1
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Sköld C, Jansson AK, Glimelius I. Malignant ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors: Common characteristics but different prognoses. J Intern Med 2024; 295:715-734. [PMID: 38468475 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Both ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from the primordial germ cell and share many similarities. Both malignancies affect mainly young patients, show remarkable responsiveness to cisplatin-based therapy, and have an excellent prognosis, which also highlights the importance of minimizing long-term side effects. However, certain differences can be noted: The spreading of the disease differs, and the staging system and treatment recommendations are dissimilar. Moreover, the prognosis for ovarian GCTs is significantly inferior to that for testicular cancer, as exemplified in this review comparing the survival in Swedish patients diagnosed with testicular (1995-2022) and ovarian (1990-2018) GCTs. The 5-year overall survival in ovarian GCTs was 85.2%, versus 98.2% for testicular GCTs. How can this be explained? One reason may be the difference in knowledge, experience, and evidence because the incidence rate of testicular cancer is more than 15 times that of ovarian GCTs. Given the rarity of the disease in women and the lack of established guidelines, a comprehensive understanding of the disease and treatment decisions is challenging. The main objective of this review is to derive insights from testicular GCTs (seminoma and non-seminoma) by reviewing etiological, tumor biological, and clinical knowledge, and to thereafter suggest actions for ovarian GCTs based on this. We hypothesize that by adopting specific treatment strategies from testicular GCTs-including de-escalating adjuvant chemotherapy for low-risk patients and implementing more standardized and intensive treatment protocols in cases of relapse-we can improve the prognosis and minimize long-term side effects in ovarian GCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Sköld
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna K Jansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Kilic I, Acosta AM, Idrees MT. Evolution of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in the Molecular Era With Histogenetic Implications. Adv Anat Pathol 2024; 31:206-214. [PMID: 38525515 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The current WHO classification of testicular germ cell tumors is based on the pathogenesis of the tumors driven by different genomic events. The germ cell neoplasia in situ is the precursor lesion for all malignant germ cell tumors. The current understanding of pathogenesis is that the developmental and environmental factors with the erasure of parental genomic imprinting lead to the development of abnormal gonocytes that settle in the "spermatogonial Niche" in seminiferous tubules. The abnormal primordial germ cells in the seminiferous tubules give rise to pre-GCNIS cells under the influence of TPSY and OCT4 genes. The whole genome duplication events give rise to germ cell neoplasia in situ, which further acquires alterations in 12p along with NRAS and KRAS mutations to produce seminoma. A subset of seminomas acquires KIT mutation and does not differentiate further. The remaining KIT-stable seminomas differentiate to nonseminomatous GCTs after obtaining recurrent chromosomal losses, epigenetic modification, and posttranscriptional regulation by multiple genes. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors also develop directly from differentiated germ cell neoplasia in situ. TP53 pathway with downstream drivers may give rise to somatic-type malignancies of GCT. The GCTs are remarkably sensitive to cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy; however, resistance to cisplatin develops in up to 8% of tumors and appears to be driven by TP53/MDM2 gene mutations. Serum and Plasma miRNAs show promise in diagnosing, managing, and following up on these tumors. The mechanisms underlying the development of most tumors have been elucidated; however, additional studies are required to pinpoint the events directing specific characteristics. Advances in identifying specific molecular markers have been seen recently and may be adopted as gold standards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kilic
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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3
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Boyd RI, Shokry D, Fazal Z, Rennels BC, Freemantle SJ, La Frano MR, Prins GS, Madak Erdogan Z, Irudayaraj J, Singh R, Spinella MJ. Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Alters Pro-Cancer Phenotypes and Metabolic and Transcriptional Signatures in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. TOXICS 2024; 12:232. [PMID: 38668455 PMCID: PMC11054796 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The potential effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a recently emergent human and environmental health concern. There is a consistent link between PFAS exposure and cancer, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Although epidemiological evidence supporting PFAS exposure and cancer in general is conflicting, there is relatively strong evidence linking PFAS and testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). However, no mechanistic studies have been performed to date concerning PFAS and TGCTs. In this report, the effects of the legacy PFAS perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and the newer "clean energy" PFAS lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi, called HQ-115), on the tumorigenicity of TGCTs in mice, TGCT cell survival, and metabolite production, as well as gene regulation were investigated. In vitro, the proliferation and survival of both chemo-sensitive and -resistant TGCT cells were minimally affected by a wide range of PFOS and HQ-115 concentrations. However, both chemicals promoted the growth of TGCT cells in mouse xenografts at doses consistent with human exposure but induced minimal acute toxicity, as assessed by total body, kidney, and testis weight. PFOS, but not HQ-115, increased liver weight. Transcriptomic alterations of PFOS-exposed normal mouse testes were dominated by cancer-related pathways and gene expression alterations associated with the H3K27me3 polycomb pathway and DNA methylation, epigenetic pathways that were previously showed to be critical for the survival of TGCT cells after cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Similar patterns of PFOS-mediated gene expression occurred in PFOS-exposed cells in vitro. Metabolomic studies revealed that PFOS also altered metabolites associated with steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism in TGCT cells, consistent with the proposed ability of PFAS to mimic fatty acid-based ligands controlling lipid metabolism and the proposed role of PFAS as endocrine disrupters. Our data, is the first cell and animal based study on PFAS in TGCTs, support a pro-tumorigenic effect of PFAS on TGCT biology and suggests epigenetic, metabolic, and endocrine disruption as potential mechanisms of action that are consistent with the non-mutagenic nature of the PFAS class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya I. Boyd
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Doha Shokry
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Brayden C. Rennels
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Sarah J. Freemantle
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Chicago Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Zeynep Madak Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Michael J. Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.I.B.); (D.S.); (Z.F.); (B.C.R.); (S.J.F.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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McHugh DJ, Gleeson JP, Feldman DR. Testicular cancer in 2023: Current status and recent progress. CA Cancer J Clin 2024; 74:167-186. [PMID: 37947355 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) is the most common solid tumor in adolescent and young adult men. Progress in the management of GCT has been made in the last 50 years, with a substantial improvement in cure rates for advanced disease, from 25% in the 1970s to nearly 80%. However, relapsed or platinum-refractory disease occurs in a proportion, 20% of whom will die from disease progression. This article reviews the current evidence-based treatments for extracranial GCT, the acute and chronic toxic effects that may result, and highlights contemporary advances and progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan J McHugh
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jack P Gleeson
- Cancer Research, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Medical Oncology Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Darren R Feldman
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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5
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He F, Bandyopadhyay AM, Klesse LJ, Rogojina A, Chun SH, Butler E, Hartshorne T, Holland T, Garcia D, Weldon K, Prado LNP, Langevin AM, Grimes AC, Sugalski A, Shah S, Assanasen C, Lai Z, Zou Y, Kurmashev D, Xu L, Xie Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Tomlinson GE, Skapek SX, Houghton PJ, Kurmasheva RT, Zheng S. Genomic profiling of subcutaneous patient-derived xenografts reveals immune constraints on tumor evolution in childhood solid cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7600. [PMID: 37990009 PMCID: PMC10663468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are an important tool for childhood cancer research. Here, we describe a resource of 68 early passage PDXs established from 65 pediatric solid tumor patients. Through genomic profiling of paired PDXs and patient tumors (PTs), we observe low mutational similarity in about 30% of the PT/PDX pairs. Clonal analysis in these pairs show an aggressive PT minor subclone seeds the major clone in the PDX. We show evidence that this subclone is more immunogenic and is likely suppressed by immune responses in the PT. These results suggest interplay between intratumoral heterogeneity and antitumor immunity may underlie the genetic disparity between PTs and PDXs. We further show that PDXs generally recapitulate PTs in copy number and transcriptomic profiles. Finally, we report a gene fusion LRPAP1-PDGFRA. In summary, we report a childhood cancer PDX resource and our study highlights the role of immune constraints on tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funan He
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Abhik M Bandyopadhyay
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Laura J Klesse
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anna Rogojina
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sang H Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erin Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taylor Hartshorne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Trevor Holland
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dawn Garcia
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Korri Weldon
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luz-Nereida Perez Prado
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Langevin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Allison C Grimes
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Sugalski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shafqat Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chatchawin Assanasen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dias Kurmashev
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gail E Tomlinson
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Raushan T Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Mansur MB, deSouza NM, Natrajan R, Abegglen LM, Schiffman JD, Greaves M. Evolutionary determinants of curability in cancer. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1761-1770. [PMID: 37620552 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant cells, most of which have a mutated TP53 gene, prevents curative treatment in most advanced and common metastatic cancers of adults. Yet, a few, rarer malignancies, all of which are TP53 wild type, have high cure rates. In this Perspective, we discuss how common features of curable cancers offer insights into the evolutionary and developmental determinants of drug resistance. Acquired loss of TP53 protein function is the most common genetic change in cancer. This probably reflects positive selection in the context of strong ecosystem pressures including microenvironmental hypoxia. Loss of TP53's functions results in multiple fitness benefits and enhanced evolvability of cancer cells. TP53-null cells survive apoptosis, and tolerate potent oncogenic signalling, DNA damage and genetic instability. In addition, critically, they provide an expanded pool of self-renewing, or stem, cells, the primary units of evolutionary selection in cancer, making subsequent adaptation to therapeutic challenge by drug resistance highly probable. The exceptional malignancies that are curable, including the common genetic subtype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and testicular seminoma, differ from the common adult cancers in originating prenatally from embryonic or fetal cells that are developmentally primed for TP53-dependent apoptosis. Plus, they have other genetic and phenotypic features that enable dissemination without exposure to selective pressures for TP53 loss, retaining their intrinsic drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandita M deSouza
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Imaging, The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lisa M Abegglen
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Peel Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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7
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Zhang G, Guan H, Ning YL, Yao K, Tang H, Muhetaer G, Li H, Zhou J. Osimertinib resistance prognostic gene signature: STRIP2 is associated with immune infiltration and tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15573-15588. [PMID: 37648810 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the use of osimertinib can significantly improve the survival time of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with epithelial growth factor receptor mutation, eventually drug resistance will limit the survival benefit of most patients. This study aimed to develop a novel prognostic predictive signature based on genes associated with osimertinib resistance. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with osimertinib resistance in LUAD were screened from Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. Multivariate cox regression was used to establish a prognostic signature, and then a nomogram was developed to predict the survival probability of LUAD patients. We used ROC curve and DCA curve to evaluate its clinical prediction accuracy and net benefit. In addition, the differentially expressed genes significantly associated with prognosis were selected for immune infiltration analysis and drug sensitivity analysis, and their roles in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma were verified by in vitro experiments. RESULTS Our evaluation results indicated that the new nomogram had higher clinical prediction accuracy and net benefit value than the TN nomogram. Further analysis showed that patients with low STRIP2 expression had a higher level of immune response, and may be more likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors and conventional antitumor drugs. This may help to select more precise and appropriate therapy for LUAD patients with osimertinib resistance. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that STRIP2 promoted the LUAD cells proliferation, migration and invasion. This further demonstrates the importance of this gene signature for prognostic prediction. CONCLUSION We developed a reliable prognostic model based on DEGs associated with osimertinib resistance and screened for biomarker that can predict the immune response in LUAD patients, which may help in the selection of treatment regimens after osimertinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixing Zhang
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiting Guan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Le Ning
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kainan Yao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gulizeba Muhetaer
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hang Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jihong Zhou
- Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Bhuta R, Shah R, Gell JJ, Poynter JN, Bagrodia A, Dicken BJ, Pashankar F, Frazier AL, Shaikh F. Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70 Suppl 6:e30562. [PMID: 37449938 PMCID: PMC10529374 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracranial germ cell tumors (GCT) are a biologically diverse group of tumors occurring in children, adolescents, and young adults. The majority of patients have excellent outcomes, but treatment-related toxicities impact their quality of survivorship. A subset of patients succumbs to the disease. Current unmet needs include clarifying which patients can be safely observed after initial surgical resection, refinement of risk stratification to reduce chemotherapy burden in patients with standard-risk disease, and intensify therapy for patients with poor-risk disease. Furthermore, enhancing strategies for detection of minimal residual disease and early detection of relapse, particularly in serum tumor marker-negative histologies, is critical. Improving the understanding of the developmental and molecular origins of GCTs may facilitate discovery of novel targets. Future efforts should be directed toward assessing novel therapies in a biology-driven, biomarker-defined, histology-specific, risk-stratified patient population. Fragmentation of care between subspecialists restricts the unified study of these rare tumors. It is imperative that trials be conducted in collaboration with national and international cooperative groups, with harmonized data and biospecimen collection. Key priorities for the Children's Oncology Group (COG) GCT Committee include (a) better understanding the biology of GCTs, with a focus on molecular targets and mechanisms of treatment resistance; (b) strategic development of pediatric and young adult clinical trials; (c) understanding late effects of therapy and identifying individuals most at risk; and (d) prioritizing diversity, equity, and inclusion to reduce cancer health disparities and studying the impacts of social determinants of health on outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Bhuta
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rachana Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joanna J. Gell
- The Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jenny N. Poynter
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bryan J. Dicken
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Farzana Pashankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Furqan Shaikh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Doghish AS, Moustafa HAM, Elballal MS, Sallam AAM, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel Mageed SS, Elesawy AE, Abdelmaksoud NM, Shahin RK, Midan HM, Elrebehy MA, Elazazy O, Nassar YA, Elazab IM, Elballal AS, Elballal MS, Abulsoud AI. The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumors - A Focus on signaling pathways interplay. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154611. [PMID: 37315401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common testicular neoplasms in adolescents and young males. Understanding the genetic basis of TGCTs represents a growing need to cope with the increased incidence of these neoplasms. Although the cure rates have been comparatively increased, investigation of mechanisms underlying the incidence, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance is still necessary. Early diagnosis and non-compulsory clinical therapeutic agents without long-term side effects are now required to reduce the cancer burden, especially in the younger age groups. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control an extensive range of cellular functions and exhibit a pivotal action in the development and spreading of TGCTs. Because of their dysregulation and disruption in function, miRNAs have been linked to the malignant pathophysiology of TGCTs by influencing many cellular functions involved in the disease. These biological processes include increased invasive and proliferative perspective, cell cycle dysregulation, apoptosis disruption, stimulation of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, and resistance to certain treatments. Herein, we present an up-to-date review of the biogenesis of miRNAs, miRNA regulatory mechanisms, clinical challenges, and therapeutic interventions of TGCTs, and role of nanoparticles in the treatment of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hebatallah Ahmed Mohamed Moustafa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Al-Aliaa M Sallam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Elesawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | | | - Reem K Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Heba M Midan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Ola Elazazy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Yara A Nassar
- Biology Department, School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Elazab
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Elballal
- Department of Dentistry, Medical Administration, University of Sadat, City Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
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10
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Xu L, Pierce JL, Sanchez A, Chen KS, Shukla AA, Fustino NJ, Stuart SH, Bagrodia A, Xiao X, Guo L, Krailo MD, Shaikh F, Billmire DF, Pashankar F, Bestrashniy J, Oosterhuis JW, Gillis AJM, Xie Y, Teot L, Mora J, Poynter JN, Rakheja D, Looijenga LHJ, Draper BW, Frazier AL, Amatruda JF. Integrated genomic analysis reveals aberrations in WNT signaling in germ cell tumors of childhood and adolescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2636. [PMID: 37149691 PMCID: PMC10164134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are neoplasms of the testis, ovary and extragonadal sites that occur in infants, children, adolescents and adults. Post-pubertal (type II) malignant GCTs may present as seminoma, non-seminoma or mixed histologies. In contrast, pre-pubertal (type I) GCTs are limited to (benign) teratoma and (malignant) yolk sac tumor (YST). Epidemiologic and molecular data have shown that pre- and post-pubertal GCTs arise by distinct mechanisms. Dedicated studies of the genomic landscape of type I and II GCT in children and adolescents are lacking. Here we present an integrated genomic analysis of extracranial GCTs across the age spectrum from 0-24 years. Activation of the WNT pathway by somatic mutation, copy-number alteration, and differential promoter methylation is a prominent feature of GCTs in children, adolescents and young adults, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Significantly, we find that small molecule WNT inhibitors can suppress GCT cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight the importance of WNT pathway signaling in GCTs across all ages and provide a foundation for future efforts to develop targeted therapies for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Joshua L Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angelica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Abhay A Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas J Fustino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Blank Children's Hospital, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Sarai H Stuart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Furqan Shaikh
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Farzana Pashankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Ad J M Gillis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Xie
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Teot
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaume Mora
- Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Bruce W Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Cuevas-Estrada B, Montalvo-Casimiro M, Munguia-Garza P, Ríos-Rodríguez JA, González-Barrios R, Herrera LA. Breaking the Mold: Epigenetics and Genomics Approaches Addressing Novel Treatments and Chemoresponse in TGCT Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097873. [PMID: 37175579 PMCID: PMC10178517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ-cell tumors (TGCT) have been widely recognized for their outstanding survival rates, commonly attributed to their high sensitivity to cisplatin-based therapies. Despite this, a subset of patients develops cisplatin resistance, for whom additional therapeutic options are unsuccessful, and ~20% of them will die from disease progression at an early age. Several efforts have been made trying to find the molecular bases of cisplatin resistance. However, this phenomenon is still not fully understood, which has limited the development of efficient biomarkers and precision medicine approaches as an alternative that could improve the clinical outcomes of these patients. With the aim of providing an integrative landscape, we review the most recent genomic and epigenomic features attributed to chemoresponse in TGCT patients, highlighting how we can seek to combat cisplatin resistance through the same mechanisms by which TGCTs are particularly hypersensitive to therapy. In this regard, we explore ongoing treatment directions for resistant TGCT and novel targets to guide future clinical trials. Through our exploration of recent findings, we conclude that epidrugs are promising treatments that could help to restore cisplatin sensitivity in resistant tumors, shedding light on potential avenues for better prognosis for the benefit of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Cuevas-Estrada
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Michel Montalvo-Casimiro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Paulina Munguia-Garza
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Juan Alberto Ríos-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
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12
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Cabral ERM, Pacanhella MF, Lengert AVH, dos Reis MB, Leal LF, de Lima MA, da Silva ALV, Pinto IA, Reis RM, Pinto MT, Cárcano FM. Somatic mutation detection and KRAS amplification in testicular germ cell tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133363. [PMID: 37007070 PMCID: PMC10060882 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCT) are the most common cancer among young adult men. The TGCT histopathology is diverse, and the frequency of genomic alterations, along with their prognostic role, remains largely unexplored. Herein, we evaluate the mutation profile of a 15-driver gene panel and copy number variation of KRAS in a large series of TGCT from a single reference cancer center. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 97 patients with TGCT, diagnosed at the Barretos Cancer Hospital, was evaluated. Real-time PCR was used to assess copy number variation (CNV) of the KRAS gene in 51 cases, and the mutation analysis was performed using the TruSight Tumor 15 (Illumina) panel (TST15) in 65 patients. Univariate analysis was used to compare sample categories in relation to mutational frequencies. Survival analysis was conducted by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS KRAS copy number gain was a very frequent event (80.4%) in TGCT and presented a worse prognosis compared with the group with no KRAS copy gain (10y-OS, 90% vs. 81.5%, p = 0.048). Among the 65 TGCT cases, different variants were identified in 11 of 15 genes of the panel, and the TP53 gene was the most recurrently mutated driver gene (27.7%). Variants were also detected in genes such as KIT, KRAS, PDGFRA, EGFR, BRAF, RET, NRAS, PIK3CA, MET, and ERBB2, with some of them potentially targetable. CONCLUSION Although larger studies incorporating collaborative networks may shed the light on the molecular landscape of TGCT, our findings unveal the potential of actionable variants in clinical management for applying targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre V. H. Lengert
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Mariana B. dos Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Leticia F. Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata – FACISB, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. de Lima
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | | | - Icaro A. Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- 3ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana T. Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Flavio M. Cárcano
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Testicular germ cell tumors: Genomic alternations and RAS-dependent signaling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 183:103928. [PMID: 36717007 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a common malignancy occurring in young adult men. The various genetic risk factors have been suggested to contribute to TGCT pathogenesis, however, they have a distinct mutational profile with a low rate of somatic point mutations, more frequent chromosomal gains, and aneuploidy. The most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers are RAS oncogenes, while their impact on testicular carcinogenesis and refractory disease is still poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize current knowledge on genetic alternations of RAS signaling-associated genes (the single nucleotide polymorphisms and point mutations) in this particular cancer type and highlight their link to chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. We also mention the impact of epigenetic changes on TGCT progression. Lastly, we propose a model for RAS-dependent signaling networks, regulation, cross-talks, and outcomes in TGCTs.
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14
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von Eyben FE, Kristiansen K, Kapp DS, Hu R, Preda O, Nogales FF. Epigenetic Regulation of Driver Genes in Testicular Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044148. [PMID: 36835562 PMCID: PMC9966837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In testicular germ cell tumor type II (TGCT), a seminoma subtype expresses an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) panel with four upregulated genes, OCT4/POU5F1, SOX17, KLF4, and MYC, and embryonal carcinoma (EC) has four upregulated genes, OCT4/POU5F1, SOX2, LIN28, and NANOG. The EC panel can reprogram cells into iPSC, and both iPSC and EC can differentiate into teratoma. This review summarizes the literature on epigenetic regulation of the genes. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as methylations of cytosines on the DNA string and methylations and acetylations of histone 3 lysines, regulate expression of these driver genes between the TGCT subtypes. In TGCT, the driver genes contribute to well-known clinical characteristics and the driver genes are also important for aggressive subtypes of many other malignancies. In conclusion, epigenetic regulation of the driver genes are important for TGCT and for oncology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn E. von Eyben
- Center for Tobacco Control Research, Birkevej 17, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-66145862
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, August Krogh Building Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Institute of Metagenomics, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 166555, China
| | - Daniel S. Kapp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Ovidiu Preda
- Department of Pathology, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, CP, Spain
| | - Francisco F. Nogales
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University Granada, 18071 Granada, CP, Spain
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15
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Schepisi G, Gianni C, Cursano MC, Gallà V, Menna C, Casadei C, Bleve S, Lolli C, Martinelli G, Rosti G, De Giorgi U. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy: Potential treatment options against Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118610. [PMID: 36860862 PMCID: PMC9968831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent a heterogeneous neoplasm family affecting gonads and rarely occurring in extragonadal areas. Most of patients have a good prognosis, often even in the presence of metastatic disease; however, in almost 15% of cases, tumor relapse and platinum resistance are the main challenges. Thus, novel treatment strategies with both improved antineoplastic activity and minor treatment-related adverse events compared with platinum are really expected. In this context, the development and the high activity demonstrated by immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors and, subsequently, the interesting results obtained from the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-) T cell therapy in hematological tumors, have stimulated research in this direction also in GCTs. In this article, we will analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune action in the development of GCTs, and we will report the data from the studies that tested the new immunotherapeutic approaches in these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Schepisi
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy,*Correspondence: Giuseppe Schepisi,
| | - Caterina Gianni
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Cursano
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Valentina Gallà
- 2Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cecilia Menna
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Casadei
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Bleve
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cristian Lolli
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rosti
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
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16
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Compound Heterozygous Mutations in FSIP2 Cause Morphological Abnormalities in Sperm Flagella Leading to Male Infertility. Andrologia 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9222954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella (MMAF) indicate severe teratozoospermia. The fibrous sheath interacting protein 2 (FSIP2) plays an important role in the normal construction of the flagella. In this study, a novel compound heterozygous mutation site of FSIP2, involving c.272_275delinsAGGTTTTTATA (p.L92Vfster74) and c.16788_16791del (p.E5596fs), was identified using whole-exome sequencing in a 32-year-old male. Electron microscope images revealed thick sperm neck, scattered sperm mitochondria, and short sperm tail. In addition, FSIP2 could not be visualized in sperm cells via immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, we used a protein domain prediction tool to identify a potential FSIP2 functional domain (5901-6774), the corresponding deletion of which was responsible for the MMAF phenotype in the infertile man. Finally, we reviewed the literature on FSIP2 and found that FSIP2 mutations are relatively concentrated, with high-frequency mutation regions in exon 16 and exon 17 accounting for 50% (10/20) and 35% (7/20) of cases, respectively. In conclusion, FISP2 is a common pathogenic gene of MMAF, which may provide a rationale for genetic counseling in the next generation of patients with male infertility.
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17
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Lv M, Tang D, Yu H, Geng H, Zhou Y, Shao Z, Li K, Gao Y, Guo S, Xu C, Tan Q, Liu C, Guo R, Wu H, Duan Z, Zhang J, Wang G, Hua R, Fu F, Wang K, Xu Y, Zhou P, Wei Z, Zhang F, Cao Y, He X. Novel FSIP2 Variants Induce Super-Length Mitochondrial Sheath and Asthenoteratozoospermia in Humans. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:393-411. [PMID: 36632462 PMCID: PMC9830513 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthenoteratozoospermia is one of the major factors for male infertility, whereas the causes of large numbers of cases are still unknown. We identified compound heterozygous variants of FSIP2 in three unrelated individuals from a cohort of 105 patients with asthenoteratozoospermia by exome sequencing. Deleterious FSIP2 variations caused severe disassembly of the fibrous sheath and axonemal defects. Intriguingly, spermatozoa in our study manifested "super-length" mitochondrial sheaths, increased levels of the mitochondrial sheath outer membrane protein TOMM20 and decreased mitochondrial ATP consumption. Dislocation or deletion of the annulus and reduction or dislocation of the annulus protein SEPT4 were also observed. While the lengthened mitochondrial sheaths were not presented in men harboring SEPT4 variants. Furthermore, female partners of two of three men achieved successful pregnancies following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Overall, we presume that FSIP2 may not only serve as a structural protein of the fibrous sheath but also as an intra-flagellar transporter involving in the axonemal assembly, mitochondrial selection and the termination of mitochondrial sheath extension during spermatogenesis, and ICSI is an effective treatment for individuals with FSIP2-associated asthenoteratozoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrong Lv
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dongdong Tang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang 236112, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yiling Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhongmei Shao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang 236112, China
| | - Kuokuo Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei 230032, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Senchao Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qing Tan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,Anhui Provincial Human Sperm Bank, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Rui Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei 230032, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zongliu Duan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Guanxiong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rong Hua
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei 230032, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feifei Fu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,Anhui Provincial Human Sperm Bank, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Xiaojin He, MD, PhD, Professor of Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China. E-mail: ; Yunxia Cao, MD, PhD, Professor of Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China. E-mail: ; Feng Zhang, PhD, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China. E-mail:
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Xiaojin He, MD, PhD, Professor of Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China. E-mail: ; Yunxia Cao, MD, PhD, Professor of Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China. E-mail: ; Feng Zhang, PhD, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China. E-mail:
| | - Xiaojin He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Xiaojin He, MD, PhD, Professor of Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China. E-mail: ; Yunxia Cao, MD, PhD, Professor of Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China. E-mail: ; Feng Zhang, PhD, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China. E-mail:
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18
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Ozgun G, Nichols C, Kollmannsberger C, Nappi L. Genomic features of mediastinal germ cell tumors: a narrative review. MEDIASTINUM (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2022; 6:34. [PMID: 36582975 PMCID: PMC9792832 DOI: 10.21037/med-22-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are uncommon malignancies generally originating from gonads. However, about 5% of GCTs arise outside the gonad (extragonadal), of which 80% develop from the mediastinum. While the prognosis of seminomas is not affected by the gonadal or extragonadal primary location, the prognosis of nonseminoma primary mediastinal GCTs (NS-PMGCTs) is poor, compared to its gonadal counterpart with an estimated 5-year overall survival of about 50%. The current treatments are sub-optimal to increase the cure rate of these rare GCTs. Therefore, molecular insights into these tumors would be valuable to develop novel therapies. The main objective of this review is to describe and dissect the genomic features associated with primary mediastinal GCTs (PMGCTs), highlighting the more frequent genomic alterations and their correlation with clinical outcomes. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the English literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar between 1982 and 2021, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, case series and case reports regarding the genomic and clinical features of PMGCTs. We analyzed the available data to describe the molecular characteristics of PMGCTs compared to testicular GCTs (TGCTs), highlighting the most relevant biological and prognostic factors. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS The high percentage of platinum resistance, the unique association with hematologic malignancies (HMs) and other malignancies, the higher prevalence of P53 mutations, and a distinct genomic landscape characterize this rare disease. CONCLUSIONS Although some studies have unveiled recurrent molecular alterations in PMGCTs, few are particularly suitable for targeted therapy. Due to the rarity of PMGCTs, data sharing and the creation of an international consortium would be helpful to have a better understanding of the molecular drivers of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliz Ozgun
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Lucia Nappi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Testicular cancer is a curable cancer. The success of physicians in curing the disease is underpinned by multidisciplinary advances. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy and the refinement of post-chemotherapy surgical procedures and diagnostic strategies have greatly improved long term survival in most patients. Despite such excellent outcomes, several controversial dilemmas exist in the approaches to clinical stage I disease, salvage chemotherapy, post-chemotherapy surgical procedures, and implementing innovative imaging studies. Relapse after salvage chemotherapy has a poor prognosis and the optimal treatment is not apparent. Recent research has provided insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance. Phase 2 studies with targeted agents have failed to show adequate efficacy; however, our understanding of cisplatin resistant disease is rapidly expanding. This review summarizes recent advances and discusses relevant issues in the biology and management of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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20
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Liu R, Zhu G, Li M, Cao P, Li X, Zhang X, Huang H, Song Z, Chen J. Systematic pan-cancer analysis showed that RAD51AP1 was associated with immune microenvironment, tumor stemness, and prognosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:971033. [PMID: 36468013 PMCID: PMC9708706 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.971033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although RAD51 associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) is crucial in genome stability maintenance, it also promotes cancer development with an unclear mechanism. In this study, we collected intact expression data of RAD51AP1 from the public database, and verified it was significantly over-expressed in 33 cancer types and correlated with poor prognosis in 13 cancer types, including glioma, adrenocortical carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma. We further authenticated that RAD51AP1 is up-regulated in several typical cancer cell lines and promotes cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, we also demonstrated that RAD51AP1 was significantly positively related to cancer stemness score mRNAsi in 27 cancer types and broadly correlated to tumor-infiltrating immune cells in various cancers in a diverse manner. It was also negatively associated with immunophenoscore (IPS) and Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumours using Expression data (ESTIMATE) scores and positively correlated with mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH), tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and PD-L1 expression in multiple cancers. The tumor stemness enhancing and tumor immune microenvironment affecting functions of RAD51AP1 might compose its carcinogenesis mechanism. Further investigations beyond the bioinformatics level should confirm these findings in each specific cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwang Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingbiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peijun Cao
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanguang Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuoqing Song
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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21
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Islam SA, Díaz-Gay M, Wu Y, Barnes M, Vangara R, Bergstrom EN, He Y, Vella M, Wang J, Teague JW, Clapham P, Moody S, Senkin S, Li YR, Riva L, Zhang T, Gruber AJ, Steele CD, Otlu B, Khandekar A, Abbasi A, Humphreys L, Syulyukina N, Brady SW, Alexandrov BS, Pillay N, Zhang J, Adams DJ, Martincorena I, Wedge DC, Landi MT, Brennan P, Stratton MR, Rozen SG, Alexandrov LB. Uncovering novel mutational signatures by de novo extraction with SigProfilerExtractor. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 36388765 PMCID: PMC9646490 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutational signature analysis is commonly performed in cancer genomic studies. Here, we present SigProfilerExtractor, an automated tool for de novo extraction of mutational signatures, and benchmark it against another 13 bioinformatics tools by using 34 scenarios encompassing 2,500 simulated signatures found in 60,000 synthetic genomes and 20,000 synthetic exomes. For simulations with 5% noise, reflecting high-quality datasets, SigProfilerExtractor outperforms other approaches by elucidating between 20% and 50% more true-positive signatures while yielding 5-fold less false-positive signatures. Applying SigProfilerExtractor to 4,643 whole-genome- and 19,184 whole-exome-sequenced cancers reveals four novel signatures. Two of the signatures are confirmed in independent cohorts, and one of these signatures is associated with tobacco smoking. In summary, this report provides a reference tool for analysis of mutational signatures, a comprehensive benchmarking of bioinformatics tools for extracting signatures, and several novel mutational signatures, including one putatively attributed to direct tobacco smoking mutagenesis in bladder tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Ashiqul Islam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marcos Díaz-Gay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Centre for Computational Biology and Programme in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mark Barnes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raviteja Vangara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik N. Bergstrom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yudou He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mike Vella
- NVIDIA Corporation, 2788 San Tomas Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W. Teague
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter Clapham
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah Moody
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sergey Senkin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cedex 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Genetics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andreas J. Gruber
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christopher D. Steele
- Research Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Burçak Otlu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Azhar Khandekar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ammal Abbasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Humphreys
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Samuel W. Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Boian S. Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Research Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David J. Adams
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Iñigo Martincorena
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David C. Wedge
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cedex 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Michael R. Stratton
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Steven G. Rozen
- Centre for Computational Biology and Programme in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ludmil B. Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Medvedev KE, Savelyeva AV, Chen KS, Bagrodia A, Jia L, Grishin NV. Integrated Molecular Analysis Reveals 2 Distinct Subtypes of Pure Seminoma of the Testis. Cancer Inform 2022; 21:11769351221132634. [PMID: 36330202 PMCID: PMC9623390 DOI: 10.1177/11769351221132634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common solid malignancy in
adolescent and young men, with a rising incidence over the past 20 years.
Overall, TGCTs are second in terms of the average life years lost per person
dying of cancer, and clinical therapeutics without adverse long-term side
effects are lacking. Platinum-based regimens for TGCTs have heterogeneous
outcomes even within the same histotype that frequently leads to under- and
over-treatment. Understanding of molecular differences that lead to diverse
outcomes of TGCT patients may improve current treatment approaches. Seminoma
is the most common subtype of TGCTs, which can either be pure or present in
combination with other histotypes. Methods: Here we conducted a computational study of 64 pure seminoma samples from The
Cancer Genome Atlas, applied consensus clustering approach to their
transcriptomic data and revealed 2 clinically relevant seminoma subtypes:
seminoma subtype 1 and 2. Results: Our analysis identified significant differences in pluripotency stage,
activity of double stranded DNA breaks repair mechanisms, rates of loss of
heterozygosity, and expression of lncRNA responsible for cisplatin
resistance between the subtypes. Seminoma subtype 1 is characterized by
higher pluripotency state, while subtype 2 showed attributes of reprograming
into non-seminomatous TGCT. The seminoma subtypes we identified may provide
a molecular underpinning for variable responses to chemotherapy and
radiation. Conclusion: Translating our findings into clinical care may help improve risk
stratification of seminoma, decrease overtreatment rates, and increase
long-term quality of life for TGCT survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill E Medvedev
- Department of Biophysics, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Kirill E Medvedev, Department of
Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines
Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Anna V Savelyeva
- Department of Urology, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Children’s Medical Center Research
Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Urology, University of
California San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liwei Jia
- Department of Pathology, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Biochemistry, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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23
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Cheng H, Shang D, Zhou R. Germline stem cells in human. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:345. [PMID: 36184610 PMCID: PMC9527259 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The germline cells are essential for the propagation of human beings, thus essential for the survival of mankind. The germline stem cells, as a unique cell type, generate various states of germ stem cells and then differentiate into specialized cells, spermatozoa and ova, for producing offspring, while self-renew to generate more stem cells. Abnormal development of germline stem cells often causes severe diseases in humans, including infertility and cancer. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) first emerge during early embryonic development, migrate into the gentile ridge, and then join in the formation of gonads. In males, they differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells, which give rise to spermatozoa via meiosis from the onset of puberty, while in females, the female germline stem cells (FGSCs) retain stemness in the ovary and initiate meiosis to generate oocytes. Primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) can be induced in vitro from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on current advances in these embryonic and adult germline stem cells, and the induced PGCLCs in humans, provide an overview of molecular mechanisms underlying the development and differentiation of the germline stem cells and outline their physiological functions, pathological implications, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dantong Shang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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24
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Bacon JVW, Giannatempo P, Cataldo G, Fazli L, Saxena N, Ozgun G, Soleimani M, Chi K, Nichols C, Necchi A, Wyatt AW, Kollmannsberger CK, Nappi L. TP53 Alterations Are Associated With Poor Survival in Patients With Primary Mediastinal Nonseminoma Germ Cell Tumors. Oncologist 2022; 27:e912-e915. [PMID: 36166584 PMCID: PMC9632310 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary mediastinal nonseminoma germ cell tumors (PMNSGCT) are a subgroup of nonseminoma germ cell tumors (GCT) with poor prognosis. In this study, PMNSGCT-specific genomic landscape was analyzed and correlated with clinical outcomes. METHODS DNA was extracted and sequenced from 28 archival tumor tissue of patients with mediastinal GCT (3 seminoma and 25 nonseminoma). Overall survival (OS) and association with gene alterations were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier and univariate Cox regression methods. RESULTS Three patients (11%) had a karyotype XXY, 17/28 (61%) tumor samples presented chromosome 12p amplification. Somatic mutations were detected in 19/28 (68%) samples. The most frequently mutated genes were: TP53 (13/28; 46%), KIT (5/28; 18%), and KRAS (5/28; 18%). Deleterious TP53 alterations were associated with significantly reduced overall survival (HR: 7.16; P = .012). CONCLUSIONS TP53 alterations are common in PMNSGCT and are associated with reduced overall survival, potentially underlying the poor sensitivity to chemotherapy observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack V W Bacon
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrizia Giannatempo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neetu Saxena
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guliz Ozgun
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maryam Soleimani
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kim Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Necchi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian K Kollmannsberger
- Christian Kollmannsberger, Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6. Tel: +1 604 877 6000; Fax: +1 604 708 2144;
| | - Lucia Nappi
- Corresponding author: Lucia Nappi, MD, PhD, Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E6. Tel: +1 604 877 6000; Fax: +1 604 877 0585;
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25
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Oliver TRW, Chappell L, Sanghvi R, Deighton L, Ansari-Pour N, Dentro SC, Young MD, Coorens THH, Jung H, Butler T, Neville MDC, Leongamornlert D, Sanders MA, Hooks Y, Cagan A, Mitchell TJ, Cortes-Ciriano I, Warren AY, Wedge DC, Heer R, Coleman N, Murray MJ, Campbell PJ, Rahbari R, Behjati S. Clonal diversification and histogenesis of malignant germ cell tumours. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4272. [PMID: 35953478 PMCID: PMC9372159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumours (GCTs) are a collection of benign and malignant neoplasms derived from primordial germ cells. They are uniquely able to recapitulate embryonic and extraembryonic tissues, which carries prognostic and therapeutic significance. The developmental pathways underpinning GCT initiation and histogenesis are incompletely understood. Here, we study the relationship of histogenesis and clonal diversification in GCTs by analysing the genomes and transcriptomes of 547 microdissected histological units. We find no correlation between genomic and histological heterogeneity. However, we identify unifying features including the retention of fetal developmental transcripts across tissues, expression changes on chromosome 12p, and a conserved somatic evolutionary sequence of whole genome duplication followed by clonal diversification. While this pattern is preserved across all GCTs, the developmental timing of the duplication varies between prepubertal and postpubertal cases. In addition, tumours of younger children exhibit distinct substitution signatures which may lend themselves as potential biomarkers for risk stratification. Our findings portray the extensive diversification of GCT tissues and genetic subclones as randomly distributed, while identifying overarching transcriptional and genomic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R W Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Naser Ansari-Pour
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan C Dentro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomas J Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isidro Cortes-Ciriano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew J Murray
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common solid malignant cancer diagnosed in young males and the incidence is increasing. Understanding the genetic basis of this disease will help us to navigate the challenges of early detection, diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, and long-term outcomes for patients. RECENT FINDINGS TGCTs are highly heritable. Current understanding of germline risk includes the identification of one moderate-penetrance predisposition gene, checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), and 78 low-to-moderate-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in genome-wide-associated studies, which account for 44% of familial risk. Biomarker research in TGCTs has been challenging for multiple reasons: oncogenesis is complex, actionable mutations are uncommon, clonal evolution unpredictable and tumours can be histologically and molecularly heterogeneous. Three somatic mutations have thus far been identified by DNA exome sequencing, exclusively in seminomas: KIT, KRAS and NRAS. Several genetic markers appear to be associated with risk of TGCT and treatment resistance. TP53 mutations appear to be associated with platinum resistance. MicroRNA expression may be a useful biomarker of residual disease and relapse in future. SUMMARY The biology of testicular germ cells tumours is complex, and further research is needed to fully explain the high heritability of these cancers, as well as the molecular signatures which may drive their biological behaviour.
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27
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Boyd RI, Ahmad S, Singh R, Fazal Z, Prins GS, Madak Erdogan Z, Irudayaraj J, Spinella MJ. Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122919. [PMID: 35740585 PMCID: PMC9220899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are industrial chemicals found in many household products that persist in the environment. While several excellent review articles exist on the potential harmful effects of PFAS, there are few focused on cancer. This concise and streamlined mini-review focuses on summarizing molecular mechanisms related to the potential cancer-promoting properties of PFAS. This review organizes and interprets the vast primary PFAS cancer biology literature and provides a coherent, unified, and digestible model of the molecular mechanisms that potentially explains PFAS cancer promotion. Abstract Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are chemicals that persist and bioaccumulate in the environment and are found in nearly all human populations through several routes of exposure. Human occupational and community exposure to PFAS has been associated with several cancers, including cancers of the kidney, testis, prostate, and liver. While evidence suggests that PFAS are not directly mutagenic, many diverse mechanisms of carcinogenicity have been proposed. In this mini-review, we organize these mechanisms into three major proposed pathways of PFAS action—metabolism, endocrine disruption, and epigenetic perturbation—and discuss how these distinct but interdependent pathways may explain many of the proposed pro-carcinogenic effects of the PFAS class of environmental contaminants. Notably, each of the pathways is predicted to be highly sensitive to the dose and window of exposure which may, in part, explain the variable epidemiologic and experimental evidence linking PFAS and cancer. We highlight testicular and prostate cancer as models to validate this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya I. Boyd
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (R.I.B.); (R.S.); (Z.F.)
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.A.); (J.I.)
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (R.I.B.); (R.S.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (R.I.B.); (R.S.); (Z.F.)
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Departments of Urology, Pathology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Chicago Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Zeynep Madak Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.A.); (J.I.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J. Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; (R.I.B.); (R.S.); (Z.F.)
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Mo L, Yu Z, Lv Y, Cheng J, Yan H, Lu W, Su C, Ling Q, Mo Z. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Metastatic Testicular Seminoma Reveals the Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Metastatic Cell Lineage. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871489. [PMID: 35494058 PMCID: PMC9039315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy in young men. Given the many histological classifications of testicular tumors, seminoma is one of the most treatable cancers. The survival rate in early-stage disease was more than 90%. Thus, seminoma at the cellular and molecular levels, especially at the single-cell level, is worth studying. Methods We performed a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study on a patient who was diagnosed with testicular seminoma with lymph node metastasis. This study presented tumor tissue, PBMC, pelvic and renal hilus lymph node in a total of 18,206 high-quality single-cell transcriptome information. The characteristics of metastatic cell lineage were revealed by the comparison between different tumor cell subtypes at the scRNA level. Results A single-cell map of testicular seminoma with lymph node metastasis was constructed by scRNA-seq. We discovered the gene expression characteristics of the tumor cells in testicular seminoma, especially metastatic tumor cells. KRT8 and KRT18 were commonly expressed in the three tumor cell subtypes. However, TCF7L1, SCG3 and SV2C were the specifically expressed genes of tumor cell subtypes in primary tumor sites. Some molecular markers specifically expressed by the metastatic cell lineage, such as POU5F1, were identified. Conclusions We revealed the molecular characteristics of testicular seminoma at the single-cell level, especially the metastatic tumor cells. This study could provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of testicular seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjian Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenyuan Yu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yufang Lv
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haibiao Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenhao Lu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Su
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiang Ling
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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29
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González-Barrios R, Alcaraz N, Montalvo-Casimiro M, Cervera A, Arriaga-Canon C, Munguia-Garza P, Hinojosa-Ugarte D, Sobrevilla-Moreno N, Torres-Arciga K, Mendoza-Perez J, Diaz-Chavez J, Cortes-González CC, Castro-Hernández C, Martínez-Cedillo J, Scavuzzo A, Pérez-Montiel D, Jiménez-Ríos MA, Herrera LA. Genomic Profile in a Non-Seminoma Testicular Germ-Cell Tumor Cohort Reveals a Potential Biomarker of Sensitivity to Platinum-Based Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092065. [PMID: 35565196 PMCID: PMC9101377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having a favorable response to platinum-based chemotherapies, ~15% of Testicular Germ-Cell Tumor (TGCT) patients are platinum-resistant. Mortality rates among Latin American countries have remained constant over time, which makes the study of this population of particular interest. To gain insight into this phenomenon, we conducted whole-exome sequencing, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, and copy number analysis of 32 tumors from a Mexican cohort, of which 18 were platinum-sensitive and 14 were platinum-resistant. We incorporated analyses of mutational burden, driver mutations, and SNV and CNV signatures. DNA breakpoints in genes were also investigated and might represent an interesting research opportunity. We observed that sensitivity to chemotherapy does not seem to be explained by any of the mutations detected. Instead, we uncovered CNVs, particularly amplifications on segment 2q11.1 as a novel variant with chemosensitivity biomarker potential. Our data shed light into understanding platinum resistance in a Latin-origin population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Nicolás Alcaraz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Michel Montalvo-Casimiro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | | | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Paulina Munguia-Garza
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Diego Hinojosa-Ugarte
- Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Leon 37660, Mexico;
| | - Nora Sobrevilla-Moreno
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Clínica de Tumores Genitourinarios, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Karla Torres-Arciga
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Julia Mendoza-Perez
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - José Diaz-Chavez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Carlo Cesar Cortes-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Clementina Castro-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
| | - Jorge Martínez-Cedillo
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, Clínica de Tumores Genitourinarios, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Ana Scavuzzo
- Departamento de Urología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.S.); (M.A.J.-R.)
| | - Delia Pérez-Montiel
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Jiménez-Ríos
- Departamento de Urología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.S.); (M.A.J.-R.)
| | - Luis A. Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (C.A.-C.); (P.M.-G.); (K.T.-A.); (J.D.-C.); (C.C.C.-G.); (C.C.-H.)
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5350-1900
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30
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Qiu L, Zhou R, Luo Z, Wu J, Jiang H. CDC27-ODC1 Axis Promotes Metastasis, Accelerates Ferroptosis and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:774458. [PMID: 35242701 PMCID: PMC8886130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.774458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a devastating malignancy threatening children’s health, and amplification of MYCN is associated with treatment failure and a poor outcome. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the role of cell division cycle 27 (CDC27), an important core subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, and its clinical significance in NB patients. In functional assays, we illustrated that CDC27 promoted the cell growth, metastasis and sphere-formation ability of NB cells both in vitro and in vivo. To further understand the potential mechanism, SK-N-SH cells were transfected with CDC27 siRNA, and RNA-sequencing was performed. The results revealed that downregulation of CDC27 led to markedly reduced expression of ODC1, which is a well-established direct target of MYCN. Subsequently, we further illustrated that suppression of ODC1 significantly attenuated the promotion effect of CDC27 on the proliferation, metastasis, and sphere-formation ability of NB cells, hinting that CDC27 exerted its biological behavior in NB at least partly in an ODC1-dependent manner. In addition, CDC27 rendered cells more vulnerable to ferroptosis, while knockdown of ODC1 markedly reversed the pro-ferroptotic effect of CDC27. Collectively, our data is the first to report that the CDC27/ODC1 axis promotes tumorigenesis and acts as a positive regulator of ferroptosis in NB, highlighting that CDC27 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy and prognostic biomarker in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Luo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Biles MJ, Haffner MC, Hanratty B, Pierorazio PM. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Independent Clonal Origin of Bilateral Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in Two Patients with Pure Seminoma. Urology 2022; 165:184-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Morra F, Merolla F, Zito Marino F, Catalano R, Franco R, Chieffi P, Celetti A. The tumour suppressor CCDC6 is involved in ROS tolerance and neoplastic transformation by evading ferroptosis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08399. [PMID: 34841108 PMCID: PMC8605351 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil domain containing 6 (CCDC6) is a tumour suppressor gene involved in apoptosis and DNA damage response. CCDC6 is known to be functionally impaired upon gene fusions, somatic mutations, and altered protein turnover in several tumours. Testicular germ cell tumours are among the most common malignancies in young males. Despite the high cure rate, achieved through chemotherapy and/or surgery, drug resistance can still occur. In a human cellular model of testis Embryonal Carcinoma, the deficiency of CCDC6 was associated with defects in DNA repair via homologous recombination and sensitivity to PARP1/2 inhibitors. Same data were obtained in a panel of murine testicular cell lines, including Sertoli, Spermatogonia and Spermatocytes. In these cells, upon oxidative damage exposure, the absence of CCDC6 conferred tolerance to reactive oxygen species affecting regulated cell death pathways by apoptosis and ferroptosis. At molecular level, the loss of CCDC6 was associated with an enhancement of the xCT/SLC7A11 cystine antiporter expression which, by promoting the accumulation of ROS, interfered with the activation of ferroptosis pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that the CCDC6 downregulation could aid the testis germ cells to be part of a pro-survival pathway that helps to evade the toxic effects of endogenous oxidants contributing to testicular neoplastic growth. Novel therapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morra
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Catalano
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
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Primary Mediastinal and Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in Adolescents and Adults: A Comparison of Genomic Alterations and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205223. [PMID: 34680371 PMCID: PMC8533956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The germ cell tumors (GCTs) family is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that includes tumors affecting testis (TGCTs) and rarer cases occurring in extragonadal sites. Mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) are more aggressive and have poorer prognosis. Due to their rarity of MGCTs, few molecular and clinical studies are reported. MGCTs share biological similarities with TGCT, and international guidelines recommend use of the same therapies validated for TGCT. However, while high response rate is achieved in TGCT, MGCT tend to be resistant to therapy. This review resumes all molecular findings reported in MGCTs, summarizing molecular characteristics common with TGCT and highlighting the different molecular alterations that characterize mediastinal tumors. A deeper understanding of the MGCT biology will help in clinical management of these patients. Abstract Mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) share histologic, molecular and biomarkers features with testicular GCTs; however, nonseminomatous MGCTs are usually more aggressive and have poorer prognosis than nonseminomatous TGCTs. Most nonseminomatous MGCT cases show early resistance to platinum-based therapies and seldom have been associated with the onset of one or more concomitant somatic malignancies, in particular myeloid neoplasms with recent findings supporting a common, shared genetic precursor with the primary MGCT. Genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic features of testicular GCTs have been extensively studied, allowing for the understanding of GCT development and transformation of seminomatous and nonseminomatous histologies. However, MGCTs are still lacking proper multi-omics analysis and only few data are reported in the literature. Understanding of the mechanism involved in the development, in the progression and in their higher resistance to common therapies is still poorly understood. With this review, we aim to collect all molecular findings reported in this rare disease, resuming the similarities and disparities with the gonadal counterparts.
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Tang P, Tan C, Pang Q, Chi CW, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Huang YC, Chen YJ. Combination of 35-Gene Mutation Profile and Radiotherapy Dosimetry Predicts the Therapeutic Outcome of Definitive Chemoradiation in Patients With Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:729418. [PMID: 34513706 PMCID: PMC8430340 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.729418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a common malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has been widely used to treat locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we evaluated the predictive power of a 35-gene mutation profile and radiation parameters in patients with ESCC. Data from 44 patients with ESCC who underwent definitive CCRT were retrospectively reviewed. A 35-gene mutation profile, derived from reported ESCC-specific next-generation sequencing results, and radiation dosimetry parameters were examined using the Kaplan–Meier curve and Cox proportional hazards model. All patients were native Chinese and underwent CCRT with a median follow-up time of 22.0 months. Significant prognostic factors affecting progression-free survival in the multivariable Cox regression model were clinical nodal staging ≥2 (hazard ratio, HR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.15–5.54, p = 0.022), ≥10% lung volume receiving ≥30 Gy (V30) (HR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.08–5.17, p = 0.032), and mutation of fibrous sheath interacting protein 2 (FSIP2) (HR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.58, p = 0.013). For overall survival, significant prognostic factors in the multivariable Cox regression model were lung V30 ≥10% (HR: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.48–9.35, p = 0.005) and mutation of spectrin repeat containing nuclear envelope protein 1 (SYNE1) (HR: 2.95, 95% CI: 1.25–6.97, p = 0.014). Our cohort showed higher MUC17 (79.5% vs. 5.7%), FSIP2 (18.2% vs. 6.2%), and SYNE1 (38.6% vs. 11.0%) mutation rates and lower TP53 (38.6% vs. 68.7%) mutation rates than the ESCC cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In conclusion, by using a combination of a 35-gene mutation profile and radiotherapy dosimetry, mutations in FSIP2 and SYNE1 as well as lung V30 were identified as potential predictors for developing a prediction model for clinical outcomes in patients with ESCC administered definitive CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tang
- Department of Esophagus Surgery, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingsong Pang
- Department Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common solid tumours in young men and have an excellent overall cure rate and prognosis. In most patients, localised disease is cured by surgery alone, and a minority of patients receive short-course adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the risk of further relapse. Also, in about 80% of patients, metastatic disease can be cured by systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, for a proportion of patients, the disease exhibits platinum resistance and relapse occurs. Despite further lines of systemic treatment, cure can be difficult to achieve in these patients and ultimately about 20% of them will die from disease progression. Addressing the mechanisms underpinning platinum resistance is critical to improving the survival and chances of cure for these patients. This review describes the latest advances in TGCT research, focusing on the identification of novel biomarkers, genetic characteristics and exploring novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mele
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alison Reid
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Robert Huddart
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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36
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Gene expression microarray analysis of adult testicular germ cell tumor: a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:1177-1186. [PMID: 34347114 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a genetic evidence of the progression from seminoma to embryonal carcinoma in mixed testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). This process, the "reprogramming" of seminoma cells, is crucial for pathological tumorigenesis and should be kept in mind while designing clinical therapeutic strategies. We hypothesized that a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors (mixed-type seminomas) could reveal early changes in the reprogramming process. In the present study, we performed gene expression microarray analysis of six pure-type and six mixed-type seminomas. Hierarchical clustering analysis properly grouped each type of seminomas into a separated cluster. Supervised analysis between pure-type and mixed-type seminomas revealed 154 significantly dysregulated genes (Storey-adjusted q < 0.05). The genes with the highest overexpression in mixed-type seminomas compared with the pure-type seminomas included MT1 isoforms, PRSS8, TSC22D1, and SLC39A4; downregulated genes included DEFB123, LMTK2, and MYRF. Functional annotation analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that the top-ranked functional categories were related to cellular zinc metabolism and consisted of MT1 isoforms and SLC39A4, the results of which were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. In conclusion, this research provides further evidence that pure and mixed types of seminomas are molecularly different, which may contribute to elucidate the reprogramming mechanism in the progression of TGCTs.
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Ottaviano M, Giunta EF, Rescigno P, Pereira Mestre R, Marandino L, Tortora M, Riccio V, Parola S, Casula M, Paliogiannis P, Cossu A, Vogl UM, Bosso D, Rosanova M, Mazzola B, Daniele B, Palmieri G, Palmieri G. The Enigmatic Role of TP53 in Germ Cell Tumours: Are We Missing Something? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7160. [PMID: 34281219 PMCID: PMC8267694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cure rate of germ cell tumours (GCTs) has significantly increased from the late 1970s since the introduction of cisplatin-based therapy, which to date remains the milestone for GCTs treatment. The exquisite cisplatin sensitivity has been mainly explained by the over-expression in GCTs of wild-type TP53 protein and the lack of TP53 somatic mutations; however, several other mechanisms seem to be involved, many of which remain still elusive. The findings about the role of TP53 in platinum-sensitivity and resistance, as well as the reported evidence of second cancers (SCs) in GCT patients treated only with surgery, suggesting a spectrum of cancer predisposing syndromes, highlight the need for a deepened understanding of the role of TP53 in GCTs. In the following report we explore the complex role of TP53 in GCTs cisplatin-sensitivity and resistance mechanisms, passing through several recent genomic studies, as well as its role in GCT patients with SCs, going through our experience of Center of reference for both GCTs and cancer predisposing syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ottaviano
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Emilio Francesco Giunta
- Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Interdisciplinary Group for Translational Research and Clinical Trials, Urological Cancers (GIRT-Uro), Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10160 Turin, Italy;
| | - Ricardo Pereira Mestre
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Laura Marandino
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Marianna Tortora
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Vittorio Riccio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Parola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Milena Casula
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical, Surgical, Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical, Surgical, Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Ursula Maria Vogl
- IOSI (Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (R.P.M.); (L.M.); (U.M.V.)
| | - Davide Bosso
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Brunello Mazzola
- Department of Urology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6600 Locarno, Switzerland;
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy; (D.B.); (M.R.); (B.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.)
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical, Surgical, Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovannella Palmieri
- CRCTR Coordinating Rare Tumors Reference Center of Campania Region, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (G.P.)
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Conduit C, Tran B. Improving outcomes in germ cell cancers using miRNA. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211027826. [PMID: 34262617 PMCID: PMC8252353 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211027826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to advances in treatment paradigms across the last five decades, testicular cancer is now eminently curable. However, current serum tumour and imaging biomarkers lack adequate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. Subsequently, their utility in detecting active malignancy and informing treatment decisions is minimal in a large proportion of men with testicular cancer. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNA), pertinently miR-371a-3p, offer a new tool, which based on early data, appears to fill many of the gaps that existing biomarkers leave. This paper reviews the evolution of the technology, potential limitations, and discusses the clinical relevance of miRNA as it moves towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Conduit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A’Beckett St, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Fang X, Gamallat Y, Chen Z, Mai H, Zhou P, Sun C, Li X, Li H, Zheng S, Liao C, Yang M, Li Y, Yang Z, Ma C, Han D, Zuo L, Xu W, Hu H, Sun L, Li N. Hypomorphic and hypermorphic mouse models of Fsip2 indicate its dosage-dependent roles in sperm tail and acrosome formation. Development 2021; 148:269073. [PMID: 34125190 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF)-associated genes lead to decreased sperm motility and impaired male fertility. As an MMAF gene, the function of fibrous sheath-interacting protein 2 (FSIP2) remains largely unknown. In this work, we identified a homozygous truncating mutation of FSIP2 in an infertile patient. Accordingly, we constructed a knock-in (KI) mouse model with this mutation. In parallel, we established an Fsip2 overexpression (OE) mouse model. Remarkably, KI mice presented with the typical MMAF phenotype, whereas OE mice showed no gross anomaly except for sperm tails with increased length. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the testes uncovered altered expression of genes related to sperm flagellum, acrosomal vesicle and spermatid development. We confirmed the expression of Fsip2 at the acrosome and the physical interaction of this gene with Acrv1, an acrosomal marker. Proteomic analysis of the testes revealed changes in proteins sited at the fibrous sheath, mitochondrial sheath and acrosomal vesicle. We also pinpointed the crucial motifs of Fsip2 that are evolutionarily conserved in species with internal fertilization. Thus, this work reveals the dosage-dependent roles of Fsip2 in sperm tail and acrosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaser Gamallat
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanran Mai
- Department of Andrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Zheng
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Caihua Liao
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, China
| | - Caiqi Ma
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingding Han
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Liandong Zuo
- Department of Andrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China.,Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
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Analysis of the genomic landscape of yolk sac tumors reveals mechanisms of evolution and chemoresistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3579. [PMID: 34117242 PMCID: PMC8196104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yolk sac tumors (YSTs) are a major histological subtype of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors with a relatively poor prognosis. The molecular basis of this disease has not been thoroughly characterized at the genomic level. Here we perform whole-exome and RNA sequencing on 41 clinical tumor samples from 30 YST patients, with distinct responses to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. We show that microsatellite instability status and mutational signatures are informative of chemoresistance. We identify somatic driver candidates, including significantly mutated genes KRAS and KIT and copy-number alteration drivers, including deleted ARID1A and PARK2, and amplified ZNF217, CDKN1B, and KRAS. YSTs have very infrequent TP53 mutations, whereas the tumors from patients with abnormal gonadal development contain both KRAS and TP53 mutations. We further reveal a role of OVOL2 overexpression in YST resistance to cisplatin. This study lays a critical foundation for understanding key molecular aberrations in YSTs and developing related therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
The G84E germline mutation of HOXB13 predisposes to prostate cancer and is clinically tested for familial cancer care. We investigated the HOXB locus to define a potentially broader contribution to prostate cancer heritability. We sought HOXB locus germline variants altering prostate cancer risk in three European-ancestry case-control study populations (combined 7812 cases and 5047 controls): the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics Study; the Nashville Familial Prostate Cancer Study; and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Multiple rare genetic variants had concordant and strong risk effects in these study populations and exceeded genome-wide significance. Independent risk signals were best detected by sentinel variants rs559612720 within SKAP1 (OR = 8.1, P = 2E-9) and rs138213197 (G84E) within HOXB13 (OR = 5.6, P = 2E-11), separated by 567 kb. Half of carriers inherited both risk alleles, while others inherited either alone. Under mutual adjustment, the variants separately carried 3.6- and 3.1-fold risk, respectively, while joint inheritance carried 11.3-fold risk. These risks were further accentuated among men meeting criteria for hereditary prostate cancer, and further still for those with early-onset or aggressive disease. Among hereditary prostate cancer cases diagnosed under age 60 and with aggressive disease, joint inheritance carried a risk of OR = 27.7 relative to controls, P = 2E-8. The HOXB sentinel variant pair more fully captured genetic risk for prostate cancer within the study populations than either variant alone.
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Ying H, Lin A, Liang J, Zhang J, Luo P. Association Between FSIP2 Mutation and an Improved Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:629330. [PMID: 34113648 PMCID: PMC8186463 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.629330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable success in treating skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM); however, the response to treatment varies greatly between patients. Considering that the efficacy of ICI treatment is influenced by many factors, we selected the Fibrosheath interacting protein 2 (FSIP2) gene and systematically analyzed its potential to predict the efficacy of ICI treatment. Methods Patient data were collected from an ICI treatment cohort (n = 120) and a The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-SKCM cohort (n = 467). The data were divided into an FSIP2-mutant (MT) group and FSIP2-wild-type (WT) group according to FSIP2 mutation status. In this study, we analyzed the patients' overall survival rate, tumor mutational burden (TMB), neoantigen load (NAL), copy number variation (CNV), cell infiltration data and immune-related genes. We used gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to delineate biological pathways and processes associated with the efficacy of immunotherapy. Results The efficacy of ICI treatment of SKCM patients with FSIP2 mutation was significantly better than that of patients without FSIP2 mutation. The patients in the FSIP2-MT group had higher tumor immunogenicity and lower regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration. Results of GSEA showed that pathways related to tumor progression (MAPK and FGFR), immunomodulation, and IL-2 synthesis inhibition were significantly downregulated in the FSIP2-MT group. Conclusion Our research suggests that the FSIP2 gene has the potential to predict the efficacy of ICI treatment. The high tumor immunogenicity and low Treg levels observed may be closely related to the fact that patients with FSIP2-MT can benefit from ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Ying
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Liang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Pinto MT, Cárcano FM, Vieira AGS, Cabral ERM, Lopes LF. Molecular Biology of Pediatric and Adult Male Germ Cell Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102349. [PMID: 34068019 PMCID: PMC8152248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are rare pediatric malignancies, they are the most common malignancies in young adult men. The similarities and differences between TGCTs in adults and children, taking into account the clinic presentation, biology, and molecular changes, are underexplored. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the molecular aspects of TGCTs, drawing a parallel between the findings in adult and pediatric groups. Abstract Cancer is a leading cause of death by disease in children and the second most prevalent of all causes in adults. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) make up 0.5% of pediatric malignancies, 14% of adolescent malignancies, and are the most common of malignancies in young adult men. Although the biology and clinical presentation of adult TGCTs share a significant overlap with those of the pediatric group, molecular evidence suggests that TGCTs in young children likely represent a distinct group compared to older adolescents and adults. The rarity of this cancer among pediatric ages is consistent with our current understanding, and few studies have analyzed and compared the molecular basis in childhood and adult cancers. Here, we review the major similarities and differences in cancer genetics, cytogenetics, epigenetics, and chemotherapy resistance between pediatric and adult TGCTs. Understanding the biological and molecular processes underlying TGCTs may help improve patient outcomes, and fuel further investigation and clinical research in childhood and adult TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tomazini Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil; (M.T.P.); (F.M.C.); (E.R.M.C.)
- Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, The Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), Barretos 14784400, Brazil;
| | - Flavio Mavignier Cárcano
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil; (M.T.P.); (F.M.C.); (E.R.M.C.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785002, Brazil
| | - Ana Glenda Santarosa Vieira
- Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, The Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), Barretos 14784400, Brazil;
- Barretos Children’s Cancer Hospital from Hospital de Amor, Barretos 14784400, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ramos Martins Cabral
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil; (M.T.P.); (F.M.C.); (E.R.M.C.)
| | - Luiz Fernando Lopes
- Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, The Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), Barretos 14784400, Brazil;
- Barretos Children’s Cancer Hospital from Hospital de Amor, Barretos 14784400, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-17-3321-6600
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Camp SY, Kofman E, Reardon B, Moore ND, Al-Rubaish AM, Aljumaan M, Al-Ali AK, Van Allen EM, Taylor-Weiner A, AlDubayan SH. Evaluating the molecular diagnostic yield of joint genotyping-based approach for detecting rare germline pathogenic and putative loss-of-function variants. Genet Med 2021; 23:918-926. [PMID: 33531667 PMCID: PMC8720416 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cohort-based germline variant characterization is the standard approach for pathogenic variant discovery in clinical and research samples. However, the impact of cohort size on the molecular diagnostic yield of joint genotyping is largely unknown. METHODS Head-to-head comparison of the molecular diagnostic yield of joint genotyping in two cohorts of 239 cancer patients in the absence and then in the presence of 100 additional germline exomes. RESULTS In 239 testicular cancer patients, 4 (7.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-17.9) of 54 pathogenic variants in the cancer predisposition and American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) genes were missed by one or both computational runs of joint genotyping. Similarly, 8 (12.1%, 95% CI: 5.4-22.5) of 66 pathogenic variants in these genes were undetected by joint genotyping in another independent cohort of 239 breast cancer patients. An exome-wide analysis of putative loss-of-function (pLOF) variants in the testicular cancer cohort showed that 162 (8.2%, 95% CI: 7.1-9.6) pLOF variants were only detected in one analysis run but not the other, while 433 (22.0%, 95% CI: 20.2-23.9%) pLOF variants were filtered out by both analyses despite having sufficient sequencing coverage. CONCLUSION Our analysis of the standard germline variant detection method highlighted a substantial impact of concurrently analyzing additional genomic data sets on the ability to detect clinically relevant germline pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Y Camp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Kofman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael D Moore
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Mohammed Aljumaan
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amein K Al-Ali
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Saud H AlDubayan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Phi JH. Sacrococcygeal Teratoma : A Tumor at the Center of Embryogenesis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2021; 64:406-413. [PMID: 33906346 PMCID: PMC8128526 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2021.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is an extragonadal germ cell tumor (GCT) that develops in the fetal and neonatal periods. SCT is a type I GCT in which only teratoma and yolk sac tumors arise from extragonadal sites. SCT is the most common type I GCT and is believed to originate through epigenetic reprogramming of early primordial germ cells migrating from the yolk sac to the gonadal ridges. Fetal SCT diagnosed in utero presents many obstetrical problems. For high-risk fetuses, fetal interventions (devascularization and debulking) are under development. Most patients with SCT are operated on after birth. Complete surgical resection is the key for tumor control, and the anatomical location of the tumor determines the surgical approaches. Incomplete resection and malignant histology are risk factors for recurrence. Approximately 10-15% of patients have a tumor recurrence, which is frequently of malignant histology. Long-term surveillance with monitoring of serum alpha fetoprotein and magnetic resonance imaging is required. Survivors of SCT may suffer anorectal, urological, and sexual sequelae later in their life, and comprehensive evaluation and care are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Phi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nicholls PK, Page DC. Germ cell determination and the developmental origin of germ cell tumors. Development 2021; 148:239824. [PMID: 33913479 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In each generation, the germline is tasked with producing somatic lineages that form the body, and segregating a population of cells for gametogenesis. During animal development, when do cells of the germline irreversibly commit to producing gametes? Integrating findings from diverse species, we conclude that the final commitment of the germline to gametogenesis - the process of germ cell determination - occurs after primordial germ cells (PGCs) colonize the gonads. Combining this understanding with medical findings, we present a model whereby germ cell tumors arise from cells that failed to undertake germ cell determination, regardless of their having colonized the gonads. We propose that the diversity of cell types present in these tumors reflects the broad developmental potential of migratory PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Nicholls
- Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Between a Rock and a Hard Place: An Epigenetic-Centric View of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071506. [PMID: 33805941 PMCID: PMC8036638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This minireview focuses on the role of epigenetics in testicular cancer. A working model is developed that postulates that epigenetic features that drive testicular cancer malignancy also enable these tumors to be cured at a high rate with chemotherapy. Chemoresistance may occur by epigenetic uncoupling of malignancy and chemosensitivity, a scenario that may be amenable to epigenetic-based therapies. Abstract Compared to many common solid tumors, the main genetic drivers of most testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are unknown. Decades of focus on genomic alterations in TGCTs including awareness of a near universal increase in copies of chromosome 12p have failed to uncover exceptional driver genes, especially in genes that can be targeted therapeutically. Thus far, TGCT patients have missed out on the benefits of targeted therapies available to treat most other malignancies. In the past decade there has been a greater appreciation that epigenetics may play an especially prominent role in TGCT etiology, progression, and hypersensitivity to conventional chemotherapy. While genetics undoubtedly plays a role in TGCT biology, this mini-review will focus on the epigenetic “states” or features of testicular cancer, with an emphasis on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs associated with TGCT susceptibility, initiation, progression, and response to chemotherapy. In addition, we comment on the current status of epigenetic-based therapy and epigenetic biomarker development for TGCTs. Finally, we suggest a unifying “rock and a hard place” or “differentiate or die” model where the tumorigenicity and curability of TGCTs are both dependent on common but still ill-defined epigenetic states.
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Chen J, Li Y, Wu J, Liu Y, Kang S. Whole-exome sequencing reveals potential germline and somatic mutations in 60 malignant ovarian germ cell tumors†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:164-178. [PMID: 33739378 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCTs) are rare and heterogeneous ovary tumors. We aimed to identify potential germline mutations and somatic mutations in MOGCTs by whole-exome sequencing. The peripheral blood and tumor samples from these patients were used to identify germline mutations and somatic mutations, respectively. For those genes with copy number alterations (deletion and duplication region), functional annotation was performed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of mutated genes corresponding to CNA deletion region and duplication region. In peripheral blood, copy number loss and gain were mostly found in yolk sac tumors (YSTs). Moreover, POU5F1 was the most significant mutated gene with mutation frequency >10% in both CNA deletion and duplication region. In addition, strong cytoplasm staining of POU5F1 (corresponding to CNA deletion region and duplication region) was found in two YST and nuclear staining in two dysgerminomas tumor samples. Genes corresponding to CNA deletion region were significantly enriched in the signaling pathway of regulating pluripotency of stem cells. In addition, genes corresponding to CNA duplication region were significantly enriched in the signaling pathways of RIG-I (DExD/H-box helicase 58)-like receptor, Toll-like receptor and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa. Keratin 4 (KRT4), ribosomal protein L14 (RPL14), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6), poly(A)-binding protein cytoplasmic 3 (PABPC3), and sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) mutations were detected in both peripheral blood and tumor samples. Identification of potential germline mutations and somatic mutations in MOGCTs may provide a new field in understanding the genetic feature of the rare biological tumor type in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Hebei Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Hebei Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Jianlei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Hebei Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Hebei Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Shan Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital and Hebei Provincial Tumor Hospital, Hebei, China
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Ghosh A, Sirinukunwattana K, Khalid Alham N, Browning L, Colling R, Protheroe A, Protheroe E, Jones S, Aberdeen A, Rittscher J, Verrill C. The Potential of Artificial Intelligence to Detect Lymphovascular Invasion in Testicular Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061325. [PMID: 33809521 PMCID: PMC7998792 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged from 15 to 34 years. Lymphovascular invasion refers to the presence of tumours within endothelial-lined lymphatic or vascular channels, and has been shown to have prognostic significance in testicular germ cell tumours. In non-seminomatous tumours, lymphovascular invasion is the most powerful prognostic factor for stage 1 disease. For the pathologist, searching multiple slides for lymphovascular invasion can be highly time-consuming. The aim of this retrospective study was to develop and assess an artificial intelligence algorithm that can identify areas suspicious for lymphovascular invasion in histological digital whole slide images. Areas of possible lymphovascular invasion were annotated in a total of 184 whole slide images of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue from 19 patients with testicular germ cell tumours, including a mixture of seminoma and non-seminomatous cases. Following consensus review by specialist uropathologists, we trained a deep learning classifier for automatic segmentation of areas suspicious for lymphovascular invasion. The classifier identified 34 areas within a validation set of 118 whole slide images from 10 patients, each of which was reviewed by three expert pathologists to form a majority consensus. The precision was 0.68 for areas which were considered to be appropriate to flag, and 0.56 for areas considered to be definite lymphovascular invasion. An artificial intelligence tool which highlights areas of possible lymphovascular invasion to reporting pathologists, who then make a final judgement on its presence or absence, has been demonstrated as feasible in this proof-of-concept study. Further development is required before clinical deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Ghosh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (L.B.); (R.C.); (C.V.)
- Nuffield Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Korsuk Sirinukunwattana
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; (K.S.); (N.K.A.); (J.R.)
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Ground Truth Labs, Oxford OX4 2HN, UK;
| | - Nasullah Khalid Alham
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; (K.S.); (N.K.A.); (J.R.)
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lisa Browning
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (L.B.); (R.C.); (C.V.)
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Richard Colling
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (L.B.); (R.C.); (C.V.)
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (A.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Emily Protheroe
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (A.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Stephanie Jones
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | | | - Jens Rittscher
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; (K.S.); (N.K.A.); (J.R.)
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (L.B.); (R.C.); (C.V.)
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
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Kazemi-Sefat GE, Keramatipour M, Talebi S, Kavousi K, Sajed R, Kazemi-Sefat NA, Mousavizadeh K. The importance of CDC27 in cancer: molecular pathology and clinical aspects. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 33750395 PMCID: PMC7941923 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDC27 is one of the core components of Anaphase Promoting complex/cyclosome. The main role of this protein is defined at cellular division to control cell cycle transitions. Here we review the molecular aspects that may affect CDC27 regulation from cell cycle and mitosis to cancer pathogenesis and prognosis. Main text It has been suggested that CDC27 may play either like a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in different neoplasms. Divergent variations in CDC27 DNA sequence and alterations in transcription of CDC27 have been detected in different solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Elevated CDC27 expression level may increase cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis in some malignancies. It has been proposed that CDC27 upregulation may increase stemness in cancer stem cells. On the other hand, downregulation of CDC27 may increase the cancer cell survival, decrease radiosensitivity and increase chemoresistancy. In addition, CDC27 downregulation may stimulate efferocytosis and improve tumor microenvironment. Conclusion CDC27 dysregulation, either increased or decreased activity, may aggravate neoplasms. CDC27 may be suggested as a prognostic biomarker in different malignancies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01860-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Ensieh Kazemi-Sefat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 14665-354, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Talebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Sajed
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 14665-354, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | | | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 14665-354, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran. .,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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