of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:977-84. [PMID: 25411136 PMCID: PMC5532878 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The primary preoperative method for distinguishing malignant from benign thyroid nodules is fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, but it is frequently inconclusive. Midkine (MDK) is a heparin-binding growth factor, which is overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). OBJECTIVE We measured MDK concentrations in FNA samples from benign and malignant thyroid nodules to explore the possibility that MDK measurement might aid in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. DESIGN 35 subjects underwent preoperative FNA of 45 thyroid nodules, followed by thyroidectomy, providing a histological diagnosis. FNA needle contents were first expressed for cytology, and then, the needle was washed with buffer for immunoassay. In 46 subjects without preoperative FNA samples, FNA was performed ex vivo on 62 nodules within surgically excised thyroid tissue. MEASUREMENTS MDK was measured using a high-sensitivity sandwich ELISA and normalized to thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration in the sample to adjust for tissue content in the aspirate. RESULTS The MDK/Tg ratio was higher in 18 PTCs than in 87 benign nodules (204 ± 106 vs 1·2 ± 0·3 ng/mg, mean ± SEM, P < 0·001). Using a threshold of 10 ng/mg, the sensitivity and specificity of the MDK/Tg ratio for diagnosis of PTC were 67% and 99%, respectively. All follicular variant PTCs had a MDK/Tg ratio <10 ng/mg. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that, in FNA samples, the MDK/Tg ratio in PTC is greater than in benign thyroid nodules, raising the possibility that this approach might provide adjunctive diagnostic or prognostic information to complement existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Jee
- Section on Growth and Development, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Francesco S. Celi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - David B. Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
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12
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Choi YW, Kim YH, Lee J, Soh EY, Park TJ, Kim JH. Strong immunoexpression of midkine is associated with multiple lymph node metastases in BRAFV600E papillary thyroid carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1557-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Li F, Tian P, Zhang J, Kou C. The clinical and prognostic significance of midkine in breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9789-94. [PMID: 26159850 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine overexpression has been shown to be a tumor biomarker in several types of human cancer, but little is known about the clinical significance of midkine in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of midkine in breast cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, including breast cancer patient's survival. The expression status of midkine in breast cancer from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO accession number: GDS3853) was observed initially. Furthermore, the expression of midkine messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein was examined in breast cancer and normal mammary tissues through real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the relationship of midkine protein expression with clinical characteristics of 170 breast cancer patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In our results, midkine was up-expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with normal mammary tissues in microarray data (GDS3853). Midkine mRNA and protein expression was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues than in normal mammary tissues. By immunohistochemistry, high levels of midkine protein were positively associated with the status of clinical stage, T classification, N classification, and M classification in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, midkine overexpression was an independent poor prognostic indicator for the survival of patients with breast cancer. In conclusion, overexpression of midkine protein serves as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Peijun Tian
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Changyuan Kou
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China.
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14
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Meng Z, Tan J, Zhang G, Tian W, Fu Q, Li W, He X, Wu S, Yang Z, Liang X, Dong L, Zhang Q, Liu L, Zhang Y, Xu K, Liu B, Li N, Li X, Jia Q, He Y, Wang S, Wang R, Zheng W, Song X, Zhang J, Hu T, Liu N, Upadhyaya A. Evaluation of serum midkine as a biomarker in differentiated thyroid cancer. Life Sci 2015; 130:18-24. [PMID: 25817231 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Midkine is a multifunctional cytokine identified to be a promising cancer biomarker. We aimed to prospectively investigate serum midkine as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). MAIN METHODS 162 patients with thyroid nodules participated in the surgical cohort (post-surgical pathology proved 70 cases with DTC and 92 cases with benign thyroid nodules), 75 healthy subjects served as control. Diagnostic values of pre-surgical midkine and thyroglobulin for DTC were conducted by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. 214 DTC patients participated in the (131)I treatment cohort. Prognostic values of pre-(131)I-ablative midkine and thyroglobulin to predict (131)I-avid metastases were performed by ROC curves. Metastasis-free survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. KEY FINDINGS Much better diagnostic capability of midkine than thyroglobulin was shown to differentiate DTC from benign thyroid nodules, with cut-off midkine value of 323.12pg/ml and diagnostic accuracy of 75.31%. Nearly similar diagnostic capabilities of midkine and thyroglobulin were shown to distinguish DTC from normal participants. Pre-(131)I-ablative thyroglobulin demonstrated perfect ability to predict metastases, with cut-off value and diagnostic accuracy of 19.50ng/ml and 96.73%. Midkine also performed well with a cut-off value and diagnostic accuracy of 504.71pg/ml and 89.25%. DTC patients with midkine or thyroglobulin levels higher than those of thresholds (500pg/ml or 20ng/ml) showed a significantly worse (131)I-avid metastasis-free survival by the Kaplan-Meier method (P<0.01). SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that midkine is as good as or even better than thyroglobulin to screen patients with thyroid nodules for DTC before surgery, and to predict whether metastases exist before the first (131)I ablative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shuanghu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Liyan Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Boning Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yajing He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Renfei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinghua Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Arun Upadhyaya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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15
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Ma J, Lang B, Wang X, Wang L, Dong Y, Hu H. Co-expression of midkine and pleiotrophin predicts poor survival in human glioma. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1885-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Zhang Y, Meng Z, Zhang M, Tan J, Tian W, He X, Fu Q, Xu K, He Q, Zhu M, Li X, Zhang G, He Y, Jia Q, Zhang J, Wang S, Song X. Immunohistochemical evaluation of midkine and nuclear factor-kappa B as diagnostic biomarkers for papillary thyroid cancer and synchronous metastasis. Life Sci 2014; 118:39-45. [PMID: 25283079 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional cytokine identified to be a promising cancer biomarker. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. We aimed to investigate values of MK and NF-κB as markers for diagnosis and synchronous metastasis prediction in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). MAIN METHODS 76 cases of PTC and 70 cases of multi-nodular goiter (MNG) were retrieved. The PTC group was further divided into subgroup 1 (16 cases with synchronous metastases) and subgroup 2 (60 cases without metastases). A retrospective review of demographic and clinical information was performed. Immunohistochemistry of MK, NF-κB p65 and Ki-67 was performed on paraffin-embedded specimens and results were quantified. Diagnostic values of the parameters were conducted by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Protein levels of MK and NF-κB p65 were then confirmed by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Immunoreactivities of MK, NF-κB p65 and Ki-67 were significantly higher in the PTC group than in the MNG group with good differential diagnostic capabilities. Moreover, immunoreactivities of all three parameters were significantly higher in subgroup 1 than in subgroup 2 with good synchronous metastasis predictive efficacies. Western blot showed that MK and NF-κB p65 protein levels in lesions from subgroup 1 were significantly higher than those from subgroup 2, both of which were significantly higher than in MNG lesions. SIGNIFICANCE We discovered that MK and NF-κB immunohistochemistries can potentially be used for differential diagnosis between PTC and MNG, and for prediction of synchronous metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Weijun Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yajing He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinghua Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
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17
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Shao H, Yu X, Wang C, Wang Q, Guan H. Midkine expression is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2014; 46:285-91. [PMID: 24272599 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to detect the expression of midkine (MK) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and to evaluate whether MK expression is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation in PTC. The expression of MK in samples from 200 cases of PTC, 60 cases of adenomatoid nodule of thyroid, and 40 samples of tumor-adjacent normal thyroid tissue were assessed with immunohistochemistry. The BRAF mutation was detected by direct sequencing. The relationships between MK expression and the clinicopathological features of PTC and BRAF mutation were analyzed. The results demonstrated that MK was not expressed in tumor-adjacent normal tissue. The positive expression rates and MK scores were both higher in PTC than in adenomatoid nodule (positive expression rates: 88 vs. 8.3 %, P < 0.001; MK scores: 2.02 ± 0.93 vs. 0.08 ± 0.28, P < 0.001). The expression level of MK in PTC with extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, or stage III/IV was significantly higher than that in PTC without such biological features (all P < 0.01). The overall prevalence of BRAF mutation was 66.5 % in PTC. The expression level of MK in PTC with BRAF mutation was significantly higher than that in PTC with wild-type BRAF (P < 0.001). We can conclude that MK is specifically expressed in PTC tissues and is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation. MK may be a helpful diagnostic and prognostic marker for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
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18
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Yao X, Qian FC, Dai LC, Min LS. Preparation and preliminary characterization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies against human midkine. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:87-93. [PMID: 21466290 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We prepared rabbit monoclonal antibodies that target human midkine (MK). The MK gene was amplified by PCR from the plasmid pEGFP-MK and subcloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-1λT to generate an N-terminally glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged fusion protein construct. Expression of the GST-MK fusion protein was achieved by IPTG induction in Escherichia coli cells. The expressed protein was purified using the GST system. After verifying purification, the fusion protein was used to immunize rabbits to prepare monoclonal antibodies against human MK by the rabbit hybridoma technique. The hybridomas generated were screened by an enzyme-link immunoassay (ELISA) for specificity, which was further characterized by Western blotting and ELISA. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purified protein corresponds to the calculated molecular weight. The GST-MK fusion protein was prepared. At least one hybridoma cell line secreting anti-MK MAb was obtained. Western blotting analysis confirmed the identity of the MAb. The titer of the MAbs measured by an indirect ELISA was 1:64,000. The affinity constant, which was measured by a non-competitive ELISA, was found to be 3.0 × 10(9) M(-1). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the produced MAbs bind to the MK protein in cancerous tissues. The GST-MK fusion protein was successfully expressed and purified. The MAbs against MK were subsequently prepared, which should further aid research and the application of MK MAbs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yao
- Department of Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Hongqi, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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19
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Jono H, Ando Y. Midkine: a novel prognostic biomarker for cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:624-41. [PMID: 24281085 PMCID: PMC3835095 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since diagnosis at an early stage still remains a key issue for modern oncology and is crucial for successful cancer therapy, development of sensitive, specific, and non-invasive tumor markers, especially, in serum, is urgently needed. Midkine (MK), a plasma secreted protein, was initially identified in embryonal carcinoma cells at early stages of retinoic acid-induced differentiation. Multiple studies have reported that MK plays important roles in tumor progression, and is highly expressed in various malignant tumors. Because increased serum MK concentrations also have been reported in patients with various tumors, serum MK may have the potential to become a very useful tumor marker. Here, we review and discuss the possibility and usefulness of MK as a novel tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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20
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Hamm CA, Xie H, Costa FF, Vanin EF, Seftor EA, Sredni ST, Bischof J, Wang D, Bonaldo MF, Hendrix MJC, Soares MB. Global demethylation of rat chondrosarcoma cells after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine results in increased tumorigenicity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8340. [PMID: 20019818 PMCID: PMC2790612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal patterns of DNA methylation are observed in several types of human cancer. While localized DNA methylation of CpG islands has been associated with gene silencing, the effect that genome-wide loss of methylation has on tumorigenesis is not completely known. To examine its effect on tumorigenesis, we induced DNA demethylation in a rat model of human chondrosarcoma using 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine. Rat specific pyrosequencing assays were utilized to assess the methylation levels in both LINEs and satellite DNA sequences following 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine treatment. Loss of DNA methylation was accompanied by an increase in invasiveness of the rat chondrosarcoma cells, in vitro, as well as by an increase in tumor growth in vivo. Subsequent microarray analysis provided insight into the gene expression changes that result from 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine induced DNA demethylation. In particular, two genes that may function in tumorigenesis, sox-2 and midkine, were expressed at low levels in control cells but upon 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine treatment these genes became overexpressed. Promoter region DNA analysis revealed that these genes were methylated in control cells but became demethylated following 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine treatment. Following withdrawal of 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, the rat chondrosarcoma cells reestablished global DNA methylation levels that were comparable to that of control cells. Concurrently, invasiveness of the rat chondrosarcoma cells, in vitro, decreased to a level indistinguishable to that of control cells. Taken together these experiments demonstrate that global DNA hypomethylation induced by 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine may promote specific aspects of tumorigenesis in rat chondrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Hamm
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hehuang Xie
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fabricio F. Costa
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elio F. Vanin
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth A. Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simone T. Sredni
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jared Bischof
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Deli Wang
- Biostatistics Research Core, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Maria F. Bonaldo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary J. C. Hendrix
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcelo B. Soares
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Increased midkine and estrogen receptor-β expression in human non-small cell lung cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-009-0255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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22
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Ibusuki M, Fujimori H, Yamamoto Y, Ota K, Ueda M, Shinriki S, Taketomi M, Sakuma S, Shinohara M, Iwase H, Ando Y. Midkine in plasma as a novel breast cancer marker. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1735-9. [PMID: 19538527 PMCID: PMC11159736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, is up-regulated in many types of cancer. The aim of this study was to measure plasma midkine levels in patients with breast cancer and to assess its clinical significance. We examined plasma midkine levels in 95 healthy volunteers, 11 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 111 patients with primary invasive breast cancer without distant metastasis (PIBC), and 25 patients with distant metastatic breast cancer (MBC), using an automatic immunoasssay analyzer (TOSOH AIA system). In PIBC, we studied the correlation between plasma midkine levels and clinicopathological factors. Immunoreactive midkine was detectable in the plasma of healthy volunteers, and a cut-off level of 750 pg/mL was established. In breast cancer patients, plasma midkine levels were increased above normal values. These elevated levels of midkine were seen in one (9.1%) of 11 patients with DCIS, 36 (32.4%) of 111 patients with PIBC, and 16 (64.0%) of 25 patients with MBC. Increased levels of midkine were correlated with menopausal status (P = 0.0497) and nuclear grade (P = 0.0343) in PIBC. Cancer detection rates based on midkine levels were higher than those based on three conventional markers including CA15-3 (P < 0.0001), CEA (P = 0.0077), and NCCST-439 (P < 0.0001). Detection rates of breast cancer using a combination of two conventional tumor markers (CA15-3/CEA, CA15-3/NCCST-439, or CEA/NCCST-439) with midkine is significantly higher than those using combination of three conventional tumor markers. Midkine may be a useful novel tumor marker for detection of breast cancer, superior to conventional tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor with its gene first identified in embryonal carcinoma cells at early stages of retinoic acid-induced differentiation. MK is frequently and highly expressed in a variety of human carcinomas. Furthermore, the blood MK level is frequently elevated with advance of human carcinomas, decreased after surgical removal of the tumors. Thus, it is expected to become a promising marker for evaluating the progress of carcinomas. There is mounting evidence that MK plays a significant role in carcinogenesis-related activities, such as proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, mitogenesis, transforming, and angiogenesis. In addition, siRNA and anti-sense oligonucleotides for MK have yielded great effects in anti-tumor activities. Therefore, MK appears to be a potential candidate molecular target of therapy for human carcinomas. In this paper, we review MK targeting at nucleoli in different tumor cells and its role in carcinogenesis to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of MK involved in carcinogenesis.
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24
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Maeda S, Shinchi H, Kurahara H, Mataki Y, Noma H, Maemura K, Aridome K, Yokomine T, Natsugoe S, Aikou T, Takao S. Clinical significance of midkine expression in pancreatic head carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:405-11. [PMID: 17622248 PMCID: PMC2360321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor and a product of a retinoic acid-responsive gene. Midkine is overexpressed in many carcinomas and thought to play an important role in carcinogenesis. However, no studies have been focussed on the role of MK in pancreatic carcinoma. This study sought to evaluate the clinical significance of MK expression in pancreatic head carcinoma, including the relationship between immunohistochemical expression and clinicopathologic factors such as prognosis. Immunohistochemical expression of MK and CD34 was evaluated in pancreatic head carcinoma specimens from 75 patients who underwent surgical resection. Midkine was expressed in 53.3% of patients. Midkine expression was significantly correlated with venous invasion, microvessel density, and liver metastasis (P=0.0063, 0.0025, and 0.0153, respectively). The 5-year survival rate was significantly lower for patients positive for MK vs patients negative for MK (P=0.0073). Multivariate analysis revealed that MK expression was an independent prognostic factor (P=0.0033). This is the first report of an association between MK expression and pancreatic head carcinoma. Midkine may play an important role in the progression of pancreatic head carcinoma, and evaluation of MK expression is useful for predicting malignant properties of pancreatic head carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Inoh K, Muramatsu H, Torii S, Ikematsu S, Oda M, Kumai H, Sakuma S, Inui T, Kimura T, Muramatsu T. Doxorubicin-Conjugated Anti-Midkine Monoclonal Antibody as a Potential Anti-Tumor Drug. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36:207-11. [PMID: 16611663 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyl004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor preferentially expressed in tumor cells. The present study was performed to utilize anti-midkine antibody for tumor therapy. METHODS A monoclonal antibody to midkine was raised by immunizing mice deficient in the midkine gene. The binding site of the antibody was studied by using N-terminal half and C-terminal half of midkine, both of which were chemically synthesized. Doxorubicin (DOX)-conjugate of the antibody was produced by chemical conjugation. The effects of the antibody and the conjugate on cell growth were examined using a midkine-secreting tumor cell, i.e. human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HepG2). RESULTS The monoclonal antibody bound to the N-terminal half of midkine. The antibody did not inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells probably because the active domain of midkine is in the C-terminal half. We produced the antibody conjugated with DOX with the hope that the conjugate would be internalized accompanied with midkine. Indeed, the antibody-DOX conjugate significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells compared with DOX-conjugated control IgG. CONCLUSION The result raises the possibility of using anti-midkine antibody conjugated with DOX for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Inoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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26
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of midkine in eso-phageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and analyze its relationship with clinicopathological features.
METHODS: RT-PCR and immunocytochemical staining were used to detect the expression of midkine mRNA and protein in EC109 cells, respectively. Then the expression of midkine in 66 cases of ESCC samples were detected by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against human midkine.
RESULTS: Midkine was expressed in EC109 cell by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The immunoreactivity was detected in 56.1 % (37/66) of the ESCC samples. The expression of midkine was found in cytoplasm of tumor cells. Notably, the intensity of midkine was stronger at the area abundant in vessels and the in-vading border of the tumors. Midkine was more in-tensely expressed in well differentiated tumors (76.9 %) than in moderately and poorly differentiated tumors (43.1 % and 41.2 %, respectively) (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between midkine expression and gender, age, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis or survival in ESCC.
CONCLUSION: Midkine is overexpressed in ESCC. It may play a role in tumor angiogenesis and invasion. The expression of midkine is correlated with tumor cell differentiation in ESCC. The more poorly tumor cells differentiate, the weaker midkine expresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jia Ren
- Department of Immunology, The School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing 100036, China
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27
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Serum levels of midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, increase in both malignant and benign gynecological tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3192/jsirib.21.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Herradon G, Ezquerra L, Nguyen T, Silos-Santiago I, Deuel TF. Midkine regulates pleiotrophin organ-specific gene expression: evidence for transcriptional regulation and functional redundancy within the pleiotrophin/midkine developmental gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:714-21. [PMID: 15985215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) and the highly related cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN) constitute the PTN/MK developmental gene family. The Mk and Ptn genes are essential for normal development of the catecholamine and renin-angiotensin pathways and the synthesis of different collagens. It is not known whether the Ptn and Mk genes regulate each other or whether PTN and MK are functionally redundant in development. We have now compared the levels of expression of Ptn and Mk in genetically deficient Mk -/- and Ptn -/- mice and found highly significant increases in Ptn gene expression in spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, eye, heart, aorta, bladder, and urethra, but not in brain, bone marrow, testis, and lung of Mk -/- mice compared with wild type mice; a remarkable approximately 230-fold increase in Ptn expression levels was found in heart of Mk -/- mice and highly significant but lesser increases were found in six other organs. Differences in levels of Mk gene expression in Ptn -/- mice could not be detected in any of the organs tested. The data demonstrate that MK regulates Ptn gene expression with a high degree of organ specificity, suggesting that Ptn gene expression follows Mk gene expression in development, that the increase in Ptn gene expression is compensatory for the absence of MK in Mk -/- mice, that PTN and MK share a high degree of functional redundancy, and that MK may be very important in the development of heart in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Herradon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Ezquerra L, Herradon G, Nguyen T, Silos-Santiago I, Deuel TF. Midkine, a newly discovered regulator of the renin–angiotensin pathway in mouse aorta: Significance of the pleiotrophin/midkine developmental gene family in angiotensin II signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:636-43. [PMID: 15979460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that pleiotrophin (PTN the protein, Ptn the gene) highly regulates the levels of expression of the genes encoding the proteins of the renin-angiotensin pathway in mouse aorta. We now demonstrate that the levels of expression of these same genes are significantly regulated in mouse aorta by the PTN family member midkine (MK the protein, Mk the gene); a 3-fold increase in expression of renin, an 82-fold increase in angiotensinogen, a 6-fold decrease in the angiotensin converting enzyme, and a 6.5-fold increase in the angiotensin II type 1 and a 9-fold increase in the angiotensin II type 2 receptor mRNAs were found in Mk-/- mouse aorta in comparison with the wild type (WT, +/+). The results in Mk-/- mice are remarkably similar to those previously reported in Ptn-/- mouse aorta, with the single exception of that the levels of the angiotensinogen gene expression in Ptn-/- mice are equal to those in WT+/+ mouse aorta, and thus, in contrast to Mk gene expression unaffected by levels of Ptn gene expression. The data indicate that MK and PTN share striking but not complete functional redundancy. These data support potentially high levels importance of MK and the MK/PTN developmental gene family in downstream signals initiated by angiotensin II either in development or in the many pathological conditions in which MK expression levels are increased, such as atherosclerosis and many human neoplasms that acquire constitutive endogenous Mk gene expression by mutation during tumor progression and potentially provide a target through the renin-angiotensin pathway to treat advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ezquerra
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dai L, Dai L, Xu D, Yao X, Lu Y, Xu Z. Conformational determinants of the intracellular localization of midkine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:310-7. [PMID: 15781266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional growth factor and has been discovered to play important roles in carcinogenesis. MK has been reported to localize to the nucleus and nucleolus, however, the data are not consistent and the signals responsible for the localization are unknown. Here we reported that human MK exclusively localized to the nucleus and nucleolus in HepG2 cells by using GFP as a tracking molecule. In order to identify the motifs required for the nuclear localization and nucleolar accumulation, point- and deletion-mutations were introduced and the corresponding subcellular localizations were analyzed. Data revealed that (i) K79R81, K86K87, and the C-terminal tail of MK constitute the nuclear localization determinant of MK, and (ii) the C-terminal tail is the key element controlling MK nucleolar accumulation though the N-terminal tail, K79R81, and K86K87 also contribute to this process. Taken together, our results provide the first documentation about the determinants required for MK nuclear and nucleolar localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Dai
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000 [corrected] China
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31
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Nobata S, Mogi H, Shinozawa T. Exon skipping of midkine pre-mRNA is enhanced by intronic polymorphism in a colon cancer cell line. Cancer Lett 2004; 207:89-93. [PMID: 15050737 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Revised: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A correlation between the polymorphism, heterogeneous G/T at the 62nd site of intron 3 in the midkine gene, and the induction of colorectal cancer has been reported [Cancer Lett. 180 (2002) 159]. The minigene containing exons 2, 3 and 4, as well as intronic sequences flanking exon 3, was transfected into COLO205 colon cancer cells. When the base of the site was G, correctly spliced mRNA was strongly detected. However in case of a G to T substitution, a truncated exon 3 mRNA was strongly detected. In this case, the detection of correctly spliced mRNA was weak. When the minigene was transfected into HCT-15 colon cancer cells, correctly spliced mRNA was strongly detected in the cases of both minigenes. This indicates the possibility that a G to T substitution at the 62nd site of intron 3 in the midkine gene enhances the expression of truncated midkine in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nobata
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Sandra F, Harada H, Nakamura N, Ohishi M. Midkine induced growth of ameloblastoma through MAPK and Akt pathways. Oral Oncol 2004; 40:274-80. [PMID: 14747058 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2003.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is expressed during tooth development and, since ameloblastoma is thought to be arisen from the epithelium of the odontogenic apparatus or its remnant tissues, the effect of MK in ameloblastoma cell growth should be examined. The expression and function of MK were examined using 37 ameloblastoma tissues and AM-1 cells, an HPV-16DNA transfected ameloblastoma cell line. We found that MK was immunohistochemically expressed in 70% of ameloblastoma cases and AM-1 cells. By stimulation with 100 ng/ml MK, the growth of AM-1 cells was accelerated two fold by the 9th day. MK could induce phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) and Akt (Ser473 and Thr308), and by pretreatment of PD98059, MEK1 inhibitor, or LY294002, PI3K inhibitor, MK-stimulated-phosphorylation of MAPK and Akt and MK-stimulated growth of AM-1 cells were inhibited. These results suggested that MK induced growth of ameloblastoma is through the MAPK and Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sandra
- Laboratory of Oral Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Huang Y, Prasad M, Lemon WJ, Hampel H, Wright FA, Kornacker K, LiVolsi V, Frankel W, Kloos RT, Eng C, Pellegata NS, de la Chapelle A. Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:15044-9. [PMID: 11752453 PMCID: PMC64980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.251547398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is clinically heterogeneous. Apart from an association with ionizing radiation, the etiology and molecular biology of PTC is poorly understood. We used oligo-based DNA arrays to study the expression profiles of eight matched pairs of normal thyroid and PTC tissues. Additional PTC tumors and other tissues were studied by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The PTCs showed concordant expression of many genes and distinct clustered profiles. Genes with increased expression in PTC included many encoding adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins. Expression was increased in 8/8 tumors for 24 genes and in 7/8 tumors for 22 genes. Among these genes were several previously known to be overexpressed in PTC, such as MET, LGALS3, KRT19, DPP4, MDK, TIMP1, and FN1. The numerous additional genes include CITED1, CHI3L1, ODZ1, N33, SFTPB, and SCEL. Reverse transcriptase-PCR showed high expression of CITED1, CHI3L1, ODZ1, and SCEL in 6/6 additional PTCs. Immunohistochemical analysis detected CITED1 and SFTPB in 49/52 and 39/52 PTCs, respectively, but not in follicular thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissue. Genes underexpressed in PTC included tumor suppressors, thyroid function-related proteins, and fatty acid binding proteins. Expression was decreased in 7/8 tumors for eight genes and decreased in 6/8 tumors for 19 genes. We conclude that, despite its clinical heterogeneity, PTC is characterized by consistent and specific molecular changes. These findings reveal clues to the molecular pathways involved in PTC and may provide biomarkers for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Divisions of Sensory Biophysics and Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and progression. It has been demonstrated that tumor growth beyond a size 1 to 2 mm(3) requires the induction of new vessels. Angiogenesis is regulated by several endogenous stimulators and inhibitors of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. Under physiological conditions these mediators of endothelial cell growth are in balance and vessel growth is limited. In fact, within the angiogenic balance endothelial cell turnover is sufficient to maintain a functional vascular wall but does not allow vessel growth. Tumor growth an progression has successfully been correlated to the serum concentration of angiogenic mediators. Furthermore, the vascular density of tumor tissues could be correlated to the clinical course of the disease in several tumor entities. Within the last years several new mediators of endothelial cell growth have been isolated e.g. angiopoietin 1, angiopoietin 2, midkine, pleiotropin, leptin and maspin. In this review we discuss the mechanisms leading to tumor angiogenesis and describe some of the newer mediators of endothelial cell stimulation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.-D. Beecken
- Uniklinikum Frankfurt/Main, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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