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Sugimura N, Kubota E, Mori Y, Aoyama M, Tanaka M, Shimura T, Tanida S, Johnston RN, Kataoka H. Reovirus combined with a STING agonist enhances anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3593-3608. [PMID: 37526659 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Reovirus, a naturally occurring oncolytic virus, initiates the lysis of tumor cells while simultaneously releasing tumor antigens or proapoptotic cytokines in the tumor microenvironment to augment anticancer immunity. However, reovirus has developed a strategy to evade antiviral immunity via its inhibitory effect on interferon production, which negatively affects the induction of antitumor immune responses. The mammalian adaptor protein Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) was identified as a key regulator that orchestrates immune responses by sensing cytosolic DNA derived from pathogens or tumors, resulting in the production of type I interferon. Recent studies reported the role of STING in innate immune responses to RNA viruses leading to the restriction of RNA virus replication. In the current study, we found that reovirus had a reciprocal reaction with a STING agonist regarding type I interferon responses in vitro; however, we found that the combination of reovirus and STING agonist enhanced anti-tumor immunity by enhancing cytotoxic T cell trafficking into tumors, leading to significant tumor regression and survival benefit in a syngeneic colorectal cancer model. Our data indicate the combination of reovirus and a STING agonist to enhance inflammation in the tumor microenvironment might be a strategy to improve oncolytic reovirus immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sugimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, Kita-Ku, Nagoya, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gamagori Municipal Hospital, Hirata-Cho, Gamagori, 443-8501, Japan
| | - Randal N Johnston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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2
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Liao ZX, Hsu SH, Tang SC, Kempson I, Yang PC, Tseng SJ. Potential targeting of the tumor microenvironment to improve cancer virotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108521. [PMID: 37657673 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, oncolytic virotherapy was approved for clinical use, and in 2017, recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery was also approved. However, systemic administration remains challenging due to the limited number of viruses that successfully reach the target site. Although the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permits the use of higher doses of AAV to achieve greater rates of transduction, most AAV still accumulates in the liver, potentially leading to toxicity there and elsewhere. Targeting the tumor microenvironment is a promising strategy for cancer treatment due to the critical role of the tumor microenvironment in controlling tumor progression and influencing the response to therapies. Newly discovered evidence indicates that administration routes focusing on the tumor microenvironment can promote delivery specificity and transduction efficacy within the tumor. Here, we review approaches that involve modifying viral surface features, modulating the immune system, and targeting the physicochemical characteristics in tumor microenvironment to regulate therapeutic delivery. Targeting tumor acidosis presents advantages that can be leveraged to enhance virotherapy outcomes and to develop new therapeutic approaches that can be integrated with standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ivan Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - S Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; National Taiwan University YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Program in Precision Health and Intelligent Medicine, Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
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3
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Mahalingam D, Chen S, Xie P, Loghmani H, Heineman T, Kalyan A, Kircher S, Helenowski IB, Mi X, Maurer V, Coffey M, Mulcahy M, Benson A, Zhang B. Combination of pembrolizumab and pelareorep promotes anti-tumour immunity in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Br J Cancer 2023; 129:782-790. [PMID: 37443348 PMCID: PMC10449917 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported activity of pelareorep, pembrolizumab and chemotherapy. Patients developed new T-cell clones and increased peripheral T-cell clonality, leading to an inflamed tumour. To evaluate a chemotherapy-free regimen, this study assesses if pelareorep and pembrolizumab has efficacy by inducing anti-tumour immunological changes (NCT03723915). METHODS PDAC patients who progressed after first-line therapy, received iv pelareorep induction with pembrolizumab every 21-days. Primary objective is overall response rate. Secondary objectives included evaluation of immunological changes within tumour and blood. RESULTS Clinical benefit rate (CBR) was 42% amongst 12 patients. One patient achieved partial response (PR) and four stable disease (SD). Seven progressed, deemed non-responders (NR). VDAC1 expression in peripheral CD8+ T cells was higher at baseline in CBR than NR but decreased in CBR upon treatment. On-treatment peripheral CD4+ Treg levels decreased in CBR but not in NR. Analysis of tumour demonstrated PD-L1+ cells touching CD8+ T cells, and NK cells were more abundant post-treatment vs. baseline. A higher intensity of PD-L1 in tumour infiltrates at baseline, particularly in CBR vs. NR. Finally, higher levels of soluble (s)IDO, sLag3, sPD-1 observed at baseline among NR vs. CBR. CONCLUSION Pelareorep and pembrolizumab showed modest efficacy in unselected patients, although potential immune and metabolic biomarkers were identified to warrant further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devalingam Mahalingam
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Siqi Chen
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ping Xie
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Aparna Kalyan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sheetal Kircher
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irene B Helenowski
- Quantitative Data Sciences Core, Department of Preventative Medicine, Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinlei Mi
- Quantitative Data Sciences Core, Department of Preventative Medicine, Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Maurer
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mary Mulcahy
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Al- Benson
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Lin D, Shen Y, Liang T. Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:156. [PMID: 37041165 PMCID: PMC10090134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune effects. With the progress in genetic engineering technology, OVs have been adopted as versatile platforms for developing novel antitumor strategies, used alone or in combination with other therapies. Recent studies have yielded eye-catching results that delineate the promising clinical outcomes that OVs would bring about in the future. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of OVs in terms of their classifications, as well as the recent advances in OV-modification strategies based on their characteristics, biofunctions, and cancer hallmarks. Candidate OVs are expected to be designed as "qualified soldiers" first by improving target fidelity and safety, and then equipped with "cold weapons" for a proper cytocidal effect, "hot weapons" capable of activating cancer immunotherapy, or "auxiliary weapons" by harnessing tactics such as anti-angiogenesis, reversed metabolic reprogramming and decomposing extracellular matrix around tumors. Combinations with other cancer therapeutic agents have also been elaborated to show encouraging antitumor effects. Robust results from clinical trials using OV as a treatment congruously suggested its significance in future application directions and challenges in developing OVs as novel weapons for tactical decisions in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Jęśkowiak-Kossakowska I, Jawień P, Krzyżak E, Mączyński M, Szafran R, Szeląg A, Janeczek M, Wiatrak B. Search for immunomodulatory compounds with antiproliferative activity against melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114374. [PMID: 36774726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a highly aggressive neoplasm with a high degree of malignancy and rapid acquisition of resistance by cancer cells. METHODS Biological studies of a series of isoxazole compounds with immunomodulatory properties were preceded by in silico analysis. The assay evaluated the viability of NHDF and A375 cell cultures after the administration of isoxazole compounds after a 24-hour incubation period in the MTT test. Analyzes of ROS and NO scavenging, P-glycoprotein activity, and properties were performed. The levels of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 were measured using ELISA to assess which pathways induced apoptosis by the tested compounds. On the chip, the synergistic effect of doxorubicin and the most active compound from the MM9 series on cells of the A375 melanoma line was determined. RESULTS All tested N'-substituted derivatives of 5-amino-N,3-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carbohydrazide with immunomodulatory activity show multidirectional antitumor activity on A375 melanoma lines with an affinity for P-glycoprotein, induction of free radical formation and generation of DNA damage leading to the death of cancer cells, as well as formation of complexes with DNA Topoisomerase II. Most of the tested compounds show pro-apoptotic activity. The most active compound in the series induces apoptosis in three distinct pathways and acts synergistically with doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS The most active compound with immunomodulatory properties showed multidirectional antitumor activity against cells of the A375 melanoma line and also had a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect with doxorubicin, which may result in a reduction of this cytostatic dose with increased effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jęśkowiak-Kossakowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Jawień
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edward Krzyżak
- Department of Basic Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marcin Mączyński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Roman Szafran
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Norwida 4/6, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland.
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6
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Henderson CJ, McLaren AW, Kapelyukh Y, Wolf CR. Improving the predictive power of xenograft and syngeneic anti-tumour studies using mice humanised for pathways of drug metabolism. F1000Res 2023; 11:1081. [PMID: 37065929 PMCID: PMC10090862 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122987.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development is an expensive and time-consuming process, with only a small fraction of drugs gaining regulatory approval from the often many thousands of candidates identified during target validation. Once a lead compound has been identified and optimised, they are subject to intensive pre-clinical research to determine their pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, procedures which inevitably involve significant numbers of animals - mainly mice and rats, but also dogs and monkeys in much smaller numbers and for specific types of drug candidates. Many compounds that emerge from this process, having been shown to be safe and efficacious in pre-clinical studies, subsequently fail to replicate this outcome in clinical trials, therefore wasting time, money and, most importantly, animals. Due to high rates of metabolism and a differing spectrum of metabolites (some pharmacologically active) in rodents, species differences in drug metabolism can be a major impediment to drug discovery programmes and confound the extrapolation of animal data to humans. To circumvent this, we have developed a complex transgenic mouse model – 8HUM - which faithfully replicates human Phase I drug metabolism (and its regulation), and which will generate more human-relevant data from fewer animals in a pre-clinical setting and reduce attrition in the clinic. One key area for the pre-clinical application of animals in an oncology setting – almost exclusively mice - is their use in anti-tumour studies. We now further demonstrate the utility of the 8HUM mouse using a murine melanoma cell line as a syngeneic tumour and also present an immunodeficient version 8HUM_Rag2 -/- - for use in xenograft studies. These models will be of significant benefit not only to Pharma for pre-clinical drug development work, but also throughout the drug efficacy, toxicology, pharmacology, and drug metabolism communities, where fewer animals will be needed to generate more human-relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Aileen W. McLaren
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Yury Kapelyukh
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
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7
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Ghorbankhani GA, Mohammadi A, Kazemipur N, Morovati S, Gharesi Fard B, Nazifi Habibabadi S, Hashempour Sadeghian M. Apoptotic activity of Newcastle disease virus in comparison with nisin A in MDA-MB-231 cell line. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:29-37. [PMID: 36816859 PMCID: PMC9906615 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2022.542258.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the development of drug-resistant cancer cells, designing alternative approaches for cancer treatment seems essential. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effects of nisin A and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. The MDA-MB-231 cell line was separately and in combination subjected to the different concentrations of a Vero-adapted NDV (JF820294.1) and nisin A. The oncolytic effects of these treatments were analyzed by different cytotoxic and apoptosis techniques including trypan blue staining, MTT assay, acridine orange (EB/AO) staining, colony assay and flow cytometry over time. Nisin A at doses of more than 20.00 μg mL-1 could represent the anti-viral effects and interfere with the oncolytic activity of NDV. Moreover, the analyses indicated that the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic features of combination therapy were stronger than those of individual NDV groups. However, the most apoptotic effect was seen in NDV experimental groups. Taken together, the results from cytotoxicity tests, flow cytometry and colony assay showed that either of the oncolytic agents had significant effects at low concentrations 72 hr post-treatment. Thereby, they had the potential to be used as new approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; ,Correspondence Ali Mohammadi. DVM, PhD, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Nasrin Kazemipur
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran;
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran;
| | - Behrouz Gharesi Fard
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
| | - Saeed Nazifi Habibabadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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8
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Zhu Z, McGray AJR, Jiang W, Lu B, Kalinski P, Guo ZS. Improving cancer immunotherapy by rationally combining oncolytic virus with modulators targeting key signaling pathways. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:196. [PMID: 36221123 PMCID: PMC9554963 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a new class of multi-modal immunotherapies for cancer, with OV-elicited antitumor immunity being key to their overall therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the clinical effectiveness of OV as monotherapy remains limited, and thus investigators have been exploring various combinations with other anti-cancer agents and demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy. As cancer cells have evolved to alter key signaling pathways for enhanced cell proliferation, cancer progression and metastasis, these cellular and molecular changes offer promising targets for rational cancer therapy design. In this regard, key molecules in relevant signaling pathways for cancer cells or/and immune cells, such as EGFR-KRAS (e.g., KRASG12C), PI3K-AKT-mTOR, ERK-MEK, JAK-STAT, p53, PD-1-PD-L1, and epigenetic, or immune pathways (e.g., histone deacetylases, cGAS-STING) are currently under investigation and have the potential to synergize with OV to modulate the immune milieu of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby improving and sustaining antitumor immunity. As many small molecule modulators of these signaling pathways have been developed and have shown strong therapeutic potential, here we review key findings related to both OV-mediated immunotherapy and the utility of small molecule modulators of signaling pathways in immuno-oncology. Then, we focus on discussion of the rationales and potential strategies for combining OV with selected modulators targeting key cellular signaling pathways in cancer or/and immune cells to modulate the TME and enhance antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we provide perspectives and viewpoints on the application of novel experimental systems and technologies that can propel this exciting branch of medicine into a bright future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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9
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Schulz A, Raetz J, Karitzky PC, Dinter L, Tietze JK, Kolbe I, Käubler T, Renner B, Beissert S, Meier F, Westphal D. Head-to-Head Comparison of BRAF/MEK Inhibitor Combinations Proposes Superiority of Encorafenib Plus Trametinib in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194930. [PMID: 36230853 PMCID: PMC9564158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A decade ago, the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma was mostly a death sentence. This has changed since new therapies became widely available in the clinical setting. In addition to checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors is standard care for BRAF-mutated melanoma, which accounts for almost half of all melanoma cases. The second largest group of melanoma patients, whose tumors harbor a mutation in the NRAS gene, demonstrates only a limited response to targeted therapy with MEK inhibitors. The aim of this investigation was to directly compare all possible BRAF/MEK inhibitor combinations in addition to the currently applied regimens. The analyzed data suggested that the combination of the BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and the MEK inhibitor trametinib demonstrated the highest anti-tumor activity in both, BRAF- and NRAS-mutated melanoma. This combination is not presently used in patient treatment, and therefore, deserves an opportunity to become part of clinical trials. Abstract BRAFV600 mutations in melanoma are targeted with mutation-specific BRAF inhibitors in combination with MEK inhibitors, which have significantly increased overall survival, but eventually lead to resistance in most cases. Additionally, targeted therapy for patients with NRASmutant melanoma is difficult. Our own studies showed that BRAF inhibitors amplify the effects of MEK inhibitors in NRASmutant melanoma. This study aimed at identifying a BRAF and MEK inhibitor combination with superior anti-tumor activity to the three currently approved combinations. We, thus, assessed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of all nine as well as resistance-delaying capabilities of the three approved inhibitor combinations in a head-to-head comparison in vitro. The unconventional combination encorafenib/trametinib displayed the highest activity to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis, acting in an additive manner in BRAFmutant and in a synergistic manner in NRASmutant melanoma cells. Correlating with current clinical studies of approved inhibitor combinations, encorafenib/binimetinib prolonged the time to resistance most efficiently in BRAFmutant cells. Conversely, NRASmutant cells needed the longest time to establish resistance when treated with dabrafenib/trametinib. Together, our data indicate that the most effective combination might not be currently used in clinical settings and could lead to improved overall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schulz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Raetz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paula C. Karitzky
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Dinter
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia K. Tietze
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Isabell Kolbe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Theresa Käubler
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Center (UCC) Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dana Westphal
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-458-82274
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10
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Henderson CJ, McLaren AW, Kapelyukh Y, Wolf CR. Improving the predictive power of xenograft and syngeneic anti-tumour studies using mice humanised for pathways of drug metabolism. F1000Res 2022; 11:1081. [PMID: 37065929 PMCID: PMC10090862 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122987.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development is an expensive and time-consuming process, with only a small fraction of drugs gaining regulatory approval from the often many thousands of candidates identified during target validation. Once a lead compound has been identified and optimised, they are subject to intensive pre-clinical research to determine their pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, procedures which inevitably involve significant numbers of animals - mainly mice and rats, but also dogs and monkeys in much smaller numbers and for specific types of drug candidates. Many compounds that emerge from this process, having been shown to be safe and efficacious in pre-clinical studies, subsequently fail to replicate this outcome in clinical trials, therefore wasting time, money and, most importantly, animals. The poor predictive power of animal models in pre-clinical studies is predominantly due to lack of efficacy or safety reasons, which in turn can be attributed mainly to the significant species differences in drug metabolism between humans and animals. To circumvent this, we have developed a complex transgenic mouse model – 8HUM - which faithfully replicates human Phase I drug metabolism (and its regulation), and which will generate more human-relevant data [REFINEMENT] from fewer animals [REDUCTION] in a pre-clinical setting and reduce attrition in the clinic. One key area for the pre-clinical application of animals in an oncology setting – almost exclusively mice - is their use in anti-tumour studies. We now further demonstrate the utility of the 8HUM mouse using a murine melanoma cell line as a syngeneic tumour and also present an immunodeficient version 8HUM_Rag2-/- - for use in xenograft studies. These models will be of significant benefit not only to Pharma for pre-clinical drug development work, but also throughout the drug efficacy, toxicology, pharmacology, and drug metabolism communities, where fewer animals will be needed to generate more human-relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Aileen W. McLaren
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Yury Kapelyukh
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
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11
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Gartrell RD, Blake Z, Rizk EM, Perez-Lorenzo R, Weisberg SP, Simoes I, Esancy C, Fu Y, Davari DR, Barker L, Finkel G, Mondal M, Minns HE, Wang SW, Fullerton BT, Lozano F, Chiuzan C, Horst B, Saenger YM. Combination immunotherapy including OncoVEX mGMCSF creates a favorable tumor immune micro-environment in transgenic BRAF murine melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:1837-1849. [PMID: 34999916 PMCID: PMC10991384 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Talimogene Laherparepvec (OncoVEXmGMCSF), an oncolytic virus, immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1), and BRAF inhibition (BRAFi), are all clinically approved for treatment of melanoma patients and are effective through diverse mechanisms of action. Individually, these therapies also have an effect on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Evaluating the combination effect of these three therapies on the TIME can help determine when combination therapy is most appropriate for further study. In this study, we use a transgenic murine melanoma model (Tyr::CreER; BRAFCA/+; PTENflox/flox), to evaluate the TIME in response to combinations of BRAFi, anti-PD1, and OncoVEXmGMCSF. We find that mice treated with the triple combination BRAFi + anti-PD1 + OncoVEXmGMCSF have decreased tumor growth compared to BRAFi alone and prolonged survival compared to control. Flow cytometry shows an increase in percent CD8 + /CD3 + cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) and a decrease in percent FOXP3 + /CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) in tumors treated with OncoVEXmGMCSF compared to mice not treated with OncoVEXmGMCSF. Immunogenomic analysis at 30d post-treatment shows an increase in Th1 and interferon-related genes in mice receiving OncoVEXmGMCSF + BRAFi. In summary, treatment with combination BRAFi + anti-PD1 + OncoVEXmGMCSF is more effective than any single treatment in controlling tumor growth, and groups receiving OncoVEXmGMCSF had more tumoral infiltration of CTLs and less intratumoral Tregs in the TIME. This study provides rational basis to combine targeted agents, oncolytic viral therapy, and checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn D Gartrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC 916A, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zoë Blake
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, PS 9-428, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emanuelle M Rizk
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, PS 9-428, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rolando Perez-Lorenzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavillion Room 307, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stuart P Weisberg
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ines Simoes
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat I Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Camden Esancy
- Herbert Irving Comprehensicve Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yichun Fu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Danielle R Davari
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 140 W Franklin Street, Unit 506, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Luke Barker
- Valegos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Grace Finkel
- Valegos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Manas Mondal
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, PS 9-428, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hanna E Minns
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC 916A, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Samuel W Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, PS 9-428, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin T Fullerton
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, PS 9-428, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat I Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Codruta Chiuzan
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 722 W 168th Street, Room 646, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Basil Horst
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yvonne M Saenger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th Street, PS 9-428, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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12
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Lee S, Yang W, Kim DK, Kim H, Shin M, Choi KU, Suh DS, Kim YH, Hwang TH, Kim JH. Inhibition of MEK-ERK pathway enhances oncolytic vaccinia virus replication in doxorubicin-resistant ovarian cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:211-224. [PMID: 35592390 PMCID: PMC9096472 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) has been reported to induce cell death in various types of cancer; however, the oncolytic activity of OVV in drug-resistant ovarian cancer remains limited. In the present study, we established doxorubicin-resistant ovarian cancer cells (A2780-R) from the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Both A2780 and A2780-R cells were infected with OVV to explore its anticancer effects. Interestingly, OVV-infected A2780-R cells showed reduced viral replication and cell death compared with A2780 cells, suggesting their resistance against OVV-induced oncolysis; to understand the mechanism underlying this resistance, we explored the involvement of protein kinases. Among protein kinase inhibitors, PD0325901, an MEK inhibitor, significantly augmented OVV replication and cell death in A2780-R cells. PD0325901 treatment increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 in A2780-R cells. Moreover, cryptotanshinone, a STAT3 inhibitor, abrogated PD0325901-stimulated OVV replication. Furthermore, trametinib, a clinically approved MEK inhibitor, increased OVV replication in A2780-R cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the MEK inhibitor promoted OVV replication via increasing STAT3 activation and downregulating the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Combined treatment with OVV and trametinib attenuated A2780-R xenograft tumor growth. These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of MEK reinforces the oncolytic efficacy of OVV in drug-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyul Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyeom Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Un Choi
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Hwang
- Gene and Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
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13
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Bozhanova G, Hassan J, Appleton L, Jennings V, Foo S, McLaughlin M, Chan Wah Hak CM, Patin EC, Crespo-Rodriguez E, Baker G, Armstrong E, Chiu M, Pandha H, Samson A, Roulstone V, Kyula J, Vile R, Errington-Mais F, Pedersen M, Harrington K, Ono M, Melcher A. CD4 T cell dynamics shape the immune response to combination oncolytic herpes virus and BRAF inhibitor therapy for melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004410. [PMID: 35338089 PMCID: PMC8961178 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination herpes simplex virus (HSV) oncolytic virotherapy and BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) represent promising immunogenic treatments for BRAF mutant melanoma, but an improved understanding of the immunobiology of combinations is needed to improve on the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). METHODS Using a BRAFV600E-driven murine melanoma model, we tested the immunogenicity of HSV/BRAFi in immunocompetent C57BL mice. In addition to standard FACS analysis, we used the 'Timer of Cell Kinetics and Activity' system, which can analyze the temporal dynamics of different T cell subsets. This immune data was used to inform the selection of ICI for triple combination therapy, the effects of which were then further characterized using transcriptomics. RESULTS Adding BRAFi treatment to HSV improved anti-tumor effects in vivo but not in vitro. Immune characterization showed HSV or dual therapy led to fewer intratumoral Treg, although with a more activated phenotype, together with more effector CD8 +T cells. Tocky analysis further showed that HSV/BRAFi dual treatment reduced the Tocky signal (reflecting engagement with cognate antigen), in both Treg and conventional subsets of CD4+, but not in CD8 +cells. However, a higher percentage of Treg than of conventional CD4 +maintained frequent engagement with antigens on treatment, reflecting a predominance of suppressive over effector function within the CD4 +compartment. The only T cell subset which correlated with a reduction in tumor growth was within Tocky signal positive conventional CD4+, supporting their therapeutic role. Targeting CD25 high, antigen-engaged Treg with a depleting anti-CD25 ICI, achieved complete cures in 100% of mice with triple therapy. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed reduction in Foxp3 on addition of anti-CD25 to HSV/BRAFi, as well as increases in expression of genes reflecting interferon signaling and cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS Combination HSV/BRAFi is an immunogenic therapy for BRAF mutant melanoma, but cannot fully control tumors. Dual therapy results in changes in T cell dynamics within tumors, with relatively maintained antigen signaling in Treg compared with conv CD4+. Antigen-engaged CD4 +effectors correlate with tumor growth control, and depletion of Treg by addition of an anti-CD25 ICI, releasing suppression of conventional CD4 +effectors by Treg, enhances survival and activates immune signaling within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galabina Bozhanova
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Lizzie Appleton
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Jennings
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Shane Foo
- Radiotherapy & Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Charleen Ml Chan Wah Hak
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Eva Crespo-Rodriguez
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gabby Baker
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Edward Armstrong
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Matthew Chiu
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria Roulstone
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Translational Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy Teams, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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14
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Ban W, Guan J, Huang H, He Z, Sun M, Liu F, Sun J. Emerging systemic delivery strategies of oncolytic viruses: A key step toward cancer immunotherapy. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:4137-4153. [PMID: 35194488 PMCID: PMC8852960 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-4031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel type of immunotherapy that induces anti-tumor responses through selective self-replication within cancer cells and oncolytic virus (OV)-mediated immunostimulation. Notably, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) developed by the Amgen company in 2015, is the first FDA-approved OV product to be administered via intratumoral injection and has been the most successful OVT treatment. However, the systemic administration of OVs still faces huge challenges, including in vivo pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and poor targeting delivery efficacy. Recently, state-of-the-art progress has been made in the development of systemic delivery of OVs, which demonstrates a promising step toward broadening the scope of cancer immunotherapy and improving the clinical efficacy of OV delivery. Herein, this review describes the general characteristics of OVs, focusing on the action mechanisms of OVs as well as the advantages and disadvantages of OVT. The emerging multiple systemic administration approaches of OVs are summarized in the past five years. In addition, the combination treatments between OVT and traditional therapies (chemotherapy, thermotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, etc.) are highlighted. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges of OVT are also discussed, with the aim of facilitating medical researchers to extensively apply the OVT in the cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Ban
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Jianhuan Guan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Hanwei Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Mengchi Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Funan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
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15
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Zhou X, Zhao J, Zhang JV, Wu Y, Wang L, Chen X, Ji D, Zhou GG. Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus with MEK Inhibitor Trametinib in Some BRAF or KRAS-Mutated Colorectal or Lung Carcinoma Models. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091758. [PMID: 34578339 PMCID: PMC8473197 DOI: 10.3390/v13091758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) as a promising therapeutic agent can selectively infect and kill tumor cells with naturally inherited or engineered properties. Considering the limitations of OVs monotherapy, combination therapy has been widely explored. MEK inhibitor (MEKi) Trametinib is an FDA-approved kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of tumors with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations. In this study, the oncolytic activity in vitro and anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy in vivo when combined with oHSV and MEKi Trametinib were investigated. We found: (1) Treatment with MEKi Trametinib augmented oHSV oncolytic activity in BRAF V600E-mutated tumor cells. (2) Combination treatment with oHSV and MEKi Trametinib enhanced virus replication mediated by down-regulation of STAT1 and PKR expression or phosphorylation in BRAF V600E-mutated tumor cells as well as BRAF wt/KRAS-mutated tumor cells. (3) A remarkably synergistic therapeutic efficacy was shown in vivo for BRAF wt/KRAS-mutated tumor models, when a combination of oHSV including PD-1 blockade and MEK inhibition. Collectively, these data provide some new insights for clinical development of combination therapy with oncolytic virus, MEK inhibition, and checkpoint blockade for BRAF or KRAS-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- XuSha Zhou
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Jian V. Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (J.V.Z.); (G.G.Z.)
| | - Yinglin Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Grace Guoying Zhou
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518110, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.Z.); (G.G.Z.)
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16
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Roulstone V, Mansfield D, Harris RJ, Twigger K, White C, de Bono J, Spicer J, Karagiannis SN, Vile R, Pandha H, Melcher A, Harrington K. Antiviral antibody responses to systemic administration of an oncolytic RNA virus: the impact of standard concomitant anticancer chemotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002673. [PMID: 34301814 PMCID: PMC8728387 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic reovirus therapy for cancer induces a typical antiviral response to this RNA virus, including neutralizing antibodies. Concomitant treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapies has been hypothesized to improve the therapeutic potential of the virus. Chemotherapy side effects can include immunosuppression, which may slow the rate of the antiviral antibody response, as well as potentially make the patient more vulnerable to viral infection. Method Reovirus neutralizing antibody data were aggregated from separate phase I clinical trials of reovirus administered as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, carboplatin and paclitaxel doublet or cyclophosphamide. In addition, the kinetics of individual antibody isotypes were profiled in sera collected in these trials. Results These data demonstrate preserved antiviral antibody responses, with only moderately reduced kinetics with some drugs, most notably gemcitabine. All patients ultimately produced an effective neutralizing antibody response. Conclusion Patients’ responses to infection by reovirus are largely unaffected by the concomitant drug treatments tested, providing confidence that RNA viral treatment or infection is compatible with standard of care treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mansfield
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert J Harris
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie Twigger
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Christine White
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James Spicer
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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17
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Prasad V, Greber UF. The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response - homeostasis, cell death and evolution in virus infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6188392. [PMID: 33765123 PMCID: PMC8498563 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses elicit cell and organismic stress, and offset homeostasis. They trigger intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses, which limit infection. Viruses restore homeostasis by harnessing evolutionary conserved stress responses, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPRER). The canonical UPRER restores homeostasis based on a cell-autonomous signalling network modulating transcriptional and translational output. The UPRER remedies cell damage, but upon severe and chronic stress leads to cell death. Signals from the UPRER flow along three branches with distinct stress sensors, the inositol requiring enzyme (Ire) 1, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), and the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). This review shows how both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses use the UPRER to control cell stress and metabolic pathways, and thereby enhance infection and progeny formation, or undergo cell death. We highlight how the Ire1 axis bypasses apoptosis, boosts viral transcription and maintains dormant viral genomes during latency and persistence periods concurrent with long term survival of infected cells. These considerations open new options for oncolytic virus therapies against cancer cells where the UPRER is frequently upregulated. We conclude with a discussion of the evolutionary impact that viruses, in particular retroviruses, and anti-viral defense has on the UPRER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Jin KT, Du WL, Liu YY, Lan HR, Si JX, Mou XZ. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Solid Tumors: The Challenges and Achievements. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040588. [PMID: 33546172 PMCID: PMC7913179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could be applied in cancer immunotherapy without in-depth knowledge of tumor antigens. The capability of genetic modification makes OVs exciting therapeutic tools with a high potential for manipulation. Improving efficacy, employing immunostimulatory elements, changing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to inflammatory TME, optimizing their delivery system, and increasing the safety are the main areas of OVs manipulations. Recently, the reciprocal interaction of OVs and TME has become a hot topic for investigators to enhance the efficacy of OVT with less off-target adverse events. Current investigations suggest that the main application of OVT is to provoke the antitumor immune response in the TME, which synergize the effects of other immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint blockers and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we focused on the effects of OVs on the TME and antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, OVT challenges, including its moderate efficiency, safety concerns, and delivery strategies, along with recent achievements to overcome challenges, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Jing-Xing Si
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
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19
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Zhang B, Cheng P. Improving antitumor efficacy via combinatorial regimens of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:158. [PMID: 33172438 PMCID: PMC7656670 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a promising therapeutic strategy, oncolytic virotherapy has shown potent anticancer efficacy in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses have the capacity for conditional-replication within carcinoma cells leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms, including direct lysis of neoplasms, induction of immunogenic cell death, and elicitation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, these viruses can be engineered to express cytokines or chemokines to alter tumor microenvironments. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with other antitumor therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy can be used to target a wider range of tumors and promote therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the basic biological characteristics of oncolytic viruses and the underlying mechanisms that support their use as promising antitumor drugs. We also describe the enhanced efficacy attributed to virotherapy combined with other drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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20
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Müller L, Berkeley R, Barr T, Ilett E, Errington-Mais F. Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3219. [PMID: 33142841 PMCID: PMC7693452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a "one size fits all" approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
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21
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Gilchrist VH, Jémus-Gonzalez E, Said A, Alain T. Kinase inhibitors with viral oncolysis: Unmasking pharmacoviral approaches for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:83-93. [PMID: 32690442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 500 kinases in the human genome, many of which are oncogenic once constitutively activated. Fortunately, numerous hyperactive kinases are druggable, and several targeted small molecule kinase inhibitors have demonstrated impressive clinical benefits in cancer treatment. However, their often cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, and the development of resistance mechanisms, remain significant limitations to these targeted therapies. Oncolytic viruses are an emerging class of immunotherapeutic agents with a specific oncotropic nature and excellent safety profile, highlighting them as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutic modalities. Nonetheless, the clinical efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy is challenged by immunological and physical barriers that limit viral delivery, replication, and spread within tumours. Several of these barriers are often associated with oncogenic kinase activity and, in some cases, worsened by the action of oncolytic viruses on kinase signaling during infection. What if inhibiting these kinases could potentiate the cancer-lytic and anti-tumour immune stimulating properties of oncolytic virotherapies? This could represent a paradigm shift in the use of specific kinase inhibitors in the clinic and provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of cancers. A phase III clinical trial combining the oncolytic Vaccinia virus Pexa-Vec with the kinase inhibitor Sorafenib was initiated. While this trial failed to show any benefits over Sorafenib monotherapy in patients with advanced liver cancer, several pre-clinical studies demonstrate that targeting kinases combined with oncolytic viruses have synergistic effects highlighting this strategy as a unique avenue to cancer therapy. Herein, we review the combinations of oncolytic viruses with kinase inhibitors reported in the literature and discuss the clinical opportunities that represent these pharmacoviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Heather Gilchrist
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Estephanie Jémus-Gonzalez
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aida Said
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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22
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Malfitano AM, Di Somma S, Iannuzzi CA, Pentimalli F, Portella G. Virotherapy: From single agents to combinatorial treatments. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113986. [PMID: 32330494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virotherpay is emerging as a promising strategy against cancer, and three oncolytic viruses (OVs) have gained approval in different countries for the treatment of several cancer types. Beyond the capability to selectively infect, replicate and lyse cancer cells, OVs act through a multitude of events, including modification of the tumour micro/macro-environment as well as a complex modulation of the anti-tumour immune response by activation of danger signals and immunogenic cell death pathways. Most OVs show limited effects, depending on the viral platform and the interactions with the host. OVs used as monotherapy only in a minority of patients elicited a full response. Better outcomes were obtained using OVs in combination with other treatments, such as immune therapy or chemotherapy, suggesting that the full potential of OVs can be unleashed in combination with other treatment modalities. Here, we report the main described combination of OVs with conventional chemotherapeutic agents: platinum salts, mitotic inhibitors, anthracyclines and other antibiotics, anti-metabolites, alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors. Additionally, our work provides an overview of OV combination with targeted therapies: histone deacetylase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors of DNA repair, inhibitors of the proteasome complex and statins that demonstrated enhanced OV anti-neoplastic activity. Although further studies are required to assess the best combinations to translate the results in the clinic, it is clear that combined therapies, acting with complementary mechanisms of action might be useful to target cancer lesions resistant to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy.
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23
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McLaughlin M, Pedersen M, Roulstone V, Bergerhoff KF, Smith HG, Whittock H, Kyula JN, Dillon MT, Pandha HS, Vile R, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. The PERK Inhibitor GSK2606414 Enhances Reovirus Infection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via an ATF4-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:238-249. [PMID: 32128359 PMCID: PMC7047134 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 Dearing (reovirus) is a tumor-selective oncolytic virus currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Here, we report that the therapeutic efficacy of reovirus in head and neck squamous cell cancer can be enhanced by targeting the unfolded protein response (UPR) kinase, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). PERK inhibition by GSK2606414 increased reovirus efficacy in both 2D and 3D models in vitro, while perturbing the normal host cell response to reovirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. UPR reporter constructs were used for live-cell 3D spheroid imaging. Profiling of eIF2a-ATF4, IRE1a-XBP1, and ATF6 pathway activity revealed a context-dependent increase in eIF2a-ATF4 signaling due to GSK2606414. GSK2606414 blocked eIF2a-ATF4 signaling because of the canonical ER stress agent thapsigargin. In the context of reovirus infection, GSK2606414 induced eIF2a-ATF4 signaling. Knockdown of eIF2a kinases PERK, GCN2, and PKR revealed eIF2a-ATF4 reporter activity was dependent on either PERK or GCN2. Knockdown of ATF4 abrogated the GSK2606414-induced increase in reovirus protein levels, confirming eIF2a-ATF signaling as key to the observed phenotype. Our work identifies a novel approach to enhance the efficacy and replication of reovirus in a therapeutic setting.
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24
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Zheng M, Huang J, Tong A, Yang H. Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy: Barriers and Recent Advances. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:234-247. [PMID: 31872046 PMCID: PMC6911943 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are powerful new therapeutic agents in cancer therapy. With the first OV (talimogene laherparepvec [T-vec]) obtaining US Food and Drug Administration approval, interest in OVs has been boosted greatly. Nevertheless, despite extensive research, oncolytic virotherapy has shown limited efficacy against solid tumors. Recent advances in viral retargeting, genetic editing, viral delivery platforms, tracking strategies, OV-based gene therapy, and combination strategies have the potential to broaden the applications of oncolytic virotherapy in oncology. In this review, we present several insights into the limitations and challenges of oncolytic virotherapy, describe the strategies mentioned above, provide a summary of recent preclinical and clinical trials in the field of oncolytic virotherapy, and highlight the need to optimize current strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianhan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
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25
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Bommareddy PK, Aspromonte S, Zloza A, Rabkin SD, Kaufman HL. MEK inhibition enhances oncolytic virus immunotherapy through increased tumor cell killing and T cell activation. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/471/eaau0417. [PMID: 30541787 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy, but advances over the past decade have resulted in multiple new therapeutic options, including molecularly targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a herpes simplex type 1 oncolytic virus, and trametinib is a MEK inhibitor approved for treatment of melanoma. Therapeutic responses with T-VEC are often limited, and BRAF/MEK inhibition is complicated by drug resistance. We observed that the combination of T-VEC and trametinib resulted in enhanced melanoma cell death in vitro. Further, combination treatment resulted in delayed tumor growth and improved survival in mouse models. Tumor regression was dependent on activated CD8+ T cells and Batf3+ dendritic cells. We also observed antigen spreading and induction of an inflammatory gene signature, including increased expression of PD-L1. Triple therapy with the combination of T-VEC, MEK inhibition, and anti-PD-1 antibody further augmented responses. These data support clinical development of combination oncolytic viruses, MEK inhibitors, and checkpoint blockade in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Bommareddy
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Salvatore Aspromonte
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Replimune Inc., Woburn, MA 01801, USA
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26
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27
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Enhanced cytotoxicity of reovirus and radiotherapy in melanoma cells is mediated through increased viral replication and mitochondrial apoptotic signalling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48517-48532. [PMID: 27384486 PMCID: PMC5217035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and replicate in cancer cells, providing us with a unique tool with which to target and kill tumour cells. These viruses come from a diverse range of viral families including reovirus type 3 Dearing (RT3D), a non-pathogenic human double-stranded RNA oncolytic virus, which has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent, both as a mono-therapy and in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. This study investigated the interaction between RT3D and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with a BRAF mutant, Ras mutant or BRAF/Ras wild type genotype. The data indicates that RT3D combined with radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity relative to either single agent, independent of genotype, both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity was dependent on an increase in viral replication, mediated by CUG2 up-regulation and subsequent down-regulation of pPKR and p-eIF2α, leading to the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signalling resulting in increased cell death.
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28
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Review: Oncolytic virotherapy, updates and future directions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102617-102639. [PMID: 29254276 PMCID: PMC5731986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viral strains that can infect and kill malignant cells while spare their normal counterparts. OVs can access cells through binding to receptors on their surface or through fusion with the plasma membrane and establish a lytic cycle in tumors, while leaving normal tissue essentially unharmed. Multiple viruses have been investigated in humans for the past century. IMLYGIC™ (T-VEC/Talimogene Laherparepvec), a genetically engineered Herpes Simplex Virus, is the first OV approved for use in the United States and the European Union for patients with locally advanced or non-resectable melanoma. Although OVs have a favorable toxicity profile and are impressively active anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo the majority of OVs have limited clinical efficacy as a single agent. While a virus-induced antitumor immune response can enhance oncolysis, when OVs are used systemically, the antiviral immune response can prevent the virus reaching the tumor tissue and having a therapeutic effect. Intratumoral administration can provide direct access to tumor tissue and be beneficial in reducing side effects. Immune checkpoint stimulation in tumor tissue has been noted after OV therapy and can be a natural response to viral-induced oncolysis. Also for immune checkpoint inhibition to be effective in treating cancer, an immune response to tumor neoantigens and an inflamed tumor microenvironment are required, both of which treatment with an OV may provide. Therefore, direct and indirect mechanisms of tumor killing provide rationale for clinical trials investigating the combination of OVs other forms of cancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
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29
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Fend L, Yamazaki T, Remy C, Fahrner C, Gantzer M, Nourtier V, Préville X, Quéméneur E, Kepp O, Adam J, Marabelle A, Pitt JM, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Immune Checkpoint Blockade, Immunogenic Chemotherapy or IFN-α Blockade Boost the Local and Abscopal Effects of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4146-4157. [PMID: 28536278 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Athough the clinical efficacy of oncolytic viruses has been demonstrated for local treatment, the ability to induce immune-mediated regression of distant metastases is still poorly documented. We report here that the engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus VVWR-TK-RR--Fcu1 can induce immunogenic cell death and generate a systemic immune response. Effects on tumor growth and survival was largely driven by CD8+ T cells, and immune cell infiltrate in the tumor could be reprogrammed toward a higher ratio of effector T cells to regulatory CD4+ T cells. The key role of type 1 IFN pathway in oncolytic virotherapy was also highlighted, as we observed a strong abscopal response in Ifnar-/- tumors. In this model, single administration of virus directly into the tumors on one flank led to regression in the contralateral flank. Moreover, these effects were further enhanced when oncolytic treatment was combined with immunogenic chemotherapy or with immune checkpoint blockade. Taken together, our results suggest how to safely improve the efficacy of local oncolytic virotherapy in patients whose tumors are characterized by dysregulated IFNα signaling. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4146-57. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Fend
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France.,INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Préville
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Amoneta Diagnostics, Huningue, France
| | | | - Oliver Kepp
- INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Adam
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France.,Department of Pathology, GRCC, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- DITEP (Département d'Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces), Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan M Pitt
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France.,INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France. .,INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Department of Pathology, GRCC, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
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30
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Mahalingam D, Fountzilas C, Moseley J, Noronha N, Tran H, Chakrabarty R, Selvaggi G, Coffey M, Thompson B, Sarantopoulos J. A phase II study of REOLYSIN® (pelareorep) in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:697-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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31
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Babiker HM, Riaz IB, Husnain M, Borad MJ. Oncolytic virotherapy including Rigvir and standard therapies in malignant melanoma. Oncolytic Virother 2017; 6:11-18. [PMID: 28224120 PMCID: PMC5308590 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic melanoma has evolved from an era where interferon and chemotherapy were the mainstay of treatments to an era where immunotherapy has become the frontline. Ipilimumab (IgG1 CTLA-4 inhibitor), nivolumab (IgG4 PD-1 inhibitor), pembrolizumab (IgG4 PD-1 inhibitor) and nivolumab combined with ipilimumab have become first-line therapies in patients with metastatic melanoma. In addition, the high prevalence of BRAF mutations in melanoma has led to the discovery and approval of targeted molecules, such as vemurafenib (BRAF kinase inhibitor) and trametinib (MEK inhibitor), as they yielded improved responses and survival in malignant melanoma patients. This is certainly a burgeoning time in immunotherapy drug development, and the aforementioned efforts along with the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a recombinant oncolytic herpes virus, have paved the way to exploring the role of additional oncolytic viruses, such as the echovirus Rigvir, as new and innovative treatment modalities in patients with melanoma. Herein, we discuss the current standard of care treatment in melanoma with an emphasis on immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irbaz Bin Riaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Scottsdale, AZ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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33
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a cancer treatment in which replication-competent viruses are used that specifically infect, replicate in and lyse malignant tumour cells, while minimizing harm to normal cells. Anecdotal evidence of the effectiveness of this strategy has existed since the late nineteenth century, but advances and innovations in biotechnological methods in the 1980s and 1990s led to a renewed interest in this type of therapy. Multiple clinical trials investigating the use of agents constructed from a wide range of viruses have since been performed, and several of these enrolled patients with urological malignancies. Data from these clinical trials and from preclinical studies revealed a number of challenges to the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy that have prompted the development of further sophisticated strategies. Urological cancers have a range of distinctive features, such as specific genetic mutations and cell surface markers, which enable improving both effectiveness and safety of oncolytic virus treatments. The strategies employed in creating advanced oncolytic agents include alteration of the virus tropism, regulating transcription and translation of viral genes, combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or gene therapy, arming viruses with factors that stimulate the immune response against tumour cells and delivery technologies to ensure that the viral agent reaches its target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Delwar
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Prostate Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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Villalona-Calero MA, Lam E, Otterson GA, Zhao W, Timmons M, Subramaniam D, Hade EM, Gill GM, Coffey M, Selvaggi G, Bertino E, Chao B, Knopp MV. Oncolytic reovirus in combination with chemotherapy in metastatic or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer patients with KRAS-activated tumors. Cancer 2015; 122:875-83. [PMID: 26709987 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type 3 Dearing reovirus (Reolysin) is a naturally occurring virus that preferentially infects and causes oncolysis in tumor cells with a Ras-activated pathway. It induces host immunity and cell cycle arrest and acts synergistically with cytotoxic agents. METHODS This study evaluated Reolysin combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with metastatic/recurrent KRAS-mutated or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated/amplified non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were treated. Molecular alterations included 20 KRAS mutations, 10 EGFR amplifications, 3 EGFR mutations, and 4 BRAF-V600E mutations. In total, 242 cycles (median, 4; range, 1-47) were completed. The initial doses were area under the curve (AUC) 6 mg/mL/min for carboplatin, 200 mg/m(2) for paclitaxel on day 1, and 3 × 10(10) 50% tissue culture infective dose for Reolysin on days 1 to 5 of each 21-day cycle. Because of diarrhea and febrile neutropenia (in the first 2 patients), subsequent doses were reduced to 175 mg/m(2) for paclitaxel and AUC 5 mg/mL/min for carboplatin. Toxicities included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, neutropenia, arthralgia/myalgia, anorexia, and electrolyte abnormalities. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.0 responses included the following: partial response for 11 patients, stable disease (SD) for 20 patients, progressive disease for 4 patients, and not evaluable for 2 patients (objective response rate, 31%; 90% 1-sided lower confidence interval, 21%). Four SD patients had >40% positron emission tomography standardized uptake value reductions. The median progression-free survival, median overall survival, and 12-month overall survival rate were 4 months, 13.1 months, and 57%, respectively. Seven patients were alive after a median follow-up of 34.2 months; they included 2 patients without disease progression at 37 and 50 months. CONCLUSIONS Reolysin in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin was well tolerated. The observed response rate suggests a benefit of the reovirus for chemotherapy. A follow-up randomized study is recommended. The proportion of patients surviving longer than 2 years (30%) suggests a second/third-line treatment effect or possibly the triggering of an immune response after tumor reovirus infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Villalona-Calero
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elaine Lam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory A Otterson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew Timmons
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Erinn M Hade
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Erin Bertino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bo Chao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Kemp V, Hoeben RC, van den Wollenberg DJM. Exploring Reovirus Plasticity for Improving Its Use as Oncolytic Virus. Viruses 2015; 8:E4. [PMID: 26712782 PMCID: PMC4728564 DOI: 10.3390/v8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoviruses are non-enveloped viruses with a segmented double stranded RNA genome. In humans, they are not associated with serious disease. Human reoviruses exhibit an inherent preference to replicate in tumor cells, which makes them ideally suited for use in oncolytic virotherapies. Their use as anti-cancer agent has been evaluated in several clinical trials, which revealed that intra-tumoral and systemic delivery of reoviruses are well tolerated. Despite evidence of anti-tumor effects, the efficacy of reovirus in anti-cancer monotherapy needs to be further enhanced. The opportunity to treat both the primary tumor as well as metastases makes systemic delivery a preferred administration route. Several pre-clinical studies have been conducted to address the various hurdles connected to systemic delivery of reoviruses. The majority of those studies have been done in tumor-bearing immune-deficient murine models. This thwarts studies on the impact of the contribution of the immune system to the tumor cell eradication. This review focuses on key aspects of the reovirus/host-cell interactions and the methods that are available to modify the virus to alter these interactions. These aspects are discussed with a focus on improving the reovirus' antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana J M van den Wollenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Hassan M, Selimovic D, Hannig M, Haikel Y, Brodell RT, Megahed M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pathways to both apoptosis and autophagy: Significance for melanoma treatment. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:206-217. [PMID: 26618107 PMCID: PMC4655250 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i4.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Disrupted intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for melanoma's extraordinary resistance to current chemotherapeutic modalities. The pathophysiologic basis for resistance to both chemo- and radiation therapy is rooted in altered genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that, in turn, result in the impairing of cell death machinery and/or excessive activation of cell growth and survival-dependent pathways. Although most current melanoma therapies target mitochondrial dysregulation, there is increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated pathways play a role in the potentiation, initiation and maintenance of cell death machinery and autophagy. This review focuses on the reliability of ER-associated pathways as therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
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37
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Appleton ES, Turnbull S, Ralph C, West E, Scott K, Harrington K, Pandha H, Melcher A. Talimogene laherparepvec in the treatment of melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1517-30. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1084280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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