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Wang H, Xie G, Huang J. Genome-based characterization of a novel prophage of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VPS05ph1, a novel member of Peduoviridae. Virology 2024; 595:110087. [PMID: 38636362 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a globally important bacterium related to climate warming and health threat to human and marine animals. Yet, there is limited knowledge about its polylysogeny harboring multiple prophages and the genetic information. In this study, two prophages (VPS05ph1 and VPS05ph2) were identified in a V. parahaemolyticus isolate through genomic and transcriptional analyses. Both prophages were determined as HP1-like phages, located in a novel phylogenetic lineage of Peduoviridae. They shared a moderate genome-wide sequence similarity with each other and high synteny with the closest relatives, but showed low identities to the repressor counterparts of the representative phages within the family. In addition, no bacterial virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes and known phage-encoded lytic proteins were identified on both prophage genomes. Moreover, the V. parahaemolyticus isolate was induced with mitomycin, which caused aberrant cellular morphology and nonviability of bacterial cells and excision of prophage VPS05ph1, accompanied by the respective inhibition and promotion of transcriptions of the cI-like and cox-like regulator genes for phage decision making. Results in this study provide the genetic context of polylysogeny in the V. parahaemolyticus isolate, support the diversity and prevalence of HP1-like phages in vibrios, and promote to explore interactions between the HP1-like prophage and its vibrio host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guosi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China; Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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2
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Mahadevaswamy UR, Mugunthan S, Seviour T, Kjelleberg S, Lim S. Evaluating a polymicrobial biofilm model for structural components by co-culturing Komagataeibacter hansenii produced bacterial cellulose with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Biofilm 2024; 7:100176. [PMID: 38322579 PMCID: PMC10845243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
A polymicrobial biofilm model of Komagataeibacter hansenii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed to understand whether a pre-existing matrix affects the ability of another species to build a biofilm. P. aeruginosa was inoculated onto the preformed K. hansenii biofilm consisting of a cellulose matrix. P. aeruginosa PAO1 colonized and infiltrated the K. hansenii bacterial cellulose biofilm (BC), as indicated by the presence of cells at 19 μm depth in the translucent hydrogel matrix. Bacterial cell density increased along the imaged depth of the biofilm (17-19 μm). On day 5, the average bacterial count across sections was 67 ± 4 % P. aeruginosa PAO1 and 33 ± 6 % K. hansenii. Biophysical characterization of the biofilm indicated that colonization by P. aeruginosa modified the biophysical properties of the BC matrix, which inlcuded increased density, heterogeneity, degradation temperature and thermal stability, and reduced crystallinity, swelling ability and moisture content. This further indicates colonization of the biofilm by P. aeruginosa. While eDNA fibres - a key viscoelastic component of P. aeruginosa biofilm - were present on the surface of the co-cultured biofilm on day 1, their abundance decreased over time, and by day 5, no eDNA was observed, either on the surface or within the matrix. P. aeruginosa-colonized biofilm devoid of eDNA retained its mechanical properties. The observations demonstrate that a pre-existing biofilm scaffold of K. hansenii inhibits P. aeruginosa PAO1 eDNA production and suggest that eDNA production is a response by P. aeruginosa to the viscoelastic properties of its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Rani Mahadevaswamy
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sudarsan Mugunthan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Thomas Seviour
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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3
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Takahara M, Hirayama S, Futamata H, Nakao R, Tashiro Y. Biofilm-derived membrane vesicles exhibit potent immunomodulatory activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 38797913 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria form biofilms on epithelial cells, and most bacterial biofilms show increased production of membrane vesicles (MVs), also known as outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria. Numerous studies have investigated the MVs released under planktonic conditions; however, the impact of MVs released from biofilms on immune responses remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and immunomodulatory activity of MVs obtained from both planktonic and biofilm cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The innate immune responses of macrophages to planktonic-derived MVs (p-MVs) and biofilm-derived MVs (b-MVs) were investigated by measuring the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Our results showed that b-MVs induced a higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, including Il1b, Il6, and Il12p40, than p-MVs. The mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) differed between the two types of MVs, but not Tlr2. Polymyxin B significantly neutralized b-MV-mediated cytokine induction, suggesting that lipopolysaccharide of native b-MVs is the origin of the immune response. In addition, heat-treated or homogenized b-MVs induced the mRNA expression of cytokines, including Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Il12p40. Heat treatment of MVs led to increased expression of Tlr2 but not Tlr4, suggesting that TLR2 ligands play a role in detecting the pathogen-associated molecular patterns in lysed MVs. Taken together, our data indicate that potent immunomodulatory MVs are produced in P. aeruginosa biofilms and that this behavior could be a strategy for the bacteria to infect host cells. Furthermore, our findings would contribute to developing novel vaccines using MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minato Takahara
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Futamata
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoma Nakao
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tashiro
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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4
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Wang S, Tian R, Bi Y, Meng F, Zhang R, Wang C, Wang D, Liu L, Zhang B. A review of distribution and functions of extracellular DNA in the environment and wastewater treatment systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142264. [PMID: 38714248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular DNA refers to DNA fragments existing outside the cell, originating from various cell release mechanisms, including active secretion, cell lysis, and phage-mediated processes. Extracellular DNA serves as a vital environmental biomarker, playing crucial ecological and environmental roles in water bodies. This review is summarized the mechanisms of extracellular DNA release, including pathways involving cell lysis, extracellular vesicles, and type IV secretion systems. Then, the extraction and detection methods of extracellular DNA from water, soil, and biofilm are described and analyzed. Finally, we emphasize the role of extracellular DNA in microbial community systems, including its significant contributions to biofilm formation, biodiversity through horizontal gene transfer, and electron transfer processes. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the sources, distribution, functions, and impacts of extracellular DNA within aquatic environments, aiming to foster further exploration and understanding of extracellular DNA dynamics in aquatic environments as well as other environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopo Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanmeng Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Fansheng Meng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingjie Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Tianjin Eco-City Water Investment and Construction Co. Ltd, Hexu Road 276, Tianjin, 300467, China
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Dobrut A, Skibiński J, Bekier A, Drożdż K, Rudnicka K, Płociński P, Siemińska I, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Development of a prototypic, field-usable diagnostic tool for the detection of gram-positive cocci-induced mastitis in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:169. [PMID: 38698383 PMCID: PMC11064325 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine mastitis is one of the most widespread diseases affecting cattle, leading to significant losses for the dairy industry. Currently, the so-called gold standard in mastitis diagnosis involves determining the somatic cell count (SCC). Apart from a number of advantages, this method has one serious flaw: It does not identify the etiological factor causing a particular infection, making it impossible to introduce targeted antimicrobial therapy. This can contribute to multidrug-resistance in bacterial species. The diagnostic market lacks a test that has the advantages of SCC and also recognizes the species of pathogen causing the inflammation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on elongation factor Tu for identifying most prevalent Gram-positive cocci responsible for causing mastitis including Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS As a result, we showed that the assay for S. uberis detection demonstrated a specificity of 89.02%, a sensitivity of 43.59%, and an accuracy of 80.3%. In turn, the second variant - assay for Gram-positive cocci reached a specificity of 95.59%, a sensitivity of 43.28%, and an accuracy of 78.33%. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that EF-Tu is a promising target for LFIA and we have delivered evidence that further evaluation could improve test parameters and fill the gap in the mastitis diagnostics market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dobrut
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Skibiński
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of The Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Bekier
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Pulmonology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamil Drożdż
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Siemińska
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Omran BA, Tseng BS, Baek KH. Nanocomposites against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Recent advances, challenges, and future prospects. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127656. [PMID: 38432017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes life-threatening and persistent infections in immunocompromised patients. It is the culprit behind a variety of hospital-acquired infections owing to its multiple tolerance mechanisms against antibiotics and disinfectants. Biofilms are sessile microbial aggregates that are formed as a result of the cooperation and competition between microbial cells encased in a self-produced matrix comprised of extracellular polymeric constituents that trigger surface adhesion and microbial aggregation. Bacteria in biofilms exhibit unique features that are quite different from planktonic bacteria, such as high resistance to antibacterial agents and host immunity. Biofilms of P. aeruginosa are difficult to eradicate due to intrinsic, acquired, and adaptive resistance mechanisms. Consequently, innovative approaches to combat biofilms are the focus of the current research. Nanocomposites, composed of two or more different types of nanoparticles, have diverse therapeutic applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties. They are emerging multifunctional nanoformulations that combine the desired features of the different elements to obtain the highest functionality. This review assesses the recent advances of nanocomposites, including metal-, metal oxide-, polymer-, carbon-, hydrogel/cryogel-, and metal organic framework-based nanocomposites for the eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilms. The characteristics and virulence mechanisms of P. aeruginosa biofilms, as well as their devastating impact and economic burden are discussed. Future research addressing the potential use of nanocomposites as innovative anti-biofilm agents is emphasized. Utilization of nanocomposites safely and effectively should be further strengthened to confirm the safety aspects of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma A Omran
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Processes Design & Development, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), PO 11727, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boo Shan Tseng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Jiang B, Lai Y, Xiao W, Zhong T, Liu F, Gong J, Huang J. Microbial extracellular vesicles contribute to antimicrobial resistance. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012143. [PMID: 38696356 PMCID: PMC11065233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the escalating global antimicrobial resistance crisis, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies against drug-resistant microbes. Accumulating evidence indicates microbial extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, comprehensively elucidating the roles and mechanisms of microbial EVs in conferring resistance could provide new perspectives and avenues for novel antimicrobial approaches. In this review, we systematically examine current research on antimicrobial resistance involving bacterial, fungal, and parasitic EVs, delineating the mechanisms whereby microbial EVs promote resistance. Finally, we discuss the application of bacterial EVs in antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi Lai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Xiao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fengping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junjie Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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8
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Wang X, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles: an evolving story. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00088-X. [PMID: 38677977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen that causes a wide variety of human diseases in community and hospital settings. S. aureus employs a diverse array of virulence factors, both surface-associated and secreted, to promote colonization, infection, and immune evasion. Over the past decade, a growing body of research has shown that S. aureus generates extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) that package a variety of bacterial components, many of which are virulence factors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of S. aureus MVs and highlight their biogenesis, cargo, and potential role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. Lastly, we present some emerging questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Nie X, Li Q, Chen X, Onyango S, Xie J, Nie S. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Vital contributors to physiology from bacteria to host. Microbiol Res 2024; 284:127733. [PMID: 38678680 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) represent spherical particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 nm filled with multiple parental bacteria-derived components, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules. The production of bEVs facilitates bacteria interacting with their environment and exerting biological functions. It is increasingly evident that the bEVs play integral roles in both bacterial and host physiology, contributing to environmental adaptations to functioning as health promoters for their hosts. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on the composition, biogenesis, and diversity of bEVs and the mechanisms by which different bEVs elicit effects on bacterial physiology and host health. We posit that an in-depth exploration of the mechanistic aspects of bEVs activity is essential to elucidate their health-promoting effects on the host and may facilitate the translation of bEVs into applications as novel natural biological nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xinyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | | | - Junhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Muñoz-Echeverri LM, Benavides-López S, Geiger O, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: biotechnological perspective for enhanced productivity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:174. [PMID: 38642254 PMCID: PMC11032300 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are non-replicative nanostructures released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as a survival mechanism and inter- and intraspecific communication mechanism. Due to BEVs physical, biochemical, and biofunctional characteristics, there is interest in producing and using them in developing new therapeutics, vaccines, or delivery systems. However, BEV release is typically low, limiting their application. Here, we provide a biotechnological perspective to enhance BEV production, highlighting current strategies. The strategies include the production of hypervesiculating strains through gene modification, bacteria culture under stress conditions, and artificial vesicles production. We discussed the effect of these production strategies on BEVs types, morphology, composition, and activity. Furthermore, we summarized general aspects of BEV biogenesis, functional capabilities, and applications, framing their current importance and the need to produce them in abundance. This review will expand the knowledge about the range of strategies associated with BEV bioprocesses to increase their productivity and extend their application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Muñoz-Echeverri
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Santiago Benavides-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México.
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11
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Sharma DK, Rajpurohit YS. Multitasking functions of bacterial extracellular DNA in biofilms. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0000624. [PMID: 38445859 PMCID: PMC11025335 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are intricate ecosystems of microbial communities that adhere to various surfaces and are enveloped by an extracellular matrix composed of polymeric substances. Within the context of bacterial biofilms, extracellular DNA (eDNA) originates from cell lysis or is actively secreted, where it exerts a significant influence on the formation, stability, and resistance of biofilms to environmental stressors. The exploration of eDNA within bacterial biofilms holds paramount importance in research, with far-reaching implications for both human health and the environment. An enhanced understanding of the functions of eDNA in biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance could inspire the development of strategies to combat biofilm-related infections and improve the management of antibiotic resistance. This comprehensive review encapsulates the latest discoveries concerning eDNA, encompassing its origins, functions within bacterial biofilms, and significance in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Kumar Sharma
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Schools of Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE—Deemed University), Mumbai, India
| | - Yogendra Singh Rajpurohit
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Schools of Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE—Deemed University), Mumbai, India
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12
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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Cho KJ, Kim YM. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Modulation of biofilm and virulence properties. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:13-23. [PMID: 38417645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens cause persistent infections by forming biofilms and producing numerous virulence factors. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanostructures produced by various bacterial species vital for molecular transport. BEVs include various components, including lipids (glycolipids, LPS, and phospholipids), nucleic acids (genomic DNA, plasmids, and short RNA), proteins (membrane proteins, enzymes, and toxins), and quorum-sensing signaling molecules. BEVs play a major role in forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilms by transporting EPS components such as extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. BEVs have been observed to carry various secretory virulence factors. Thus, BEVs play critical roles in cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, virulence, disease progression, and resistance to antimicrobial treatment. In contrast, BEVs have been shown to impede early-stage biofilm formation, disseminate mature biofilms, and reduce virulence. This review summarizes the current status in the literature regarding the composition and role of BEVs in microbial infections. Furthermore, the dual functions of BEVs in eliciting and suppressing biofilm formation and virulence in various microbial pathogens are thoroughly discussed. This review is expected to improve our understanding of the use of BEVs in determining the mechanism of biofilm development in pathogenic bacteria and in developing drugs to inhibit biofilm formation by microbial pathogens. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanostructures formed by membrane blebbing and explosive cell lysis. It is essential for transporting lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and quorum-sensing signaling molecules. BEVs play an important role in the formation of the biofilm's extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by transporting its components, such as extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Furthermore, BEVs shield genetic material from nucleases and thermodegradation by packaging it during horizontal gene transfer, contributing to the transmission of bacterial adaptation determinants like antibiotic resistance. Thus, BEVs play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, virulence enhancement, disease progression, and drug resistance. In contrast, BEVs have been shown to prevent early-stage biofilm, disperse mature biofilm, and reduce virulence characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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13
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Yaeger LN, Ranieri MRM, Chee J, Karabelas-Pittman S, Rudolph M, Giovannoni AM, Harvey H, Burrows LL. A genetic screen identifies a role for oprF in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm stimulation by subinhibitory antibiotics. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:30. [PMID: 38521769 PMCID: PMC10960818 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-associated communities of bacteria that grow in a self-produced matrix of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of antibiotics induce biofilm formation, potentially as a defensive response to antibiotic stress. However, the mechanisms behind sub-MIC antibiotic-induced biofilm formation are unclear. We show that treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with multiple classes of sub-MIC antibiotics with distinct targets induces biofilm formation. Further, addition of exogenous eDNA or cell lysate failed to increase biofilm formation to the same extent as antibiotics, suggesting that the release of cellular contents by antibiotic-driven bacteriolysis is insufficient. Using a genetic screen for stimulation-deficient mutants, we identified the outer membrane porin OprF and the ECF sigma factor SigX as important. Similarly, loss of OmpA - the Escherichia coli OprF homolog - prevented sub-MIC antibiotic stimulation of E. coli biofilms. Our screen also identified the periplasmic disulfide bond-forming enzyme DsbA and a predicted cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterase encoded by PA2200 as essential for biofilm stimulation. The phosphodiesterase activity of PA2200 is likely controlled by a disulfide bond in its regulatory domain, and folding of OprF is influenced by disulfide bond formation, connecting the mutant phenotypes. Addition of reducing agent dithiothreitol prevented sub-MIC antibiotic biofilm stimulation. Finally, activation of a c-di-GMP-responsive promoter follows treatment with sub-MIC antibiotics in the wild-type but not an oprF mutant. Together, these results show that antibiotic-induced biofilm formation is likely driven by a signaling pathway that translates changes in periplasmic redox state into elevated biofilm formation through increases in c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke N Yaeger
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R M Ranieri
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Chee
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sawyer Karabelas-Pittman
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Rudolph
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alessio M Giovannoni
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hanjeong Harvey
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lori L Burrows
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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14
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Xiu L, Wu Y, Lin G, Zhang Y, Huang L. Bacterial membrane vesicles: orchestrators of interkingdom interactions in microbial communities for environmental adaptation and pathogenic dynamics. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371317. [PMID: 38576623 PMCID: PMC10991846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their significant roles in bacterial physiology and pathogenic processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance and current research status of MVs in regulating bacterial physiology and pathogenic processes, as well as their crucial roles in environmental adaptation and pathogenic infections. We describe the formation mechanism, composition, structure, and functions of MVs, and discuss the various roles of MVs in bacterial environmental adaptation and pathogenic infections. Additionally, we analyze the limitations and challenges of MV-related research and prospect the potential applications of MVs in environmental adaptation, pathogenic mechanisms, and novel therapeutic strategies. This review emphasizes the significance of understanding and studying MVs for the development of new insights into bacterial environmental adaptation and pathogenic processes. Overall, this review contributes to our understanding of the intricate interplay between bacteria and their environment and provides valuable insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gongshi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Marine & Fisheries Research Institute, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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15
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Joseph A, Anton L, Guan Y, Ferguson B, Mirro I, Meng N, France M, Ravel J, Elovitz MA. Extracellular vesicles from vaginal Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus mulieris contain distinct proteomic cargo and induce inflammatory pathways. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:28. [PMID: 38514622 PMCID: PMC10957959 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the vaginal space with bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus mulieris is associated with increased risk for STIs, bacterial vaginosis, and preterm birth, while Lactobacillus crispatus is associated with optimal reproductive health. Although host-microbe interactions are hypothesized to contribute to reproductive health and disease, the bacterial mediators that are critical to this response remain unclear. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are proposed to participate in host-microbe communication by providing protection of bacterial cargo, delivery to intracellular targets, and ultimately induction of immune responses from the host. We evaluated the proteome of bEVs produced in vitro from G. vaginalis, M. mulieris, and L. crispatus, identifying specific proteins of immunologic interest. We found that bEVs from each bacterial species internalize within cervical and vaginal epithelial cells, and that epithelial and immune cells express a multi-cytokine response when exposed to bEVs from G. vaginalis and M. mulieris but not L. crispatus. Further, we demonstrate that the inflammatory response induced by G. vaginalis and M. mulieris bEVs is TLR2-specific. Our results provide evidence that vaginal bacteria communicate with host cells through secreted bEVs, revealing a mechanism by which bacteria lead to adverse reproductive outcomes associated with inflammation. Elucidating host-microbe interactions in the cervicovaginal space will provide further insight into the mechanisms contributing to microbiome-mediated adverse outcomes and may reveal new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Women's Biomedical Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.
| | - Lauren Anton
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuxia Guan
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Briana Ferguson
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Isabella Mirro
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nova Meng
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael France
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Women's Biomedical Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
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16
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Li Q, Li J, He T, Ji X, Wei R, Yu M, Wang R. Sub-MIC Antibiotics Modulate Productions of Outer Membrane Vesicles in Tigecycline-Resistant Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:276. [PMID: 38534711 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognized as one of the most important crises affecting global human health in the 21st century. Tigecycline is one of the last resort antibiotics for treating severe infections caused by multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae. However, the mobile resistance gene tet(X4), which could mediate high-level tigecycline resistance, was discovered in 2019. The outer membrane vesicle (OMV) has been recognized as a new route for horizontal gene transfer; antimicrobial resistant bacteria also have the ability to secret OMVs, while little is known about the impact of antibiotics on the secretion and characteristics of OMVs from tigecycline resistant bacteria till now. This study aimed to investigate the effects of antibiotics on the production and traits of a tigecycline resistant Escherichia coli strain of 47EC. The results showed that sub-inhibitory (1/2 MIC or 1/4 MIC) concentrations of gentamicin, meropenem, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, tigecycline, ciprofloxacin, polymycin, rifaximin and mitomycin C could significantly increase the secretion of OMVs (0.713 ± 0.05~6.333 ± 0.15 mg/mL) from E. coli 47EC compared to the respective untreated control (0.709 ± 0.03 mg/mL). In addition, the particle sizes of OMVs were generally larger, and the zeta potential were lower in the antibiotics-treated groups than those of the antibiotic-free group. The copy numbers of the tigecycline resistance gene of tet(X4) in the OMVs of most antimicrobial-treated groups were higher than that of the control group. Moreover, transcriptome analysis on ciprofloxacin-treated E. coli 47EC indicated that the SOS response and prophage activation might participate in the ciprofloxacin-induced OMV formation. In conclusion, the clinical application of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections, especially multi-drug resistant bacteria, might lead to the increased secretion of bacterial OMVs and the enrichment of antimicrobial-resistant genes in the OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Meiling Yu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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17
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Chen Q, Cai P, Chang THW, Burgener E, Kratochvil MJ, Gupta A, Hargil A, Secor PR, Nielsen JE, Barron AE, Milla C, Heilshorn SC, Spakowitz A, Bollyky PL. Pf bacteriophages hinder sputum antibiotic diffusion via electrostatic binding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.10.584330. [PMID: 38496625 PMCID: PMC10942440 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.10.584330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite great progress in the field, chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis, necessitating treatment with inhaled antibiotics. Pf phage is a filamentous bacteriophage produced by Pa that has been reported to act as a structural element in Pa biofilms. Pf presence has been associated with resistance to antibiotics and poor outcomes in cystic fibrosis, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we have investigated how Pf phages and sputum biopolymers impede antibiotic diffusion using human sputum samples and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching. We demonstrate that tobramycin interacts with Pf phages and sputum polymers through electrostatic interactions. We also developed a set of mathematical models to analyze the complex observations. Our analysis suggests that Pf phages in sputum reduce the diffusion of charged antibiotics due to a greater binding constant associated with organized liquid crystalline structures formed between Pf phages and sputum polymers. This study provides insights into antibiotic tolerance mechanisms in chronic Pa infections and may offer potential strategies for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pam Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Tony Hong Wei Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Elizabeth Burgener
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Michael J. Kratochvil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Patrick R. Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, United States
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine & School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine & School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Carlos Milla
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andy Spakowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
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18
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Mansky J, Wang H, Wagner-Döbler I, Tomasch J. The effect of site-specific recombinases XerCD on the removal of over-replicated chromosomal DNA through outer membrane vesicles in bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0234323. [PMID: 38349173 PMCID: PMC10913375 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02343-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are universally produced by Gram-negative bacteria and play important roles in symbiotic and pathogenic interactions. The DNA from the lumen of OMVs from the Alphaproteobacterium Dinoroseobacter shibae was previously shown to be enriched for the region around the terminus of replication ter and specifically for the recognition sequence dif of the two site-specific recombinases XerCD. These enzymes are highly conserved in bacteria and play an important role in the last phase of cell division. Here, we show that a similar enrichment of ter and dif is found in the DNA inside OMVs from Prochlorococcus marinus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, and Escherichia coli. The deletion of xerC or xerD in E. coli reduced the enrichment peak directly at the dif sequence, while the enriched DNA region around ter became broader, demonstrating that either enzyme influences the DNA content inside the lumen of OMVs. We propose that the intra-vesicle DNA originated from over-replication repair and the XerCD enzymes might play a role in this process, providing them with a new function in addition to resolving chromosome dimers.IMPORTANCEImprecise termination of replication can lead to over-replicated parts of bacterial chromosomes that have to be excised and removed from the dividing cell. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Our data show that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from diverse Gram-negative bacteria are enriched for DNA around the terminus of replication ter and the site-specific XerCD recombinases influence this enrichment. Clearing the divisome from over-replicated parts of the bacterial chromosome might be a so far unrecognized and conserved function of OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mansky
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Laboratory of Anoxygenic Phototrophs, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science–Centre Algatech, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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19
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Pardue EJ, Sartorio MG, Jana B, Scott NE, Beatty WL, Ortiz-Marquez JC, Van Opijnen T, Hsu FF, Potter RF, Feldman MF. Dual membrane-spanning anti-sigma factors regulate vesiculation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321910121. [PMID: 38422018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321910121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteroidota are abundant members of the human gut microbiota that shape the enteric landscape by modulating host immunity and degrading dietary- and host-derived glycans. These processes are mediated in part by Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs). Here, we developed a high-throughput screen to identify genes required for OMV biogenesis and its regulation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt). We identified a family of Dual membrane-spanning anti-sigma factors (Dma) that control OMV biogenesis. We conducted molecular and multiomic analyses to demonstrate that deletion of Dma1, the founding member of the Dma family, modulates OMV production by controlling the activity of the ECF21 family sigma factor, Das1, and its downstream regulon. Dma1 has a previously uncharacterized domain organization that enables Dma1 to span both the inner and outer membrane of Bt. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that this common feature of the Dma family is restricted to the phylum Bacteroidota. This study provides mechanistic insights into the regulation of OMV biogenesis in human gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Pardue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mariana G Sartorio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Biswanath Jana
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Wandy L Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | | | | | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert F Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
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20
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Zeng B, Li Y, Xia J, Xiao Y, Khan N, Jiang B, Liang Y, Duan L. Micro Trojan horses: Engineering extracellular vesicles crossing biological barriers for drug delivery. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10623. [PMID: 38435823 PMCID: PMC10905561 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological barriers of the body, such as the blood-brain, placental, intestinal, skin, and air-blood, protect against invading viruses and bacteria while providing necessary physical support. However, these barriers also hinder the delivery of drugs to target tissues, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures with a diameter ranging from 30 nm to 10 μm secreted by cells, offer a potential solution to this challenge. These natural vesicles can effectively pass through various biological barriers, facilitating intercellular communication. As a result, artificially engineered EVs that mimic or are superior to the natural ones have emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle, capable of delivering drugs to almost any body part to treat various diseases. This review first provides an overview of the formation and cross-species uptake of natural EVs from different organisms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. Later, it explores the current clinical applications, perspectives, and challenges associated with using engineered EVs as a drug delivery platform. Finally, it aims to inspire further research to help bioengineered EVs effectively cross biological barriers to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- Graduate SchoolGuangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanningGuangxiChina
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, ShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, SouthportGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nawaz Khan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Bin Jiang
- Graduate SchoolGuangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanningGuangxiChina
- R&D Division, Eureka Biotech Inc, PhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning HospitalShenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare and Shenzhen Institute of Mental HealthShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Li Duan
- Graduate SchoolGuangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanningGuangxiChina
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospitalthe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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21
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Sun J, Huang Y, Li X, Xu X, Cui X, Hao F, Ji Q, Chen C, Bao G, Liu Y. Characterization and immunological effect of outer membrane vesicles from Pasteurella multocida on macrophages. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:238. [PMID: 38407600 PMCID: PMC10896778 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is an important bacterial pathogen that can cause diseases in both animals and humans. Its elevated morbidity and mortality rates in animals result in substantial economic repercussions within the livestock industry. The prevention of diseases caused by P. multocida through immunization is impeded by the absence of a safe and effective vaccine. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria are spherical vesicular structures that encompass an array of periplasmic components in conjunction with a diverse assortment of lipids and proteins. These vesicles can induce antibacterial immune responses within the host. P. multocida has been shown to produce OMVs. Nonetheless, the precise characteristics and immunomodulatory functions of P. multocida OMVs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, OMVs were isolated from P. multocida using an ultrafiltration concentration technique, and their morphology, protein constitution, and immunomodulatory properties in RAW264.7 cells were studied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) revealed that the OMVs exhibited typical spherical and bilayered lipid vesicular architecture, exhibiting an average diameter of approximately 147.5 nm. The yield of OMVs was 2.6 × 1011 particles/mL. Proteomic analysis revealed a high abundance of membrane-associated proteins within P. multocida OMVs, with the capability to instigate the host's immune response. Furthermore, OMVs stimulated the proliferation and cellular uptake of macrophages and triggered the secretion of cytokines, such as TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1. Consequently, our results indicated that OMVs from P. multocida could directly interact with macrophages and regulate their immune function in vitro. These results supported the prospective applicability of P. multocida OMVs as a platform in the context of vaccine development. KEY POINTS: • Preparation and characterization of P. multocida OMVs. • P. multocida OMVs possess a range of antigens and lipoproteins associated with the activation of the immune system. • P. multocida OMVs can activate the proliferation, internalization, and cytokine secretion of macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfei Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Cui
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangjiao Hao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quanan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang, 310021, Hangzhou, China.
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22
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Tatarūnas V, Čiapienė I, Giedraitienė A. Precise Therapy Using the Selective Endogenous Encapsidation for Cellular Delivery Vector System. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:292. [PMID: 38399346 PMCID: PMC10893373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variability in drug response is a major problem in the prescription of pharmacological treatments. The therapeutic effect of drugs can be influenced by human genes. Pharmacogenomic guidelines for individualization of treatment have been validated and used for conventional dosage forms. However, drugs can often target non-specific areas and produce both desired and undesired pharmacological effects. The use of nanoparticles, liposomes, or other available forms for drug formulation could help to overcome the latter problem. Virus-like particles based on retroviruses could be a potential envelope for safe and efficient drug formulations. Human endogenous retroviruses would make it possible to overcome the host immune response and deliver drugs to the desired target. PEG10 is a promising candidate that can bind to mRNA because it is secreted like an enveloped virus-like extracellular vesicle. PEG10 is a retrotransposon-derived gene that has been domesticated. Therefore, formulations with PEG10 may have a lower immunogenicity. The use of existing knowledge can lead to the development of suitable drug formulations for the precise treatment of individual diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vacis Tatarūnas
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT 50103 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (I.Č.)
| | - Ieva Čiapienė
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT 50103 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (I.Č.)
| | - Agnė Giedraitienė
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 4, LT 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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23
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Cahill J, Holt A, Theodore M, Moreland R, O'Leary C, Martin C, Bettridge K, Xiao J, Young R. Spatial and temporal control of lysis by the lambda holin. mBio 2024; 15:e0129023. [PMID: 38126784 PMCID: PMC10865782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01290-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection cycle of phage λ terminates in lysis mediated by three types of lysis proteins, each disrupting a layer in the bacterial envelope: the S105 holin, the R endolysin, and the Rz/Rz1 spanin complex targeting the inner membrane, cell wall or peptidoglycan, and the outer membrane, respectively. Video microscopy has shown that in most infections, lysis occurs as a sudden, explosive event at a cell pole, such that the initial product is a less refractile ghost that retains rod-shaped morphology. Here, we investigate the molecular basis of polar lysis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the holin determines the morphology of lysis by suddenly forming two-dimensional rafts at the poles about 100 s prior to lysis. Given the physiological and biochemical similarities between the lambda holin and other class I holins, dynamic redistribution and sudden concentration may be common features of holins, probably reflecting the fitness advantage of all-or-nothing lysis regulation.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we use fluorescent video microscopy to track -green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled holin in the minutes prior to phage lysis. Our work contextualizes prior genetic and biochemical data, showing when hole formation starts and where holin oligomers form in relation to the site of lytic rupture. Furthermore, prior work showed that the morphology of lambda-infected cells is characterized by an explosive event starting at the cell pole; however, the basis for this was not clear. This study shows that holin most often oligomerizes at cell poles and that the site of the oligomerization is spatially correlated with the site of lytic blowout. Therefore, the holin is the key contributor to polar lysis morphology for phage lambda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Cahill
- Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ashley Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Theodore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Russell Moreland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Chandler O'Leary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cody Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kelsey Bettridge
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ry Young
- Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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24
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Feldmüller M, Ericson CF, Afanasyev P, Lien YW, Weiss GL, Wollweber F, Schoof M, Hurst M, Pilhofer M. Stepwise assembly and release of Tc toxins from Yersinia entomophaga. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:405-420. [PMID: 38316932 PMCID: PMC10847046 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Tc toxins are virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. Although their structure and intoxication mechanism are well understood, it remains elusive where this large macromolecular complex is assembled and how it is released. Here we show by an integrative multiscale imaging approach that Yersinia entomophaga Tc (YenTc) toxin components are expressed only in a subpopulation of cells that are 'primed' with several other potential virulence factors, including filaments of the protease M66/StcE. A phage-like lysis cassette is required for YenTc release; however, before resulting in complete cell lysis, the lysis cassette generates intermediate 'ghost' cells, which may serve as assembly compartments and become packed with assembled YenTc holotoxins. We hypothesize that this stepwise mechanism evolved to minimize the number of cells that need to be killed. The occurrence of similar lysis cassettes in diverse organisms indicates a conserved mechanism for Tc toxin release that may apply to other extracellular macromolecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Feldmüller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Charles F Ericson
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yun-Wei Lien
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor L Weiss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Wollweber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Schoof
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Resilient Agriculture, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark Hurst
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Resilient Agriculture, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin Pilhofer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Huang S, Lin J, Han X. Extracellular vesicles-Potential link between periodontal disease and diabetic complications. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38227219 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
It has long been suggested that a bidirectional impact exists between periodontitis and diabetes. Periodontitis may affect diabetes glycemic control, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications. Diabetes can worsen periodontitis by delaying wound healing and increasing the chance of infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous particles of membrane-enclosed spherical structure secreted by eukaryotes and prokaryotes and play a key role in a variety of diseases. This review will introduce the biogenesis, release, and biological function of EVs from a microbial and host cell perspective, discuss the functional properties of EVs in the development of periodontitis and diabetes, and explore their role in the pathogenesis and clinical application of these two diseases. Their clinical implication and diagnostic value are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Huang
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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26
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Hare PJ, Gonzalez JR, Quelle RM, Wu YI, Mok WWK. Metabolic and transcriptional activities underlie stationary-phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitivity to Levofloxacin. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0356723. [PMID: 38078717 PMCID: PMC10896071 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03567-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a variety of chronic human infections. Even in the absence of identifiable resistance mutations, this pathogen can tolerate lethal antibiotic doses through phenotypic strategies like biofilm formation and metabolic quiescence. In this study, we determined that P. aeruginosa maintains greater metabolic activity in the stationary phase compared to the model organism, Escherichia coli, which has traditionally been used to study fluoroquinolone antibiotic tolerance. We demonstrate that hallmarks of E. coli fluoroquinolone tolerance are not conserved in P. aeruginosa, including the timing of cell death and necessity of the SOS DNA damage response for survival. The heightened sensitivity of stationary-phase P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones is attributed to maintained transcriptional and reductase activity. Our data suggest that perturbations that suppress transcription and respiration in P. aeruginosa may actually protect the pathogen against this important class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Hare
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juliet R Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan M Quelle
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yi I Wu
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wendy W K Mok
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, UConn Health , Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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27
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De Soir S, Parée H, Kamarudin NHN, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Braem A, Merabishvili M, De Vos D, Pirnay JP, Van Bambeke F. Exploiting phage-antibiotic synergies to disrupt Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms in the context of orthopedic infections. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0321923. [PMID: 38084971 PMCID: PMC10783084 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03219-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Biofilm-related infections are among the most difficult-to-treat infections in all fields of medicine due to their antibiotic tolerance and persistent character. In the field of orthopedics, these biofilms often lead to therapeutic failure of medical implantable devices and urgently need novel treatment strategies. This forthcoming article aims to explore the dynamic interplay between newly isolated bacteriophages and routinely used antibiotics and clearly indicates synergetic patterns when used as a dual treatment modality. Biofilms were drastically more reduced when both active agents were combined, thereby providing additional evidence that phage-antibiotic combinations lead to synergism and could potentially improve clinical outcome for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Soir
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium
| | - Hortence Parée
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nur Hidayatul Nazirah Kamarudin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maya Merabishvili
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Wells M, Mikesh M, Gordon V. Structure-preserving fixation allows scanning electron microscopy to reveal biofilm microstructure and interactions with immune cells. J Microsc 2024; 293:59-68. [PMID: 38098170 PMCID: PMC10764082 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that forms robust biofilms which are commonly associated with chronic infections and cannot be successfully cleared by the immune system. Neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, target infections with pathogen-killing mechanisms that are rendered largely ineffective by the protective physicochemical structure of a biofilm. Visualisation of the complex interactions between immune cells and biofilms will advance understanding of how biofilms evade the immune system and could aid in developing treatment methods that promote immune clearance with minimal harm to the host. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) distinguishes itself as a powerful, high-resolution tool for obtaining strikingly clear and detailed topographical images. However, taking full advantage of SEM's potential for high-resolution imaging requires that the fixation process simultaneously preserve both intricate biofilm architecture and the morphologies and structural signatures characterising neutrophils responses at an infection site. Standard aldehyde-based fixation techniques result in significant loss of biofilm matrix material and morphologies of responding immune cells, thereby obscuring the details of immune interactions with the biofilm matrix. Here we show an improved fixation technique using the cationic dye alcian blue to preserve and visualise neutrophil interactions with the three-dimensional architecture of P. aeruginosa biofilms. We also demonstrate that this technique better preserves structures of biofilms grown from two other bacterial species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Burkholderia thailandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Wells
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle Mikesh
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Vernita Gordon
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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29
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Ayala-García P, Moreno-de Castro N, Jiménez-Guerrero I, Müsken M, Arce-Rodríguez A, Pérez-Montaño F, Borrero-de Acuña JM. Isolation, Quantification, and Visualization of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles in Rhizobia Under Free-Living Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2751:219-228. [PMID: 38265719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3617-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Rhizobia are a group of soil proteobacteria that are able to establish a symbiotic interaction with legumes. These bacteria are capable to fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia within specific plant root organs called nodules. The rhizobia-legume interaction is established by a complex molecular dialogue that starts with flavonoids exudated by the plant roots. In response, signaling molecules known as Nod factors (NFs) are secreted by the bacteria. These factors are sensed by specific plant receptors that trigger a downstream signaling cascade leading to rhizobium-specific intracellular colonization of the root hair via the formation of infection threads and the eventual development of nodules on roots. In these organs, rhizobia can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere for the plant in exchange for photosynthates and the appropriate environment for nitrogen fixation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) produced by some rhizobia carry NFs. EMVs are proteolipidic structures that are secreted to the milieu from the bacterial membranes and are involved in several important biological processes, including intercellular communication. Thus far, little is known about rhizobia vesicles, and further studies are needed to understand their functions, including their role as transporting vessels of signaling molecules during the process of symbiosis. Here, we present a detailed protocol to isolate high-purity EMVs from free-living cultured rhizobia, test their integrity, and quantify their abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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30
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Goh S, Inal J. Membrane Vesicles of Clostridioides difficile and Other Clostridial Species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1435:315-327. [PMID: 38175481 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42108-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles are secreted by growing bacterial cells and are important components of the bacterial secretome, with a role in delivering effector molecules that ultimately enable bacterial survival. Membrane vesicles of Clostridioides difficile likely contribute to pathogenicity and is a new area of research on which there is currently very limited information. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on membrane vesicle formation, content, methods of characterization and functions in Clostridia and model Gram-positive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Goh
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Jameel Inal
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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31
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Juodeikis R, Martins C, Saalbach G, Richardson J, Koev T, Baker DJ, Defernez M, Warren M, Carding SR. Differential temporal release and lipoprotein loading in B. thetaiotaomicron bacterial extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12406. [PMID: 38240185 PMCID: PMC10797578 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) contribute to stress responses, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and interspecies and interkingdom communication. However, the factors that regulate their release and heterogeneity are not well understood. We set out to investigate these factors in the common gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron by studying BEV release throughout their growth cycle. Utilising a range of methods, we demonstrate that vesicles released at different stages of growth have significantly different composition, with early vesicles enriched in specifically released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) containing a larger proportion of lipoproteins, while late phase BEVs primarily contain lytic vesicles with enrichment of cytoplasmic proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that lipoproteins containing a negatively charged signal peptide are preferentially incorporated in OMVs. We use this observation to predict all Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron OMV enriched lipoproteins and analyse their function. Overall, our findings highlight the need to understand media composition and BEV release dynamics prior to functional characterisation and define the theoretical functional capacity of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokas Juodeikis
- Food, Microbiome, and Health Research ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
| | | | | | | | - Trey Koev
- Food, Microbiome, and Health Research ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
- School of PharmacyUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Dave J. Baker
- Food, Microbiome, and Health Research ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
| | - Marianne Defernez
- Food, Microbiome, and Health Research ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
| | - Martin Warren
- Food, Microbiome, and Health Research ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Food, Microbiome, and Health Research ProgrammeQuadram Institute BioscienceNorwichUK
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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32
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Lai Y, Marquez M, Liang J. Tutorial on compressed ultrafast photography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11524. [PMID: 38292055 PMCID: PMC10826888 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Significance Compressed ultrafast photography (CUP) is currently the world's fastest single-shot imaging technique. Through the integration of compressed sensing and streak imaging, CUP can capture a transient event in a single camera exposure with imaging speeds from thousands to trillions of frames per second, at micrometer-level spatial resolutions, and in broad sensing spectral ranges. Aim This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive review of CUP in its fundamental methods, system implementations, biomedical applications, and prospect. Approach A step-by-step guideline to CUP's forward model and representative image reconstruction algorithms is presented with sample codes and illustrations in Matlab and Python. Then, CUP's hardware implementation is described with a focus on the representative techniques, advantages, and limitations of the three key components-the spatial encoder, the temporal shearing unit, and the two-dimensional sensor. Furthermore, four representative biomedical applications enabled by CUP are discussed, followed by the prospect of CUP's technical advancement. Conclusions CUP has emerged as a state-of-the-art ultrafast imaging technology. Its advanced imaging ability and versatility contribute to unprecedented observations and new applications in biomedicine. CUP holds great promise in improving technical specifications and facilitating the investigation of biomedical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingming Lai
- Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Laboratory of Applied Computational Imaging, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Miguel Marquez
- Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Laboratory of Applied Computational Imaging, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Jinyang Liang
- Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Laboratory of Applied Computational Imaging, Varennes, Québec, Canada
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Olovo CV, Wiredu Ocansey DK, Ji Y, Huang X, Xu M. Bacterial membrane vesicles in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341670. [PMID: 38666762 PMCID: PMC11057571 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating condition of relapsing and remitting inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapeutic approaches for IBD have shown limited efficacy and detrimental side effects, leading to the quest for novel and effective treatment options for the disease. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanosized lipid particles secreted by lysis or blebbing processes from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These vesicles, known to carry bioactive components, are facsimiles of the parent bacterium and have been implicated in the onset and progression, as well as in the amelioration of IBD. This review discusses the overview of MVs and their impact in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD. We further discuss the technical challenges facing this research area and possible research questions addressing these challenges. We summarize recent advances in the diverse relationship between IBD and MVs, and the application of this knowledge as a viable and potent therapeutic strategy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ying Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Bennett AN, Woolard KJ, Sorge A, Melander C, Gunn JS. Spectrum of activity of Salmonella anti-biofilm compounds: Evaluation of activity against biofilm-forming ESKAPE pathogens. Biofilm 2023; 6:100158. [PMID: 37790732 PMCID: PMC10542598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESKAPE pathogens are a group of bacteria that are a leading cause of health-care associated infections and are known to be agents of chronic, biofilm-mediated infections. These chronic bacterial infections often respond poorly to antibiotics and in some cases may require surgical intervention in order to cure the infection. As biofilms are often the critical mediator of a chronic infection, it is essential to develop therapies that target bacteria within the biofilm state. Herein, we report the development of a rapid, 96-well plate-based assay that employs conditions specific for each species to optimize biofilm production and allow for easy identification of differences in biofilm mass after treatment with anti-biofilm candidates. We used these ESKAPE-specific biofilm assays to test our previously identified Salmonella anti-biofilm small molecule compounds, JG-1 and M4, for anti-biofilm activity. The results demonstrated that JG-1 and M4 have anti-biofilm activity against Enterobacter spp., S. aureus, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. In addition, we identified that M4 has significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. faecium at concentrations >10 μM (X μg/mL). These findings support the claim that JG-1 and M4 have broad-spectrum anti-biofilm activity, while M4 has antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive members of the ESKAPE pathogens. Thus, these compounds have the potential to have a significant impact on treating multiple types of commonly encountered biofilm-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyah N. Bennett
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katherine J. Woolard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Amy Sorge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Heredia-Ponce Z, Secchi E, Toyofuku M, Marinova G, Savorana G, Eberl L. Genotoxic stress stimulates eDNA release via explosive cell lysis and thereby promotes streamer formation of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 cultured in a microfluidic device. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:96. [PMID: 38071361 PMCID: PMC10710452 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA is a component of biofilms, but the triggers of DNA release during biofilm formation and how DNA contributes to biofilm development are poorly investigated. One key mechanism involved in DNA release is explosive cell lysis, which is a consequence of prophage induction. In this article, the role of explosive cell lysis in biofilm formation was investigated in the opportunistic human pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 (H111). Biofilm streamers, flow-suspended biofilm filaments, were used as a biofilm model in this study, as DNA is an essential component of their matrix. H111 contains three prophages on chromosome 1 of its genome, and the involvement of each prophage in causing explosive cell lysis of the host and subsequent DNA and membrane vesicle (MV) release, as well as their contribution to streamer formation, were studied in the presence and absence of genotoxic stress. The results show that two of the three prophages of H111 encode functional lytic prophages that can be induced by genotoxic stress and their activation causes DNA and MVs release by explosive cell lysis. Furthermore, it is shown that the released DNA enables the strain to develop biofilm streamers, and streamer formation can be enhanced by genotoxic stress. Overall, this study demonstrates the involvement of prophages in streamer formation and uncovers an often-overlooked problem with the use of antibiotics that trigger the bacterial SOS response for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Heredia-Ponce
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Masanori Toyofuku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Gabriela Marinova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Savorana
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
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A J, S S S, K S, T S M. Extracellular vesicles in bacterial and fungal diseases - Pathogenesis to diagnostic biomarkers. Virulence 2023; 14:2180934. [PMID: 36794396 PMCID: PMC10012962 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2180934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication among microbes plays an important role in disease exacerbation. Recent advances have described small vesicles, termed as "extracellular vesicles" (EVs), previously disregarded as "cellular dust" to be vital in the intracellular and intercellular communication in host-microbe interactions. These signals have been known to initiate host damage and transfer of a variety of cargo including proteins, lipid particles, DNA, mRNA, and miRNAs. Microbial EVs, referred to generally as "membrane vesicles" (MVs), play a key role in disease exacerbation suggesting their importance in pathogenicity. Host EVs help coordinate antimicrobial responses and prime the immune cells for pathogen attack. Hence EVs with their central role in microbe-host communication, may serve as important diagnostic biomarkers of microbial pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize current research regarding the roles of EVs as markers of microbial pathogenesis with specific focus on their interaction with host immune defence and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jnana A
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sadiya S S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Satyamoorthy K
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Murali T S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Kanno M, Shiota T, Ueno S, Takahara M, Haneda K, Tahara YO, Shintani M, Nakao R, Miyata M, Kimbara K, Futamata H, Tashiro Y. Identification of genes involved in enhanced membrane vesicle formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: surface sensing facilitates vesiculation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1252155. [PMID: 38107868 PMCID: PMC10722149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1252155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) are small spherical structures (20-400 nm) produced by most bacteria and have important biological functions including toxin delivery, signal transfer, biofilm formation, and immunomodulation of the host. Although MV formation is enhanced in biofilms of a wide range of bacterial species, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. An opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, causes chronic infections that can be difficult to treat due to biofilm formation. Since MVs are abundant in biofilms, can transport virulence factors to the host, and have inflammation-inducing functions, the mechanisms of enhanced MV formation in biofilms needs to be elucidated to effectively treat infections. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of MVs in P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms, and identified factors that contribute to enhanced MV formation. Vesiculation was significantly enhanced in the static culture; MVs were connected to filamentous substances in the biofilm, and separation between the outer and inner membranes and curvature of the membrane were observed in biofilm cells. By screening a transposon mutant library (8,023 mutants) for alterations in MV formation in biofilms, 66 mutants were identified as low-vesiculation strains (2/3 decrease relative to wild type), whereas no mutant was obtained that produced more MVs (twofold increase). Some transposons were inserted into genes related to biofilm formation, including flagellar motility (flg, fli, and mot) and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis (psl). ΔpelAΔpslA, which does not synthesize the extracellular polysaccharides Pel and Psl, showed reduced MV production in biofilms but not in planktonic conditions, suggesting that enhanced vesiculation is closely related to the synthesis of biofilm matrices in P. aeruginosa. Additionally, we found that blebbing occurred during bacterial attachment. Our findings indicate that biofilm-related factors are closely involved in enhanced MV formation in biofilms and that surface sensing facilitates vesiculation. Furthermore, this work expands the understanding of the infection strategy in P. aeruginosa biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kanno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiota
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - So Ueno
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Minato Takahara
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Haneda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei O. Tahara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Shintani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryoma Nakao
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kimbara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Futamata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tashiro
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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Ji N, Wang F, Wang M, Zhang W, Liu H, Su J. Engineered bacterial extracellular vesicles for central nervous system diseases. J Control Release 2023; 364:46-60. [PMID: 37866404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is on the rise as the population ages. The presence of various obstacles, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), poses a challenge for drug delivery to the CNS. An expanding body of study suggests that gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in CNS diseases. The communication between GM and CNS diseases has received increasing attention. Accumulating evidence indicates that the GM can modulate host signaling pathways to regulate distant organ functions by delivering bioactive substances to host cells via bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs). BEVs have emerged as a promising platform for the treatment of CNS diseases due to their nanostructure, ability to penetrate the BBB, as well as their low toxicity, high biocompatibility, ease of modification and large-scale culture. Here, we discuss the biogenesis, internalization mechanism and engineering modification methods of BEVs. We then focus on the use and potential role of BEVs in the treatment of CNS diseases. Finally, we outline the main challenges and future prospects for the application of BEVs in CNS diseases. We hope that the comprehensive understanding of the BEVs-based gut-brain axis will provide new insights into the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ji
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fuxiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Han Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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39
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Nazeer RR, Wang M, Welch M. More than just a gel: the extracellular matrixome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1307857. [PMID: 38028553 PMCID: PMC10679415 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1307857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Armed with an arsenal of protein secretion systems, antibiotic efflux pumps, and the occasional proclivity for explosive self-destruction, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become a model for the study of bacterial pathogenesis and biofilm formation. There is accruing evidence to suggest that the biofilm matrix-the bioglue that holds the structure together-acts not only in a structural capacity, but is also a molecular "net" whose function is to capture and retain certain secreted products (including proteins and small molecules). In this perspective, we argue that the biofilm matrixome is a distinct extracellular compartment, and one that is differentiated from the bulk secretome. Some of the points we raise are deliberately speculative, but are becoming increasingly accessible to experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Mathur S, Erickson SK, Goldberg LR, Hills S, Radin AGB, Schertzer JW. OprF functions as a latch to direct Outer Membrane Vesicle release in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.12.566662. [PMID: 37986865 PMCID: PMC10659412 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.12.566662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) contribute to virulence, competition, immune avoidance and communication. This has led to great interest in how they are formed. To date, investigation has focused almost exclusively on what controls the initiation of OMV biogenesis. Regardless of the mechanism of initiation, all species face a similar challenge before an OMV can be released: How does the OM detach from the underlying peptidoglycan (PG) in regions that will ultimately bulge and then vesiculate? The OmpA family of OM proteins (OprF in P. aeruginosa) is widely conserved and unusually abundant in OMVs across species considering their major role in PG attachment. OmpA homologs also have the interesting ability to adopt both PG-bound (two-domain) and PG-released (one-domain) conformations. Using targeted deletion of the PG-binding domain we showed that loss of cell wall association, and not general membrane destabilization, is responsible for hypervesiculation in OprF-modified strains. We therefore propose that OprF functions as a 'latch', capable of releasing PG in regions destined to become OMVs. To test this hypothesis, we developed a protocol to assess OprF conformation in live cells and purified OMVs. While >90% of OprF proteins exist in the two-domain conformation in the OM of cells, we show that the majority of OprF in OMVs is present in the one-domain conformation. With this work, we take some of the first steps in characterizing late-stage OMV biogenesis and identify a family of proteins whose critical role can be explained by their unique ability to fold into two distinct conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Mathur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Susan K Erickson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Leah R Goldberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Sonia Hills
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Abigail G B Radin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Jeffrey W Schertzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
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41
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Yaeger LN, French S, Brown ED, Côté JP, Burrows LL. Central metabolism is a key player in E. coli biofilm stimulation by sub-MIC antibiotics. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011013. [PMID: 37917668 PMCID: PMC10645362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Escherichia coli to sub-inhibitory antibiotics stimulates biofilm formation through poorly characterized mechanisms. Using a high-throughput Congo Red binding assay to report on biofilm matrix production, we screened ~4000 E. coli K12 deletion mutants for deficiencies in this biofilm stimulation response. We screened using three different antibiotics to identify core components of the biofilm stimulation response. Mutants lacking acnA, nuoE, or lpdA failed to respond to sub-MIC cefixime and novobiocin, implicating central metabolism and aerobic respiration in biofilm stimulation. These genes are members of the ArcA/B regulon-controlled by a respiration-sensitive two-component system. Mutants of arcA and arcB had a 'pre-activated' phenotype, where biofilm formation was already high relative to wild type in vehicle control conditions, and failed to increase further with the addition of sub-MIC cefixime. Using a tetrazolium dye and an in vivo NADH sensor, we showed spatial co-localization of increased metabolic activity with sub-lethal concentrations of the bactericidal antibiotics cefixime and novobiocin. Supporting a role for respiratory stress, the biofilm stimulation response to cefixime and novobiocin was inhibited when nitrate was provided as an alternative electron acceptor. Deletion of a gene encoding part of the machinery for respiring nitrate abolished its ameliorating effects, and nitrate respiration increased during growth with sub-MIC cefixime. Finally, in probing the generalizability of biofilm stimulation, we found that the stimulation response to translation inhibitors, unlike other antibiotic classes, was minimally affected by nitrate supplementation, suggesting that targeting the ribosome stimulates biofilm formation in distinct ways. By characterizing the biofilm stimulation response to sub-MIC antibiotics at a systems level, we identified multiple avenues for design of therapeutics that impair bacterial stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke N. Yaeger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn French
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric D. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Philippe Côté
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lori L. Burrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Low KE, Gheorghita AA, Tammam SD, Whitfield GB, Li YE, Riley LM, Weadge JT, Caldwell SJ, Chong PA, Walvoort MTC, Kitova EN, Klassen JS, Codée JDC, Howell PL. Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgF is a protein-protein interaction mediator required for acetylation of the alginate exopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105314. [PMID: 37797696 PMCID: PMC10641220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic modifications of bacterial exopolysaccharides enhance immune evasion and persistence during infection. In the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acetylation of alginate reduces opsonic killing by phagocytes and improves reactive oxygen species scavenging. Although it is well known that alginate acetylation in P. aeruginosa requires AlgI, AlgJ, AlgF, and AlgX, how these proteins coordinate polymer modification at a molecular level remains unclear. Here, we describe the structural characterization of AlgF and its protein interaction network. We characterize direct interactions between AlgF and both AlgJ and AlgX in vitro and demonstrate an association between AlgF and AlgX, as well as AlgJ and AlgI, in P. aeruginosa. We determine that AlgF does not exhibit acetylesterase activity and is unable to bind to polymannuronate in vitro. Therefore, we propose that AlgF functions to mediate protein-protein interactions between alginate acetylation enzymes, forming the periplasmic AlgJFXK (AlgJ-AlgF-AlgX-AlgK) acetylation and export complex required for robust biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Low
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreea A Gheorghita
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie D Tammam
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yancheng E Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura M Riley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane J Caldwell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Andrew Chong
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Wilkinson RC, Meldrum K, Maggs CJ, Thomas NE, Thomas BR, De Mello N, Joyce N. Determining the efficacy of disinfectants at nucleic acid degradation. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad244. [PMID: 37884448 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nucleic acids, particularly antibiotic resistance genes, are commonly found on surfaces within healthcare environments, with levels not reducing following cleaning. Within the UK, there are no regulations for testing disinfectants against nucleic acids. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of commonplace in vitro methods were used to determine disinfectant-induced physical and functional damage to various nucleic acids; RNA (10 μg), genomic DNA (2 μg), and plasmids (1 μg). Using these methods, the optimal residence time (10 minutes) and working concentration (10%) were determined for a new disinfectant. Furthermore, comparison of disinfectants with different active ingredients including lactic acid (LA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chloroxylenol (PCMX), and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), were compared to controls. All disinfectants showed greater degradation by gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA and RNA than of purified plasmids. Functional analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that no disinfectant tested (apart from control) could damage DNA to the level where PCR amplification was not possible, and only the NaOH reagent could achieve this for RNA. CONCLUSIONS The set of methods described herein provides a platform for future standardization and potential regulation regarding monitoring cleaning solutions for their activity against nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Wilkinson
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin J Maggs
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Nerissa E Thomas
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan R Thomas
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie De Mello
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Joyce
- Healthcare Technology Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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44
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Lin T, Pan J, Gregory C, Wang Y, Tincher C, Rivera C, Lynch M, Long H, Zhang Y. Contribution of the SOS response and the DNA repair systems to norfloxacin induced mutations in E. coli. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:538-550. [PMID: 38045542 PMCID: PMC10689325 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria severely threaten human health. Besides spontaneous mutations generated by endogenous factors, the resistance might also originate from mutations induced by certain antibiotics, such as the fluoroquinolones. Such antibiotics increase the genome-wide mutation rate by introducing replication errors from the SOS response pathway or decreasing the efficiency of the DNA repair systems. However, the relative contributions of these molecular mechanisms remain unclear, hindering understanding of the generation of resistant pathogens. Here, using newly-accumulated mutations of wild-type and SOS-uninducible Escherichia coli strains, as well as those of the strains deficient for the mismatch repair (MMR) and the oxidative damage repair pathways, we find that the SOS response is the major mutagenesis contributor in mutation elevation, responsible for ~ 30-50% of the total base-pair substitution (BPS) mutation-rate elevation upon treatment with sublethal levels of norfloxacin (0 ~ 50 ng/mL). We further estimate the significance of the effects on other mutational features of these mechanisms (i.e., transversions, structural variations, and mutation spectrum) in E. coli using linear models. The SOS response plays a positive role in all three mutational features (mutation rates of BPSs, transversions, structural variations) and affects the mutational spectrum. The repair systems significantly reduce the BPS mutation rate and the transversion rate, regardless of whether antibiotics are present, while significantly increasing the structural variation rate in E. coli. Our results quantitatively disentangle the contributions of the SOS response and DNA repair systems in antibiotic-induced mutagenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00185-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Lin
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Jiao Pan
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Colin Gregory
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 USA
| | - Yaohai Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Clayton Tincher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 USA
| | - Caitlyn Rivera
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405 USA
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85281 USA
| | - Hongan Long
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- School of Mathematics Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000 China
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45
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Ferguson DL, Gloag ES, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ. Extracellular DNA enhances biofilm integrity and mechanical properties of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0023823. [PMID: 37791754 PMCID: PMC10601617 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00238-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common biofilm-forming pathogens responsible for lung infections of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). P. aeruginosa becomes tolerant to antimicrobials in the biofilm state and is difficult to treat. Production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), such as alginate and extracellular DNA (eDNA), can allow adherence to abiotic and biotic surfaces, antimicrobial evasion, and resilience to environmental pressures. Alginate-producing mucoid variants of P. aeruginosa are frequently isolated from CF airway samples and are associated with worsening patient outcomes. While eDNA is a major structural component of nonmucoid P. aeruginosa biofilms, the potential role of eDNA in mucoid biofilms is unclear. Here, we investigate how eDNA contributes to clinical mucoid biofilm physiology and integrity. We predicted that eDNA plays a structural and mechanical role in mucoid biofilms. To test this, we quantified biofilm eDNA in mucoid biofilms and used microscopy and rheology to visualize eDNA and detect changes in biofilm structure and mechanics upon DNaseI treatment. We showed that biofilm eDNA abundance is diverse across clinical mucoid strains and observed a temporal increase in foci of eDNA within intact mucoid biofilms. Increased cell dispersal and reduced biomass were also observed following DNaseI treatment of mucoid biofilms. Degradation of eDNA also impacted the mechanical integrity of mucoid biofilms by increasing the stiffness and decreasing the cohesion of the biofilm. These findings advance our understanding of clinical mucoid P. aeruginosa biofilms and facilitate the development of new approaches to target biofilms by exploiting the functions of EPS components. IMPORTANCE Understanding the role of eDNA in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms will lead to therapeutic strategies that combat the biophysical and structural function of EPS for the eradication of bacteria in mucoid biofilms during chronic infections. This knowledge can be used to further identify unknown matrix component interactions within pathogenic biofilm-forming clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Ferguson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew R. Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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46
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Marinacci B, Krzyżek P, Pellegrini B, Turacchio G, Grande R. Latest Update on Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Role in Horizontal Gene Transfer: A Mini-Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:860. [PMID: 37999346 PMCID: PMC10673008 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, lipid-based nano-structures, which are released by Gram-negative bacteria in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The size and composition of OMVs depend on not only the producer bacterial species but also cells belonging to the same strain. The mechanism of vesicles' biogenesis has a key role in determining their cargo and the pattern of macromolecules exposed on their surface. Thus, the content of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules defines the properties of OMVs and their beneficial or harmful effects on human health. Many studies have provided evidence that OMVs can be involved in a plethora of biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication and bacteria-host interactions. Moreover, there is a growing body of literature supporting their role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). During this process, OMVs can facilitate the spreading of genes involved in metabolic pathways, virulence, and antibiotic resistance, guaranteeing bacterial proliferation and survival. For this reason, a deeper understanding of this new mechanism of genetic transfer could improve the development of more efficient strategies to counteract infections sustained by Gram-negative bacteria. In line with this, the main aim of this mini-review is to summarize the latest evidence concerning the involvement of OMVs in HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Marinacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.M.); (B.P.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Benedetta Pellegrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Gabriele Turacchio
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Rossella Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.M.); (B.P.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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47
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Heiman CM, Vacheron J, Keel C. Evolutionary and ecological role of extracellular contractile injection systems: from threat to weapon. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1264877. [PMID: 37886057 PMCID: PMC10598620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1264877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractile injection systems (CISs) are phage tail-related structures that are encoded in many bacterial genomes. These devices encompass the cell-based type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) as well as extracellular CISs (eCISs). The eCISs comprise the R-tailocins produced by various bacterial species as well as related phage tail-like structures such as the antifeeding prophages (Afps) of Serratia entomophila, the Photorhabdus virulence cassettes (PVCs), and the metamorphosis-associated contractile structures (MACs) of Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. These contractile structures are released into the extracellular environment upon suicidal lysis of the producer cell and play important roles in bacterial ecology and evolution. In this review, we specifically portray the eCISs with a focus on the R-tailocins, sketch the history of their discovery and provide insights into their evolution within the bacterial host, their structures and how they are assembled and released. We then highlight ecological and evolutionary roles of eCISs and conceptualize how they can influence and shape bacterial communities. Finally, we point to their potential for biotechnological applications in medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Margot Heiman
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Kalia VC, Patel SKS, Lee JK. Bacterial biofilm inhibitors: An overview. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115389. [PMID: 37634478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that cause infectious diseases adopt biofilms as one of their most prevalent lifestyles. Biofilms enable bacteria to tolerate environmental stress and evade antibacterial agents. This bacterial defense mechanism has rendered the use of antibiotics ineffective for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, many highly drug-resistant microbes have rapidly emerged owing to such treatments. Different signaling mechanisms regulate bacterial biofilm formation, including cyclic dinucleotide (c-di-GMP), small non-coding RNAs, and quorum sensing (QS). A cell density-dependent phenomenon, QS is associated with c-di-GMP (a global messenger), which regulates gene expression related to adhesion, extracellular matrix production, the transition from the planktonic to biofilm stage, stability, pathogenicity, virulence, and acquisition of nutrients. The article aims to provide information on inhibiting biofilm formation and disintegrating mature/preformed biofilms. This treatment enables antimicrobials to target the free-living/exposed bacterial cells at lower concentrations than those needed to treat bacteria within the biofilm. Therefore, a complementary action of antibiofilm and antimicrobial agents can be a robust strategic approach to dealing with infectious diseases. Taken together, these molecules have broad implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Emerging nanoplatforms for biomedical applications. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106308. [PMID: 37595812 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanosized lipid bilayers generated from membranes that are filled with components derived from bacteria. BEVs are important for the physiology, pathogenicity, and interactions between bacteria and their hosts as well. BEVs represent an important mechanism of transport and interaction between cells. Recent advances in biomolecular nanotechnology have enabled the desired properties to be engineered on the surface of BEVs and decoration with desired and diverse biomolecules and nanoparticles, which have potential biomedical applications. BEVs have been the focus of various fields, including nanovaccines, therapeutic agents, and drug delivery vehicles. In this review, we delineate the fundamental aspects of BEVs, including their biogenesis, cargo composition, function, and interactions with host cells. We comprehensively summarize the factors influencing the biogenesis of BEVs. We further highlight the importance of the isolation, purification, and characterization of BEVs because they are essential processes for potential benefits related to host-microbe interactions. In addition, we address recent advancements in BEVs in biomedical applications. Finally, we provide conclusions and future perspectives as well as highlight the remaining challenges of BEVs for different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Rathinam Techzone Campus, Eachanari, Coimbatore, 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
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50
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Burke ZDC, Hart CM, Kelley BV, Mamouei Z, Blumstein GW, Hamad C, Hori K, Cevallos N, Villalpando C, Truong N, Turkmani A, Ralston M, Kavanaugh A, Tenorio E, Kauvar LM, Li A, Prunet N, Stavrakis AI, Bernthal NM. Monoclonal Antibody Disrupts Biofilm Structure and Restores Antibiotic Susceptibility in an Orthopedic Implant Infection Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1490. [PMID: 37887191 PMCID: PMC10604051 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms on orthopedic implants are resistant to the host immune response and to traditional systemic antibiotics. Novel therapies are needed to improve patient outcomes. TRL1068 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a biofilm anchoring protein. For assessment of this agent in an orthopedic implant infection model, efficacy was measured by reduction in bacterial burden of Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen for prosthetic joint infections (PJI). Systemic treatment with the biofilm disrupting mAb TRL1068 in conjunction with vancomycin eradicated S. aureus from steel pins implanted in the spine for 26 of 27 mice, significantly more than for vancomycin alone. The mechanism of action was elucidated by two microscopy studies. First, TRL1068 was localized to biofilm using a fluorescent antibody tag. Second, a qualitative effect on biofilm structure was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine steel pins that had been treated in vivo. SEM images of implants retrieved from control mice showed abundant three-dimensional biofilms, whereas those from mice treated with TRL1068 did not. Clinical Significance: TRL1068 binds at high affinity to S. aureus biofilms, thereby disrupting the three-dimensional structure and significantly reducing implant CFUs in a well-characterized orthopedic model for which prior tested agents have shown only partial efficacy. TRL1068 represents a promising systemic treatment for orthopedic implant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. C. Burke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.M.H.); (B.V.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christopher M. Hart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.M.H.); (B.V.K.)
| | - Benjamin V. Kelley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.M.H.); (B.V.K.)
| | - Zeinab Mamouei
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Gideon W. Blumstein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.M.H.); (B.V.K.)
| | - Christopher Hamad
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Kellyn Hori
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Nicolas Cevallos
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Christina Villalpando
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Nicole Truong
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Amr Turkmani
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Micah Ralston
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Aaron Kavanaugh
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (K.H.)
| | - Edgar Tenorio
- Trellis Bioscience, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Alan Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathanael Prunet
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexandra I. Stavrakis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.M.H.); (B.V.K.)
| | - Nicholas M. Bernthal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.M.H.); (B.V.K.)
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