1
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Levintov L, Gorai B, Vashisth H. Spontaneous Dimerization and Distinct Packing Modes of Transmembrane Domains in Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593448. [PMID: 38798363 PMCID: PMC11118388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) are homodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that transduce signals across the membrane on binding of extracellular peptide ligands. The structures of IR/IGF1R fragments in apo and liganded states have revealed that the extracellular subunits of these receptors adopt Λ-shaped configurations to which are connected the intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) domains. The binding of peptide ligands induces structural transitions in the extracellular subunits leading to potential dimerization of transmembrane domains (TMDs) and autophosphorylation in TKs. However, the activation mechanisms of IR/IGF1R, especially the role of TMDs in coordinating signal-inducing structural transitions, remain poorly understood, in part due to the lack of structures of full-length receptors in apo or liganded states. While atomistic simulations of IR/IGF1R TMDs showed that these domains can dimerize in single component membranes, spontaneous unbiased dimerization in a plasma membrane having physiologically representative lipid composition has not been observed. We address this limitation by employing coarsegrained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations to probe the dimerization propensity of IR/IGF1R TMDs. We observed that TMDs in both receptors spontaneously dimerized independent of their initial orientations in their dissociated states, signifying their natural propensity for dimerization. In the dimeric state, IR TMDs predominantly adopted X-shaped configurations with asymmetric helical packing and significant tilt relative to the membrane normal, while IGF1R TMDs adopted symmetric V-shaped or parallel configurations with either no tilt or a small tilt relative to the membrane normal. Our results suggest that IR/IGF1R TMDs spontaneously dimerize and adopt distinct dimerized configurations. TOC Graphic
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2
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Barron MP, Vilseck JZ. A λ-dynamics investigation of insulin Wakayama and other A3 variant binding affinities to the insulin receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585233. [PMID: 38559010 PMCID: PMC10979964 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Insulin Wakayama is a clinical insulin variant where a conserved valine at the third residue on insulin's A chain (ValA3) is replaced with a leucine (LeuA3), impairing insulin receptor (IR) binding by 140-500 fold. This severe impact on binding from such a subtle modification has posed an intriguing problem for decades. Although experimental investigations of natural and unnatural A3 mutations have highlighted the sensitivity of insulin-IR binding to minor changes at this site, an atomistic explanation of these binding trends has remained elusive. We investigate this problem computationally using λ-dynamics free energy calculations to model structural changes in response to perturbations of the ValA3 side chain and to calculate associated relative changes in binding free energy (ΔΔGbind). The Wakayama LeuA3 mutation and seven other A3 substitutions were studied in this work. The calculated ΔΔGbind results showed high agreement compared to experimental binding potencies with a Pearson correlation of 0.88 and a mean unsigned error of 0.68 kcal/mol. Extensive structural analyses of λ-dynamics trajectories revealed that critical interactions were disrupted between insulin and the insulin receptor as a result of the A3 mutations. This investigation also quantifies the effect that adding an A3 Cδ atom or losing an A3 Cγ atom has on insulin's binding affinity to the IR. Thus, λ-dynamics was able to successfully model the effects of subtle modifications to insulin's A3 side chain on its protein-protein interactions with the IR and shed new light on a decades-old mystery: the exquisite sensitivity of hormone-receptor binding to a subtle modification of an invariant insulin residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica P. Barron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jonah Z. Vilseck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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3
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Meller A, Kelly D, Smith LG, Bowman GR. Toward physics-based precision medicine: Exploiting protein dynamics to design new therapeutics and interpret variants. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4902. [PMID: 38358129 PMCID: PMC10868452 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The goal of precision medicine is to utilize our knowledge of the molecular causes of disease to better diagnose and treat patients. However, there is a substantial mismatch between the small number of food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs and annotated coding variants compared to the needs of precision medicine. This review introduces the concept of physics-based precision medicine, a scalable framework that promises to improve our understanding of sequence-function relationships and accelerate drug discovery. We show that accounting for the ensemble of structures a protein adopts in solution with computer simulations overcomes many of the limitations imposed by assuming a single protein structure. We highlight studies of protein dynamics and recent methods for the analysis of structural ensembles. These studies demonstrate that differences in conformational distributions predict functional differences within protein families and between variants. Thanks to new computational tools that are providing unprecedented access to protein structural ensembles, this insight may enable accurate predictions of variant pathogenicity for entire libraries of variants. We further show that explicitly accounting for protein ensembles, with methods like alchemical free energy calculations or docking to Markov state models, can uncover novel lead compounds. To conclude, we demonstrate that cryptic pockets, or cavities absent in experimental structures, provide an avenue to target proteins that are currently considered undruggable. Taken together, our review provides a roadmap for the field of protein science to accelerate precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Meller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Devin Kelly
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis G. Smith
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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4
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Spratt J, Dias JM, Kolonelou C, Kiriako G, Engström E, Petrova E, Karampelias C, Cervenka I, Papanicolaou N, Lentini A, Reinius B, Andersson O, Ambrosetti E, Ruas JL, Teixeira AI. Multivalent insulin receptor activation using insulin-DNA origami nanostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:237-245. [PMID: 37813939 PMCID: PMC10873203 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin binds the insulin receptor (IR) and regulates anabolic processes in target tissues. Impaired IR signalling is associated with multiple diseases, including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. IRs have been reported to form nanoclusters at the cell membrane in several cell types, even in the absence of insulin binding. Here we exploit the nanoscale spatial organization of the IR to achieve controlled multivalent receptor activation. To control insulin nanoscale spatial organization and valency, we developed rod-like insulin-DNA origami nanostructures carrying different numbers of insulin molecules with defined spacings. Increasing the insulin valency per nanostructure markedly extended the residence time of insulin-DNA origami nanostructures at the receptors. Both insulin valency and spacing affected the levels of IR activation in adipocytes. Moreover, the multivalent insulin design associated with the highest levels of IR activation also induced insulin-mediated transcriptional responses more effectively than the corresponding monovalent insulin nanostructures. In an in vivo zebrafish model of diabetes, treatment with multivalent-but not monovalent-insulin nanostructures elicited a reduction in glucose levels. Our results show that the control of insulin multivalency and spatial organization with nanoscale precision modulates the IR responses, independent of the insulin concentration. Therefore, we propose insulin nanoscale organization as a design parameter in developing new insulin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Spratt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José M Dias
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kolonelou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Kiriako
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enya Engström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Petrova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Karampelias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Cervenka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natali Papanicolaou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Lentini
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Reinius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Ambrosetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Hu YJ, Zhang X, Lv HM, Liu Y, Li SZ. Protein O-GlcNAcylation: The sweet hub in liver metabolic flexibility from a (patho)physiological perspective. Liver Int 2024; 44:293-315. [PMID: 38110988 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic, reversible and atypical O-glycosylation that regulates various cellular physiological processes via conformation, stabilisation, localisation, chaperone interaction or activity of target proteins. The O-GlcNAcylation cycle is precisely controlled by collaboration between O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. Uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine, the sole donor of O-GlcNAcylation produced by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, is controlled by the input of glucose, glutamine, acetyl coenzyme A and uridine triphosphate, making it a sensor of the fluctuation of molecules, making O-GlcNAcylation a pivotal nutrient sensor for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides. O-GlcNAcylation, particularly prevalent in liver, is the core hub for controlling systemic glucose homeostasis due to its nutritional sensitivity and precise spatiotemporal regulation of insulin signal transduction. The pathology of various liver diseases has highlighted hepatic metabolic disorder and dysfunction, and abnormal O-GlcNAcylation also plays a specific pathological role in these processes. Therefore, this review describes the unique features of O-GlcNAcylation and its dynamic homeostasis maintenance. Additionally, it explains the underlying nutritional sensitivity of O-GlcNAcylation and discusses its mechanism of spatiotemporal modulation of insulin signal transduction and liver metabolic homeostasis during the fasting and feeding cycle. This review emphasises the pathophysiological implications of O-GlcNAcylation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, and focuses on the adverse effects of hyper O-GlcNAcylation on liver cancer progression and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hong-Ming Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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6
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Breunig S, Quijano JC, Donohue C, Henrickson A, Demeler B, Ku HT, Tirrell DA. Incorporation of Aliphatic Proline Residues into Recombinantly Produced Insulin. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2574-2581. [PMID: 37960878 PMCID: PMC10728891 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Analogs of proline can be used to expand the chemical space about the residue while maintaining its uniquely restricted conformational space. Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of 4R-methylproline, 4S-methylproline, and 4-methyleneproline into recombinant insulin expressed in Escherichia coli. These modified proline residues, introduced at position B28, change the biophysical properties of insulin: Incorporation of 4-methyleneproline at B28 accelerates fibril formation, while 4-methylation speeds dissociation from the pharmaceutically formulated hexamer. This work expands the scope of proline analogs amenable to incorporation into recombinant proteins and demonstrates how noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis can be used to engineer the therapeutically relevant properties of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie
L. Breunig
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Janine C. Quijano
- Department
of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Institute City
of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Cecile Donohue
- Department
of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Institute City
of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Amy Henrickson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801, United States
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department
of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Institute City
of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
- Irell &
Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United
States
| | - David A. Tirrell
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Zhang Y, Hung-Chieh Chou D. From Natural Insulin to Designed Analogs: A Chemical Biology Exploration. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300470. [PMID: 37800626 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1921, insulin has been at the forefront of scientific breakthroughs. From its amino acid sequencing to the revelation of its three-dimensional structure, the progress in insulin research has spurred significant therapeutic breakthroughs. In recent years, protein engineering has introduced innovative chemical and enzymatic methods for insulin modification, fostering the development of therapeutics with tailored pharmacological profiles. Alongside these advances, the quest for self-regulated, glucose-responsive insulin remains a holy grail in the field. In this article, we highlight the pivotal role of chemical biology in driving these innovations and discuss how it continues to shape the future trajectory of insulin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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8
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Yamada K, Shioya R, Nishino K, Furihata H, Hijikata A, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Shirai T, Kosako H, Sawasaki T. Proximity extracellular protein-protein interaction analysis of EGFR using AirID-conjugated fragment of antigen binding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8301. [PMID: 38097606 PMCID: PMC10721602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interact with other proteins in the extracellular region of the cell membrane to drive intracellular signalling. Therefore, analysis of extracellular protein-protein interactions (exPPIs) is important for understanding the biological function of receptor proteins. Here, we present an approach using a proximity biotinylation enzyme (AirID) fusion fragment of antigen binding (FabID) to analyse the proximity exPPIs of EGFR. AirID was C-terminally fused to the Fab fragment against EGFR (EGFR-FabID), which could then biotinylate the extracellular region of EGFR in several cell lines. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that many known EGFR interactors were identified as proximity exPPIs, along with many unknown candidate interactors, using EGFR-FabID. Interestingly, these proximity exPPIs were influenced by treatment with EGF ligand and its specific kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. These results indicate that FabID provides accurate proximity exPPI analysis of target receptor proteins on cell membranes with ligand and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohdai Yamada
- Division of Cell-Free Life Science, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Shioya
- Division of Cell-Free Life Science, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hirotake Furihata
- Division of Cell-Free Life Science, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hijikata
- Laboratory of Computational Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Division of Cell-Free Life Science, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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9
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Wang C, Zheng L, Zhao M. Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Casein-Derived Tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro on Hepatic Glucose Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18802-18814. [PMID: 38011324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the molecular targets and mechanism of Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) on regulating glucose metabolism in hepatic cells and their in vivo hypoglycemic activities in mice. Results showed that both IPP and VPP (600 μM) significantly enhanced the glucose consumption in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes (p < 0.05). They also regulated activities of glucose metabolizing enzymes and increased the protein expression of p-AKT and GLUT2 in HepG2 cells. IPP directly interacted with the insulin receptor (IR) to activate the insulin/AKT signaling pathway. The activity of VPP on glucose consumption was not attributed to IR binding, and 76 potential antidiabetic targets were predicted by similarity ensemble and shape similarity approaches. Among them, the AKT and MAPK signaling pathway, in which two hub genes AKT1 and MAPK4 existed, were evaluated to make major contributions to the activity of VPP on glucose consumption. Moreover, both IPP and VPP (300 μmol/kg) could significantly reduce the blood glucose levels in mice (p < 0.05), with blood glucose area under the curve dropping by approximately 19% ± 0.09 and 21% ± 0.11%, respectively. This study provides a new theoretical support for the development of IPP and VPP as functional foods to regulate glucose metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, Henan, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
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10
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Suzawa M, Bland ML. Insulin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201599. [PMID: 37847145 PMCID: PMC10617623 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient intake is obligatory for animal growth and development, but nutrients alone are not sufficient. Indeed, insulin and homologous hormones are required for normal growth even in the presence of nutrients. These hormones communicate nutrient status between organs, allowing animals to coordinate growth and metabolism with nutrient supply. Insulin and related hormones, such as insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like peptides, play important roles in development and metabolism, with defects in insulin production and signaling leading to hyperglycemia and diabetes. Here, we describe the insulin hormone family and the signal transduction pathways activated by these hormones. We highlight the roles of insulin signaling in coordinating maternal and fetal metabolism and growth during pregnancy, and we describe how secretion of insulin is regulated at different life stages. Additionally, we discuss the roles of insulin signaling in cell growth, stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation. We provide examples of the role of insulin in development across multiple model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Suzawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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11
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Viola CM, Frittmann O, Jenkins HT, Shafi T, De Meyts P, Brzozowski AM. Structural conservation of insulin/IGF signalling axis at the insulin receptors level in Drosophila and humans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6271. [PMID: 37805602 PMCID: PMC10560217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-related hormones regulate key life processes in Metazoa, from metabolism to growth, lifespan and aging, through an evolutionarily conserved insulin signalling axis (IIS). In humans the IIS axis is controlled by insulin, two insulin-like growth factors, two isoforms of the insulin receptor (hIR-A and -B), and its homologous IGF-1R. In Drosophila, this signalling engages seven insulin-like hormones (DILP1-7) and a single receptor (dmIR). This report describes the cryoEM structure of the dmIR ectodomain:DILP5 complex, revealing high structural homology between dmIR and hIR. The excess of DILP5 yields dmIR complex in an asymmetric 'T' conformation, similar to that observed in some complexes of human IRs. However, dmIR binds three DILP5 molecules in a distinct arrangement, showing also dmIR-specific features. This work adds structural support to evolutionary conservation of the IIS axis at the IR level, and also underpins a better understanding of an important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Viola
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Orsolya Frittmann
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Talha Shafi
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Pierre De Meyts
- Department of Cell Signalling, de Duve Institute, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Cell Therapy Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2670, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Andrzej M Brzozowski
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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12
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Mei M, Liu M, Mei Y, Zhao J, Li Y. Sphingolipid metabolism in brain insulin resistance and neurological diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1243132. [PMID: 37867511 PMCID: PMC10587683 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1243132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, as members of the large lipid family, are important components of plasma membrane. Sphingolipids participate in biological signal transduction to regulate various important physiological processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, senescence, and differentiation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that sphingolipids are strongly associated with glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, including peripheral insulin resistance and brain insulin resistance, is closely related to the occurrence and development of many metabolic diseases. In addition to metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes, brain insulin resistance is also involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, the specific mechanism of sphingolipids in brain insulin resistance has not been systematically summarized. This article reviews the involvement of sphingolipids in brain insulin resistance, highlighting the role and molecular biological mechanism of sphingolipid metabolism in cognitive dysfunctions and neuropathological abnormalities of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maochang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Administrative Office, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Girych M, Kulig W, Enkavi G, Vattulainen I. How Neuromembrane Lipids Modulate Membrane Proteins: Insights from G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041419. [PMID: 37487628 PMCID: PMC10547395 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a diverse and critical role in cellular processes in all tissues. The unique lipid composition of nerve membranes is particularly interesting because it contains, among other things, polyunsaturated lipids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which the body only gets through the diet. The crucial role of lipids in neurological processes, especially in receptor-mediated cell signaling, is emphasized by the fact that in many neuropathological diseases there are significant deviations in the lipid composition of nerve membranes compared to healthy individuals. The lipid composition of neuromembranes can significantly affect the function of receptors by regulating the physical properties of the membrane or by affecting specific interactions between receptors and lipids. In addition, it is worth noting that the ligand-binding pocket of many receptors is located inside the cell membrane, due to which lipids can even modulate the binding of ligands to their receptors. These mechanisms highlight the importance of lipids in the regulation of membrane receptor activation and function. In this article, we focus on two major protein families: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and discuss how lipids affect their function in neuronal membranes, elucidating the basic mechanisms underlying neuronal function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Yunn NO, Kim J, Ryu SH, Cho Y. A stepwise activation model for the insulin receptor. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2147-2161. [PMID: 37779149 PMCID: PMC10618199 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (IR) triggers a cascade of receptor conformational changes and autophosphorylation, leading to the activation of metabolic and mitogenic pathways. Recent advances in the structural and functional analyses of IR have revealed the conformations of the extracellular domains of the IR in inactive and fully activated states. However, the early activation mechanisms of this receptor remain poorly understood. The structures of partially activated IR in complex with aptamers provide clues for understanding the initial activation mechanism. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional features of IR complexed with various ligands and propose a model to explain the sequential activation mechanism. Moreover, we discuss the structures of IR complexed with biased agonists that selectively activate metabolic pathways and provide insights into the design of selective agonists and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Oh Yunn
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunje Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wang L, Hall CE, Uchikawa E, Chen D, Choi E, Zhang X, Bai XC. Structural basis of insulin fibrillation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1057. [PMID: 37713485 PMCID: PMC10881025 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a hormone responsible for maintaining normal glucose levels by activating insulin receptor (IR) and is the primary treatment for diabetes. However, insulin is prone to unfolding and forming cross-β fibers. Fibrillation complicates insulin storage and therapeutic application. Molecular details of insulin fibrillation remain unclear, hindering efforts to prevent fibrillation process. Here, we characterized insulin fibrils using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), showing multiple forms that contain one or more of the protofilaments containing both the A and B chains of insulin linked by disulfide bonds. We solved the cryo-EM structure of one of the fibril forms composed of two protofilaments at 3.2-Å resolution, which reveals both the β sheet conformation of the protofilament and the packing interaction between them that underlie the fibrillation. On the basis of this structure, we designed several insulin mutants that display reduced fibrillation while maintaining native IR signaling activity. These designed insulin analogs may be developed into more effective therapeutics for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Catherine E. Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emiko Uchikawa
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dailu Chen
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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16
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Lubos M, Pícha J, Selicharová I, Žák J, Buděšínský M, Mitrová K, Žáková L, Jiráček J. Modulation of the antagonistic properties of an insulin mimetic peptide by disulfide bridge modifications. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3478. [PMID: 36633503 PMCID: PMC10909431 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide responsible for regulating the metabolic homeostasis of the organism; it elicits its effects through binding to the transmembrane insulin receptor (IR). Insulin mimetics with agonistic or antagonistic effects toward the receptor are an exciting field of research and could find applications in treating diabetes or malignant diseases. We prepared five variants of a previously reported 20-amino acid insulin-mimicking peptide. These peptides differ from each other by the structure of the covalent bridge connecting positions 11 and 18. In addition to the peptide with a disulfide bridge, a derivative with a dicarba bridge and three derivatives with a 1,2,3-triazole differing from each other by the presence of sulfur or oxygen in their staples were prepared. The strongest binding to IR was exhibited by the peptide with a disulfide bridge. All other derivatives only weakly bound to IR, and a relationship between increasing bridge length and lower binding affinity can be inferred. Despite their nanomolar affinities, none of the prepared peptide mimetics was able to activate the insulin receptor even at high concentrations, but all mimetics were able to inhibit insulin-induced receptor activation. However, the receptor remained approximately 30% active even at the highest concentration of the agents; thus, the agents behave as partial antagonists. An interesting observation is that these mimetic peptides do not antagonize insulin action in proportion to their binding affinities. The compounds characterized in this study show that it is possible to modulate the functional properties of insulin receptor peptide ligands using disulfide mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lubos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Jíří Žák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Katarína Mitrová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesPrahaCzech Republic
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17
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Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a type II receptor tyrosine kinase that plays essential roles in metabolism, growth, and proliferation. Dysregulation of IR signaling is linked to many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancers. The resolution revolution in cryo-electron microscopy has led to the determination of several structures of IR with different numbers of bound insulin molecules in recent years, which have tremendously improved our understanding of how IR is activated by insulin. Here, we review the insulin-induced activation mechanism of IR, including (a) the detailed binding modes and functions of insulin at site 1 and site 2 and (b) the insulin-induced structural transitions that are required for IR activation. We highlight several other key aspects of the activation and regulation of IR signaling and discuss the remaining gaps in our understanding of the IR activation mechanism and potential avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA;
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18
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Szukiewicz D. Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9818. [PMID: 37372966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive anabolic effects of insulin throughout the body, in addition to the control of glycemia, include ensuring lipid homeostasis and anti-inflammatory modulation, especially in adipose tissue (AT). The prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, has been increasing worldwide on a pandemic scale with accompanying syndemic health problems, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes. Impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin or IR paradoxically leads to diseases with an inflammatory component despite hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, an excess of visceral AT in obesity initiates chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions that interfere with insulin signaling via insulin receptors (INSRs). Moreover, in response to IR, hyperglycemia itself stimulates a primarily defensive inflammatory response associated with the subsequent release of numerous inflammatory cytokines and a real threat of organ function deterioration. In this review, all components of this vicious cycle are characterized with particular emphasis on the interplay between insulin signaling and both the innate and adaptive immune responses related to obesity. Increased visceral AT accumulation in obesity should be considered the main environmental factor responsible for the disruption in the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the immune system, resulting in autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone essential for maintaining normal blood glucose levels. Individuals unable to secrete sufficient insulin or not able to respond properly to insulin develop diabetes. Since the discovery of insulin its structure and function has been intensively studied with the aim to develop effective diabetes treatments. The three-dimensional crystal structure of this 51 amino acid peptide paved the way for discoveries, outlined in this review, of determinants important for receptor binding and hormone stability that have been instrumental in development of insulin analogs used in the clinic today. Important for the future development of effective diabetes treatments will be a detailed understanding of the insulin receptor structure and function. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase, proved challenging but with the recent advent of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy significant progress has been made. There are now >40 structures of the insulin:insulin receptor complex deposited in the Protein Data Bank. From these structures we have a detailed picture of how insulin binds and activates the receptor. Still lacking are details of the initial binding events and the exact sequence of structural changes within the receptor and insulin. In this review, the focus will be on the most recent structural studies of insulin:insulin receptor complexes and how they have contributed to the current understanding of insulin receptor activation and signaling outcome. Molecular mechanisms underlying insulin receptor signaling bias emerging from the latest structures are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
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20
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Mendoza C, Hanegan C, Sperry A, Vargas L, Case T, Bikman B, Mizrachi D. Insulin receptor-inspired soluble insulin binder. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151293. [PMID: 36739671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a 320 kDa membrane receptor tyrosine kinase mediating the pleiotropic actions of insulin, leading to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates including serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), and IR autophosphorylation. Structural details of the IR have been recently revealed. A high-binding insulin site, L1 (Kd =2 nM), consists of two distant domains in the primary sequence of the IR. Our design simplified the L1 binding site and transformed it into a soluble insulin binder (sIB). The sIB, a 17 kDa protein, binds insulin with 38 nM affinity. The sIB competes with IR for insulin and reduces by more than 50% phosphorylation of AKT1 in HEK 293 T cells, with similar effects on IR autophosphorylation. The sIB represents a new tool for research of insulin binding and signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mendoza
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Cameron Hanegan
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Alek Sperry
- Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Logan Vargas
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Trevor Case
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Benjamin Bikman
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
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21
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Shu P, Liang H, Zhang J, Lin Y, Chen W, Zhang D. Reactive oxygen species formation and its effect on CD4 + T cell-mediated inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199233. [PMID: 37304262 PMCID: PMC10249013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced both enzymatically and non-enzymatically in vivo. Physiological concentrations of ROS act as signaling molecules that participate in various physiological and pathophysiological activities and play an important role in basic metabolic functions. Diseases related to metabolic disorders may be affected by changes in redox balance. This review details the common generation pathways of intracellular ROS and discusses the damage to physiological functions when the ROS concentration is too high to reach an oxidative stress state. We also summarize the main features and energy metabolism of CD4+ T-cell activation and differentiation and the effects of ROS produced during the oxidative metabolism of CD4+ T cells. Because the current treatment for autoimmune diseases damages other immune responses and functional cells in the body, inhibiting the activation and differentiation of autoreactive T cells by targeting oxidative metabolism or ROS production without damaging systemic immune function is a promising treatment option. Therefore, exploring the relationship between T-cell energy metabolism and ROS and the T-cell differentiation process provides theoretical support for discovering effective treatments for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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22
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Bhat N, Mani A. Dysregulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2323. [PMID: 37242206 PMCID: PMC10222271 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent condition affecting approximately a quarter of the global population. It is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, economic burden, and healthcare costs. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the liver, known as steatosis, which can progress to more severe stages such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to the development of diet-induced steatosis in an insulin-resistant liver. Specifically, it discusses the existing literature on carbon flux through glycolysis, ketogenesis, TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle), and fatty acid synthesis pathways in NAFLD, as well as the altered canonical insulin signaling and genetic predispositions that lead to the accumulation of diet-induced hepatic fat. Finally, the review discusses the current therapeutic efforts that aim to ameliorate various pathologies associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arya Mani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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23
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Wang L, Hall C, Li J, Choi E, Bai XC. Structural basis of the alkaline pH-dependent activation of insulin receptor-related receptor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:661-669. [PMID: 37055497 PMCID: PMC10465182 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) family is a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that controls metabolic homeostasis and cell growth. Distinct from IR and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, whose activation requires ligand binding, insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR)-the third member of the IR family-is activated by alkaline pH. However, the molecular mechanism underlying alkaline pH-induced IRR activation remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human IRR in both neutral pH inactive and alkaline pH active states. Combined with mutagenesis and cellular assays, we show that, upon pH increase, electrostatic repulsion of the pH-sensitive motifs of IRR disrupts its autoinhibited state and promotes a scissor-like rotation between two protomers, leading to a T-shaped active conformation. Together, our study reveals an unprecedented alkaline pH-dependent activation mechanism of IRR, opening up opportunities to understand the structure-function relationship of this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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24
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Xia B, Viswanatha R, Hu Y, Mohr SE, Perrimon N. Pooled genome-wide CRISPR activation screening for rapamycin resistance genes in Drosophila cells. eLife 2023; 12:e85542. [PMID: 37078570 PMCID: PMC10118385 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic perturbations provide valuable insights into gene function. In Drosophila cells, while genome-wide loss-of-function screens have been extensively used to reveal mechanisms of a variety of biological processes, approaches for performing genome-wide gain-of-function screens are still lacking. Here, we describe a pooled CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) screening platform in Drosophila cells and apply this method to both focused and genome-wide screens to identify rapamycin resistance genes. The screens identified three genes as novel rapamycin resistance genes: a member of the SLC16 family of monocarboxylate transporters (CG8468), a member of the lipocalin protein family (CG5399), and a zinc finger C2H2 transcription factor (CG9932). Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CG5399 overexpression activates the RTK-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and that activation of insulin receptor (InR) by CG5399 requires cholesterol and clathrin-coated pits at the cell membrane. This study establishes a novel platform for functional genetic studies in Drosophila cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Xia
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Raghuvir Viswanatha
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
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25
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Guo H, Wu H, Li Z. The Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086978. [PMID: 37108143 PMCID: PMC10139109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder, with an extremely serious effect on health systems worldwide. It has become a severe, chronic, non-communicable disease after cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Currently, 90% of diabetic patients suffer from type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia is the main hallmark of diabetes. The function of pancreatic cells gradually declines before the onset of clinical hyperglycemia. Understanding the molecular processes involved in the development of diabetes can provide clinical care with much-needed updates. This review provides the current global state of diabetes, the mechanisms involved in glucose homeostasis and diabetic insulin resistance, and the long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Guo
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Haili Wu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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26
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Hung A, Choi E. How to control hunger. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:409-411. [PMID: 37072587 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Hung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Saxton RA, Caveney NA, Moya-Garzon MD, Householder KD, Rodriguez GE, Burdsall KA, Long JZ, Garcia KC. Structural insights into the mechanism of leptin receptor activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1797. [PMID: 37002197 PMCID: PMC10066393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived protein hormone that promotes satiety and energy homeostasis by activating the leptin receptor (LepR)-STAT3 signaling axis in a subset of hypothalamic neurons. Leptin signaling is dysregulated in obesity, however, where appetite remains elevated despite high levels of circulating leptin. To gain insight into the mechanism of leptin receptor activation, here we determine the structure of a stabilized leptin-bound LepR signaling complex using single particle cryo-EM. The structure reveals an asymmetric architecture in which a single leptin induces LepR dimerization via two distinct receptor-binding sites. Analysis of the leptin-LepR binding interfaces reveals the molecular basis for human obesity-associated mutations. Structure-based design of leptin variants that destabilize the asymmetric LepR dimer yield both partial and biased agonists that partially suppress STAT3 activation in the presence of wild-type leptin and decouple activation of STAT3 from LepR negative regulators. Together, these results reveal the structural basis for LepR activation and provide insights into the differential plasticity of signaling pathways downstream of LepR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Saxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Nathanael A Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Moya-Garzon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karsten D Householder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Grayson E Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kylie A Burdsall
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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28
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Simien JM, Orellana GE, Phan HTN, Hu Y, Kurth EA, Ruf C, Kricek F, Wang Q, Smrcka AV, Haglund E. A Small Contribution to a Large System: The Leptin Receptor Complex. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2457-2465. [PMID: 36912891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a classified epidemic, increasing the risk of secondary diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The pleiotropic hormone leptin is the proposed link for the gut-brain axis controlling nutritional status and energy expenditure. Research into leptin signaling provides great promise toward discovering therapeutics for obesity and its related diseases targeting leptin and its cognate leptin receptor (LEP-R). The molecular basis underlying the human leptin receptor complex assembly remains obscure, due to the lack of structural information regarding the biologically active complex. In this work, we investigate the proposed receptor binding sites in human leptin utilizing designed antagonist proteins combined with AlphaFold predictions. Our results show that binding site I has a more intricate role in the active signaling complex than previously described. We hypothesize that the hydrophobic patch in this region engages a third receptor forming a higher-order complex, or a new LEP-R binding site inducing allosteric rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Simien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Grace E Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Hoa T N Phan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Emily A Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Christine Ruf
- NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH, Vienna, 1230, Austria
| | - Franz Kricek
- NBS-C BioScience & Consulting GmbH, Vienna, 1230, Austria
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ellinor Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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29
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Wu S, Østergaard M, Fredholt F, Christensen NJ, Sørensen KK, Mishra NK, Nielsen HM, Jensen KJ. Ca 2+-Responsive Glyco-insulin. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:518-528. [PMID: 36756787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of peptides and proteins, such as PEGylation and lipidation, creates conjugates with new properties. However, they are typically not dynamic or stimuli-responsive. Self-assembly controlled by a stimulus will allow adjusting properties directly. Here, we report that conjugates of oligogalacturonic acids (OGAs), isolated from plant-derived pectin, are Ca2+-responsive. We report the conjugation of OGA to human insulin (HI) to create new glyco-insulins. In addition, we coupled OGA to model peptides. We studied their self-assembly by dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and circular dichroism, which showed that the self-assembly to form nanostructures depended on the length of the OGA sequence and Zn2+ and Ca2+ concentrations. Subcutaneous administration of OGA12-HI with Zn2+ showed a stable decrease in blood glucose over a longer period of time compared to HI, despite the lower receptor binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunliang Wu
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mads Østergaard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Freja Fredholt
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Johan Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne M Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud J Jensen
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Jiráček J, Selicharová I, Žáková L. Mutations at hypothetical binding site 2 in insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:187-230. [PMID: 37717985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating how insulin and the related insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) bind to their cellular receptors (IR and IGF-1R) and how the receptors are activated has been the holy grail for generations of scientists. However, deciphering the 3D structure of tyrosine kinase receptors and their hormone-bound complexes has been complicated by the flexible and dimeric nature of the receptors and the dynamic nature of their interaction with hormones. Therefore, mutagenesis of hormones and kinetic studies first became an important tool for studying receptor interactions. It was suggested that hormones could bind to receptors through two binding sites on the hormone surface called site 1 and site 2. A breakthrough in knowledge came with the solution of cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) structures of hormone-receptor complexes. In this chapter, we document in detail the mutagenesis of insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 with emphasis on modifications of the hypothetical binding site 2 in the hormones, and we discuss the results of structure-activity studies in light of recent cryoEM structures of hormone complexes with IR and IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Jiráček
- From Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Selicharová
- From Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- From Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Viola CM, Frittmann O, Jenkins HT, Shafi T, Meyts PD, Brzozowski AM. Structural Conservation of Insulin/IGF Signalling Axis at the Insulin Receptors Level in Drosophilaand humans.. [DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe insulin-related hormones regulate key life processes in Metazoa, from metabolism to growth, lifespan and aging, through an evolutionarily conserved insulin signalling axis (IIS). In humans the IIS axis is controlled by insulin, two insulin-like growth factors, two isoforms of the insulin receptor (hIR-A and -B), and its homologous IGF-1R. InDrosophila, this signalling engages seven insulin-like hormones (DILP1-7) and a single receptor (dmIR). This report describes the first cryoEM structure of the dmIR ectodomain:DILP5 complex, revealing high structural homology between dmIR and hIR. The excess of DILP5 yields dmIR complex in an asymmetric ‘T’ conformation, similar to that observed in some complexes of human IRs. However, dmIR binds three DILP5 molecules in a hitherto-unseen arrangement, showing also dmIR-specific features. This work adds structural support to evolutionary conservation of the IIS axis at the IRs levels, underpinning also a better understanding of an important model organism.
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32
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Diversity of Structural, Dynamic, and Environmental Effects Explain a Distinctive Functional Role of Transmembrane Domains in the Insulin Receptor Subfamily. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043906. [PMID: 36835322 PMCID: PMC9965288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human InsR, IGF1R, and IRR receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) of the insulin receptor subfamily play an important role in signaling pathways for a wide range of physiological processes and are directly associated with many pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. The disulfide-linked dimeric structure of these receptors is unique among RTKs. Sharing high sequence and structure homology, the receptors differ dramatically in their localization, expression, and functions. In this work, using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy supported by atomistic computer modeling, conformational variability of the transmembrane domains and their interactions with surrounding lipids were found to differ significantly between representatives of the subfamily. Therefore, we suggest that the heterogeneous and highly dynamic membrane environment should be taken into account in the observed diversity of the structural/dynamic organization and mechanisms of activation of InsR, IGF1R, and IRR receptors. This membrane-mediated control of receptor signaling offers an attractive prospect for the development of new targeted therapies for diseases associated with dysfunction of insulin subfamily receptors.
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33
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Jeevanandam J, Paramasivam E, Saraswathi NT. Glycation restrains open-closed conformation of Insulin. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 102:107803. [PMID: 36542957 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In hyperglycemic conditions, the level of reactive dicarbonyl metabolites concentration is found to be high, which plays a significant role in protein glycation. Despite decades of research, the effect of methylglyoxal on the structure and function of insulin is still unknown. Through a shift in conformation at the B-chain C-terminal (BT-CT) hinge from an "open" to a "wide-open" conformation, insulin binds to the receptor and activates the signal cascade. Insulin resistance, which is the main sign of Type 2 Diabetes, can be caused by a lack of insulin signaling. Methylglyoxal site-specific glycation in residue R22 at B chain forms AGE product Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone (MGH1) in insulin. In this work, we present molecular dynamics study of this glycated insulin R22MGH1, which revealed new insights into the conformational and structural changes. We find the following key results: 1) B-chain in insulin undergoes a closed conformational change upon glycation. 2) Glycated insulin shows secondary structure alteration. 3) Glycated insulin retains its closed shape due to an unusually strong hydrophobic contact between B-chain residues. 4) Wide open native conformation of insulin allows the B chain helix to be surrounded by more water molecules compared to the closed conformation of glycated insulin. The closed conformation of glycated insulin impairs its binding to insulin receptor (IR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Jeevanandam
- Molecular Biophysics Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Esackimuthu Paramasivam
- Molecular Biophysics Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N T Saraswathi
- Molecular Biophysics Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamilnadu, India.
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34
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Cook TW, Wilstermann AM, Mitchell JT, Arnold NE, Rajasekaran S, Bupp CP, Prokop JW. Understanding Insulin in the Age of Precision Medicine and Big Data: Under-Explored Nature of Genomics. Biomolecules 2023; 13:257. [PMID: 36830626 PMCID: PMC9953665 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is amongst the human genome's most well-studied genes/proteins due to its connection to metabolic health. Within this article, we review literature and data to build a knowledge base of Insulin (INS) genetics that influence transcription, transcript processing, translation, hormone maturation, secretion, receptor binding, and metabolism while highlighting the future needs of insulin research. The INS gene region has 2076 unique variants from population genetics. Several variants are found near the transcriptional start site, enhancers, and following the INS transcripts that might influence the readthrough fusion transcript INS-IGF2. This INS-IGF2 transcript splice site was confirmed within hundreds of pancreatic RNAseq samples, lacks drift based on human genome sequencing, and has possible elevated expression due to viral regulation within the liver. Moreover, a rare, poorly characterized African population-enriched variant of INS-IGF2 results in a loss of the stop codon. INS transcript UTR variants rs689 and rs3842753, associated with type 1 diabetes, are found in many pancreatic RNAseq datasets with an elevation of the 3'UTR alternatively spliced INS transcript. Finally, by combining literature, evolutionary profiling, and structural biology, we map rare missense variants that influence preproinsulin translation, proinsulin processing, dimer/hexamer secretory storage, receptor activation, and C-peptide detection for quasi-insulin blood measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Cook
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Jackson T. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Office of Research, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Caleb P. Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Office of Research, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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35
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Nagao H, Jayavelu AK, Cai W, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Batista TM, Brandão BB, Mann M, Kahn CR. Unique ligand and kinase-independent roles of the insulin receptor in regulation of cell cycle, senescence and apoptosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:57. [PMID: 36599833 PMCID: PMC9812992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin acts through the insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase to exert its classical metabolic and mitogenic actions. Here, using receptors with either short or long deletion of the β-subunit or mutation of the kinase active site (K1030R), we have uncovered a second, previously unrecognized IR signaling pathway that is intracellular domain-dependent, but ligand and tyrosine kinase-independent (LYK-I). These LYK-I actions of the IR are linked to changes in phosphorylation of a network of proteins involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix organization, cell cycle, ATM signaling and cellular senescence; and result in upregulation of expression of multiple extracellular matrix-related genes and proteins, down-regulation of immune/interferon-related genes and proteins, and increased sensitivity to apoptosis. Thus, in addition to classical ligand and tyrosine kinase-dependent (LYK-D) signaling, the IR regulates a second, ligand and tyrosine kinase-independent (LYK-I) pathway, which regulates the cellular machinery involved in senescence, matrix interaction and response to extrinsic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nagao
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Jayavelu
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.,Proteomics and Cancer Cell Signaling Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Leukemia, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Weikang Cai
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bruna B Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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36
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Gorai B, Vashisth H. Structural models of viral insulin-like peptides and their analogs. Proteins 2023; 91:62-73. [PMID: 35962629 PMCID: PMC9772067 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR), the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), and the insulin/IGF1 hybrid receptors (hybR) are homologous transmembrane receptors. The peptide ligands, insulin and IGF1, exhibit significant structural homology and can bind to each receptor via site-1 and site-2 residues with distinct affinities. The variants of the Iridoviridae virus family show capability in expressing single-chain insulin/IGF1 like proteins, termed viral insulin-like peptides (VILPs), which can stimulate receptors from the insulin family. The sequences of VILPs lacking the central C-domain (dcVILPs) are known, but their structures in unbound and receptor-bound states have not been resolved to date. We report all-atom structural models of three dcVILPs (dcGIV, dcSGIV, and dcLCDV1) and their complexes with the receptors (μIR, μIGF1R, and μhybR), and probed the peptide/receptor interactions in each system using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on the nonbonded interaction energies computed between each residue of peptides (insulin and dcVILPs) and the receptors, we provide details on residues establishing significant interactions. The observed site-1 insulin/μIR interactions are consistent with previous experimental studies, and a residue-level comparison of interactions of peptides (insulin and dcVILPs) with the receptors revealed that, due to sequence differences, dcVILPs also establish some interactions distinct from those between insulin and IR. We also designed insulin analogs and report enhanced interactions between some analogs and the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Gorai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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37
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Umebayashi M, Takemoto S, Reymond L, Sundukova M, Hovius R, Bucci A, Heppenstall PA, Yokota H, Johnsson K, Riezman H. A covalently linked probe to monitor local membrane properties surrounding plasma membrane proteins. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213783. [PMID: 36571579 PMCID: PMC9802683 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional membrane proteins in the plasma membrane are suggested to have specific membrane environments that play important roles to maintain and regulate their function. However, the local membrane environments of membrane proteins remain largely unexplored due to the lack of available techniques. We have developed a method to probe the local membrane environment surrounding membrane proteins in the plasma membrane by covalently tethering a solvatochromic, environment-sensitive dye, Nile Red, to a GPI-anchored protein and the insulin receptor through a flexible linker. The fluidity of the membrane environment of the GPI-anchored protein depended upon the saturation of the acyl chains of the lipid anchor. The local environment of the insulin receptor was distinct from the average plasma membrane fluidity and was quite dynamic and heterogeneous. Upon addition of insulin, the local membrane environment surrounding the receptor specifically increased in fluidity in an insulin receptor-kinase dependent manner and on the distance between the dye and the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Umebayashi
- https://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry and National Centre for Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Sciences II, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Myoridge Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Takemoto
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Centre for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - Luc Reymond
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Institute of Bioengineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mayya Sundukova
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Rome, Monterotondo, Italy,https://ror.org/000xsnr85Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ruud Hovius
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Institute of Bioengineering, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Bucci
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paul A. Heppenstall
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Rome, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Hideo Yokota
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Centre for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Howard Riezman
- https://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry and National Centre for Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Sciences II, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Correspondence to Howard Riezman:
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38
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Dey A, Mitra D, Rachineni K, Khatri LR, Paithankar H, Vajpai N, Kumar A. Mapping of Methyl Epitopes of a Peptide-Drug with Its Receptor by 2D STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200489. [PMID: 36227643 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The current trend in the biopharmaceutical market has boosted the development and production of biological drugs with high efficacy and fidelity for receptor binding. While high-resolution structural insights into binding epitopes of the receptor are indispensable for better therapeutic design, it is tedious and costly. In this work, we develop a protocol by integrating two well-known NMR-based solution-state methods. Saturation transfer double-difference with methyl-TROSY (STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR) was used to probe methyl binding epitopes of the ligand in a label-free environment. This study was carried out with Human insulin as a model peptide drug, with the insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), which is an off-target receptor for insulin. Methyl epitopes identified from STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR spectroscopy were validated through the HADDOCK platform to generate a drug-receptor model. Since this method can be applied at natural abundance, it has the potential to screen a large set of peptide-drug interactions for optimum receptor binding. Thus, we propose STDD-Methyl TROSY NMR spectroscopy as a technique for rapid screening of biologics for the development of optimized biopharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anomitra Dey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debarghya Mitra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Kavitha Rachineni
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Lakshya Raj Khatri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harshad Paithankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Navratna Vajpai
- Biocon Biologics Limited, Biocon Park (SEZ), Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai, 400076, India
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39
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Wu C, Huang X, Dong F, Tang W, Shi J, Lu X, Shu Q, Zhang X. Cryo-EM structure shows how two IGF1 hormones bind to the human IGF1R receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:121-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Tavasoli B, Khanmohammadi S, Yahyaei M, Barshan-Tashnizi M, Mehrnejad F. Insight into Molecular Mechanism of Human Insulin Encapsulation into the Polyacrylic Acid/Deoxycholic Acid-Modified Chitosan Nanogel: An Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Smith NA, Menting JG, Weiss MA, Lawrence MC, Smith BJ. Single-chain insulin analogs threaded by the insulin receptor αCT domain. Biophys J 2022; 121:4063-4077. [PMID: 36181268 PMCID: PMC9675026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a mainstay of therapy for diabetes mellitus, yet its thermal stability complicates global transportation and storage. Cold-chain transport, coupled with optimized formulation and materials, prevents to some degree nucleation of amyloid and hence inactivation of hormonal activity. These issues hence motivate the design of analogs with increased stability, with a promising approach being single-chain insulins (SCIs), whose C domains (foreshortened relative to proinsulin) resemble those of the single-chain growth factors (IGFs). We have previously demonstrated that optimized SCIs can exhibit native-like hormonal activity with enhanced thermal stability and marked resistance to fibrillation. Here, we describe the crystal structure of an ultrastable SCI (C-domain length 6; sequence EEGPRR) bound to modules of the insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain (N-terminal α-subunit domains L1-CR and C-terminal αCT peptide; "microreceptor" [μIR]). The structure of the SCI-μIR complex, stabilized by an Fv module, was determined using diffraction data to a resolution of 2.6 Å. Remarkably, the αCT peptide (IR-A isoform) "threads" through a gap between the flexible C domain and the insulin core. To explore such threading, we undertook molecular dynamics simulations to 1) compare threaded with unthreaded binding modes and 2) evaluate effects of C-domain length on these alternate modes. The simulations (employing both conventional and enhanced sampling simulations) provide evidence that very short linkers (C-domain length of -1) would limit gap opening in the SCI and so impair threading. We envisage that analogous threading occurs in the intact SCI-IR complex-rationalizing why minimal C-domain lengths block complete activity-and might be exploited to design novel receptor-isoform-specific analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John G Menting
- WEHI, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- WEHI, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Brian J Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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42
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Cheng D, Lee JS, Brown M, Ebert MS, McGrath PT, Tomioka M, Iino Y, Bargmann CI. Insulin/IGF signaling regulates presynaptic glutamate release in aversive olfactory learning. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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43
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Kim J, Yunn NO, Park M, Kim J, Park S, Kim Y, Noh J, Ryu SH, Cho Y. Functional selectivity of insulin receptor revealed by aptamer-trapped receptor structures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6500. [PMID: 36310231 PMCID: PMC9618554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of insulin receptor (IR) initiates a cascade of conformational changes and autophosphorylation events. Herein, we determined three structures of IR trapped by aptamers using cryo-electron microscopy. The A62 agonist aptamer selectively activates metabolic signaling. In the absence of insulin, the two A62 aptamer agonists of IR adopt an insulin-accessible arrowhead conformation by mimicking site-1/site-2' insulin coordination. Insulin binding at one site triggers conformational changes in one protomer, but this movement is blocked in the other protomer by A62 at the opposite site. A62 binding captures two unique conformations of IR with a similar stalk arrangement, which underlie Tyr1150 mono-phosphorylation (m-pY1150) and selective activation for metabolic signaling. The A43 aptamer, a positive allosteric modulator, binds at the opposite side of the insulin-binding module, and stabilizes the single insulin-bound IR structure that brings two FnIII-3 regions into closer proximity for full activation. Our results suggest that spatial proximity of the two FnIII-3 ends is important for m-pY1150, but multi-phosphorylation of IR requires additional conformational rearrangement of intracellular domains mediated by coordination between extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Oh Yunn
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Mangeun Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihan Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeun Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojoong Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Noh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yunje Cho
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
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44
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Mathavan I, Liu LJ, Robinson SW, El-Sakkary N, Elatico AJJ, Gomez D, Nellas R, Owens RJ, Zuercher W, Navratilova I, Caffrey CR, Beis K. Identification of Inhibitors of the Schistosoma mansoni VKR2 Kinase Domain. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1715-1722. [PMID: 36385939 PMCID: PMC9661718 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms. Current treatment relies on just one partially effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Schistosoma mansoni Venus Kinase Receptors 1 and 2 (SmVKR1 and SmVKR2) are important for parasite growth and egg production, and are potential targets for combating schistosomiasis. VKRs consist of an extracellular Venus Flytrap Module (VFTM) linked via a transmembrane helix to a kinase domain. Here, we initiated a drug discovery effort to inhibit the activity of the SmVKR2 kinase domain (SmVKR2KD) by screening the GSK published kinase inhibitor set 2 (PKIS2). We identified several inhibitors, of which four were able to inhibit its enzymatic activity and induced phenotypic changes in ex vivo S. mansoni. Our crystal structure of the SmVKR2KD displays an active-like state that sheds light on the activation process of VKRs. Our data provide a basis for the further exploration of SmVKR2 as a possible drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indran Mathavan
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at
Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence J. Liu
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sean W. Robinson
- Kinetic
Discovery Ltd., an Exscientia group company, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science
Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Adam Jo J. Elatico
- Institute
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Darwin Gomez
- Institute
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Ricky Nellas
- Institute
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- The Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom,Division
of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United
Kingdom
| | - William Zuercher
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Iva Navratilova
- Kinetic
Discovery Ltd., an Exscientia group company, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science
Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States,E-mail:
| | - Konstantinos Beis
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at
Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom,E-mail:
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45
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Ghiarone T, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Foote CA, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ferreira-Santos L, Cabral-Amador FJ, de la Torre R, Ganga RR, Wheeler AA, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. ADAM17 cleaves the insulin receptor ectodomain on endothelial cells and causes vascular insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H688-H701. [PMID: 36018759 PMCID: PMC9512115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and vascular insulin resistance are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, several potential mechanisms causing abnormal endothelial insulin signaling in T2D need further investigation. Evidence indicates that the activity of ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17) and the presence of insulin receptor (IR) in plasma are increased in subjects with T2D. Accordingly, we hypothesized that in T2D, increased ADAM17 activity sheds the IR ectodomain from endothelial cells and impairs insulin-induced vasodilation. We used small visceral arteries isolated from a cross-sectional study of subjects with and without T2D undergoing bariatric surgery, human cultured endothelial cells, and recombinant proteins to test our hypothesis. Here, we demonstrate that arteries from subjects with T2D had increased ADAM17 expression, reduced presence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3), decreased extracellular IRα, and impaired insulin-induced vasodilation versus those from subjects without T2D. In vitro, active ADAM17 cleaved the ectodomain of the IRβ subunit. Endothelial cells with ADAM17 overexpression or exposed to the protein kinase-C activator, PMA, had increased ADAM17 activity, decreased IRα presence on the cell surface, and increased IR shedding. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of ADAM17 with TAPI-0 rescued PMA-induced IR shedding and insulin-signaling impairments in endothelial cells and insulin-stimulated vasodilation in human arteries. In aggregate, our findings suggest that ADAM17-mediated shedding of IR from the endothelial surface impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation. Thus, we propose that inhibition of ADAM17 sheddase activity should be considered a strategy to restore vascular insulin sensitivity in T2D.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the involvement of ADAM17 in causing impaired insulin-induced vasodilation in T2D. We provide evidence that ADAM17 activity is increased in the vasculature of patients with T2D and support the notion that ADAM17-mediated shedding of endothelial IRα ectodomains is a novel mechanism causing vascular insulin resistance. Our results highlight that targeting ADAM17 activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy to correct vascular insulin resistance in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher A Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Rama R Ganga
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Andrew A Wheeler
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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46
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Kirk NS, Chen Q, Wu YG, Asante AL, Hu H, Espinosa JF, Martínez-Olid F, Margetts MB, Mohammed FA, Kiselyov VV, Barrett DG, Lawrence MC. Activation of the human insulin receptor by non-insulin-related peptides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5695. [PMID: 36171189 PMCID: PMC9519552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human insulin receptor signalling system plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis. Insulin binding brings about extensive conformational change in the receptor extracellular region that in turn effects trans-activation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains and downstream signalling. Of particular therapeutic interest is whether insulin receptor signalling can be replicated by molecules other than insulin. Here, we present single-particle cryoEM structures that show how a 33-mer polypeptide unrelated to insulin can cross-link two sites on the receptor surface and direct the receptor into a signalling-active conformation. The 33-mer polypeptide engages the receptor by two helical binding motifs that are each potentially mimicable by small molecules. The resultant conformation of the receptor is distinct from—but related to—those in extant three-dimensional structures of the insulin-complexed receptor. Our findings thus illuminate unexplored pathways for controlling the signalling of the insulin receptor as well as opportunities for development of insulin mimetics. The regulation of plasma glucose levels is effected by insulin. Here, the authors reveal atomic detail of how peptides distinct from insulin bind to and activate the insulin receptor, with implications for design of small-molecule insulin mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Kirk
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Qi Chen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Yingzhe Ginger Wu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - Haitao Hu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Juan F Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid, 28108, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez-Olid
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid, 28108, Spain
| | | | - Faiz A Mohammed
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - David G Barrett
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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47
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Activation of the insulin receptor by an insulin mimetic peptide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5594. [PMID: 36151101 PMCID: PMC9508239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) signaling defects cause a variety of metabolic diseases including diabetes. Moreover, inherited mutations of the IR cause severe insulin resistance, leading to early morbidity and mortality with limited therapeutic options. A previously reported selective IR agonist without sequence homology to insulin, S597, activates IR and mimics insulin's action on glycemic control. To elucidate the mechanism of IR activation by S597, we determine cryo-EM structures of the mouse IR/S597 complex. Unlike the compact T-shaped active IR resulting from the binding of four insulins to two distinct sites, two S597 molecules induce and stabilize an extended T-shaped IR through the simultaneous binding to both the L1 domain of one protomer and the FnIII-1 domain of another. Importantly, S597 fully activates IR mutants that disrupt insulin binding or destabilize the insulin-induced compact T-shape, thus eliciting insulin-like signaling. S597 also selectively activates IR signaling among different tissues and triggers IR endocytosis in the liver. Overall, our structural and functional studies guide future efforts to develop insulin mimetics targeting insulin resistance caused by defects in insulin binding and stabilization of insulin-activated state of IR, demonstrating the potential of structure-based drug design for insulin-resistant diseases.
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48
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Li L, Hu J, Różycki B, Ji J, Song F. Interplay of receptor-ligand binding and lipid domain formation during cell adhesion. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1019477. [PMID: 36203878 PMCID: PMC9531914 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1019477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion involved in biological processes such as cell migration, immune responses, and cancer metastasis, is mediated by the specific binding of receptor and ligand proteins. Some of these proteins exhibit affinity for nanoscale lipid clusters in cell membranes. A key question is how these nanoscale lipid clusters influence and react to the receptor-ligand binding during cell adhesion. In this article, we review recent computational studies that shed new light on the interplay of the receptor-ligand binding and the formation of lipid domains in adhering membranes. These studies indicate that the receptor-ligand binding promotes coalescence of lipid clusters into mesoscale domains, which, in turn, enhances both the affinity and cooperativity of the receptor-ligand binding in cell-cell adhesion with mobile ligands. In contrast, in the case of cell-extracellular matrix adhesion with immobile ligands, the receptor-ligand binding and the lipid cluster coalescence can be correlated or anti-correlated, depending strongly on the ligand distribution. These findings deepen our understanding of correlations between cell adhesion and membrane heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jinglei Hu, ; Bartosz Różycki, ; Jing Ji,
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jinglei Hu, ; Bartosz Różycki, ; Jing Ji,
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jinglei Hu, ; Bartosz Różycki, ; Jing Ji,
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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49
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Abstract
Single-pass transmembrane receptors (SPTMRs) represent a diverse group of integral membrane proteins that are involved in many essential cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, and transmembrane transport of materials. Dysregulation of the SPTMRs is linked with many human diseases. Despite extensive efforts in past decades, the mechanisms of action of the SPTMRs remain incompletely understood. One major hurdle is the lack of structures of the full-length SPTMRs in different functional states. Such structural information is difficult to obtain by traditional structural biology methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The recent rapid development of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has led to an exponential surge in the number of high-resolution structures of integral membrane proteins, including SPTMRs. Cryo-EM structures of SPTMRs solved in the past few years have tremendously improved our understanding of how SPTMRs function. In this review, we will highlight these progresses in the structural studies of SPTMRs by single-particle cryo-EM, analyze important structural details of each protein involved, and discuss their implications on the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we also briefly discuss remaining challenges and exciting opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xuewu Zhang, Department of pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xiao-chen Bai, Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
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50
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Huang C, Palani A, Yang Z, Deng Q, Reddy V, Nargund RP, Lin S, Altezza S, Bianchi E, Orvieto F, Carrington P. Discovery of Insulin/GLP-1/Glucagon Triagonists for the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1255-1261. [PMID: 35978702 PMCID: PMC9377023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of insulin and incretin-based therapies has emerged as a potential promising tactic for the treatment of diabetes. Here we report the first example of a unimolecular triagonist to simultaneously target insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors, aiming for better glycemic control and superior weight loss. The strategy for constructing such a unimolecular triagonist is the conjugation of the insulin moiety and GLP-1R/GCGR coagonist peptide via alkyne-azide click chemistry. Two tractable series differentiated by insulin conjugation sites, B1F and B29K, were identified. Triagonist 13 prepared through the conjugation at insulin B1F and position 24 of GLP-1R/GCGR coagonist exhibited insulin activity comparable to that of insulin degludec and potent and balanced GLP-1R and GCGR activities. Pharmacokinetic profiles of 13 in both rat and minipig were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Vijay Reddy
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Songnian Lin
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simona Altezza
- Peptide
Chemistry Unit, Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptide
Chemistry Unit, Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Federica Orvieto
- Peptide
Chemistry Unit, Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Paul Carrington
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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