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Datta D, Yang S, Joyce MKP, Woo E, McCarroll SA, Gonzalez-Burgos G, Perone I, Uchendu S, Ling E, Goldman M, Berretta S, Murray J, Morozov Y, Arellano J, Duque A, Rakic P, O’Dell R, van Dyck CH, Lewis DA, Wang M, Krienen FM, Arnsten AFT. Key Roles of CACNA1C/Cav1.2 and CALB1/Calbindin in Prefrontal Neurons Altered in Cognitive Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2024:2818736. [PMID: 38776078 PMCID: PMC11112502 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Importance The risk of mental disorders is consistently associated with variants in CACNA1C (L-type calcium channel Cav1.2) but it is not known why these channels are critical to cognition, and whether they affect the layer III pyramidal cells in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that are especially vulnerable in cognitive disorders. Objective To examine the molecular mechanisms expressed in layer III pyramidal cells in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Design, Setting, and Participants The design included transcriptomic analyses from human and macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and connectivity, protein expression, physiology, and cognitive behavior in macaques. The research was performed in academic laboratories at Yale, Harvard, Princeton, and the University of Pittsburgh. As dorsolateral prefrontal cortex only exists in primates, the work evaluated humans and macaques. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures included transcriptomic signatures of human and macaque pyramidal cells, protein expression and interactions in layer III macaque pyramidal cells using light and electron microscopy, changes in neuronal firing during spatial working memory, and working memory performance following pharmacological treatments. Results Layer III pyramidal cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex coexpress a constellation of calcium-related proteins, delineated by CALB1 (calbindin), and high levels of CACNA1C (Cav1.2), GRIN2B (NMDA receptor GluN2B), and KCNN3 (SK3 potassium channel), concentrated in dendritic spines near the calcium-storing smooth endoplasmic reticulum. L-type calcium channels influenced neuronal firing needed for working memory, where either blockade or increased drive by β1-adrenoceptors, reduced neuronal firing by a mean (SD) 37.3% (5.5%) or 40% (6.3%), respectively, the latter via SK potassium channel opening. An L-type calcium channel blocker or β1-adrenoceptor antagonist protected working memory from stress. Conclusions and Relevance The layer III pyramidal cells in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex especially vulnerable in cognitive disorders differentially express calbindin and a constellation of calcium-related proteins including L-type calcium channels Cav1.2 (CACNA1C), GluN2B-NMDA receptors (GRIN2B), and SK3 potassium channels (KCNN3), which influence memory-related neuronal firing. The finding that either inadequate or excessive L-type calcium channel activation reduced neuronal firing explains why either loss- or gain-of-function variants in CACNA1C were associated with increased risk of cognitive disorders. The selective expression of calbindin in these pyramidal cells highlights the importance of regulatory mechanisms in neurons with high calcium signaling, consistent with Alzheimer tau pathology emerging when calbindin is lost with age and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Kate P. Joyce
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Isabella Perone
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stacy Uchendu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emi Ling
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Goldman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yury Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jon Arellano
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ryan O’Dell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher H. van Dyck
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David A. Lewis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Fenna M. Krienen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Amy F. T. Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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2
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Moya R, Wang X, Tsien RW, Maurano MT. Structural characterization of a polymorphic repeat at the CACNA1C schizophrenia locus. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.05.24303780. [PMID: 38798557 PMCID: PMC11118589 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.24303780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variation within intron 3 of the CACNA1C calcium channel gene is associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but analysis of the causal variants and their effect is complicated by a nearby variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR). Here, we used 155 long-read genome assemblies from 78 diverse individuals to delineate the structure and population variability of the CACNA1C intron 3 VNTR. We categorized VNTR sequences into 7 Types of structural alleles using sequence differences among repeat units. Only 12 repeat units at the 5' end of the VNTR were shared across most Types, but several Types were related through a series of large and small duplications. The most diverged Types were rare and present only in individuals with African ancestry, but the multiallelic structural polymorphism Variable Region 2 was present across populations at different frequencies, consistent with expansion of the VNTR preceding the emergence of early hominins. VR2 was in complete linkage disequilibrium with fine-mapped schizophrenia variants (SNPs) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This risk haplotype was associated with decreased CACNA1C gene expression in brain tissues profiled by the GTEx project. Our work suggests that sequence variation within a human-specific VNTR affects gene expression, and provides a detailed characterization of new alleles at a flagship neuropsychiatric locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Moya
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Richard W. Tsien
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Matthew T. Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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3
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Allen O, Coombes BJ, Pazdernik V, Gisabella B, Hartley J, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, Markota M, Pantazopoulos H. Differential Serum Levels of CACNA1C, Circadian Rhythm and Stress Response Molecules in Subjects with Bipolar Disorder: Associations with Genetic and Clinical Factors. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.11.24305678. [PMID: 38645236 PMCID: PMC11030295 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.24305678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Many patients with bipolar disorder (BD) do not respond to or have difficulties tolerating lithium and/or other mood stabilizing agents. There is a need for personalized treatments based on biomarkers in guiding treatment options. The calcium voltage-gated channel CACNA1C is a promising candidate for developing personalized treatments. CACNA1C is implicated in BD by genome-wide association studies and several lines of evidence suggest that targeting L-type calcium channels could be an effective treatment strategy. However, before such individualized treatments can be pursued, biomarkers predicting treatment response need to be developed. Methods As a first step in testing the hypothesis that CACNA1C genotype is associated with serum levels of CACNA1C, we conducted ELISA measures on serum samples from 100 subjects with BD and 100 control subjects. Results We observed significantly higher CACNA1C (p<0.01) protein levels in subjects with BD. The risk SNP (rs11062170) showed functional significance as subjects homozygous for the risk allele (CC) had significantly greater CACNA1C protein levels compared to subjects with one (p=0.013) or no copies (p=0.009). We observed higher somatostatin (SST) (p<0.003) protein levels and lower levels of the clock protein ARTNL (p<0.03) and stress signaling factor corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) (p<0.001) in BD. SST and PER2 protein levels were associated with both alcohol dependence and lithium response. Conclusions Our findings represent the first evidence for increased serum levels of CACNA1C in BD. Along with altered levels of SST, ARNTL, and CRH our findings suggest CACNA1C is associated with circadian rhythm and stress response disturbances in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obie Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Brandon J. Coombes
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vanessa Pazdernik
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joshua Hartley
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joanna M. Biernacka
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matej Markota
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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4
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Meyer K, Ling KH, Yeo PL, Spathopoulou A, Drake D, Choi J, Aron L, Garcia-Corral M, Ko T, Lee EA, Tam JM, Perlis RH, Church GM, Tsai LH, Yankner BA. Impaired neural stress resistance and loss of REST in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:153-164. [PMID: 37938767 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental changes and impaired stress resistance have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD), but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unresolved. Here we describe a human cerebral organoid model of BD that exhibits altered neural development, elevated neural network activity, and a major shift in the transcriptome. These phenotypic changes were reproduced in cerebral organoids generated from iPS cell lines derived in different laboratories. The BD cerebral organoid transcriptome showed highly significant enrichment for gene targets of the transcriptional repressor REST. This was associated with reduced nuclear REST and REST binding to target gene recognition sites. Reducing the oxygen concentration in organoid cultures to a physiological range ameliorated the developmental phenotype and restored REST expression. These effects were mimicked by treatment with lithium. Reduced nuclear REST and derepression of REST targets genes were also observed in the prefrontal cortex of BD patients. Thus, an impaired cellular stress response in BD cerebral organoids leads to altered neural development and transcriptional dysregulation associated with downregulation of REST. These findings provide a new model and conceptual framework for exploring the molecular basis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Meyer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pei-Ling Yeo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Derek Drake
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jaejoon Choi
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Liviu Aron
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mariana Garcia-Corral
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tak Ko
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eunjung Alice Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jenny M Tam
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bruce A Yankner
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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5
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Perrottelli A, Marzocchi FF, Caporusso E, Giordano GM, Giuliani L, Melillo A, Pezzella P, Bucci P, Mucci A, Galderisi S. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder through induced pluripotent stem cell models. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2024; 49:E109-E125. [PMID: 38490647 PMCID: PMC10950363 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder involves a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that begins in the early stages of neurodevelopment. Recent advancements in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising tool for understanding the neurobiological alterations involved in these disorders and, potentially, for developing new treatment options. In this review, we summarize the results of iPSC-based research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, showing disturbances in neurodevelopmental processes, imbalance in glutamatergic-GABAergic transmission and neuromorphological alterations. The limitations of the reviewed literature are also highlighted, particularly the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, the limited number of studies developing iPSC models of both diseases simultaneously, and the lack of in-depth clinical characterization of the included samples. Further studies are needed to advance knowledge on the common and disease-specific pathophysiological features of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and to promote the development of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Giuliani
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Melillo
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bucci
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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6
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Mäki-Marttunen T, Blackwell KT, Akkouh I, Shadrin A, Valstad M, Elvsåshagen T, Linne ML, Djurovic S, Einevoll GT, Andreassen OA. Genetic mechanisms for impaired synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia revealed by computational modelling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544920. [PMID: 37398070 PMCID: PMC10312778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia phenotypes are suggestive of impaired cortical plasticity in the disease, but the mechanisms of these deficits are unknown. Genomic association studies have implicated a large number of genes that regulate neuromodulation and plasticity, indicating that the plasticity deficits have a genetic origin. Here, we used biochemically detailed computational modelling of post-synaptic plasticity to investigate how schizophrenia-associated genes regulate long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). We combined our model with data from post-mortem mRNA expression studies (CommonMind gene-expression datasets) to assess the consequences of altered expression of plasticity-regulating genes for the amplitude of LTP and LTD. Our results show that the expression alterations observed post mortem, especially those in anterior cingulate cortex, lead to impaired PKA-pathway-mediated LTP in synapses containing GluR1 receptors. We validated these findings using a genotyped EEG dataset where polygenic risk scores for synaptic and ion channel-encoding genes as well as modulation of visual evoked potentials (VEP) were determined for 286 healthy controls. Our results provide a possible genetic mechanism for plasticity impairments in schizophrenia, which can lead to improved understanding and, ultimately, treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Mäki-Marttunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Akkouh
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Valstad
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Marja-Leena Linne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Gasalla P, Manahan-Vaughan D, Dwyer DM, Hall J, Méndez-Couz M. Characterisation of the neural basis underlying appetitive extinction & renewal in Cacna1c rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 227:109444. [PMID: 36724867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed impairments in Cacna1c ± heterozygous animals (a gene that encodes the Cav 1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and is implicated in risk for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders) in aversive forms of learning, such as latent inhibition, reversal learning or context discrimination. However, the role of Cav 1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in extinction of appetitive associations remains under-investigated. Here, we used an appetitive Pavlovian conditioning task and evaluated extinction learning (EL) with a change of context from that of training and test (ABA) and without such a change (AAA) in Cacna1c ± male rats versus their wild-type (WT) littermates. In addition, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization of somatic immediate early genes (IEGs) Arc and Homer1a expression to scrutinize associated changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Cacna1c ± animals successfully adapt their responses by engaging in appetitive EL and renewal. However, the regional IEG expression profile changed. For the EL occurring in the same context, Cacna1c ± animals presented higher IEG expression in the infralimbic cortex and the central amygdala than controls. The prelimbic region presented a larger neural ensemble in Cacna1c ± than WT animals, co-labelled for the time window of EL in the original context and prolonged exposure to the unrewarded context. With a context change, the Cacna1c ± infralimbic region displayed higher IEG expression during renewal than controls. Taken together, our findings provide novel evidence of distinct brain activation patterns occurring in Cacna1c ± rats after appetitive extinction and renewal despite preserved behavioral responses. This article is part of the Special Issue on "L-type calcium channel mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gasalla
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Dept. Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Building MA 4/158, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominic Michael Dwyer
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marta Méndez-Couz
- Dept. Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Building MA 4/158, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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8
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Jiang X, Sultan AA, Dimick MK, Zai CC, Kennedy JL, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. The association of genetic variation in CACNA1C with resting-state functional connectivity in youth bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2023; 11:3. [PMID: 36637564 PMCID: PMC9839925 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-022-00281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CACNA1C rs1006737 A allele, identified as a genetic risk variant for bipolar disorder (BD), is associated with anomalous functional connectivity in adults with and without BD. Studies have yet to investigate the association of CACNA1C rs1006737 with resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in youth BD. METHODS Participants included 139 youth with BD-I, -II, or -not otherwise specified, ages 13-20 years, including 27 BD A-carriers, 41 BD non-carriers, 32 healthy controls (HC) A-carriers, and 39 HC non-carriers. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were examined as regions-of-interest in seed-to-voxel analyses. General linear models included main effects of diagnosis and rs1006737, and an interaction term, controlling for age, sex, and race. RESULTS We observed a main effect of BD diagnosis on rsFC between the right amygdala and the right occipital pole (p = 0.02), and a main effect of rs1006737 genotypes on rsFC between the right OFC and bilateral occipital cortex (p < 0.001). Two significant BD diagnosis-by-CACNA1C rs1006737 interactions were also identified. The A allele was associated with positive rsFC between the right ACC and right amygdala in BD but negative rsFC in HC (p = 0.01), and negative rsFC between the left OFC and left putamen in BD but positive rsFC in HC (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION This study found that the rs1006737 A allele, identified as a genetic risk variant for BD in adults, was differentially associated with rsFC in youth with BD in regions relevant to emotion, executive function, and reward. Future task-based approaches are warranted to better understand brain connectivity in relation to CACNA1C in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Alysha A. Sultan
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mikaela K. Dimick
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Clement C. Zai
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L. Kennedy
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradley J. MacIntosh
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Heart and Stroke Foundation, Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Benjamin I. Goldstein
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Abstract
The CACNA1C gene encodes the pore-forming subunit of the CaV1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel, a critical component of membrane physiology in multiple tissues, including the heart, brain, and immune system. As such, mutations altering the function of these channels have the potential to impact a wide array of cellular functions. The first mutations identified within CACNA1C were shown to cause a severe, multisystem disorder known as Timothy syndrome (TS), which is characterized by neurodevelopmental deficits, long-QT syndrome, life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, craniofacial abnormalities, and immune deficits. Since this initial description, the number and variety of disease-associated mutations identified in CACNA1C have grown tremendously, expanding the range of phenotypes observed in affected patients. CACNA1C channelopathies are now known to encompass multisystem phenotypes as described in TS, as well as more selective phenotypes where patients may exhibit predominantly cardiac or neurological symptoms. Here, we review the impact of genetic mutations on CaV1.2 function and the resultant physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Herold
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John W Hussey
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivy E Dick
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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BDNF Levels According to Variations in the CACNA1C Gene: Sex-Based Disparity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:357-366. [PMID: 35128618 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The CACNA1C gene encodes the pore-forming alpha-1c subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The calcium influx through these channels regulates the transcription of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Polymorphisms in this gene have been consistently associated with psychiatric disorders, and alterations in BDNF levels are a possible biological mechanism to explain such associations. Here, we sought to investigate the effect of the CACNA1C rs1006737 and rs4765913 polymorphisms and their haplotypes on serum BDNF concentration. We further aim to investigate the regulatory function of these SNPs and the ones linked to them. The study enrolled 641 young adults (362 women and 279 men) in a cross-sectional population-based survey. Linear regression was used to test the effects of polymorphisms and haplotypes on BDNF levels adjusted for potential confounders. Moreover, regulatory putative functional roles were assessed using in silico approach. BDNF levels were not associated with CACNA1C polymorphisms/haplotype in the total sample. When the sample was stratified by sex, checking the effect of polymorphisms on men and women separately, the A-allele of rs4765913 was associated with lower BDNF levels in women compared with the TT genotype (p = 0.010). The AA (rs1006737-rs4765913) haplotype was associated with BDNF levels in opposite directions regarding sex, with lower levels of BDNF in women (p = 0.040) compared to those without this haplotype, while with higher levels in men (p = 0.027). These findings were supported by the presence of regulatory marks only on the male fetal brain. Our results suggest that the BDNF levels regulation may be a potential mechanism underpinning the association between CACNA1C and psychiatric disorders, with a differential role in women and men.
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11
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Liu C, Li H, Ren A, Chen G, Ye W, Wu Y, Ma P, Yu W, He T. A comparison of the mineral element content of 70 different varieties of pear fruit ( Pyrus ussuriensis) in China. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15328. [PMID: 37180575 PMCID: PMC10174059 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrus ussuriensis (Maxim.) is a unique pear tree that grows in northern China. The tree has strong cold resistance and can withstand low temperatures from -30 °C to -35 °C. Due to its unique growth environment, its fruit is rich in minerals and has much higher levels of minerals such as K, Ca and Mg than the fruit of Pyrus pyrifolia (Nakai.) and Pyrus bretschneideri (Rehd.) on the market, and many say the ripe fruit tastes better than other varieties. A comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of mineral elements in the fruits of different varieties of P. ussuriensis will provide a valuable scientific basis for the selection, breeding and production of consumer varieties of P. ussuriensis, and provide a more complete understanding of nutritional differences between fruit varieties. Methods In this study, 70 varieties of wild, domesticated and cultivated species of P. ussuriensis from different geographical locations were compared. Targeting four main mineral elements and eight trace mineral elements contained in the fruit, the differences in mineral content in the peel and pulp of different varieties of P. ussuriensis were analyzed, compared and classified using modern microwave digestion ICP-MS. Results The mineral elements in the fruit of P. ussuriensis generally followed the following content pattern: K > P > Ca > Mg > Na > Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The mineral element compositions in the peel and pulp of different fruits were also significantly different. The four main mineral elements in the peel were K > Ca > P > Mg, and K > P > Mg > Ca in the pulp. The mineral element content of wild fruit varieties was higher than that of cultivated and domesticated varieties. Correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between K, P and Cu in both the peel and pulp of P. ussuriensis fruit (P < 0. 01). Cluster analysis results showed that the 70 varieties of P. ussuriensis could be divided into three slightly different categories according to the content of the peel or pulp. According to the contents of the fruit peel, these varieties were divided into: (1) varieties with high Na, Mg, P, K, Fe and Zn content, (2) varieties with high Ca content and (3) varieties with medium levels of mineral elements. According to the fruit pulp content, these varieties were divided into: (1) varieties with high Mg, P and K content, (2) varieties with low mineral element content, and (3) varieties with high Na and Ca content. The comprehensive analysis of relevant mineral element content factors showed that 'SSHMSL,' 'QYL,' 'SWSL' and 'ZLTSL-3' were the best varieties, and could be used as the focus varieties of future breeding programs for large-scale pear production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Mudanjiang Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding and Cultivation in Cold Areas, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honglian Li
- Institute of Pomology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, China
| | - Aihua Ren
- Horticulture Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guoyou Chen
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Inspection and Testing Center for Quality of Cereals and Their Products (Harbin), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wanjun Ye
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ping Ma
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Bayin Guoleng Vocational and Technical College, Korla, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Mudanjiang Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding and Cultivation in Cold Areas, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianming He
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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12
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Guardiola-Ripoll M, Almodóvar-Payá C, Lubeiro A, Sotero A, Salvador R, Fuentes-Claramonte P, Salgado-Pineda P, Papiol S, Ortiz-Gil J, Gomar JJ, Guerrero-Pedraza A, Sarró S, Maristany T, Molina V, Pomarol-Clotet E, Fatjó-Vilas M. A functional neuroimaging association study on the interplay between two schizophrenia genome-wide associated genes (CACNA1C and ZNF804A). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1229-1239. [PMID: 35796825 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CACNA1C and the ZNF804A genes are among the most relevant schizophrenia GWAS findings. Recent evidence shows that the interaction of these genes with the schizophrenia diagnosis modulates brain functional response to a verbal fluency task. To better understand how these genes might influence the risk for schizophrenia, we aimed to study the interplay between CACNA1C and ZNF804A on working memory brain functional correlates. The analyses included functional and behavioural N-back task data (obtained from an fMRI protocol) and CACNA1C-rs1006737 and ZNF804A-rs1344706 genotypes for 78 healthy subjects and 78 patients with schizophrenia (matched for age, sex and premorbid IQ). We tested the effects of the epistasis between these genes as well as of the three-way interaction (CACNA1C × ZNAF804A × diagnosis) on working memory-associated activity (N-back: 2-back vs 1-back). We detected a significant CACNA1C × ZNAF804A interaction on working memory functional response in regions comprising the ventral caudate medially and within the left hemisphere, the superior and inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, the superior temporal pole and the ventral-anterior insula. The individuals with the GWAS-identified risk genotypes (CACNA1C-AA/AG and ZNF804A-AA) displayed a reduced working memory modulation response. This genotypic combination was also associated with opposite brain activity patterns between patients and controls. While further research will help to comprehend the neurobiological mechanisms of this interaction, our data highlight the role of the epistasis between CACNA1C and ZNF804A in the functional mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guardiola-Ripoll
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Almodóvar-Payá
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Lubeiro
- Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sotero
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Salgado-Pineda
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Papiol
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jordi Ortiz-Gil
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital General de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús J Gomar
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- The Litwin-Zucker Alzheimer's Research Center, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Maristany
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Molina
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Neurosciences Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Psychiatry Service, University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Harrison PJ, Husain SM, Lee H, Los Angeles AD, Colbourne L, Mould A, Hall NAL, Haerty W, Tunbridge EM. CACNA1C (Ca V1.2) and other L-type calcium channels in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric disorders: Advances from functional genomics and pharmacoepidemiology. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109262. [PMID: 36154842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A role for voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in psychiatric disorders has long been postulated as part of a broader involvement of intracellular calcium signalling. However, the data were inconclusive and hard to interpret. We review three areas of research that have markedly advanced the field. First, there is now robust genomic evidence that common variants in VGCC subunit genes, notably CACNA1C which encodes the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) CaV1.2 subunit, are trans-diagnostically associated with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Rare variants in these genes also contribute to the risk. Second, pharmacoepidemiological evidence supports the possibility that calcium channel blockers, which target LTCCs, might have beneficial effects on the onset or course of these disorders. This is especially true for calcium channel blockers that are brain penetrant. Third, long-range sequencing is revealing the repertoire of full-length LTCC transcript isoforms. Many novel and abundant CACNA1C isoforms have been identified in human and mouse brain, including some which are enriched compared to heart or aorta, and predicted to encode channels with differing functional and pharmacological properties. These isoforms may contribute to the molecular mechanisms of genetic association to psychiatric disorders. They may also enable development of therapeutic agents that can preferentially target brain LTCC isoforms and be of potential value for psychiatric indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Syed M Husain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Hami Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | | | - Lucy Colbourne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Arne Mould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Nicola A L Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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14
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Arnsten AFT, Woo E, Yang S, Wang M, Datta D. Unusual Molecular Regulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Layer III Synapses Increases Vulnerability to Genetic and Environmental Insults in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:480-490. [PMID: 35305820 PMCID: PMC9372235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with reduced numbers of spines and dendrites from layer III of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the layer that houses the recurrent excitatory microcircuits that subserve working memory and abstract thought. Why are these synapses so vulnerable, while synapses in deeper or more superficial layers are little affected? This review describes the special molecular properties that govern layer III neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the primate dlPFC and how they may render these circuits particularly vulnerable to genetic and environmental insults. These properties include a reliance on NMDA receptor rather than AMPA receptor neurotransmission; cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) magnification of calcium signaling near the glutamatergic synapse of dendritic spines; and potassium channels opened by cAMP/PKA (protein kinase A) signaling that dynamically alter network strength, with built-in mechanisms to take dlPFC "offline" during stress. A variety of genetic and/or environmental insults can lead to the same phenotype of weakened layer III connectivity, in which mechanisms that normally strengthen connectivity are impaired and those that normally weaken connectivity are intensified. Inflammatory mechanisms, such as increased kynurenic acid and glutamate carboxypeptidase II expression, are especially detrimental to layer III dlPFC neurotransmission and modulation, mimicking genetic insults. The combination of genetic and inflammatory insults may cross the threshold into pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Elizabeth Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Lintunen J, Lähteenvuo M, Tanskanen A, Tiihonen J, Taipale H. Allopurinol, dipyridamole and calcium channel blockers in the treatment of bipolar disorder - A nationwide cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022; 313:43-48. [PMID: 35753501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved treatments for bipolar disorder (BD) are needed. Drug repurposing aims to find novel targets for drugs that have been used for other indications. This study investigated the risk of psychiatric hospitalization associated with use of calcium-channel blockers (CCBs; dihydropyridines, diltiazem, verapamil) and adenosine modulators (allopurinol, dipyridamole) in BD in within-individual design. METHODS Individuals diagnosed with BD (ICD-10: F30-F31) were identified from the inpatient, specialized outpatient, sickness absence, and disability pension registers during 1996-2018 in Finland (N = 60,045). The main outcome was hospitalization due to affective symptoms (ICD-10: F30-F39). Within-individual models in stratified Cox regression were used and adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) reported. RESULTS Use of CCBs was associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization due to affective symptoms (aHR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.78-0.88) when all CCBs were analyzed together. Of specific CCBs, use of diltiazem (0.71, 0.55-0.91) and dihydropyridines (0.83, 0.78-0.89) were associated with a decreased risk but verapamil was not (0.93, 0.73-1.19). Use of adenosine modulators in general was associated with a decreased risk of hospitalizations due to affective symptoms (0.87, 0.79-0.96). Both allopurinol (0.85, 0.74-0.97) and dipyridamole (0.89, 0.78-1.00) were associated with a marginally decreased risk. Thiazide diuretic use as a negative control was not associated with the risk of hospitalization due to affective symptoms (0.97, 0.83-1.13). LIMITATIONS Due to the observational nature of this study, causation cannot be confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Dihydropyridines and diltiazem were associated with a decreased risk of psychiatric hospitalization in bipolar disorder. Results for allopurinol and dipyridamole were inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonne Lintunen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku Lähteenvuo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Tanskanen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Taipale
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Martins HC, Gilardi C, Sungur AÖ, Winterer J, Pelzl MA, Bicker S, Gross F, Kisko TM, Malikowska‐Racia N, Braun MD, Brosch K, Nenadic I, Stein F, Meinert S, Schwarting RKW, Dannlowski U, Kircher T, Wöhr M, Schratt G. Bipolar‐associated
miR
‐499‐5p controls neuroplasticity by downregulating the Cav1.2 subunit
CACNB2. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54420. [PMID: 35969184 PMCID: PMC9535808 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mood disorder characterized by manic and depressive episodes. Dysregulation of neuroplasticity and calcium homeostasis are frequently observed in BD patients, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that miR‐499‐5p regulates dendritogenesis and cognitive function by downregulating the BD risk gene CACNB2. miR‐499‐5p expression is increased in peripheral blood of BD patients, as well as in the hippocampus of rats which underwent juvenile social isolation. In rat hippocampal neurons, miR‐499‐5p impairs dendritogenesis and reduces surface expression and activity of the L‐type calcium channel Cav1.2. We further identified CACNB2, which encodes a regulatory β‐subunit of Cav1.2, as a direct functional target of miR‐499‐5p in neurons. miR‐499‐5p overexpression in the hippocampus in vivo induces short‐term memory impairments selectively in rats haploinsufficient for the Cav1.2 pore forming subunit Cacna1c. In humans, miR‐499‐5p expression is negatively associated with gray matter volumes of the left superior temporal gyrus, a region implicated in auditory and emotional processing. We propose that stress‐induced miR‐499‐5p overexpression contributes to dendritic impairments, deregulated calcium homeostasis, and neurocognitive dysfunction in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Martins
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Gilardi
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - A Özge Sungur
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology Faculty of Psychology, Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jochen Winterer
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael A Pelzl
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Biochemical‐Pharmacological Center Marburg Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Silvia Bicker
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fridolin Gross
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Theresa M Kisko
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology Faculty of Psychology, Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Natalia Malikowska‐Racia
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology Faculty of Psychology, Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Moria D Braun
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology Faculty of Psychology, Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology Faculty of Psychology, Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology Faculty of Psychology, Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior Philipps‐University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Gerhard Schratt
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich Switzerland
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17
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Carnovale C, Perrotta C, Baldelli S, Cattaneo D, Montrasio C, Barbieri SS, Pompilio G, Vantaggiato C, Clementi E, Pozzi M. Antihypertensive drugs and brain function: mechanisms underlying therapeutically beneficial and harmful neuropsychiatric effects. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:647-667. [PMID: 35895876 PMCID: PMC10153433 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A bidirectional relationship exists between hypertension and psychiatric disorders, including unipolar and bipolar depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychosis, schizophrenia, mania, and dementia/cognitive decline. Repurposing of antihypertensive drugs to treat mental disorders is thus being explored. A systematic knowledge of the mechanisms of action and clinical consequences of the use of antihypertensive agents on neuropsychiatric functions has not been achieved yet. In this article, we review the putative role of antihypertensive agents in psychiatric disorders, discuss the targets and mechanisms of action, and examine how and to what extent specific drug classes/molecules may trigger, worsen, or mitigate psychiatric symptoms. In addition, we review pharmacokinetics (brain penetration of drugs) and pharmacogenetics data that add important information to assess risks and benefits of antihypertensive drugs in neuropsychiatric settings. The scientific literature shows robust evidence of a positive effect of α1 blockers on PTSD symptoms, nightmares and sleep quality, α2 agonists on core symptoms, executive function and quality of life in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, PTSD, Tourette's syndrome, and β blockers on anxiety, aggression, working memory, and social communication. Renin-angiotensin system modulators exert protective effects on cognition, depression, and anxiety, and the loop diuretic bumetanide reduced the core symptoms of autism in a subset of patients. There is no evidence of clear benefits of calcium channel blockers in mood disorders in the scientific literature. These findings are mainly from preclinical studies; clinical data are still insufficient or of anecdotal nature, and seldom systematic. The information herewith provided can support a better therapeutic approach to hypertension, tailored to patients with, or with high susceptibility to, psychiatric illness. It may prompt clinical studies exploring the potential benefit of antihypertensive drugs in selected patients with neuropsychiatric comorbidities that include outcomes of neuropsychiatric interest and specifically assess undesirable effects or interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carnovale
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Montrasio
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia S Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: cellular and molecular mechanisms - Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine - Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy.,Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
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18
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Ryu WI, Shen M, Lee Y, Healy RA, Bormann MK, Cohen BM, Sonntag KC. Nicotinamide riboside and caffeine partially restore diminished NAD availability but not altered energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13658. [PMID: 35730144 PMCID: PMC9282847 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox co‐factor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) declines with age, and NAD deficits are specifically associated with dysfunctional energy metabolism in late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a dietary NAD precursor, has been suggested to ameliorate the aging process or neurodegeneration. We assessed whether NR with or without caffeine, which increases nicotinamide mononucleotide transferase subtype 2 (NMNAT2), an essential enzyme in NAD production, modulates bioenergetic functions in LOAD. In LOAD patients—and young or old control individuals—derived dermal fibroblasts as well as in induced pluripotent stem cell‐differentiated neural progenitors and astrocytes, NR and caffeine cell type‐specifically increased the NAD pool, transiently enhanced mitochondrial respiration or glycolysis and altered the expression of genes in the NAD synthesis or consumption pathways. However, continued treatment led to reversed bioenergetic effects. Importantly, NR and caffeine did not alter the characteristics of a previously documented inherent LOAD‐associated bioenergetic phenotype. Thus, although NR and caffeine can partially restore diminished NAD availability, increasing NAD alone may not be sufficient to boost or restore energy metabolism in brain aging or alter aberrant energy management in LOAD. Nicotinamide riboside might still be of value in combination with other agents in preventive or therapeutic intervention strategies to address the aging process or age‐associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-In Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minqi Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan A Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mariana K Bormann
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Brennand KJ. Using Stem Cell Models to Explore the Genetics Underlying Psychiatric Disorders: Linking Risk Variants, Genes, and Biology in Brain Disease. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:322-328. [PMID: 35491564 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent and unmet need to advance our ability to translate genetic studies of psychiatric disorders into clinically actionable information, which could transform diagnostics and even one day lead to novel (and potentially presymptomatic) therapeutic interventions. Today, although there are hundreds of significant loci associated with psychiatric disorders, resolving the target gene(s) and pathway(s) impacted by each is a major challenge. Integrating human induced pluripotent stem cell-based approaches with CRISPR-mediated genomic engineering strategies makes it possible to study the impact of patient-specific variants within the cell types of the brain. As the scale and scope of functional genomic studies expands, so does our ability to resolve the complex interplay of the many risk variants linked to psychiatric disorders. In this review, the author discusses some of the technological advances that make it possible to ask exciting questions that are fundamental to our understanding of psychiatric disorders. How do distinct risk variants converge and interact with each other (and the environment) across the diverse cell types that comprise the human brain? Can clinical trajectories and/or therapeutic response be predicted from genetic profiles? Just as critically, by spreading the message that genetic risk for psychiatric disorders is biological and fundamentally no different than for other human conditions, we can dispel the stigma associated with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics, Wu Tsai Institute at Yale, and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
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20
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Abnormal oligodendrocyte function in schizophrenia explains the long latent interval in some patients. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:120. [PMID: 35338111 PMCID: PMC8956594 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A puzzling feature of schizophrenia, is the long latency between the beginning of neuropathological changes and the clinical presentation that may be two decades later. Abnormalities in oligodendrocyte function may explain this latency, because mature oligodendrocytes produce myelination, and if myelination were abnormal from the outset, it would cause the synaptic dysfunction and abnormal neural tracts that are underpinning features of schizophrenia. The hypothesis is that latency is caused by events that occur in some patients as early as in-utero or infancy, because clones of abnormal, myelinating oligodendrocytes may arise at that time; their number doubles every ~2 years, so their geometric increase between birth and age twenty, when clinical presentation occurs, is about 1000-fold plus the effect of compounding. For those patients in particular, the long latency is because of a small but ongoing increase in volume of the resulting, abnormally myelinated neural tracts until, after a long latent interval, a critical mass is reached that allows the full clinical features of schizophrenia. During latency, there may be behavioral aberrancies because of abnormally myelinated neural tracts but they are insufficiently numerous for the clinical syndrome. The occurrence of behavioral symptoms during the long latent period, substantiates the hypothesis that abnormal oligodendrocytes explain the latency in some patients. Treatment with fingolimod or siponimod benefits both oligodendrocytes and neural tracts. Clinical trial would validate their potential benefit in appropriate patients with schizophrenia and, concurrently, would validate the hypothesis.
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21
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Identification of ultra-rare disruptive variants in voltage-gated calcium channel-encoding genes in Japanese samples of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35220405 PMCID: PMC8882172 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several large-scale whole-exome sequencing studies in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have identified rare variants with modest or strong effect size as genetic risk factors. Dysregulation of cellular calcium homeostasis might be involved in SCZ/ASD pathogenesis, and genes encoding L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) subunits Cav1.1 (CACNA1S), Cav1.2 (CACNA1C), Cav1.3 (CACNA1D), and T-type VGCC subunit Cav3.3 (CACNA1I) recently were identified as risk loci for psychiatric disorders. We performed a screening study, using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM), of exon regions of these four candidate genes (CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S, CACNA1I) in 370 Japanese patients with SCZ and 192 with ASD. Variant filtering was applied to identify biologically relevant mutations that were not registered in the dbSNP database or that have a minor allele frequency of less than 1% in East-Asian samples from databases; and are potentially disruptive, including nonsense, frameshift, canonical splicing site single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and non-synonymous SNVs predicted as damaging by five different in silico analyses. Each of these filtered mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. If parental samples were available, segregation analysis was employed for measuring the inheritance pattern. Using our filter, we discovered one nonsense SNV (p.C1451* in CACNA1D), one de novo SNV (p.A36V in CACNA1C), one rare short deletion (p.E1675del in CACNA1D), and 14 NSstrict SNVs (non-synonymous SNV predicted as damaging by all of five in silico analyses). Neither p.A36V in CACNA1C nor p.C1451* in CACNA1D were found in 1871 SCZ cases, 380 ASD cases, or 1916 healthy controls in the independent sample set, suggesting that these SNVs might be ultra-rare SNVs in the Japanese population. The neuronal splicing isoform of Cav1.2 with the p.A36V mutation, discovered in the present study, showed reduced Ca2+-dependent inhibition, resulting in excessive Ca2+ entry through the mutant channel. These results suggested that this de novo SNV in CACNA1C might predispose to SCZ by affecting Ca2+ homeostasis. Thus, our analysis successfully identified several ultra-rare and potentially disruptive gene variants, lending partial support to the hypothesis that VGCC-encoding genes may contribute to the risk of SCZ/ASD.
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22
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23
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Pisanu C, Congiu D, Severino G, Ardau R, Chillotti C, Del Zompo M, Baune BT, Squassina A. Investigation of genetic loci shared between bipolar disorder and risk-taking propensity: potential implications for pharmacological interventions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1680-1692. [PMID: 34035470 PMCID: PMC8280111 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) often show increased risk-taking propensity, which may contribute to poor clinical outcome. While these two phenotypes are genetically correlated, there is scarce knowledge on the shared genetic determinants. Using GWAS datasets on BD (41,917 BD cases and 371,549 controls) and risk-taking (n = 466,571), we dissected shared genetic determinants using conjunctional false discovery rate (conjFDR) and local genetic covariance analysis. We investigated specificity of identified targets using GWAS datasets on schizophrenia (SCZ) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The putative functional role of identified targets was evaluated using different tools and GTEx v. 8. Target druggability was evaluated using DGIdb and enrichment for drug targets with genome for REPositioning drugs (GREP). Among 102 loci shared between BD and risk-taking, 87% showed the same direction of effect. Sixty-two were specifically shared between risk-taking propensity and BD, while the others were also shared between risk-taking propensity and either SCZ or ADHD. By leveraging pleiotropic enrichment, we reported 15 novel and specific loci associated with BD and 22 with risk-taking. Among cross-disorder genes, CACNA1C (a known target of calcium channel blockers) was significantly associated with risk-taking propensity and both BD and SCZ using conjFDR (p = 0.001 for both) as well as local genetic covariance analysis, and predicted to be differentially expressed in the cerebellar hemisphere in an eQTL-informed gene-based analysis (BD, Z = 7.48, p = 3.8E-14; risk-taking: Z = 4.66, p = 1.6E-06). We reported for the first time shared genetic determinants between BD and risk-taking propensity. Further investigation into calcium channel blockers or development of innovative ligands of calcium channels might form the basis for innovative pharmacotherapy in patients with BD with increased risk-taking propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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24
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Arnsten AFT, Datta D, Wang M. The genie in the bottle-magnified calcium signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3684-3700. [PMID: 33319854 PMCID: PMC8203737 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the association cortices are particularly vulnerable in cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, while those in primary visual cortex remain relatively resilient. This review proposes that the special molecular mechanisms needed for higher cognitive operations confer vulnerability to dysfunction, atrophy, and neurodegeneration when regulation is lost due to genetic and/or environmental insults. Accumulating data suggest that higher cortical circuits rely on magnified levels of calcium (from NMDAR, calcium channels, and/or internal release from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum) near the postsynaptic density to promote the persistent firing needed to maintain, manipulate, and store information without "bottom-up" sensory stimulation. For example, dendritic spines in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) express the molecular machinery for feedforward, cAMP-PKA-calcium signaling. PKA can drive internal calcium release and promote calcium flow through NMDAR and calcium channels, while in turn, calcium activates adenylyl cyclases to produce more cAMP-PKA signaling. Excessive levels of cAMP-calcium signaling can have a number of detrimental effects: for example, opening nearby K+ channels to weaken synaptic efficacy and reduce neuronal firing, and over a longer timeframe, driving calcium overload of mitochondria to induce inflammation and dendritic atrophy. Thus, calcium-cAMP signaling must be tightly regulated, e.g., by agents that catabolize cAMP or inhibit its production (PDE4, mGluR3), and by proteins that bind calcium in the cytosol (calbindin). Many genetic or inflammatory insults early in life weaken the regulation of calcium-cAMP signaling and are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (e.g., GRM3). Age-related loss of regulatory proteins which result in elevated calcium-cAMP signaling over a long lifespan can additionally drive tau phosphorylation, amyloid pathology, and neurodegeneration, especially when protective calcium binding proteins are lost from the cytosol. Thus, the "genie" we need for our remarkable cognitive abilities may make us vulnerable to cognitive disorders when we lose essential regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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25
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Ryu WI, Cohen BM, Sonntag KC. Hypothesis and Theory: Characterizing Abnormalities of Energy Metabolism Using a Cellular Platform as a Personalized Medicine Approach for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:697578. [PMID: 34395428 PMCID: PMC8363296 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.697578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is characterized by slowly progressive deterioration and death of CNS neurons. There are currently no substantially disease-modifying therapies. LOAD pathology is closely related to changes with age and include, among others, accumulation of toxic molecules and altered metabolic, microvascular, biochemical and inflammatory processes. In addition, there is growing evidence that cellular energy deficits play a critical role in aging and LOAD pathophysiology. However, the exact mechanisms and causal relationships are largely unknown. In our studies we tested the hypothesis that altered bioenergetic and metabolic cell functions are key elements in LOAD, using a cellular platform consisting of skin fibroblasts derived from LOAD patients and AD-unaffected control individuals and therefrom generated induced pluripotent stem cells that are differentiated to brain-like cells to study LOAD pathogenic processes in context of age, disease, genetic background, cell development, and cell type. This model has revealed that LOAD cells exhibit a multitude of bioenergetic and metabolic alterations, providing evidence for an innate inefficient cellular energy management in LOAD as a prerequisite for the development of neurodegenerative disease with age. We propose that this cellular platform could ultimately be used as a conceptual basis for a personalized medicine tool to predict altered aging and risk for development of dementia, and to test or implement customized therapeutic or disease-preventive intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-In Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Kai-C Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
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26
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Jones GH, Vecera CM, Pinjari OF, Machado-Vieira R. Inflammatory signaling mechanisms in bipolar disorder. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:45. [PMID: 34112182 PMCID: PMC8194019 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a decidedly heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, with a high individual and societal burden. While not all patients display overt markers of elevated inflammation, significant evidence suggests that aberrant immune signaling contributes to all stages of the disease, and likely explains the elevated rates of comorbid inflammatory illnesses seen in this population. While individual systems have been intensely studied and targeted, a relative paucity of attention has been given to the interconnecting role of inflammatory signals therein. This review presents an updated overview of some of the most prominent pathophysiologic mechanisms in bipolar disorder, from mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticular, and calcium homeostasis, to purinergic, kynurenic, and hormonal/neurotransmitter signaling, showing inflammation to act as a powerful nexus between these systems. Several areas with a high degree of mechanistic convergence within this paradigm are highlighted to present promising future targets for therapeutic development and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Courtney M Vecera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Omar F Pinjari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
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27
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Uema S, Horita M, Takadera T. Protective effects of calcium ions via L-type calcium channels and NMDA receptors on prostaglandin E 2-induced apoptosis in rat cortical cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4517-4525. [PMID: 34089465 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions mediate a variety of physiological responses of developing neurons including survival. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of calcium influx through L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) or NMDA receptors on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced apoptosis in rat cortical cells. Cultures of rat cortical cells were prepared from an embryonic day 18 rat neocortex. After culturing for 2 or 8 days in vitro (DIV), the cells were subjected to PGE2 treatment for 48 h. FPL64176, an LTCC agonist, protected the cells at 2 and 8 DIV from PGE2-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), an agonist of NMDA receptor, protected the cells from PGE2-induced apoptosis only at 8 DIV. FPL64176 increased the calcium levels at 2 and 8 DIV, whereas NMDA increased the calcium levels only at 8 DIV. The protective effects of the LTCC agonist and NMDA on PGE2-induced apoptosis were blocked following treatment of the cells with protein kinase C inhibitors. Our results suggest that LTCCs and NMDA receptors modulate the cell death of developing cortical neurons possibly through a protein kinase C pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Uema
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mizue Horita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Takadera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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28
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Wöhr M, Kisko TM, Schwarting RK. Social Behavior and Ultrasonic Vocalizations in a Genetic Rat Model Haploinsufficient for the Cross-Disorder Risk Gene Cacna1c. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060724. [PMID: 34072335 PMCID: PMC8229447 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The top-ranked cross-disorder risk gene CACNA1C is strongly associated with multiple neuropsychiatric dysfunctions. In a recent series of studies, we applied a genomically informed approach and contributed extensively to the behavioral characterization of a genetic rat model haploinsufficient for the cross-disorder risk gene Cacna1c. Because deficits in processing social signals are associated with reduced social functioning as commonly seen in neuropsychiatric disorders, we focused on socio-affective communication through 22-kHz and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Specifically, we applied a reciprocal approach for studying socio-affective communication in sender and receiver by including rough-and-tumble play and playback of 22-kHz and 50-kHz USV. Here, we review the findings obtained in this recent series of studies and link them to the key features of 50-kHz USV emission during rough-and-tumble play and social approach behavior evoked by playback of 22-kHz and 50-kHz USV. We conclude that Cacna1c haploinsufficiency in rats leads to robust deficits in socio-affective communication through 22-kHz and 50-kHz USV and associated alterations in social behavior, such as rough-and-tumble play behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wöhr
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.K.); (R.K.W.S.)
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-19-45-57
| | - Theresa M. Kisko
- Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.K.); (R.K.W.S.)
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer K.W. Schwarting
- Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.K.); (R.K.W.S.)
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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29
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Jones GH, Rong C, Shariq AS, Mishra A, Machado-Vieira R. Intracellular Signaling Cascades in Bipolar Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 48:101-132. [PMID: 32860212 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar spectrum disorders carry a significant public health burden. Disproportionately high rates of suicide, incarceration, and comorbid medical conditions necessitate an extraordinary focus on understanding the intricacies of this disease. Elucidating granular, intracellular details seems to be a necessary preamble to advancing promising therapeutic opportunities. In this chapter, we review a wide range of intracellular mechanisms including mitochondrial energetics, calcium signaling, neuroinflammation, the microbiome, neurotransmitter metabolism, glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3β), protein kinase C (PKC) and diacylglycerol (DAG), and neurotrophins (especially BDNF), as well as the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, purinergic, and neurohormonal systems. Owing to the relative lack of understanding and effective therapeutic options compared to the rest of the spectrum, special attention is paid in the chapter to the latest developments in bipolar depression. Likewise, from a therapeutic standpoint, special attention should be paid to the pervasive mechanistic actions of lithium as a means of amalgamating numerous, disparate cascades into a digestible cognitive topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carola Rong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aisha S Shariq
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Banono NS, Gawel K, De Witte L, Esguerra CV. Zebrafish Larvae Carrying a Splice Variant Mutation in cacna1d: A New Model for Schizophrenia-Like Behaviours? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:877-894. [PMID: 33057948 PMCID: PMC7843589 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Persons with certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CACNA1D gene (encoding voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha 1-D) have increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar, schizophrenia and autism. The molecular consequences of SNPs on gene expression and protein function are not well understood. Thus, the use of animal models to determine genotype-phenotype correlations is critical to understanding disease pathogenesis. Here, we describe the behavioural changes in larval zebrafish carrying an essential splice site mutation (sa17298) in cacna1da. Heterozygous mutation resulted in 50% reduction of splice variants 201 and 202 (haploinsufficiency), while homozygosity increased transcript levels of variant 201 above wild type (WT; gain-of-function, GOF). Due to low homozygote viability, we focused primarily on performing the phenotypic analysis on heterozygotes. Indeed, cacna1dasa17298/WT larvae displayed hyperlocomotion-a behaviour characterised in zebrafish as a surrogate phenotype for epilepsy, anxiety or psychosis-like behaviour. Follow-up tests ruled out anxiety or seizures, however, as neither thigmotaxis defects nor epileptiform-like discharges in larval brains were observed. We therefore focused on testing for potential "psychosis-like" behaviour by assaying cacna1dasa17298/WT larval locomotor activity under constant light, during light-dark transition and in startle response to dark flashes. Furthermore, exposure of larvae to the antipsychotics, risperidone and haloperidol reversed cacna1da-induced hyperactivity to WT levels while valproate decreased but did not reverse hyperactivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that cacna1da haploinsufficiency induces behaviours in larval zebrafish analogous to those observed in rodent models of psychosis. Future studies on homozygous mutants will determine how cacna1d GOF alters behaviour in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Saana Banono
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Str. 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Linus De Witte
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, AP Hogeschool Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camila V Esguerra
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælandsvei 24, 0371, Oslo, Norway.
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Paul P, Nadella RK, Viswanath B, Reddy YCJ, Jain S, Purushottam M. Does CACNA1C rs1006737 genotype play a role in lithium treatment response in bipolar disorder patients? Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 56:102525. [PMID: 33418281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Paul
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Nadella
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Y C Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
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Adenosine modulators and calcium channel blockers as add-on treatment for schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:1. [PMID: 33479257 PMCID: PMC7820462 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relapses remain common among individuals with schizophrenia indicating a need for improved treatments. Creating a completely new drug molecule is expensive and time consuming, and therefore drug repurposing should be considered. Aim of this study was to investigate the risk of psychiatric rehospitalization associated with use of adenosine modulators (AMs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in schizophrenia. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 61,889) in inpatient care between 1972–2014 in Finland were included. The follow-up lasted from 1996 to 2017. Main exposures were use of AMs (allopurinol and dipyridamole) and CCBs (dihydropyridines, diltiazem, and verapamil). Thiazide diuretics were used as a negative control. Within-individual models in stratified Cox regression were used and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Use of AMs was associated with a reduced risk of psychiatric rehospitalization on drug class level (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65–0.84, P < 0.0001), as well as on the level of individual drugs (allopurinol HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70–0.97, P = 0.02; dipyridamole HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55–0.77, P < 0.0001). Use of CCBs was associated with a reduced risk of psychiatric rehospitalization on drug class level (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77–0.86, P < 0.0001). From the different CCBs, only exposure to dihydropyridines was associated with a reduced risk (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74–0.84, P < 0.0001). No effect was observed for the negative control, thiazide diuretics (HR 0.96, 0.90–1.02, P = 0.20). The effects of dipyridamole and dihydropyridines were more pronounced among younger persons and combination of AMs, and CCBs was associated with a lower risk than either drug class as monotherapy. These results indicate a need for randomized controlled trials of these drugs.
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Shonibare DO, Patel RR, Islam AH, Metcalfe AWS, Fiksenbaum L, Freeman N, MacIntosh BJ, Kennedy JL, Goldstein BI. Neurostructural phenotypes of CACNA1C rs1006737 in adolescents with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110071. [PMID: 32800865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the effects of CACNA1C rs1006737 on cortical and subcortical neurostructural phenotypes in Caucasian bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy control (HC) adolescents. METHODS Seventy-one adolescents (14-20 years; 38BD, 33HC) underwent 3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Region of interest (ROI) and vertex-wise analyses examined cortical volume, surface area (SA), and thickness, as well as subcortical volume. ROIs included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), putamen, and amygdala. General linear models included main effects of diagnosis and rs1006737, and an interaction term, controlling for age, sex, and total intracranial volume. RESULTS Vertex-wise analysis found significant BD-by-rs1006737 interactions for prefrontal and occipital regions such that BD A-carriers were found to have greater SA relative to BD non-carriers, while HC A-carriers had reduced SA relative to HC non-carriers. ROI analysis found an interaction in the ACC such that BD A-carriers were found to have greater SA relative to BD non-carriers, while no significant difference was found in HCs. Main effects of rs1006737 were also found on ACC SA from ROI analysis, and occipital SA from vertex-wise analysis, such that A-carriers had larger SA relative to non-carriers in both of these regions. CONCLUSIONS The current study identified neurostructural intermediate phenotypes relevant to the impact of CACNA1C rs1006737 on adolescent BD. Further investigation is warranted into the neurofunctional and neurocognitive relevance of rs1006737 associations with BD-specific elevations in regional SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Shonibare
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronak R Patel
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alvi H Islam
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arron W S Metcalfe
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lisa Fiksenbaum
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie Freeman
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Zhang C, Xiao X, Li T, Li M. Translational genomics and beyond in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:186-202. [PMID: 32424235 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed multiple genomic loci conferring risk of bipolar disorder (BD), providing hints for its underlying pathobiology. However, there are still remaining questions to answer. For example, discordance exists between BD heritability estimated with earlier epidemiological evidence and that calculated based on common GWAS variations. Where is the "missing heritability"? How can we explain the biology of the disease based on genetic findings? In this review, we summarize the accomplishments and limitations of current BD GWAS, and discuss potential reasons for the "missing heritability." In addition, progresses of research for the biological mechanisms underlying BD genetic risk using brain tissues, reprogrammed cells, and model animals are reviewed. While our knowledge of BD genetic basis is significantly promoted by these efforts, the complexities of gene regulation in the genome, the spatial-temporal heterogeneity during brain development, and the limitations of different experimental models should always be considered. Notably, several genes have been widely studied given their relatively well-characterized involvement in BD (e.g., CACAN1C and ANK3), and findings of these genes are summarized to both outline possible biological mechanisms of BD and describe examples of translating GWAS discoveries into the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Brain cells derived from Alzheimer's disease patients have multiple specific innate abnormalities in energy metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5702-5714. [PMID: 33863993 PMCID: PMC8758493 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Altered energy metabolism has been implicated both in aging and the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, it is unclear which anomalies are acquired phenotypes and which are inherent and predispose to disease. We report that neural progenitor cells and astrocytes differentiated from LOAD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit multiple inter-related bioenergetic alterations including: changes in energy production by mitochondrial respiration versus glycolysis, as a consequence of alterations in bioenergetic substrate processing and transfer of reducing agents, reduced levels of NAD/NADH, diminished glucose uptake and response rates to insulin (INS)/IGF-1 signaling, decreased INS receptor and glucose transporter 1 densities, and changes in the metabolic transcriptome. Our data confirm that LOAD is a "multi-hit" disorder and provide evidence for innate inefficient cellular energy management in LOAD that likely predisposes to neurodegenerative disease with age. These processes may guide the development and testing of diagnostic procedures or therapeutic agents.
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36
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Tigaret CM, Lin TCE, Morrell ER, Sykes L, Moon AL, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wilkinson LS, Jones MW, Thomas KL, Hall J. Neurotrophin receptor activation rescues cognitive and synaptic abnormalities caused by hemizygosity of the psychiatric risk gene Cacna1c. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1748-1760. [PMID: 33597718 PMCID: PMC8440217 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-01001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, is strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To translate genetics to neurobiological mechanisms and rational therapeutic targets, we investigated the impact of mutations of one copy of Cacna1c on rat cognitive, synaptic and circuit phenotypes implicated by patient studies. We show that rats hemizygous for Cacna1c harbour marked impairments in learning to disregard non-salient stimuli, a behavioural change previously associated with psychosis. This behavioural deficit is accompanied by dys-coordinated network oscillations during learning, pathway-selective disruption of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, attenuated Ca2+ signalling in dendritic spines and decreased signalling through the Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway. Activation of the ERK pathway by a small-molecule agonist of TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptors rescued both behavioural and synaptic plasticity deficits in Cacna1c+/- rats. These results map a route through which genetic variation in CACNA1C can disrupt experience-dependent synaptic signalling and circuit activity, culminating in cognitive alterations associated with psychiatric disorders. Our findings highlight targeted activation of neurotrophin signalling pathways with BDNF mimetic drugs as a genetically informed therapeutic approach for rescuing behavioural abnormalities in psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar M. Tigaret
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tzu-Ching E. Lin
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Edward R. Morrell
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Sykes
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,Present Address: Neem Biotech, Abertillery, Blaenau Gwent UK
| | - Anna L. Moon
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew W. Jones
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Ca v1.2 Activity and Downstream Signaling Pathways in the Hippocampus of An Animal Model of Depression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122609. [PMID: 33291797 PMCID: PMC7762021 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and morphological modifications in the brain caused by major mood disorders involve many brain areas, including the hippocampus, leading to cognitive and mood alterations. Cav1.2 channel expression has been found to increase in animals with depressive-like behaviors. Calcium influx through these channels is associated with changes in excitation-transcriptional coupling by several intracellular signal pathways that are regulated by its C-terminus region. However, which of these signaling pathways is activated during the development of depressive-like behaviors is not known. Here, we evaluate the phosphorylation and expression levels of crucial kinases and transcription factors at the hippocampus of rats after 21 days of chronic restraint stress. Our results show that rats subjected to CRS protocol achieve less body weight, have heavier adrenal glands, and exhibit depression-like behaviors such as anhedonia, behavioral despair and decreased social interaction. Cav1.2 mRNA and protein expression levels, plus l-type calcium current amplitude, are also increased in treated rats when compared with control animals. Out of the three main signaling pathways activated by l-type currents, we only observed an increment of CaM-NFAT axis activity with the concomitant increment in Fas ligand expression. Thus, our results suggest that CRS activates specific pathways, and the increased expression of Cav1.2 could lead to neuronal death in the hippocampus.
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Pennington K, Klaus K, Fachim HA, Butler K, Trischel K, Dalton CF, Heald A, Reynolds GP. CACNA1C methylation: association with cortisol, perceived stress, rs1006737 and childhood trauma in males. Epigenomics 2020; 12:1739-1749. [PMID: 33169621 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated morning cortisol, stress, rs1006737 and childhood trauma relationship with CACNA1C methylation. Materials & methods: Morning cortisol release, childhood trauma and perceived stress were collected and genotyping for rs1006737 conducted in 103 adult males. Genomic DNA extracted from saliva was bisulphite converted and using pyrosequencing methylation determined at 11 CpG sites within intron 3 of CACNA1C. Results: A significant negative correlation between waking cortisol and overall mean methylation was found and a positive correlation between CpG5 methylation and perceived stress. Conclusion: CACNA1C methylation levels may be related to cortisol release and stress perception. Future work should evaluate the influence of altered CACNA1C methylation on stress reactivity to investigate this as a potential mechanism for mental health vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristel Klaus
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helene A Fachim
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Kevin Butler
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.,Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adrian Heald
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,The School of Medicine & Manchester Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Sagata N, Kano SI, Ohgidani M, Inamine S, Sakai Y, Kato H, Masuda K, Nakahara T, Nakahara-Kido M, Ohga S, Furue M, Sawa A, Kanba S, Kato TA. Forskolin rapidly enhances neuron-like morphological change of directly induced-neuronal cells from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:396-400. [PMID: 33037790 PMCID: PMC7722681 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multifaceted disease, and frequently comorbid with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and learning disorder. Dysfunction of adenylyl cyclase (AC) is one of the candidate pathways in abnormal development of neuronal cells in the brain of NF1 patients, while its dynamic abnormalities have not been observed. Direct conversion technology can generate induced‐neuronal (iN) cells directly from human fibroblasts within 2 weeks. Just recently, we have revealed that forskolin, an AC activator, rescues the gene expression pattern of iN cells derived from NF1 patients (NF1‐iN cells). In this microreport, we show the dynamic effect of forskolin on NF1‐iN cells. Methods iN cells derived from healthy control (HC‐iN cells) and NF1‐iN cells were treated with forskolin (final concentration 10 μM), respectively. Morphological changes of iN cells were captured by inverted microscope with CCD camera every 2 minutes for 90 minutes. Results Prior to forskolin treatment, neuron‐like spherical‐form cells were observed in HC‐iN cells, but most NF1‐iN cells were not spherical‐form but flatform. Only 20 minutes after forskolin treatment, the morphology of the iN cells were dramatically changed from flatform to spherical form, especially in NF1‐iN cells. Conclusion The present pilot data indicate that forskolin or AC activators may have therapeutic effects on the growth of neuronal cells in NF1 patients. Further translational research should be conducted to validate our pilot findings for future drug development of ASD. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is highly comorbid with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and learning disorder, and underlying mechanisms have not been well clarified. We herein showed that forskolin, an AC activator, rapidly enhances neuron‐like morphological change of directly induced‐neuronal (iN) cells from NF1 patients. The present pilot data using the direct conversion technology indicate that forskolin or AC activators may have therapeutic effects on the growth of neuronal cells in NF1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sagata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology & Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Inamine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Masuda
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakahara-Kido
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Powell SK, O'Shea CP, Shannon SR, Akbarian S, Brennand KJ. Investigation of Schizophrenia with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 25:155-206. [PMID: 32578147 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe neuropsychiatric condition manifested by cognitive, emotional, affective, perceptual, and behavioral abnormalities. Despite decades of research, the biological substrates driving the signs and symptoms of the disorder remain elusive, thus hampering progress in the development of treatments aimed at disease etiologies. The recent emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models has provided the field with a highly innovative approach to generate, study, and manipulate living neural tissue derived from patients, making possible the exploration of fundamental roles of genes and early-life stressors in disease-relevant cell types. Here, we begin with a brief overview of the clinical, epidemiological, and genetic aspects of the condition, with a focus on schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. We then highlight relevant technical advancements in hiPSC models and assess novel findings attained using hiPSC-based approaches and their implications for disease biology and treatment innovation. We close with a critical appraisal of the developments necessary for both further expanding knowledge of schizophrenia and the translation of new insights into therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Powell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Callan P O'Shea
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Rose Shannon
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Lubeiro A, Fatjó-Vilas M, Guardiola M, Almodóvar C, Gomez-Pilar J, Cea-Cañas B, Poza J, Palomino A, Gómez-García M, Zugasti J, Molina V. Analysis of KCNH2 and CACNA1C schizophrenia risk genes on EEG functional network modulation during an auditory odd-ball task. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:433-442. [PMID: 30607529 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A deficit in task-related functional connectivity modulation from electroencephalogram (EEG) has been described in schizophrenia. The use of measures of neuronal connectivity as an intermediate phenotype may allow identifying genetic factors involved in these deficits, and therefore, establishing underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Genes involved in neuronal excitability and previously associated with the risk for schizophrenia may be adequate candidates in relation to functional connectivity alterations in schizophrenia. The objective was to study the association of two genes of voltage-gated ion channels (CACNA1C and KCNH2) with the functional modulation of the cortical networks measured with EEG and graph-theory parameter during a cognitive task, both in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Both CACNA1C (rs1006737) and KCNH2 (rs3800779) were genotyped in 101 controls and 50 schizophrenia patients. Small-world index (SW) was calculated from EEG recorded during an odd-ball task in two different temporal windows (pre-stimulus and response). Modulation was defined as the difference in SW between both windows. Genetic, group and their interaction effects on SW in the pre-stimulus window and in modulation were evaluated using ANOVA. The CACNA1C genotype was not associated with SW properties. KCNH2 was significantly associated with SW modulation. Healthy subjects showed a positive SW modulation irrespective of the KCNH2 genotype, whereas within patients allele-related differences were observed. Patients carrying the KCNH2 risk allele (A) presented a negative SW modulation and non-carriers showed SW modulation similar to the healthy subjects. Our data suggest that KCNH2 genotype contributes to the efficient modulation of brain electrophysiological activity during a cognitive task in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Lubeiro
- Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Carrer Del Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38 Sant Boi De Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Guardiola
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Carrer Del Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38 Sant Boi De Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Almodóvar
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Carrer Del Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38 Sant Boi De Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department TSCIT, ETS Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Cea-Cañas
- Neurophysiology service, University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Poza
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department TSCIT, ETS Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Neurosciences Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Pintor Fernando Gallego, 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,IMUVA, Mathematics Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Aitor Palomino
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez-García
- Psychiatry service, University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jone Zugasti
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Álava, Álava, Spain
| | - Vicente Molina
- Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain.,CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Pintor Fernando Gallego, 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Psychiatry service, University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Redecker TM, Kisko TM, Wöhr M, Schwarting RKW. Cacna1c haploinsufficiency lacks effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and volumetric properties of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in female rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112974. [PMID: 32473156 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cross-disorder risk gene CACNA1C is strongly involved in the etiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders, with women often being more affected by CACNA1C mutations than men. Human neuroimaging studies provided evidence that CACNA1C variants are associated with anatomical and functional brain alterations, such as decreased prefrontal volumes, microstructural changes in the hippocampus, and reduced hippocampal activity during memory tasks. In mouse models, Cacna1c alterations were repeatedly linked to disorder-like behavioral phenotypes and reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which has been implicated in the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we applied a recently developed rat model and conducted two studies to investigate the effects of partial Cacna1c depletion on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and volumetric properties of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex in adult female constitutive heterozygous (Cacna1c+/-) rats and wildtype (Cacna1c+/+) littermate controls. In study 1, we analyzed proliferation versus survival of adult-born hippocampal cells based on a 5-bromodeoxyuridine assay ensuring neuronal cell-type specificity through applying an immunofluorescent multiple staining approach. In study 2, we performed a detailed volumetric analysis with high structural resolution of the dorsal hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex, including their major substructures. Our results indicate comparable levels of cell proliferation and neuronal survival in Cacna1c+/- rats and Cacna1c+/+ controls. Additionally, we found similar volumes of the dorsal hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex across major substructures irrespective of genotype, indicating that Cacna1c haploinsufficiency has no prominent effects on these brain features in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Redecker
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Theresa M Kisko
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35037 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; Laboratory for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35037 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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43
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Smedler E, Abé C, Pålsson E, Ingvar M, Landén M. CACNA1C polymorphism and brain cortical structure in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2020; 45:182-187. [PMID: 31829002 PMCID: PMC7828982 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CACNA1C gene encodes the 1C subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and has been associated with several psychiatric syndromes — including bipolar disorder — in several genome-wide association studies. Experimental and clinical studies have reported changes with respect to behaviour and biomarkers in risk allele carriers, corroborating the essential role of the CACNA1C gene in neurons, during development and in the mature brain. However, the association of this gene with regional cortical thickness has not been evaluated in patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS Using magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the average cortical thickness of 68 brain regions in 87 patients genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1006737 in CACNA1C. RESULTS We found associations with the mean thickness of several cortical areas: the left lateral orbitofrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices, as well as other parts of the frontal and parietal cortices. LIMITATIONS This cross-sectional cohort study could not fully differentiate correlation from causation. CONCLUSION The CACNA1C polymorphism rs1006737 is associated with the mean thickness of cortical brain areas that have been shown to be altered in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Smedler
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Smedler, Pålsson, Landén); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Abé, Ingvar); and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Christoph Abé
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Smedler, Pålsson, Landén); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Abé, Ingvar); and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Erik Pålsson
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Smedler, Pålsson, Landén); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Abé, Ingvar); and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Martin Ingvar
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Smedler, Pålsson, Landén); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Abé, Ingvar); and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Landén)
| | - Mikael Landén
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (Smedler, Pålsson, Landén); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Abé, Ingvar); and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Landén)
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Wöhr M, Willadsen M, Kisko TM, Schwarting RKW, Fendt M. Sex-dependent effects of Cacna1c haploinsufficiency on behavioral inhibition evoked by conspecific alarm signals in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109849. [PMID: 31862418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in processing social signals leads to reduced social functioning and is typically associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. The cross-disorder risk gene CACNA1C is implicated in the etiology of all of these disorders and single-nucleotide polymorphisms within CACNA1C are ranked among the best replicated and most robust genetic findings from genome-wide association studies in psychiatry. Rats are highly social, live in large social groups, and communicate through ultrasonic vocalizations (USV), with low-frequency 22-kHz USV emitted in dangerous and often life-threating situations, such as predator exposure, serving an alarming function. In the present study, we applied an alarm 22-kHz USV playback paradigm to investigate the role of Cacna1c in socio-affective information processing in rats. Specifically, we assessed behavioral inhibition evoked by 22-kHz USV in constitutive heterozygous Cacna1c+/- females and males, as compared to wildtype Cacna1c+/+ littermate controls. To probe specificity, two sets of alarm 22-kHz USV were presented, i.e. 22-kHz USV elicited by predator urine exposure and 22-kHz USV emitted during a retention test on learned fear, together with acoustic control stimuli. Our results show that behavioral inhibition evoked by playback of alarm 22-kHz USV is robust and occurs in response to both sets, yet is modulated by Cacna1c in a sex-dependent manner. In male but not female rats, Cacna1c haploinsufficiency led to less pronounced and less specific behavioral inhibition, supporting the idea that Cacna1c haploinsufficiency results in a lower motivation and/or diminished capability to display appropriate responses to important socio-affective communication signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Willadsen
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Theresa M Kisko
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstr. 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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45
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Gordovez FJA, McMahon FJ. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:544-559. [PMID: 31907381 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most heritable mental illnesses, but the elucidation of its genetic basis has proven to be a very challenging endeavor. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of BD, providing the first reproducible evidence of specific genetic markers and a highly polygenic architecture that overlaps with that of schizophrenia, major depression, and other disorders. Individual GWAS markers appear to confer little risk, but common variants together account for about 25% of the heritability of BD. A few higher-risk associations have also been identified, such as a rare copy number variant on chromosome 16p11.2. Large scale next-generation sequencing studies are actively searching for other alleles that confer substantial risk. As our understanding of the genetics of BD improves, there is growing optimism that some clear biological pathways will emerge, providing a basis for future studies aimed at molecular diagnosis and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis James A Gordovez
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, 1000, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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46
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Harrison PJ, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM. The Emerging Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2020; 17:284-293. [PMID: 32015720 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.17309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
(Reprinted with permission from Trends in Neurosciences, January 2018, Vol. 41, No. 1 ).
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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D modulates L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in a subset of neurons in the developing mouse prefrontal cortex. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:281. [PMID: 31712549 PMCID: PMC6848150 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with a range of genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we explored a link between two risk factors that converge on a shared neurobiological pathway. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified risk variants in genes that code for L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs), while epidemiological studies have found an increased risk of schizophrenia in those with neonatal vitamin D deficiency. The active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is a secosteroid that rapidly modulates L-VGCCs via non-genomic mechanisms in a range of peripheral tissues, though its non-genomic effects within the brain remain largely unexplored. Here we used calcium imaging, electrophysiology and molecular biology to determine whether 1,25(OH)2D non-genomically modulated L-VGCCs in the developing prefrontal cortex, a region widely implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Wide-field Ca2+ imaging revealed that physiological concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D rapidly enhanced activity-dependent somatic Ca2+ levels in a small subset of neurons in the developing PFC, termed vitamin D-responsive neurons (VDRNs). Somatic nucleated patch recordings revealed a rapid, 1,25(OH)2D-evoked increase in high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. Enhanced activity-dependent Ca2+ levels were mediated by L-VGCC but not associated with any changes to Cacna1c (L-VGCC pore-forming subunit) mRNA expression. Since L-VGCC activity is critical to healthy neurodevelopment, these data suggest that suboptimal concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D could alter brain maturation through modulation of L-VGCC signalling and as such may provide a parsimonious link between epidemiologic and genetic risk factors for schizophrenia.
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Sykes L, Haddon J, Lancaster TM, Sykes A, Azzouni K, Ihssen N, Moon AL, Lin TCE, Linden DE, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL, Hall J. Genetic Variation in the Psychiatric Risk Gene CACNA1C Modulates Reversal Learning Across Species. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1024-1032. [PMID: 30304534 PMCID: PMC6737471 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of Cav1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), has been strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. How genetic variation in CACNA1C contributes to risk for these disorders is however not fully known. Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with impairments in reversal learning (RL), which may contribute to symptoms seen in these conditions. We used a translational RL paradigm to investigate whether genetic variation in CACNA1C affects RL in both humans and transgenic rats. Associated changes in gene expression were explored using in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR in rats and the BRAINEAC online human database. Risk-associated genetic variation in CACNA1C in healthy human participants was associated with impairments in RL. Consistent with this finding, rats bearing a heterozygous deletion of Cacna1c were impaired in an analogous touchscreen RL task. We investigated the possible molecular mechanism underlying this impairment and found that Cacna1c +/- rats show decreased expression of Bdnf in prefrontal cortex. Examination of BRAINEAC data showed that human risk-associated genetic variation in CACNA1C is also associated with altered expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex in humans. These results indicate that genetic variation in CACNA1C may contribute to risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by impacting behavioral flexibility, potentially through altered regulation of BDNF expression in the prefrontal cortex. Tests of RL may be useful for translational studies and in the development of therapies targeting VGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Sykes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Thomas M Lancaster
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arabella Sykes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Karima Azzouni
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niklas Ihssen
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tzu-Ching E Lin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; tel: 02920-688-342, fax: +44 2920 687 068, e-mail:
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Andrade A, Brennecke A, Mallat S, Brown J, Gomez-Rivadeneira J, Czepiel N, Londrigan L. Genetic Associations between Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3537. [PMID: 31331039 PMCID: PMC6679227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are mental, behavioral or emotional disorders. These conditions are prevalent, one in four adults suffer from any type of psychiatric disorders world-wide. It has always been observed that psychiatric disorders have a genetic component, however, new methods to sequence full genomes of large cohorts have identified with high precision genetic risk loci for these conditions. Psychiatric disorders include, but are not limited to, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Several risk loci for psychiatric disorders fall within genes that encode for voltage-gated calcium channels (CaVs). Calcium entering through CaVs is crucial for multiple neuronal processes. In this review, we will summarize recent findings that link CaVs and their auxiliary subunits to psychiatric disorders. First, we will provide a general overview of CaVs structure, classification, function, expression and pharmacology. Next, we will summarize tools to study risk loci associated with psychiatric disorders. We will examine functional studies of risk variations in CaV genes when available. Finally, we will review pharmacological evidence of the use of CaV modulators to treat psychiatric disorders. Our review will be of interest for those studying pathophysiological aspects of CaVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Ashton Brennecke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Shayna Mallat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Julian Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | | | - Natalie Czepiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Laura Londrigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Chen J, Sun Y, Liu X, Li J. Identification of a novel mutation in the CACNA1C gene in a Chinese family with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:157. [PMID: 31291898 PMCID: PMC6617910 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary ataxia is a group of neurodegenerative diseases with progressive cerebellar ataxia of the gait and limbs as the main symptoms. The genetic patterns of the disease are diverse but it is mainly divided into autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) and autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA), and about 45 pathogenic loci have been found in ADCA. The purpose of this study was to explore the genetic defect in a Chinese family with ADCA. Methods A three-generation Chinese family with ADCA was enrolled in this study, Exome sequencing was conducted in four family members, including the proband, and verified by Sanger sequencing. Results The rs779393130 mutation of the CACNA1C gene co-segregated with the ataxia phenotype in this family. The mutation was not detected in 50 unaffected controls. Conclusions The rs779393130 mutation of CACNA1C may be associated with the phenotype of the disease. The CACNA1C gene encodes the Cav1.2 (alpha-1) subunit of an L-type calcium channel and this subunit may be related to the ADCA phenotype. These findings may have implications for family clinical monitoring and genetic counseling and may also help in understanding pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Yajuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
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