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Matsuda Y, Makino T. Comparative genomics reveals convergent signals associated with the high metabolism and longevity in birds and bats. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241068. [PMID: 39191281 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Birds and bats have long lifespans relative to their body size compared with non-flying animals. However, the genomic basis associated with longer lifespan of flying species despite their higher metabolism was unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that genes involved in the regulation of metabolism and lifespan changed with the acquisition of flight and searched for genes that show specific evolutionary patterns in flying species. As a result, we identified several genes that show different evolutionary rates in bird and bat lineages. Genes in pathways involved in lifespan regulation were conserved in birds, while they evolved at an accelerated rate in bats. We also searched for genes in which convergent amino acid substitutions occurred in birds and bats and found such substitutions in genes involved in cancer, reactive oxygen species control and immunity. Our study revealed genomic changes associated with the acquisition of flight in birds and bats and suggested that multiple genes involved in the regulation of lifespan and metabolism support both high metabolism and longevity in flying species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuda
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Clarke TM, Barnett A, Fitzpatrick R, Ryan LA, Hart NS, Gauthier ARG, Scott-Holland TB, Huveneers C. Personal electric deterrents can reduce shark bites from the three species responsible for the most fatal interactions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16307. [PMID: 39009626 PMCID: PMC11251019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The frequency of unprovoked shark bites is increasing worldwide, leading to a growing pressure for mitigation measures to reduce shark-bite risk while maintaining conservation objectives. Personal shark deterrents are a promising and non-lethal strategy that can protect ocean users, but few have been independently and scientifically tested. In Australia, bull (Carcharhinus leucas), tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier), and white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) are responsible for the highest number of bites and fatalities. We tested the effects of two electric deterrents (Ocean Guardian's Freedom+ Surf and Freedom7) on the behaviour of these three species. The surf product reduced the probability of bites by 54% across all three species. The diving product had a similar effect on tiger shark bites (69% reduction) but did not reduce the frequency of bites from white sharks (1% increase), likely because the electrodes were placed further away from the bait. Electric deterrents also increased the time for bites to occur, and frequency of reactions and passes for all species tested. Our findings reveal that both Freedom+ Surf and Freedom7 electric deterrents affect shark behaviour and can reduce shark-bite risk for water users, but neither product eliminated the risk of shark bites entirely. The increasing number of studies showing the ability of personal electric deterrents to reduce shark-bite risk highlights personal protection as an effective and important part of the toolbox of shark-bite mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Clarke
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Adam Barnett
- Marine Data Technology Hub, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Laura A Ryan
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Nathan S Hart
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Arnault R G Gauthier
- Centre Sécurité Requin, 25F Avenue Des Artisans, Zone Artisanale de La Pointe Des Châteaux, 97436, Saint Leu, Reunion Island, France
| | | | - Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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3
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DeHaan LM, Burns MD, Egan JP, Bloom DD. Diadromy Drives Elevated Rates of Trait Evolution and Ecomorphological Convergence in Clupeiformes (Herring, Shad, and Anchovies). Am Nat 2023; 202:830-850. [PMID: 38033182 DOI: 10.1086/726894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMigration can have a profound influence on rates and patterns of phenotypic evolution. Diadromy is the migration between marine and freshwater habitats for feeding and reproduction that can require individuals to travel tens to thousands of kilometers. The high energetic demands of diadromy are predicted to select for ecomorphological traits that maximize swimming and locomotor efficiency. Intraspecific studies have shown repeated instances of divergence among diadromous and nondiadromous populations in locomotor and foraging traits, which suggests that at a macroevolutionary scale diadromous lineages may experience convergent evolution onto one or multiple adaptive optima. We tested for differences in rates and patterns of phenotypic evolution among diadromous and nondiadromous lineages in Clupeiformes, a clade that has evolved diadromy more than 10 times. Our results show that diadromous clupeiforms show convergent evolution for some locomotor traits and faster rates of evolution, which we propose are adaptive responses to the locomotor demands of migration. We also find evidence that diadromous lineages show convergence into multiple regions of multivariate trait space and suggest that these respective trait spaces are associated with differences in migration and trophic ecology. However, not all locomotor traits and no trophic traits show evidence of convergence or elevated rates of evolution associated with diadromy. Our results show that long-distance migration influences the tempo and patterns of phenotypic evolution at macroevolutionary scales, but there is not a single diadromous syndrome.
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Braun CD, Della Penna A, Arostegui MC, Afonso P, Berumen ML, Block BA, Brown CA, Fontes J, Furtado M, Gallagher AJ, Gaube P, Golet WJ, Kneebone J, Macena BCL, Mucientes G, Orbesen ES, Queiroz N, Shea BD, Schratwieser J, Sims DW, Skomal GB, Snodgrass D, Thorrold SR. Linking vertical movements of large pelagic predators with distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306357120. [PMID: 38150462 PMCID: PMC10666118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306357120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many predator species make regular excursions from near-surface waters to the twilight (200 to 1,000 m) and midnight (1,000 to 3,000 m) zones of the deep pelagic ocean. While the occurrence of significant vertical movements into the deep ocean has evolved independently across taxonomic groups, the functional role(s) and ecological significance of these movements remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate results from satellite tagging efforts with model predictions of deep prey layers in the North Atlantic Ocean to determine whether prey distributions are correlated with vertical habitat use across 12 species of predators. Using 3D movement data for 344 individuals who traversed nearly 1.5 million km of pelagic ocean in [Formula: see text]42,000 d, we found that nearly every tagged predator frequented the twilight zone and many made regular trips to the midnight zone. Using a predictive model, we found clear alignment of predator depth use with the expected location of deep pelagic prey for at least half of the predator species. We compared high-resolution predator data with shipboard acoustics and selected representative matches that highlight the opportunities and challenges in the analysis and synthesis of these data. While not all observed behavior was consistent with estimated prey availability at depth, our results suggest that deep pelagic biomass likely has high ecological value for a suite of commercially important predators in the open ocean. Careful consideration of the disruption to ecosystem services provided by pelagic food webs is needed before the potential costs and benefits of proceeding with extractive activities in the deep ocean can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camrin D. Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Alice Della Penna
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland1010, New Zealand
| | - Martin C. Arostegui
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA93950
| | - Craig A. Brown
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL33149
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | - Miguel Furtado
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | | | - Peter Gaube
- Applied Physics Laboratory–University of Washington, Seattle, WA98105
| | - Walter J. Golet
- The School of Marine Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME04469
- The Gulf of Maine Research Institute, Portland, ME04101
| | - Jeff Kneebone
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, Boston, MA02110
| | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Horta9901-862, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Mucientes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
| | - Eric S. Orbesen
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL33149
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão4485-661, Portugal
| | | | | | - David W. Sims
- Marine Biological Association, PlymouthPL1 2PB, United Kingdom
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Derke Snodgrass
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL33149
| | - Simon R. Thorrold
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
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5
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Du WG, Li SR, Sun BJ, Shine R. Can nesting behaviour allow reptiles to adapt to climate change? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220153. [PMID: 37427463 PMCID: PMC10331901 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of abiotic parameters within a reptile nest influence the viability and attributes (including sex, behaviour and body size) of hatchlings that emerge from that nest. As a result of that sensitivity, a reproducing female can manipulate the phenotypic attributes of her offspring by laying her eggs at times and in places that provide specific conditions. Nesting reptiles shift their behaviour in terms of timing of oviposition, nest location and depth of eggs beneath the soil surface across spatial and temporal gradients. Those maternal manipulations affect mean values and variances of both temperature and soil moisture, and may modify the vulnerability of embryos to threats such as predation and parasitism. By altering thermal and hydric conditions in reptile nests, climate change has the potential to dramatically modify the developmental trajectories and survival rates of embryos, and the phenotypes of hatchlings. Reproducing females buffer such effects by modifying the timing, location and structure of nests in ways that enhance offspring viability. Nonetheless, our understanding of nesting behaviours in response to climate change remains limited in reptiles. Priority topics for future studies include documenting climate-induced changes in the nest environment, the degree to which maternal behavioural shifts can mitigate climate-related deleterious impacts on offspring development, and ecological and evolutionary consequences of maternal nesting responses to climate change. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary ecology of nests: a cross-taxon approach'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ran Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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6
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Fagan WF, Saborio C, Hoffman TD, Gurarie E, Cantrell RS, Cosner C. What’s in a resource gradient? Comparing alternative cues for foraging in dynamic environments via movement, perception, and memory. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-022-00542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractConsumers must track and acquire resources in complex landscapes. Much discussion has focused on the concept of a ‘resource gradient’ and the mechanisms by which consumers can take advantage of such gradients as they navigate their landscapes in search of resources. However, the concept of tracking resource gradients means different things in different contexts. Here, we take a synthetic approach and consider six different definitions of what it means to search for resources based on density or gradients in density. These include scenarios where consumers change their movement behavior based on the density of conspecifics, on the density of resources, and on spatial or temporal gradients in resources. We also consider scenarios involving non-local perception and a form of memory. Using a continuous space, continuous time model that allows consumers to switch between resource-tracking and random motion, we investigate the relative performance of these six different strategies. Consumers’ success in matching the spatiotemporal distributions of their resources differs starkly across the six scenarios. Movement strategies based on perception and response to temporal (rather than spatial) resource gradients afforded consumers with the best opportunities to match resource distributions. All scenarios would allow for optimization of resource-matching in terms of the underlying parameters, providing opportunities for evolutionary adaptation, and links back to classical studies of foraging ecology.
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7
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Gutarra S, Stubbs TL, Moon BC, Palmer C, Benton MJ. Large size in aquatic tetrapods compensates for high drag caused by extreme body proportions. Commun Biol 2022; 5:380. [PMID: 35484197 PMCID: PMC9051157 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Various Mesozoic marine reptile lineages evolved streamlined bodies and efficient lift-based swimming, as seen in modern aquatic mammals. Ichthyosaurs had low-drag bodies, akin to modern dolphins, but plesiosaurs were strikingly different, with long hydrofoil-like limbs and greatly variable neck and trunk proportions. Using computational fluid dynamics, we explore the effect of this extreme morphological variation. We find that, independently of their body fineness ratio, plesiosaurs produced more drag than ichthyosaurs and modern cetaceans of equal mass due to their large limbs, but these differences were not significant when body size was accounted for. Additionally, necks longer than twice the trunk length can substantially increase the cost of forward swimming, but this effect was cancelled out by the evolution of big trunks. Moreover, fast rates in the evolution of neck proportions in the long-necked elasmosaurs suggest that large trunks might have released the hydrodynamic constraints on necks thus allowing their extreme enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gutarra
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Thomas L Stubbs
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Benjamin C Moon
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Colin Palmer
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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8
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Martín López LM, Aguilar de Soto N, Madsen PT, Johnson M. Overall dynamic body acceleration measures activity differently on large versus small aquatic animals. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martina Martín López
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Ipar Perspective Asociación Karabiondo Kalea Sopela Spain
| | - Natacha Aguilar de Soto
- BIOECOMAC Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology University of La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Peter T. Madsen
- Zoophysiology Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Mark Johnson
- Zoophysiology Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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9
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Gough WT, Smith HJ, Savoca MS, Czapanskiy MF, Fish FE, Potvin J, Bierlich KC, Cade DE, Di Clemente J, Kennedy J, Segre P, Stanworth A, Weir C, Goldbogen JA. Scaling of oscillatory kinematics and Froude efficiency in baleen whales. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb237586. [PMID: 34109418 PMCID: PMC8317509 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High efficiency lunate-tail swimming with high-aspect-ratio lifting surfaces has evolved in many vertebrate lineages, from fish to cetaceans. Baleen whales (Mysticeti) are the largest swimming animals that exhibit this locomotor strategy, and present an ideal study system to examine how morphology and the kinematics of swimming scale to the largest body sizes. We used data from whale-borne inertial sensors coupled with morphometric measurements from aerial drones to calculate the hydrodynamic performance of oscillatory swimming in six baleen whale species ranging in body length from 5 to 25 m (fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus; Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni; sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis; Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis; humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae; and blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus). We found that mass-specific thrust increased with both swimming speed and body size. Froude efficiency, defined as the ratio of useful power output to the rate of energy input ( Sloop, 1978), generally increased with swimming speed but decreased on average with increasing body size. This finding is contrary to previous results in smaller animals, where Froude efficiency increased with body size. Although our empirically parameterized estimates for swimming baleen whale drag were higher than those of a simple gliding model, oscillatory locomotion at this scale exhibits generally high Froude efficiency as in other adept swimmers. Our results quantify the fine-scale kinematics and estimate the hydrodynamics of routine and energetically expensive swimming modes at the largest scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Gough
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Hayden J. Smith
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Department of Physics, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Matthew S. Savoca
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Max F. Czapanskiy
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Frank E. Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - K. C. Bierlich
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David E. Cade
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - John Kennedy
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Paolo Segre
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | | | - Caroline Weir
- Falklands Conservation, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
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10
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Peterson AN, Soto AP, McHenry MJ. Pursuit and evasion strategies in the predator-prey interactions of fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:668-680. [PMID: 34061183 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions are critical to the biology of a diversity of animals. Although prey capture is determined by the direction, velocity, and timing of motion by both animals, it is generally unclear what strategies are employed by predators and prey to guide locomotion. Here we review our research on fishes that tests the pursuit strategy of predators and the evasion strategy of prey through kinematic measurements and agent-based models. This work demonstrates that fish predators track prey with variations on a deviated-pursuit strategy that is guided by visual cues. Fish prey employ a mixed strategy that varies with factors such as the direction of a predator's approach. Our models consider the stochastic nature of interactions by incorporating measured probability distributions to accurately predict measurements of survivorship. A sensitivity analysis of these models shows the importance of the response distance of prey to their survival. Collectively, this work demonstrates how strategy affects the outcome of predator-prey interactions and articulates the roles of sensing, control, and propulsion. The research program that we have developed has the potential to offer a framework for the study of strategy in the predator-prey interactions of a variety of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, 92697, CA, U.S.A
| | - Alberto P Soto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, 92697, CA, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J McHenry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, 92697, CA, U.S.A
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11
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Valani RN, Slim AC, Simula TP. Stop-and-go locomotion of superwalking droplets. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:043102. [PMID: 34005929 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.043102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vertically vibrating a liquid bath at two frequencies, f and f/2, having a constant relative phase difference can give rise to self-propelled superwalking droplets on the liquid surface. We have numerically investigated such superwalking droplets in the regime where the phase difference varies slowly with time. We predict the emergence of stop-and-go motion of droplets, consistent with experimental observations [Valani et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 024503 (2019)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.123.024503]. Our simulations in the parameter space spanned by the droplet size and the rate of traversal of the phase difference uncover three different types of droplet motion: back-and-forth, forth-and-forth, and irregular stop-and-go motion, which we explore in detail. Our findings lay a foundation for further studies of dynamically driven droplets, whereby the droplet's motion may be guided by engineering arbitrary time-dependent phase difference functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil N Valani
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anja C Slim
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.,School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tapio P Simula
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
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12
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Cloyed CS, Grady JM, Savage VM, Uyeda JC, Dell AI. The allometry of locomotion. Ecology 2021; 102:e03369. [PMID: 33864262 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organismal locomotion mediates ecological interactions and shapes community dynamics. Locomotion is constrained by intrinsic and environmental factors and integrating these factors should clarify how locomotion affects ecology across scales. We extended general theory based on metabolic scaling and biomechanics to predict the scaling of five locomotor performance traits: routine speed, maximum speed, maximum acceleration, minimum powered turn radius, and angular speed. To test these predictions, we used phylogenetically informed analyses of a new database with 884 species and found support for our quantitative predictions. Larger organisms were faster but less maneuverable than smaller organisms. Routine and maximum speeds scaled with body mass to 0.20 and 0.17 powers, respectively, and plateaued at higher body masses, especially for maximum speed. Acceleration was unaffected by body mass. Minimum turn radius scaled to a 0.19 power, and the 95% CI included our theoretical prediction, as we predicted. Maximum angular speed scaled higher than predicted but in the same direction. We observed universal scaling among locomotor modes for routine and maximum speeds but the intercepts varied; flying organisms were faster than those that swam or ran. Acceleration was independent of size in flying and aquatic taxa but decreased with body mass in land animals, possibly due to the risk of injury large, terrestrial organisms face at high speeds and accelerations. Terrestrial mammals inhabiting structurally simple habitats tended to be faster than those in complex habitats. Despite effects of body size, locomotor mode, and habitat complexity, universal scaling of locomotory performance reveals the general ways organisms move across Earth's complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Cloyed
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois, 62024, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA.,Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 36528, USA
| | - John M Grady
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois, 62024, USA
| | - Van M Savage
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA
| | - Josef C Uyeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Anthony I Dell
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois, 62024, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
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13
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Conners MG, Michelot T, Heywood EI, Orben RA, Phillips RA, Vyssotski AL, Shaffer SA, Thorne LH. Hidden Markov models identify major movement modes in accelerometer and magnetometer data from four albatross species. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 33618773 PMCID: PMC7901071 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inertial measurement units (IMUs) with high-resolution sensors such as accelerometers are now used extensively to study fine-scale behavior in a wide range of marine and terrestrial animals. Robust and practical methods are required for the computationally-demanding analysis of the resulting large datasets, particularly for automating classification routines that construct behavioral time series and time-activity budgets. Magnetometers are used increasingly to study behavior, but it is not clear how these sensors contribute to the accuracy of behavioral classification methods. Development of effective classification methodology is key to understanding energetic and life-history implications of foraging and other behaviors. METHODS We deployed accelerometers and magnetometers on four species of free-ranging albatrosses and evaluated the ability of unsupervised hidden Markov models (HMMs) to identify three major modalities in their behavior: 'flapping flight', 'soaring flight', and 'on-water'. The relative contribution of each sensor to classification accuracy was measured by comparing HMM-inferred states with expert classifications identified from stereotypic patterns observed in sensor data. RESULTS HMMs provided a flexible and easily interpretable means of classifying behavior from sensor data. Model accuracy was high overall (92%), but varied across behavioral states (87.6, 93.1 and 91.7% for 'flapping flight', 'soaring flight' and 'on-water', respectively). Models built on accelerometer data alone were as accurate as those that also included magnetometer data; however, the latter were useful for investigating slow and periodic behaviors such as dynamic soaring at a fine scale. CONCLUSIONS The use of IMUs in behavioral studies produces large data sets, necessitating the development of computationally-efficient methods to automate behavioral classification in order to synthesize and interpret underlying patterns. HMMs provide an accessible and robust framework for analyzing complex IMU datasets and comparing behavioral variation among taxa across habitats, time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda G Conners
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Théo Michelot
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY169LZ, UK
| | - Eleanor I Heywood
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Rachael A Orben
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192-0100, USA
| | - Lesley H Thorne
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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14
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Okuyama J, Benson SR, Dutton PH, Seminoff JA. Changes in dive patterns of leatherback turtles with sea surface temperature and potential foraging habitats. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okuyama
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration La Jolla California92037USA
| | - Scott R. Benson
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Moss Landing California95039USA
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing California95039USA
| | - Peter H. Dutton
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration La Jolla California92037USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Seminoff
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration La Jolla California92037USA
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15
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Abstract
Temperature influences many physiological processes that govern life as a result of the thermal sensitivity of chemical reactions. The repeated evolution of endothermy and widespread behavioral thermoregulation in animals highlight the importance of elevating tissue temperature to increase the rate of chemical processes. Yet, movement performance that is robust to changes in body temperature has been observed in numerous species. This thermally robust performance appears exceptional in light of the well-documented effects of temperature on muscle contractile properties, including shortening velocity, force, power and work. Here, we propose that the thermal robustness of movements in which mechanical processes replace or augment chemical processes is a general feature of any organismal system, spanning kingdoms. The use of recoiling elastic structures to power movement in place of direct muscle shortening is one of the most thoroughly studied mechanical processes; using these studies as a basis, we outline an analytical framework for detecting thermal robustness, relying on the comparison of temperature coefficients (Q 10 values) between chemical and mechanical processes. We then highlight other biomechanical systems in which thermally robust performance that arises from mechanical processes may be identified using this framework. Studying diverse movements in the context of temperature will both reveal mechanisms underlying performance and allow the prediction of changes in performance in response to a changing thermal environment, thus deepening our understanding of the thermal ecology of many organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Olberding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stephen M Deban
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Science Center 110, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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16
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Watanabe YY, Nakamura I, Chiang WC. Behavioural thermoregulation linked to foraging in blue sharks. MARINE BIOLOGY 2021; 168:161. [PMID: 34703062 PMCID: PMC8530795 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-021-03971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Large pelagic fishes often dive and surface repeatedly as if they were airbreathers, raising a question about the functions of these movements. Some species (e.g., bigeye tuna, ocean sunfish) apparently alternate foraging in deep cold waters and rewarming in shallow warm waters. However, it is unclear how prevalent this pattern is among species. Blue sharks are the widest-ranging pelagic shark with expanded vertical niches, providing a model for studying foraging-thermoregulation associations. We used electronic tags, including video cameras, to record the diving behaviour, muscle temperature, and foraging events of two blue sharks. During repeated deep dives (max. 422 m), muscle temperature changed more slowly than ambient water temperature. Sharks shifted between descents and ascents before muscle temperature reached ambient temperature, leading to a narrower range (8 °C) of muscle temperature than ambient temperature (20 °C). 2.5-h video footage showed a shark catching a squid, during which a burst swimming event was recorded. Similar swimming events, detected from the entire tag data (20 - 22 h), occurred over a wide depth range (5 - 293 m). We conclude that, instead of alternating foraging and rewarming, blue sharks at our study site forage and thermoregulate continuously in the water column. Furthermore, our comparative analyses showed that the heat exchange rates of blue sharks during the warming and cooling process were not exceptional among fishes for their body size. Thus, behavioural thermoregulation linked to foraging, rather than enhanced abilities to control heat exchange rates, is likely key to the expanded thermal niches of this ectothermic species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00227-021-03971-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Y. Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518 Japan
- Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518 Japan
| | - Itsumi Nakamura
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki 851-2213 Japan
| | - Wei-Chuan Chiang
- Eastern Marine Biology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Chenggong, Taitung County 961 Taiwan
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17
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Geng WH, Wang XP, Che LF, Wang X, Liu R, Zhou T, Roos C, Irwin DM, Yu L. Convergent Evolution of Locomotory Modes in Euarchontoglires. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.615862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The research of phenotypic convergence is of increasing importance in adaptive evolution. Locomotory modes play important roles in the adaptive evolution of species in the Euarchontoglires, however, the investigation of convergent evolution of the locomotory modes across diverse Euarchontoglire orders is incomplete. We collected measurements of three phalangeal indices of manual digit III, including metacarpal of digit III (MC3), manus proximal phalanx of digit III (MPP3), and manus intermediate phalanx of digit III (MIP3), from 203 individuals of 122 Euarchontoglires species representing arboreal (orders Scandentia, Rodentia, and Primates), terrestrial (orders Scandentia and Rodentia), and gliding (orders Dermoptera and Rodentia) locomotory modes. This data can be separated into seven groups defined by order and locomotory mode. Based on combination of the three phalangeal indices, the Principle component analyses (PCA), phylomorphospace plot, and C-metrics analyses clustered the arboreal species of Scandentia, Rodentia, and Primates together and the terrestrial species of Scandentia and Rodentia together, showing the convergent signal in evolution of the arboreal (C1 = 0.424, P < 0.05) and terrestrial (C1 = 0.560, P < 0.05) locomotory modes in Euarchontoglires. Although the gliding species from Dermoptera and Rodentia did not cluster together, they also showed the convergent signal (C1 = 0.563, P < 0.05). Our work provides insight into the convergent evolution of locomotory modes in Euarchontoglires, and reveals that these three indices contribute valuable information to identify convergent evolution in Euarchontoglires.
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18
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Liu K, Huang H, Lu XY. Hydrodynamic benefits of intermittent locomotion of a self-propelled flapping plate. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:053106. [PMID: 33327113 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.053106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent locomotion is a widely used behavioral strategy for fish and birds to reduce the cost of movement. The intermittent locomotion performance of a self-propelled flapping plate is investigated numerically. Two intermittent swimming modes, namely, the multiple-tail-beat mode (MT mode) and the half-tail-beat mode (HT mode), as well as the continuous swimming mode (CT mode), are considered. Performance is evaluated from propulsive speed, efficiency, and cost of transport. The hydrodynamic performances of the intermittent modes are found to be better than the hydrodynamic performance of the CT mode when the bending stiffness K is moderate [i.e., K≈O(1)] and the duty cycle is not too small. For the two intermittent modes, the performance of the HT mode is better than that of the MT mode when K is small or moderate, while the situation is opposite when K is large. It is found that compared to the asymmetric wake of the MT mode, the symmetric wake of the HT mode is favorable to generate more thrust force and therefore achieve better performance. Besides, at moderate K, the largest bending deformation of the plate in the HT mode, as well as the large normal force, produces the largest thrust during the flapping. The present results can help us to better understand the intermittent locomotion of animals and may be helpful for bionic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haibo Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi-Yun Lu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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19
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Soto AP, McHenry MJ. Pursuit predation with intermittent locomotion in zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb230623. [PMID: 33257436 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The control of a predator's locomotion is critical to its ability to capture prey. Flying animals adjust their heading continuously with control similar to guided missiles. However, many animals do not move with rapid continuous motion, but rather interrupt their progress with frequent pauses. To understand how such intermittent locomotion may be controlled during predation, we examined the kinematics of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as they pursued larval prey of the same species. Like many fishes, zebrafish move with discrete burst-and-coast swimming. We found that the change in heading and tail excursion during the burst phase was linearly related to the prey's bearing. These results suggest a strategy, which we call intermittent pure pursuit, that offers advantages in sensing and control. This control strategy is similar to perception and path-planning algorithms required in the design of some autonomous robots and may be common to a diversity of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto P Soto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew J McHenry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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20
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Ashraf I, Van Wassenbergh S, Verma S. Burst-and-coast swimming is not always energetically beneficial in fish (Hemigrammus bleheri). BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2020; 16:016002. [PMID: 33164910 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abb521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Burst-and-coast swimming is an intermittent mode of locomotion used by various fish species. The intermittent gait has been associated with certain advantages such as stabilizing the visual field, improved sensing ability, and reduced energy expenditure. We investigate burst-coast swimming in rummy nose tetra fish (Hemigrammus bleheri) using a combination of experimental data and numerical simulations. The experiments were performed in a shallow water channel where the tetra fish swam against an imposed inflow. High speed video recordings of the fish were digitized to extract the undulatory kinematics at various swimming speeds. The kinematics data were then used in Navier-Stokes simulations to prescribe the undulatory motion for three-dimensional geometrical models of the fish. The resulting steady-state speeds of the simulated self-propelled swimmers agree well with the speeds observed experimentally. We examine the power requirements for various realistic swimming modes, which indicate that it is possible to use continuous swimming gaits that require considerably less mechanical energy than intermittent burst-coast modes at comparable speeds. The higher energetic cost of burst-coast swimming suggests that the primary purpose of intermittent swimming may not be to conserve energy, but it may instead be related to a combination of other functional aspects such as improved sensing and the likely existence of a minimum tail-beat frequency. Importantly, using sinusoidal traveling waves to generate intermittent and continuous kinematics, instead of using experiment-based kinematics, results in comparable power requirements for the two swimming modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intesaaf Ashraf
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mecanique des Milieux Heterogenes (PMMH), CNRS UMR 7636, ESPCI Paris, Universite Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Departement Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris, France
| | - Siddhartha Verma
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States of America
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
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21
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Cao T, Jin JP. Evolution of Flight Muscle Contractility and Energetic Efficiency. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1038. [PMID: 33162892 PMCID: PMC7581897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The powered flight of animals requires efficient and sustainable contractions of the wing muscles of various flying species. Despite their high degree of phylogenetic divergence, flight muscles in insects and vertebrates are striated muscles with similarly specialized sarcomeric structure and basic mechanisms of contraction and relaxation. Comparative studies examining flight muscles together with other striated muscles can provide valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms of muscle contraction and energetic efficiency. Here, we conducted a literature review and data mining to investigate the independent emergence and evolution of flight muscles in insects, birds, and bats, and the likely molecular basis of their contractile features and energetic efficiency. Bird and bat flight muscles have different metabolic rates that reflect differences in energetic efficiencies while having similar contractile machinery that is under the selection of similar natural environments. The significantly lower efficiency of insect flight muscles along with minimized energy expenditure in Ca2+ handling is discussed as a potential mechanism to increase the efficiency of mammalian striated muscles. A better understanding of the molecular evolution of myofilament proteins in the context of physiological functions of invertebrate and vertebrate flight muscles can help explore novel approaches to enhance the performance and efficiency of skeletal and cardiac muscles for the improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J.-P. Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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22
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Andrzejaczek S, Gleiss AC, Lear KO, Pattiaratchi C, Chapple TK, Meekan MG. Depth-dependent dive kinematics suggest cost-efficient foraging strategies by tiger sharks. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200789. [PMID: 32968529 PMCID: PMC7481696 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, are a keystone, top-order predator that are assumed to engage in cost-efficient movement and foraging patterns. To investigate the extent to which oscillatory diving by tiger sharks conform to these patterns, we used a biologging approach to model their cost of transport. High-resolution biologging tags with tri-axial sensors were deployed on 21 tiger sharks at Ningaloo Reef for durations of 5-48 h. Using overall dynamic body acceleration as a proxy for energy expenditure, we modelled the cost of transport of oscillatory movements of varying geometries in both horizontal and vertical planes for tiger sharks. The cost of horizontal transport was minimized by descending at the smallest possible angle and ascending at an angle of 5-14°, meaning that vertical oscillations conserved energy compared to swimming at a level depth. The reduction of vertical travel costs occurred at steeper angles. The absolute dive angles of tiger sharks increased between inshore and offshore zones, presumably to reduce the cost of transport while continuously hunting for prey in both benthic and surface habitats. Oscillatory movements of tiger sharks conform to strategies of cost-efficient foraging, and shallow inshore habitats appear to be an important habitat for both hunting prey and conserving energy while travelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Andrzejaczek
- Oceans Graduate School and The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Gleiss
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Karissa O. Lear
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Charitha Pattiaratchi
- Oceans Graduate School and The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Taylor K. Chapple
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Mark G. Meekan
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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23
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Powering Ocean Giants: The Energetics of Shark and Ray Megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Mettler E, Clyde-Brockway CE, Honarvar S, Paladino FV. Migratory corridor linking Atlantic green turtle, Chelonia mydas, nesting site on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea to Ghanaian foraging grounds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213231. [PMID: 31226114 PMCID: PMC6588206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study uses satellite telemetry to track post-nesting movements of endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas) (n = 6) in the Gulf of Guinea. It identifies a migratory corridor linking breeding grounds of Atlantic green turtles nesting on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, to foraging grounds in the coastal waters of Accra, Ghana. Track lengths of 20–198 days were analyzed, for a total of 536 movement days for the six turtles. Migratory pathways and foraging grounds were identified by applying a switching state space model to locational data, which provides daily position estimates to identify shifts between migrating and foraging behavior. Turtles exhibited a combination of coastal and oceanic migrations pathways that ranged from 957 km to 1,131 km. Of the six turtles, five completed their migration and maintained residency at the same foraging ground near the coastal waters of Accra, Ghana until transmission was lost. These five resident turtles inhabit heavily fished waters and are vulnerable to a variety of anthropogenic threats. The identification of these foraging grounds highlights the importance of these coastal waters for the protection of the endangered Atlantic green turtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mettler
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Shaya Honarvar
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States of America
- Bioko Marine Turtle Program, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Frank V. Paladino
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States of America
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25
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Gleiss AC, Schallert RJ, Dale JJ, Wilson SG, Block BA. Direct measurement of swimming and diving kinematics of giant Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190203. [PMID: 31218059 PMCID: PMC6549966 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tunas possess a range of physiological and mechanical adaptations geared towards high-performance swimming that are of considerable interest to physiologists, ecologists and engineers. Advances in biologging have provided significant improvements in understanding tuna migrations and vertical movement patterns, yet our understanding of the locomotion and swimming mechanics of these fish under natural conditions is limited. We equipped Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with motion-sensitive tags and video cameras to quantify the gaits and kinematics used by wild fish. Our data reveal significant variety in the locomotory kinematics of Atlantic bluefin tuna, ranging from continuous locomotion to two types of intermittent locomotion. The tuna sustained swimming speeds in excess of 1.5 m s-1 (0.6 body lengths s-1), while beating their tail at a frequency of approximately 1 Hz. While diving, some descents were entirely composed of passive glides, with slower descent rates featuring more gliding, while ascents were primarily composed of active swimming. The observed swimming behaviour of Atlantic bluefin tuna is consistent with theoretical models predicting such intermittent locomotion to result in mechanical and physiological advantages. Our results confirm that Atlantic bluefin tuna possess behavioural specializations to increase their locomotory performance, which together with their unique physiology improve their capacity to use pelagic and mesopelagic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Gleiss
- Tuna Research and Conservation Centre, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, 93950 Pacific Grove, USA
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Environment and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Robert J. Schallert
- Tuna Research and Conservation Centre, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, 93950 Pacific Grove, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Dale
- Tuna Research and Conservation Centre, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, 93950 Pacific Grove, USA
| | - Steve G. Wilson
- Tuna Research and Conservation Centre, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, 93950 Pacific Grove, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Tuna Research and Conservation Centre, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, 93950 Pacific Grove, USA
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26
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Tandler T, Gellman E, De La Cruz D, Ellerby DJ. Drag coefficient estimates from coasting bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:532-534. [PMID: 30671967 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The drag coefficient bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus was estimated from coasting deceleration as (mean ± SD) 0.0154 ± 0.0070 at a Reynolds number of 41,000 ± 14,000. This was within the coasting range in other species and lower than values obtained from dead drag measurements in this species and others. Low momentum losses during coasting may allow its use during intermittent propulsion to modulate power output or maximize energy economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Tandler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma Gellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dayna De La Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Ellerby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Watanabe YY, Payne NL, Semmens JM, Fox A, Huveneers C. Swimming strategies and energetics of endothermic white sharks during foraging. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/4/jeb185603. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Some fishes and sea turtles are distinct from ectotherms by having elevated core body temperatures and metabolic rates. Quantifying the energetics and activity of the regionally endothermic species will help us understand how a fundamental biophysical process (i.e. temperature-dependent metabolism) shapes animal ecology; however, such information is limited owing to difficulties in studying these large, highly active animals. White sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, are the largest fish with regional endothermy, and potentially among the most energy-demanding fishes. Here, we deployed multi-sensor loggers on eight white sharks aggregating near colonies of long-nosed fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, off the Neptune Islands, Australia. Simultaneous measurements of depth, swim speed (a proxy for swimming metabolic rate) and body acceleration (indicating when sharks exhibited energy-efficient gliding behaviour) revealed their fine-scale swimming behaviour and allowed us to estimate their energy expenditure. Sharks repeatedly dived (mean swimming depth, 29 m) and swam at the surface between deep dives (maximum depth, 108 m). Modal swim speeds (0.80–1.35 m s−1) were slower than the estimated speeds that minimize cost of transport (1.3–1.9 m s−1), a pattern analogous to a ‘sit-and-wait’ strategy for a perpetually swimming species. All but one shark employed unpowered gliding during descents, rendering deep (>50 m) dives 29% less costly than surface swimming, which may incur additional wave drag. We suggest that these behavioural strategies may help sharks to maximize net energy gains by reducing swimming cost while increasing encounter rates with fast-swimming seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Y. Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Nicholas L. Payne
- University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jayson M. Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Andrew Fox
- Fox Shark Research Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia 5070, Australia
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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28
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Gough WT, Segre PS, Bierlich KC, Cade DE, Potvin J, Fish FE, Dale J, di Clemente J, Friedlaender AS, Johnston DW, Kahane-Rapport SR, Kennedy J, Long JH, Oudejans M, Penry G, Savoca MS, Simon M, Videsen SKA, Visser F, Wiley DN, Goldbogen JA. Scaling of swimming performance in baleen whales. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.204172. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scale-dependence of locomotor factors have long been studied in comparative biomechanics, but remain poorly understood for animals at the upper extremes of body size. Rorqual baleen whales include the largest animals, but we lack basic kinematic data about their movements and behavior below the ocean surface. Here we combined morphometrics from aerial drone photogrammetry, whale-borne inertial sensing tag data, and hydrodynamic modeling to study the locomotion of five rorqual species. We quantified changes in tail oscillatory frequency and cruising speed for individual whales spanning a threefold variation in body length, corresponding to an order of magnitude variation in estimated body mass. Our results showed that oscillatory frequency decreases with body length (∝ length−0.53) while cruising speed remains roughly invariant (∝ length0.08) at 2 m s−1. We compared these measured results for oscillatory frequency against simplified models of an oscillating cantilever beam (∝ length−1) and an optimized oscillating Strouhal vortex generator (∝ length−1). The difference between our length-scaling exponent and the simplified models suggests that animals are often swimming non-optimally in order to feed or perform other routine behaviors. Cruising speed aligned more closely with an estimate of the optimal speed required to minimize the energetic cost of swimming (∝ length0.07). Our results are among the first to elucidate the relationships between both oscillatory frequency and cruising speed and body size for free-swimming animals at the largest scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Gough
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Paolo S. Segre
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - K. C. Bierlich
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - David E. Cade
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 633103, USA
| | - Frank E. Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - Julian Dale
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Ari S. Friedlaender
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - David W. Johnston
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - John Kennedy
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 633103, USA
| | - John H. Long
- Departments of Biology and Cognitive Science, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | | | - Gwenith Penry
- Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Matthew S. Savoca
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Malene Simon
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Simone K. A. Videsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Fleur Visser
- Kelp Marine Research, Hoorn, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics – Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - David N. Wiley
- US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Scituate, MA 02066, USA
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29
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Gleiss AC, Potvin J, Goldbogen JA. Physical trade-offs shape the evolution of buoyancy control in sharks. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1345. [PMID: 29118132 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Buoyancy control is a fundamental aspect of aquatic life that has major implications for locomotor performance and ecological niche. Unlike terrestrial animals, the densities of aquatic animals are similar to the supporting fluid, thus even small changes in body density may have profound effects on locomotion. Here, we analysed the body composition (lipid versus lean tissue) of 32 shark species to study the evolution of buoyancy. Our comparative phylogenetic analyses indicate that although lean tissue displays minor positive allometry, liver volume exhibits pronounced positive allometry, suggesting that larger sharks evolved bulkier body compositions by adding lipid tissue to lean tissue rather than substituting lean for lipid tissue, particularly in the liver. We revealed a continuum of buoyancy control strategies that ranged from more buoyant sharks with larger livers in deeper ecosystems to relatively denser sharks with small livers in epipelagic habitats. Across this eco-morphological spectrum, our hydrodynamic modelling suggests that neutral buoyancy yields lower drag and more efficient steady swimming, whereas negative buoyancy may be more efficient during accelerated movements. The evolution of buoyancy control in sharks suggests that ecological and physiological factors mediate the selective pressures acting on these traits along two major gradients, body size and habitat depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Gleiss
- Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, 3511 Laclede Ave., St Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
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30
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Michaud M, Veron G, Peignè S, Blin A, Fabre AC. Are phenotypic disparity and rate of morphological evolution correlated with ecological diversity in Carnivora? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Michaud
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Gèraldine Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Stèphane Peignè
- Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements, UMR 7207 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Blin
- Outils et Méthodes de la Systématique Intégrative, OMSI – UMS 2700 CNRS MNHN, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 MECADEV, CNRS/MNHN, rue Buffon, Paris, France
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31
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Akanyeti O, Putney J, Yanagitsuru YR, Lauder GV, Stewart WJ, Liao JC. Accelerating fishes increase propulsive efficiency by modulating vortex ring geometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13828-13833. [PMID: 29229818 PMCID: PMC5748167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705968115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming animals need to generate propulsive force to overcome drag, regardless of whether they swim steadily or accelerate forward. While locomotion strategies for steady swimming are well characterized, far less is known about acceleration. Animals exhibit many different ways to swim steadily, but we show here that this behavioral diversity collapses into a single swimming pattern during acceleration regardless of the body size, morphology, and ecology of the animal. We draw on the fields of biomechanics, fluid dynamics, and robotics to demonstrate that there is a fundamental difference between steady swimming and forward acceleration. We provide empirical evidence that the tail of accelerating fishes can increase propulsive efficiency by enhancing thrust through the alteration of vortex ring geometry. Our study provides insight into how propulsion can be altered without increasing vortex ring size and represents a fundamental departure from our current understanding of the hydrodynamic mechanisms of acceleration. Our findings reveal a unifying hydrodynamic principle that is likely conserved in all aquatic, undulatory vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otar Akanyeti
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080;
- The Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3FL, Wales
| | - Joy Putney
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080
- The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Yuzo R Yanagitsuru
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080
| | - George V Lauder
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - William J Stewart
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080
- The Department of Science, Eastern Florida State College, Melbourne, FL 32935
| | - James C Liao
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080;
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32
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Noda T, Fujioka K, Fukuda H, Mitamura H, Ichikawa K, Arai N. The influence of body size on the intermittent locomotion of a pelagic schooling fish. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.3019. [PMID: 27252017 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a potential trade-off between grouping and the optimizing of the energetic efficiency of individual locomotion. Although intermittent locomotion, e.g. glide and upward swimming (GAU), can reduce the cost of locomotion at the individual level, the link between the optimization of individual intermittent locomotion and the behavioural synchronization in a group, especially among members with different sizes, is unknown. Here, we continuously monitored the schooling behaviour of a negatively buoyant fish, Pacific bluefin tuna (N = 10; 21.0 ∼ 24.5 cm), for 24 h in an open-sea net cage using accelerometry. All the fish repeated GAU during the recording periods. Although the GAU synchrony was maintained at high levels (overall mean = 0.62 for the cross-correlation coefficient of the GAU timings), larger fish glided for a longer duration per glide and more frequently than smaller fish. Similar-sized pairs showed significantly higher GAU synchrony than differently sized pairs. Our accelerometry results and the simulation based on hydrodynamic theory indicated that the advantage of intermittent locomotion in energy savings may not be fully optimized for smaller animals in a group when faced with the maintenance of group cohesion, suggesting that size assortative shoaling would be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Noda
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ko Fujioka
- National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, FRA, Shizuoka 424-8633, Japan
| | - Hiromu Fukuda
- National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, FRA, Shizuoka 424-8633, Japan
| | | | - Kotaro Ichikawa
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Arai
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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33
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Reynolds AM, Reynolds DR, Sane SP, Hu G, Chapman JW. Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0392. [PMID: 27528782 PMCID: PMC4992716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-flying insect migrants have been shown to display sophisticated flight orientations that can, for example, maximize distance travelled by exploiting tailwinds, and reduce drift from seasonally optimal directions. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical evidence for the mechanisms underlying the selection and maintenance of the observed flight headings, and the detection of wind direction and speed, for insects flying hundreds of metres above the ground. Different mechanisms may be used—visual perception of the apparent ground movement or mechanosensory cues maintained by intrinsic features of the wind—depending on circumstances (e.g. day or night migrations). In addition to putative turbulence-induced velocity, acceleration and temperature cues, we present a new mathematical analysis which shows that ‘jerks’ (the time-derivative of accelerations) can provide indicators of wind direction at altitude. The adaptive benefits of the different orientation strategies are briefly discussed, and we place these new findings for insects within a wider context by comparisons with the latest research on other flying and swimming organisms. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy M Reynolds
- Computational and Systems Biology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Sanjay P Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560 065, Karnataka, India
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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34
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Geurten BRH, Niesterok B, Dehnhardt G, Hanke FD. Saccadic movement strategy in a semiaquatic species - the harbour seal ( Phoca vitulina). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1503-1508. [PMID: 28167803 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.150763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Moving animals can estimate the distance of visual objects from image shift on their retina (optic flow) created during translational, but not rotational movements. To facilitate this distance estimation, many terrestrial and flying animals perform saccadic movements, thereby temporally separating translational and rotational movements, keeping rotation times short. In this study, we analysed whether a semiaquatic mammal, the harbour seal, also adopts a saccadic movement strategy. We recorded the seals' normal swimming pattern with video cameras and analysed head and body movements. The swimming seals indeed minimized rotation times by saccadic head and body turns, with top rotation speeds exceeding 350 deg s-1 which leads to an increase of translational movements. Saccades occurred during both types of locomotion of the seals' intermittent swimming mode: active propulsion and gliding. In conclusion, harbour seals share the saccadic movement strategy of terrestrial animals. Whether this movement strategy is adopted to facilitate distance estimation from optic flow or serves a different function will be a topic of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart R H Geurten
- Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Schwann-Schleiden Research Center, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen 37007, Germany
| | - Benedikt Niesterok
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Guido Dehnhardt
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Frederike D Hanke
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock 18059, Germany
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35
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Yoshida MA, Yamamoto D, Sato K. Physostomous channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, modify swimming mode and buoyancy based on flow conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:597-606. [PMID: 27908977 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The employment of gliding in aquatic animals as a means of conserving energy has been theoretically predicted and discussed for decades. Several studies have shown that some species glide, whereas others do not. Freshwater fish species that widely inhabit both lentic and lotic environments are thought to be able to adapt to fluctuating flow conditions in terms of locomotion. In adapting to the different functional demands of lentic and lotic environments on fish energetics, physostomous (open swim bladder) fish may optimise their locomotion and activity by controlling their net buoyancy; however, few buoyancy studies have been conducted on physostomous fish in the wild. We deployed accelerometers on free-ranging channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in both lentic and lotic environments to quantify their swimming activity, and to determine their buoyancy condition preferences and whether gliding conserves energy. Individual comparisons of swimming efforts between ascent and descent phases revealed that all fish in the lentic environment had negative buoyancy. However, all individuals showed many descents without gliding phases, which was contrary to the behaviour predicted to minimise the cost of transport. The fact that significantly fewer gliding phases were observed in the lotic environment, together with the existence of neutrally buoyant fish, indicated that channel catfish seem to optimise their locomotion through buoyancy control based on flow conditions. The buoyancy optimisation of channel catfish relative to the flow conditions that they inhabit not only reflects differences in swimming behaviour but also provides new insights into the adaptation of physostome fish species to various freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto A Yoshida
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Toyota Yahagi River Institute, 2-19 Nishimachi, Toyota, Aichi 471-0025, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Sato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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36
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Great hammerhead sharks swim on their side to reduce transport costs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12289. [PMID: 27457414 PMCID: PMC4963531 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals exhibit various physiological and behavioural strategies for minimizing travel costs. Fins of aquatic animals play key roles in efficient travel and, for sharks, the functions of dorsal and pectoral fins are considered well divided: the former assists propulsion and generates lateral hydrodynamic forces during turns and the latter generates vertical forces that offset sharks' negative buoyancy. Here we show that great hammerhead sharks drastically reconfigure the function of these structures, using an exaggerated dorsal fin to generate lift by swimming rolled on their side. Tagged wild sharks spend up to 90% of time swimming at roll angles between 50° and 75°, and hydrodynamic modelling shows that doing so reduces drag—and in turn, the cost of transport—by around 10% compared with traditional upright swimming. Employment of such a strongly selected feature for such a unique purpose raises interesting questions about evolutionary pathways to hydrodynamic adaptations, and our perception of form and function. Sharks' dorsal fins are thought to assist propulsion and turns while pectoral fins are thought to oppose sharks' negative buoyancy. Here, Payne and colleagues show that hammerhead sharks use an exaggerated dorsal fin to generate lift by swimming on their side.
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37
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Martin O, Zagorski M. Network architectures and operating principles. Phys Life Rev 2016; 17:168-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Hays GC, Ferreira LC, Sequeira AMM, Meekan MG, Duarte CM, Bailey H, Bailleul F, Bowen WD, Caley MJ, Costa DP, Eguíluz VM, Fossette S, Friedlaender AS, Gales N, Gleiss AC, Gunn J, Harcourt R, Hazen EL, Heithaus MR, Heupel M, Holland K, Horning M, Jonsen I, Kooyman GL, Lowe CG, Madsen PT, Marsh H, Phillips RA, Righton D, Ropert-Coudert Y, Sato K, Shaffer SA, Simpfendorfer CA, Sims DW, Skomal G, Takahashi A, Trathan PN, Wikelski M, Womble JN, Thums M. Key Questions in Marine Megafauna Movement Ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:463-475. [PMID: 26979550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and, as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C Hays
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia.
| | - Luciana C Ferreira
- IOMRC and The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Animal Biology and Centre for Marine Futures, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, c/o The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ana M M Sequeira
- IOMRC and The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Animal Biology and Centre for Marine Futures, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark G Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, c/o The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Bailey
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Fred Bailleul
- South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), 2 Hamra Avenue, West Beach, Adelaide, SA 5024, Australia
| | - W Don Bowen
- Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - M Julian Caley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Victor M Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Sabrina Fossette
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ari S Friedlaender
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, 2030 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Nick Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia
| | - Adrian C Gleiss
- Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - John Gunn
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Elliott L Hazen
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 99 Pacific St, Suite 255A, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Michael R Heithaus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Michelle Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Kim Holland
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, PO Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 98744, USA
| | - Markus Horning
- Science Department, Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK 99664, USA
| | - Ian Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Gerald L Kooyman
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher G Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK 8000, Denmark; Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Helene Marsh
- College of Marine and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - David Righton
- Fisheries and Ecosystems Division, Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR34 7RU, UK
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-Université de La Rochelle, CNRS UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Katsufumi Sato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0100, USA
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - David W Sims
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK; Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK; Centre for Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gregory Skomal
- Massachusetts Shark Research Project, Division of Marine Fisheries, 1213 Purchase St, New Bedford, MA 02740, USA
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration and ImmunoEcology, Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany; Konstanz University, Department of Biology, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jamie N Womble
- National Park Service, Glacier Bay Field Station, 3100 National Park Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Michele Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, c/o The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Alter SE, Brown B, Stiassny MLJ. Molecular phylogenetics reveals convergent evolution in lower Congo River spiny eels. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:224. [PMID: 26472465 PMCID: PMC4608218 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lower Congo River (LCR) is a region of exceptional species diversity and endemism in the Congo basin, including numerous species of spiny eels (genus Mastacembelus). Four of these exhibit distinctive phenotypes characterized by greatly reduced optic globes deeply embedded into the head (cryptophthalmia) and reduced (or absent) melanin pigmentation, among other characteristics. A strikingly similar cryptophthalmic phenotype is also found in members of a number of unrelated fish families, strongly suggesting the possibility of convergent evolution. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes that shaped diversification in LCR Mastacembelus, their biogeographic origins, or when colonization of the LCR occurred. Methods We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genes from Mastacembelus species collected in the lower Congo River, and compared them with other African species and Asian representatives as outgroups. We analyzed the sequence data using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Results Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses, and Bayesian coalescent methods for species tree reconstruction, reveal that endemic LCR spiny eels derive from two independent origins, clearly demonstrating convergent evolution of the cryptophthalmic phenotype. Mastacembelus crassus, M. aviceps, and M. simbi form a clade, allied to species found in southern, eastern and central Africa. Unexpectedly, M. brichardi and brachyrhinus fall within a clade otherwise endemic to Lake Tanganikya (LT) ca. 1500 km east of the LCR. Divergence dating suggests the ages of these two clades of LCR endemics differ markedly. The age of the crassus group is estimated at ~4 Myr while colonization of the LCR by the brichardi-brachyrhinus progenitor was considerably more recent, dated at ~0.5 Myr. Conclusions The phylogenetic framework of spiny eels presented here, the first to include LCR species, demonstrates that cryptophthalmia and associated traits evolved at least twice in Mastacembelus: once in M. brichardi and at least once in the M. crassus clade. Timing of diversification is broadly consistent with the onset of modern high-energy flow conditions in the LCR and with previous studies of endemic cichlids. The close genetic relationship between M. brichardi and M. brachyrhinus is particularly notable given the extreme difference in phenotype between these species, and additional work is needed to better understand the evolutionary history of diversification in this clade. The findings presented here demonstrate strong, multi-trait convergence in LCR spiny eels, suggesting that extreme selective pressures have shaped numerous phenotypic attributes of the endemic species of this region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0507-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Alter
- Department of Biology, York College, City University of New York, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY, 11415, USA. .,CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th St and Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
| | - Bianca Brown
- Department of Biology, York College, City University of New York, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY, 11415, USA
| | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th St and Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA
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40
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Alter SE, Brown B, Stiassny MLJ. Molecular phylogenetics reveals convergent evolution in lower Congo River spiny eels. BMC Evol Biol 2015. [PMID: 26472465 DOI: 10.1186/s12862015-0507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower Congo River (LCR) is a region of exceptional species diversity and endemism in the Congo basin, including numerous species of spiny eels (genus Mastacembelus). Four of these exhibit distinctive phenotypes characterized by greatly reduced optic globes deeply embedded into the head (cryptophthalmia) and reduced (or absent) melanin pigmentation, among other characteristics. A strikingly similar cryptophthalmic phenotype is also found in members of a number of unrelated fish families, strongly suggesting the possibility of convergent evolution. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes that shaped diversification in LCR Mastacembelus, their biogeographic origins, or when colonization of the LCR occurred. METHODS We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genes from Mastacembelus species collected in the lower Congo River, and compared them with other African species and Asian representatives as outgroups. We analyzed the sequence data using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. RESULTS Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses, and Bayesian coalescent methods for species tree reconstruction, reveal that endemic LCR spiny eels derive from two independent origins, clearly demonstrating convergent evolution of the cryptophthalmic phenotype. Mastacembelus crassus, M. aviceps, and M. simbi form a clade, allied to species found in southern, eastern and central Africa. Unexpectedly, M. brichardi and brachyrhinus fall within a clade otherwise endemic to Lake Tanganikya (LT) ca. 1500 km east of the LCR. Divergence dating suggests the ages of these two clades of LCR endemics differ markedly. The age of the crassus group is estimated at ~4 Myr while colonization of the LCR by the brichardi-brachyrhinus progenitor was considerably more recent, dated at ~0.5 Myr. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic framework of spiny eels presented here, the first to include LCR species, demonstrates that cryptophthalmia and associated traits evolved at least twice in Mastacembelus: once in M. brichardi and at least once in the M. crassus clade. Timing of diversification is broadly consistent with the onset of modern high-energy flow conditions in the LCR and with previous studies of endemic cichlids. The close genetic relationship between M. brichardi and M. brachyrhinus is particularly notable given the extreme difference in phenotype between these species, and additional work is needed to better understand the evolutionary history of diversification in this clade. The findings presented here demonstrate strong, multi-trait convergence in LCR spiny eels, suggesting that extreme selective pressures have shaped numerous phenotypic attributes of the endemic species of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Alter
- Department of Biology, York College, City University of New York, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY, 11415, USA.
- CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th St and Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
| | - Bianca Brown
- Department of Biology, York College, City University of New York, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY, 11415, USA
| | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th St and Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA
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Williams TM, Fuiman LA, Davis RW. Locomotion and the Cost of Hunting in Large, Stealthy Marine Carnivores. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:673-82. [PMID: 25936358 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging by large (>25 kg), mammalian carnivores often entails cryptic tactics to surreptitiously locate and overcome highly mobile prey. Many forms of intermittent locomotion from stroke-and-glide maneuvers by marine mammals to sneak-and-pounce behaviors by terrestrial canids, ursids, and felids are involved. While affording proximity to vigilant prey, these tactics are also associated with unique energetic costs and benefits to the predator. We examined the energetic consequences of intermittent locomotion in mammalian carnivores and assessed the role of these behaviors in overall foraging efficiency. Behaviorally-linked, three-axis accelerometers were calibrated to provide instantaneous locomotor behaviors and associated energetic costs for wild adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) diving beneath the Antarctic ice. The results were compared with previously published values for other marine and terrestrial carnivores. We found that intermittent locomotion in the form of extended glides, burst-and-glide swimming, and rollercoaster maneuvers while hunting silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) resulted in a marked energetic savings for the diving seals relative to continuously stroking. The cost of a foraging dive by the seals decreased by 9.2-59.6%, depending on the proportion of time gliding. These energetic savings translated into exceptionally low transport costs during hunting (COTHUNT) for diving mammals. COTHUNT for Weddell seals was nearly six times lower than predicted for large terrestrial carnivores, and demonstrates the importance of turning off the propulsive machinery to facilitate cost-efficient foraging in highly active, air-breathing marine predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrie M Williams
- *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373-5015, USA; Departments of Marine Biology and Wildlife and Fisheries Science, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Lee A Fuiman
- *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373-5015, USA; Departments of Marine Biology and Wildlife and Fisheries Science, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Randall W Davis
- *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373-5015, USA; Departments of Marine Biology and Wildlife and Fisheries Science, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
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Bale R, Neveln ID, Bhalla APS, MacIver MA, Patankar NA. Convergent evolution of mechanically optimal locomotion in aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002123. [PMID: 25919026 PMCID: PMC4412495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Examples of animals evolving similar traits despite the absence of that trait in the last common ancestor, such as the wing and camera-type lens eye in vertebrates and invertebrates, are called cases of convergent evolution. Instances of convergent evolution of locomotory patterns that quantitatively agree with the mechanically optimal solution are very rare. Here, we show that, with respect to a very diverse group of aquatic animals, a mechanically optimal method of swimming with elongated fins has evolved independently at least eight times in both vertebrate and invertebrate swimmers across three different phyla. Specifically, if we take the length of an undulation along an animal's fin during swimming and divide it by the mean amplitude of undulations along the fin length, the result is consistently around twenty. We call this value the optimal specific wavelength (OSW). We show that the OSW maximizes the force generated by the body, which also maximizes swimming speed. We hypothesize a mechanical basis for this optimality and suggest reasons for its repeated emergence through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Izaak D. Neveln
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amneet Pal Singh Bhalla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Malcolm A. MacIver
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NAP); (MAM)
| | - Neelesh A. Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NAP); (MAM)
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43
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Silva AT, Hatry C, Thiem JD, Gutowsky LFG, Hatin D, Zhu DZ, W. Dawson J, Katopodis C, J. Cooke S. Behaviour and locomotor activity of a migratory catostomid during fishway passage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123051. [PMID: 25853245 PMCID: PMC4390351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishways have been developed to restore longitudinal connectivity in rivers. Despite their potential for aiding fish passage, fishways may represent a source of significant energetic expenditure for fish as they are highly turbulent environments. Nonetheless, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms underpinning fishway passage of fish is still limited. We examined swimming behaviour and activity of silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) during its upriver spawning migration in a vertical slot fishway. We used an accelerometer-derived instantaneous activity metric (overall dynamic body acceleration) to estimate location-specific swimming activity. Silver redhorse demonstrated progressive increases in activity during upstream fishway passage. Moreover, location-specific passage duration decreased with an increasing number of passage attempts. Turning basins and the most upstream basin were found to delay fish passage. No relationship was found between basin-specific passage duration and activity and the respective values from previous basins. The results demonstrate that successful fishway passage requires periods of high activity. The resultant energetic expenditure may affect fitness, foraging behaviour and increase susceptibility to predation, compromising population sustainability. This study highlights the need to understand the physiological mechanisms underpinning fishway passage to improve future designs and interpretation of biological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. Silva
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Hatry
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason D. Thiem
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee F. G. Gutowsky
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Hatin
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | - David Z. Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Gleiss AC, Potvin J, Keleher JJ, Whitty JM, Morgan DL, Goldbogen JA. Mechanical challenges to freshwater residency in sharks and rays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1099-110. [PMID: 25573824 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Major transitions between marine and freshwater habitats are relatively infrequent, primarily as a result of major physiological and ecological challenges. Few species of cartilaginous fish have evolved to occupy freshwater habitats. Current thought suggests that the metabolic physiology of sharks has remained a barrier to the diversification of this taxon in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we demonstrate that the physical properties of water provide an additional constraint for this species-rich group to occupy freshwater systems. Using hydromechanical modeling, we show that occurrence in fresh water results in a two- to three-fold increase in negative buoyancy for sharks and rays. This carries the energetic cost of lift production and results in increased buoyancy-dependent mechanical power requirements for swimming and increased optimal swim speeds. The primary source of buoyancy, the lipid-rich liver, offers only limited compensation for increased negative buoyancy as a result of decreasing water density; maintaining the same submerged weight would involve increasing the liver volume by very large amounts: 3- to 4-fold in scenarios where liver density is also reduced to currently observed minimal levels and 8-fold without any changes in liver density. The first data on body density from two species of elasmobranch occurring in freshwater (the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas, Müller and Henle 1839, and the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis, Linnaeus 1758) support this hypothesis, showing similar liver sizes as marine forms but lower liver densities, but the greatest negative buoyancies of any elasmobranch studied to date. Our data suggest that the mechanical challenges associated with buoyancy control may have hampered the invasion of freshwater habitats in elasmobranchs, highlighting an additional key factor that may govern the predisposition of marine organisms to successfully establish in freshwater habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Gleiss
- Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Jean Potvin
- Department of Physics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - James J Keleher
- Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Jeff M Whitty
- Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - David L Morgan
- Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
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Paoletti P, Mahadevan L. Intermittent locomotion as an optimal control strategy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20130535. [PMID: 24711718 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds, fish and other animals routinely use unsteady effects to save energy by alternating between phases of active propulsion and passive coasting. Here, we construct a minimal model for such behaviour that can be couched as an optimal control problem via an analogy to travelling with a rechargeable battery. An analytical solution of the optimal control problem proves that intermittent locomotion has lower energy requirements relative to steady-state strategies. Additional realistic hypotheses, such as the assumption that metabolic cost at a given power should be minimal (the fixed gear hypothesis), a nonlinear dependence of the energy storage rate on propulsion and/or a preferred average speed, allow us to generalize the model and demonstrate the flexibility of intermittent locomotion with implications for biological and artificial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paoletti
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; Department of Physics , Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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46
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Sato K, Aoki K, Watanabe YY, Miller PJO. Neutral buoyancy is optimal to minimize the cost of transport in horizontally swimming seals. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2205. [PMID: 23857645 PMCID: PMC3712316 DOI: 10.1038/srep02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flying and terrestrial animals should spend energy to move while supporting their weight against gravity. On the other hand, supported by buoyancy, aquatic animals can minimize the energy cost for supporting their body weight and neutral buoyancy has been considered advantageous for aquatic animals. However, some studies suggested that aquatic animals might use non-neutral buoyancy for gliding and thereby save energy cost for locomotion. We manipulated the body density of seals using detachable weights and floats, and compared stroke efforts of horizontally swimming seals under natural conditions using animal-borne recorders. The results indicated that seals had smaller stroke efforts to swim a given speed when they were closer to neutral buoyancy. We conclude that neutral buoyancy is likely the best body density to minimize the cost of transport in horizontal swimming by seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsufumi Sato
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
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Payne NL, Taylor MD, Watanabe YY, Semmens JM. From physiology to physics: are we recognizing the flexibility of biologging tools? J Exp Biol 2014; 217:317-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.093922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The remote measurement of data from free-ranging animals has been termed ‘biologging’ and in recent years this relatively small set of tools has been instrumental in addressing remarkably diverse questions – from ‘how will tuna respond to climate change?’ to ‘why are whales big?’. While a single biologging dataset can have the potential to test hypotheses spanning physiology, ecology, evolution and theoretical physics, explicit illustrations of this flexibility are scarce and this has arguably hindered the full realization of the power of biologging tools. Here we present a small set of examples from studies that have collected data on two parameters widespread in biologging research (depth and acceleration), but that have interpreted their data in the context of extremely diverse phenomena: from tests of biomechanical and diving-optimality models to identifications of feeding events, Lévy flight foraging strategies and expanding oxygen minimum zones. We use these examples to highlight the remarkable flexibility of biologging tools, and identify several mechanisms that may enhance the scope and dissemination of future biologging research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Payne
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Matthew D. Taylor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Nelson Bay, NSW 2315, Australia
| | - Yuuki Y. Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Jayson M. Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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48
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Bro-Jørgensen J. EVOLUTION OF SPRINT SPEED IN AFRICAN SAVANNAH HERBIVORES IN RELATION TO PREDATION. Evolution 2013; 67:3371-6. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bro-Jørgensen
- Mammalian Behaviour & Evolution Group; Department of Evolution; Ecology & Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus; Neston CH64 7TE United Kingdom
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Del Raye G, Jorgensen SJ, Krumhansl K, Ezcurra JM, Block BA. Travelling light: white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) rely on body lipid stores to power ocean-basin scale migration. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130836. [PMID: 23864595 PMCID: PMC3730586 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species undertake long-distance annual migrations between foraging and reproductive areas. Such migrants depend on the efficient packaging, storage and utilization of energy to succeed. A diverse assemblage of organisms accomplishes this through the use of lipid reserves; yet, it remains unclear whether the migrations of elasmobranchs, which include the largest gill breathers on Earth, depend on such a mechanism. We examine depth records from pop-up satellite archival tags to discern changes in buoyancy as a proxy for energy storage in Eastern Pacific white sharks, and assess whether lipid depletion fuels long-distance (approx. 4000 km) migrations. We develop new algorithms to assess body condition, buoyancy and drift rate during drift dives and validate the techniques using a captive white shark. In the wild, we document a consistent increase in drift rate over the course of all migrations, indicating a decrease in buoyancy caused by the depletion of lipid reserves. These results comprise, to our knowledge, the first assessment of energy storage and budgeting in migrating sharks. The methods provide a basis for further insights into using electronic tags to reveal the energetic strategies of a wide range of elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Del Raye
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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50
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Integrative Approaches to the Study of Baleen Whale Diving Behavior, Feeding Performance, and Foraging Ecology. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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