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Zeng X, Wang TW, Yamaguchi K, Hatakeyama S, Yamazaki S, Shimizu E, Imoto S, Furukawa Y, Johmura Y, Nakanishi M. M2 macrophage-derived TGF-β induces age-associated loss of adipogenesis through progenitor cell senescence. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101943. [PMID: 38657734 PMCID: PMC11079528 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adipose tissue is an endocrine and energy storage organ composed of several different cell types, including mature adipocytes, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and a variety of immune cells. Adipose tissue aging contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction and is likely induced by crosstalk between adipose progenitor cells (APCs) and immune cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the biological role of p16high senescent APCs, and investigated the crosstalk between each cell type in the aged white adipose tissue. METHODS We performed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis on the p16high adipose cells sorted from aged p16-CreERT2/Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato mice. We also performed the time serial analysis on the age-dependent bulk RNA-seq datasets of human and mouse white adipose tissues to infer the transcriptome alteration of adipogenic potential within aging. RESULTS We show that M2 macrophage-derived TGF-β induces APCs senescence which impairs adipogenesis in vivo. p16high senescent APCs increase with age and show loss of adipogenic potential. The ligand-receptor interaction analysis reveals that M2 macrophages are the donors for TGF-β and the senescent APCs are the recipients. Indeed, treatment of APCs with TGF-β1 induces senescent phenotypes through mitochondrial ROS-mediated DNA damage in vitro. TGF-β1 injection into gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) suppresses adipogenic potential and induces fibrotic genes as well as p16 in APCs. A gWAT atrophy is observed in cancer cachexia by APCs senescence, whose induction appeared to be independent of TGF-β induction. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that M2 macrophage-derived TGF-β induces age-related lipodystrophy by APCs senescence. The TGF-β treatment induced DNA damage, mitochondrial ROS, and finally cellular senescence in APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zeng
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Teh-Wei Wang
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seira Hatakeyama
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eigo Shimizu
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer and Senescence Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Chen F, Wang Q, Xiao M, Lou D, Wufur R, Hu S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y. A novel crosstalk between Nrf2 and Smad2/3 bridged by two nuanced Keap1 isoforms with their divergent effects on these distinct family transcription factors. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:190-207. [PMID: 38242246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 signalling to transcriptionally regulate antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven target genes has been accepted as key redox-sensitive pathway governing a vast variety of cellular stresses during healthy survival and disease development. Herein, we identified two nuanced isoforms α and β of Keap1 in HepG2 cells, arising from its first and another in-frame translation starting codons, respectively. In identifying those differential expression genes monitored by Keap1α and/or Keap1β, an unusual interaction of Keap1 with Smad2/3 was discovered by parsing transcriptome sequencing, Keap1-interacting protein profiling and relevant immunoprecipitation data. Further examination validated that Smad2/3 enable physical interaction with Keap1, as well as its isoforms α and β, by both EDGETSD and DLG motifs in the linker regions between their MH1 and MH2 domains, such that the stability of Smad2/3 and transcriptional activity are enhanced with their prolonged half-lives and relevant signalling responses from the cytoplasmic to nuclear compartments. The activation of Smad2/3 by Keap1, Keap1α or Keap1β was much likely contributable to a coordinative or another competitive effect of Nrf2, particularly in distinct Keap1-based cellular responses to its cognate growth factor (i.e. TGF-β1) or redox stress (e.g. stimulated by tBHQ and DTT). Overall, this discovery presents a novel functional bridge crossing the Keap1-Nrf2 redox signalling and the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathways so as to coordinately regulate the healthy growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Chen
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Reziyamu Wufur
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Shaofan Hu
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yeqi Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China.
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Wang Y, Li X, Guan X, Song Z, Liu H, Guan Z, Wang J, Zhu L, Zhang D, Zhao L, Xie P, Wei X, Shang N, Liu Y, Jin Z, Ji Z, Dai G. The Upregulation of Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing 1 Expression Activates Hepatic Stellate Cells and Promotes Liver Fibrosis by Stabilizing Phosphorylated Smad2/3. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2735. [PMID: 38473980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis poses a significant global health risk due to its association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the lack of effective treatments. Thus, the need to discover additional novel therapeutic targets to attenuate liver diseases is urgent. Leucine-rich repeat containing 1 (LRRC1) reportedly promotes HCC development. Previously, we found that LRRC1 was significantly upregulated in rat fibrotic liver according to the transcriptome sequencing data. Herein, in the current work, we aimed to explore the role of LRRC1 in liver fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms involved. LRRC1 expression was positively correlated with liver fibrosis severity and significantly elevated in both human and murine fibrotic liver tissues. LRRC1 knockdown or overexpression inhibited or enhanced the proliferation, migration, and expression of fibrogenic genes in the human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2. More importantly, LRRC1 inhibition in vivo significantly alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by reducing collagen accumulation and hepatic stellate cells' (HSCs) activation in mice. Mechanistically, LRRC1 promoted HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis by preventing the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) 2/3 (p-Smad2/3), thereby activating the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Collectively, these results clarify a novel role for LRRC1 as a regulator of liver fibrosis and indicate that LRRC1 is a promising target for antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yake Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaowen Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Song
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huanfei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peitong Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ning Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhongzhen Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhili Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guifu Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Rodrigues MT, Michelli APP, Caso GF, de Oliveira PR, Rodrigues-Junior DM, Morale MG, Machado Júnior J, Bortoluci KR, Tamura RE, da Silva TRC, Raminelli C, Chau E, Godin B, Calil-Silveira J, Rubio IGS. Lysicamine Reduces Protein Kinase B (AKT) Activation and Promotes Necrosis in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1687. [PMID: 38139812 PMCID: PMC10748177 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an aggressive form of thyroid cancer (TC), accounting for 50% of total TC-related deaths. Although therapeutic approaches against TC have improved in recent years, the survival rate remains low, and severe adverse effects are commonly reported. However, unexplored alternatives based on natural compounds, such as lysicamine, an alkaloid found in plants with established cytotoxicity against breast and liver cancers, offer promise. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the antineoplastic effects of lysicamine in papillary TC (BCPAP) and ATC (HTH83 and KTC-2) cells. Lysicamine treatment reduced cell viability, motility, colony formation, and AKT activation while increasing the percentage of necrotic cells. The absence of caspase activity confirmed apoptosis-independent cell death. Necrostatin-1 (NEC-1)-mediated necrosome inhibition reduced lysicamine-induced necrosis in KTC-2, suggesting necroptosis induction via a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-independent mechanism. Additionally, in silico analysis predicted lysicamine target proteins, particularly those related to MAPK and TGF-β signaling. Our study demonstrated lysicamine's potential as an antineoplastic compound in ATC cells with a proposed mechanism related to inhibiting AKT activation and inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Teixeira Rodrigues
- Thyroid Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.T.R.); (A.P.P.M.); (G.F.C.); (P.R.d.O.); (J.C.-S.)
- Structural and Functional Biology Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
| | - Ana Paula Picaro Michelli
- Thyroid Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.T.R.); (A.P.P.M.); (G.F.C.); (P.R.d.O.); (J.C.-S.)
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
| | - Gustavo Felisola Caso
- Thyroid Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.T.R.); (A.P.P.M.); (G.F.C.); (P.R.d.O.); (J.C.-S.)
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
| | - Paloma Ramos de Oliveira
- Thyroid Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.T.R.); (A.P.P.M.); (G.F.C.); (P.R.d.O.); (J.C.-S.)
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
| | - Dorival Mendes Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mirian Galliote Morale
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
| | - Joel Machado Júnior
- Biological Science Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil;
| | - Karina Ramalho Bortoluci
- Pharmacology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
- Biological Science Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil;
- Biology–Chemistry Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Reissa Cipriano da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil; (T.R.C.d.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Cristiano Raminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil; (T.R.C.d.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Eric Chau
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.C.); (B.G.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jamile Calil-Silveira
- Thyroid Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.T.R.); (A.P.P.M.); (G.F.C.); (P.R.d.O.); (J.C.-S.)
- Health Board III, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo 01525-000, Brazil
| | - Ileana G. Sanchez Rubio
- Thyroid Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.T.R.); (A.P.P.M.); (G.F.C.); (P.R.d.O.); (J.C.-S.)
- Structural and Functional Biology Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
- Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (R.E.T.)
- Biological Science Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, Diadema 09920-000, Brazil;
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Farhan F, Trivedi M, Di Wu P, Cui W. Extracellular matrix modulates the spatial hepatic features in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:314. [PMID: 37907977 PMCID: PMC10619266 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) can provide a valuable in vitro model for disease modelling and drug development. However, generating HLCs with characteristics comparable to hepatocytes in vivo is challenging. Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in supporting liver development and hepatocyte functions, but their impact on hepatocyte differentiation and maturation during hPSC differentiation remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of two ECM components-Matrigel and type I collagen on hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS hESC-derived HLCs were generated through multistage differentiation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures, incorporating either type I collagen or Matrigel during hepatic specification and maturation. The resulting HLCs was characterized for their gene expression and functionality using various molecular and cellular techniques. RESULTS Our results showed that HLCs cultured with collagen exhibited a significant increase in albumin and alpha-1 anti-trypsin expression with reduced AFP compared to HLCs cultured with Matrigel. They also secreted more urea than Matrigel cultures. However, these HLCs exhibited lower CYP3A4 activity and glycogen storage than those cultured with Matrigel. These functional differences in HLCs between collagen and Matrigel cultures closely resembled the hepatocytes of periportal and pericentral zones, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that Matrigel and collagen have differential effects on the differentiation and functionality of HLCs, which resemble, to an extent, hepatic zonation in the liver lobules. Our finding has an important impact on the generation of hPSC-HLCs for biomedical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Farhan
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Manjari Trivedi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Priscilla Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Lau HH, Amirruddin NS, Loo LSW, Chan JW, Iich E, Krishnan VG, Hoon S, Teo AKK. FGFR-mediated ERK1/2 signaling contributes to mesendoderm and definitive endoderm formation in vitro. iScience 2023; 26:107265. [PMID: 37502260 PMCID: PMC10368912 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into the SOX17+ definitive endoderm (DE) germ layer is important for generating tissues for regenerative medicine. Multiple developmental and stem cell studies have demonstrated that Activin/Nodal signaling is the primary driver of definitive endoderm formation. Here, we uncover that the FGF2-FGFR-ERK1/2 signaling contributes to mesendoderm and SOX17+ DE formation. Without ERK1/2 signaling, the Activin/Nodal signaling is insufficient to drive mesendoderm and DE formation. Besides FGF2-FGFR-mediated signaling, IGF1R signaling possibly contributes to the ERK1/2 signaling for DE formation. We identified a temporal relationship between Activin/Nodal-SMAD2 and FGF2-FGFR-ERK1/2 signaling in which Activin/Nodal-SMAD2 participates in the initiation of mesendoderm and DE specification that is followed by increasing activity of FGF2-FGFR-ERK1/2 to facilitate and permit the successful generation of SOX17+ DE. Overall, besides the role of Activin/Nodal signaling for DE formation, our findings shed light on the contribution of ERK1/2 signaling for mesendoderm and DE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Hui Lau
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Shabrina Amirruddin
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Larry Sai Weng Loo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei Chan
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elhadi Iich
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Lab, IMCB, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Shim MS, Dixon A, Nettesheim A, Perkumas KM, Stamer WD, Sun Y, Liton PB. Shear stress induces autophagy in Schlemm's canal cells via primary cilia-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Autophagy Rep 2023; 2:2236519. [PMID: 37637387 PMCID: PMC10448710 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2236519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The Schlemm's canal (SC) is a circular, lymphatic-like vessel located at the limbus of the eye that participates in the regulation of aqueous humor drainage to control intraocular pressure (IOP). Circumferential flow of aqueous humor within the SC lumen generates shear stress, which regulates SC cell behaviour. Using biochemical analysis and real-time live cell imaging techniques, we have investigated the activation of autophagy in SC cells by shear stress. We report, for the first time, the primary cilium (PC)-dependent activation of autophagy in SC cells in response to shear stress. Moreover, we identified PC-dependent shear stress-induced autophagy to be positively regulated by phosphorylation of SMAD2 in its linker and C-terminal regions. Additionally, SMAD2/3 signaling was found to transcriptionally activate LC3B, ATG5 and ATG7 in SC cells. Intriguingly, concomitant to SMAD2-dependent activation of autophagy, we also report here the activation of mTOR pathway, a classical autophagy inhibitor, in SC cells by shear stress. mTOR activation was found to also be dependent on the PC. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of class I PI3K increased phosphorylation of SMAD2 at the linker and activated autophagy. Together, our data indicates an interplay between PI3K and SMAD2/3 signaling pathways in the regulation of PC-dependent shear stress-induced autophagy in SC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sup Shim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angela Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - April Nettesheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristin M. Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paloma B. Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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Park JJ, Oh K, Lee GW, Bang G, Park JH, Kim HB, Kim JY, Shin EY, Kim EG. Defining regorafenib as a senomorphic drug: therapeutic potential in the age-related lung disease emphysema. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:794-805. [PMID: 37009796 PMCID: PMC10167251 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence, a hallmark of aging, is a factor in age-related diseases (ARDs). Therefore, targeting senescence is widely regarded as a practicable method for modulating the effects of aging and ARDs. Here, we report the identification of regorafenib, an inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, as a senescence-attenuating drug. We identified regorafenib by screening an FDA-approved drug library. Treatment with regorafenib at a sublethal dose resulted in effective attenuation of the phenotypes of βPIX knockdown- and doxorubicin-induced senescence and replicative senescence in IMR-90 cells; cell cycle arrest, and increased SA-β-Gal staining and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, particularly increasing the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8. Consistent with this result, slower progression of βPIX depletion-induced senescence was observed in the lungs of mice after treatment with regorafenib. Mechanistically, the results of proteomics analysis in diverse types of senescence indicated that growth differentiation factor 15 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are shared targets of regorafenib. Analysis of arrays for phospho-receptors and kinases identified several receptor tyrosine kinases, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor α and discoidin domain receptor 2, as additional targets of regorafenib and revealed AKT/mTOR, ERK/RSK, and JAK/STAT3 signaling as the major effector pathways. Finally, treatment with regorafenib resulted in attenuation of senescence and amelioration of porcine pancreatic elastase-induced emphysema in mice. Based on these results, regorafenib can be defined as a novel senomorphic drug, suggesting its therapeutic potential in pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Kwangseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Gun-Wu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 28119, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea.
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Korea.
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9
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Kasprzak A. Autophagy and the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) System in Colonic Cells: Implications for Colorectal Neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043665. [PMID: 36835075 PMCID: PMC9959216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. Along with apoptosis and inflammation, autophagy is one of three important mechanisms in CRC. The presence of autophagy/mitophagy in most normal mature intestinal epithelial cells has been confirmed, where it has mainly protective functions against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA and protein damage. Autophagy regulates cell proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, secretion of mucins and/or anti-microbial peptides. Abnormal autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells leads to dysbiosis, a decline in local immunity and a decrease in cell secretory function. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. This is evidenced by the biological activities of IGFs (IGF-1 and IGF-2), IGF-1 receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) and IGF-binding proteins (IGF BPs), which have been reported to regulate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Defects in autophagy are found in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and CRC. In neoplastic cells, the IGF system modulates the autophagy process bidirectionally. In the current era of improving CRC therapies, it seems important to investigate the exact mechanisms not only of apoptosis, but also of autophagy in different populations of tumor microenvironment (TME) cells. The role of the IGF system in autophagy in normal as well as transformed colorectal cells still seems poorly understood. Hence, the aim of the review was to summarize the latest knowledge on the role of the IGF system in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in the normal colon mucosa and in CRC, taking into account the cellular heterogeneity of the colonic and rectal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Swiecicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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10
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Tsukamoto M, Kimura K, Yoshida T, Sugiura K, Hatoya S. Canine induced pluripotent stem cells efficiently differentiate into definitive endoderm in 3D cell culture conditions using high-dose activin A. Regen Ther 2022; 21:502-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Kapetanaki S, Kumawat AK, Persson K, Demirel I. TMAO Suppresses Megalin Expression and Albumin Uptake in Human Proximal Tubular Cells Via PI3K and ERK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8856. [PMID: 36012119 PMCID: PMC9407713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a uremic toxin, which has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal tubular epithelial cells play a central role in the pathophysiology of CKD. Megalin is an albumin-binding surface receptor on tubular epithelial cells, which is indispensable for urine protein reabsorption. To date, no studies have investigated the effect of TMAO on megalin expression and the functional properties of human tubular epithelial cells. The aim of this study was first to identify the functional effect of TMAO on human renal proximal tubular cells and second, to unravel the effects of TMAO on megalin-cubilin receptor expression. We found through global gene expression analysis that TMAO was associated with kidney disease. The microarray analysis also showed that megalin expression was suppressed by TMAO, which was also validated at the gene and protein level. High glucose and TMAO was shown to downregulate megalin expression and albumin uptake similarly. We also found that TMAO suppressed megalin expression via PI3K and ERK signaling. Furthermore, we showed that candesartan, dapagliflozin and enalaprilat counteracted the suppressive effect of TMAO on megalin expression. Our results may further help us unravel the role of TMAO in CKD development and to identify new therapeutic targets to counteract TMAOs effects.
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12
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Lambert N, Moïse M, Nguyen L. E3 Ubiquitin ligases and cerebral cortex development in health and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:392-407. [PMID: 35476229 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex development involves the sequential progression of biological steps driven by molecular pathways whose tight regulation often relies on ubiquitination. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in all aspects of cellular homeostasis through the attachment of a ubiquitin moiety on proteins. Over the past years, an increasing amount of research has highlighted the crucial role played by ubiquitin ligases in every step of cortical development and whose impairment often leads to various neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we focus on the key contributions of E3 ubiquitin ligases for the progression of the different steps of corticogenesis, as well as the pathological consequences of their mutations, often resulting in malformations of cortical development. Finally, we discuss some promising targeted treatment strategies for these diseases based on recent advances in the field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lambert
- Laboratory of molecular regulation of neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martin Moïse
- Laboratory of molecular regulation of neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of molecular regulation of neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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13
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Baba AB, Rah B, Bhat GR, Mushtaq I, Parveen S, Hassan R, Hameed Zargar M, Afroze D. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Signaling in Cancer-A Betrayal Within. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:791272. [PMID: 35295334 PMCID: PMC8918694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.791272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF-β and its downstream mediators could lead to a plethora of diseases includes tumorigenesis. Specifically, at the early onset of malignancy TGF-β act as tumour suppressor and plays a key role in clearing malignant cells by reducing the cellular proliferation and differentiation thus triggers the process of apoptosis. Subsequently, TGF-β at an advanced stage of malignancy promotes tumorigenesis by augmenting cellular transformation, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition invasion, and metastasis. Besides playing the dual roles, depending upon the stage of malignancy, TGF-β also regulates cell fate through immune and stroma components. This oscillatory role of TGF-β to fight against cancer or act as a traitor to collaborate and crosstalk with other tumorigenic signaling pathways and its betrayal within the cell depends upon the cellular context. Therefore, the current review highlights and understands the dual role of TGF-β under different cellular conditions and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in modulating cell fate.
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14
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Su EY, Spangler A, Bian Q, Kasamoto JY, Cahan P. Reconstruction of dynamic regulatory networks reveals signaling-induced topology changes associated with germ layer specification. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:427-442. [PMID: 35090587 PMCID: PMC8828556 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes is fundamental to understanding how cells control their identity and behavior. Unfortunately, existing computational gene regulatory network (GRN) reconstruction methods are imprecise, computationally burdensome, and fail to reveal dynamic regulatory topologies. Here, we present Epoch, a reconstruction tool that uses single-cell transcriptomics to accurately infer dynamic networks. We apply Epoch to identify the dynamic networks underpinning directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) guided by multiple signaling pathways, and we demonstrate that modulating these pathways drives topological changes that bias cell fate potential. We also find that Peg3 rewires the pluripotency network to favor mesoderm specification. By integrating signaling pathways with GRNs, we trace how Wnt activation and PI3K suppression govern mesoderm and endoderm specification, respectively. Finally, we identify regulatory circuits of patterning and axis formation that distinguish in vitro and in vivo mesoderm specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y Su
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Abby Spangler
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qin Bian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jessica Y Kasamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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15
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Mennen RH, Oldenburger MM, Piersma AH. Endoderm and mesoderm derivatives in embryonic stem cell differentiation and their use in developmental toxicity testing. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:44-59. [PMID: 34861400 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell differentiation models have increasingly been applied in non-animal test systems for developmental toxicity. After the initial focus on cardiac differentiation, attention has also included an array of neuro-ectodermal differentiation routes. Alternative differentiation routes in the mesodermal and endodermal germ lines have received less attention. This review provides an inventory of achievements in the latter areas of embryonic stem cell differentiation, with a view to possibilities for their use in non-animal test systems in developmental toxicology. This includes murine and human stem cell differentiation models, and also gains information from the field of stem cell use in regenerative medicine. Endodermal stem cell derivatives produced in vitro include hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, lung epithelium, and intestinal epithelium, and mesodermal derivatives include cardiac muscle, osteogenic, vascular and hemopoietic cells. This inventory provides an overview of studies on the different cell types together with biomarkers and culture conditions that stimulate these differentiation routes from embryonic stem cells. These models may be used to expand the spectrum of embryonic stem cell based new approach methodologies in non-animal developmental toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mennen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - A H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Song W, Dai WJ, Zhang MH, Wang H, Yang XZ. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression of TGF- β Signaling Regulators and Prognosis in Human Esophageal Cancer. Comput Math Methods Med 2021; 2021:1812227. [PMID: 34725559 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1812227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More and more evidences show that TGF-β has a crucial role in tumor initiation and development. However, the mechanism of the TGF-β signal regulator in esophageal cancer (EC) is still unclear. Here, we use a variety of bioinformatics methods to analyze the expression and survival data of TGF-β signal regulators in patients with EC. We extracted the expression of the S-TGF-β signal regulator from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The cBioPortal database was used to assess the frequency of genetic variation. The TGF-β signal regulator is expressed in EC and normal tissues. The objective is to use the Kaplan-Meier plotter database to investigate the prognostic value of TGF-β signal regulators in cancer patients. The DAVID and clusterProfiler software package were used for functional enrichment analysis. We found that patients with TGF-β signaling mutations have shorter overall survival, disease-free survival, disease-specific survival, platinum overall survival, and platinum-free progression survival. We found that compared with the noncancerous tissues of patients with EC, ZFYVE9, BMPR1B, TGFB3, TGFBRAP1, ACVRL1, TGFBR2, SMAD4, SMAD7, ACVR2A, BMPR1, and SMAD9 were significantly downregulated in tumor tissues, while ACVR1 and Smad1 were significantly upregulated in tumor samples. Univariate survival analysis showed that ACVR1, TGFBR3, TGFBRAP1, BMPR1A, SMAD4, and TGFBR2 were positively correlated with overall survival (OS) prolongation. In addition, TGF-β signal transduction regulators could be divided into two classes. Subclass 1 was involved in regulating cell adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling, and Rap1 signaling. Subclass 2 was related to regulating angiogenesis and PI3K signaling. In short, all members of TGF-β signal regulators can be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of patients with EC.
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17
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Kapetanaki S, Kumawat AK, Persson K, Demirel I. The Fibrotic Effects of TMAO on Human Renal Fibroblasts Is Mediated by NLRP3, Caspase-1 and the PERK/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111864. [PMID: 34769294 PMCID: PMC8584593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a product of gut microbiota metabolism, has previously been shown to be implicated in chronic kidney disease. A high TMAO-containing diet has been found to cause tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis in mice. However, today there are no data linking specific molecular pathways with the effect of TMAO on human renal fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the fibrotic effects of TMAO on renal fibroblasts and to elucidate the molecular pathways involved. We found that TMAO promoted renal fibroblast activation and fibroblast proliferation via the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway, NLRP3, and caspase-1 signaling. We also found that TMAO increased the total collagen production from renal fibroblasts via the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, TMAO did not induce fibronectin or TGF-β1 release from renal fibroblasts. We have unraveled that the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway, NLRP3, and caspase-1 mediates TMAO’s fibrotic effect on human renal fibroblasts. Our results can pave the way for future research to further clarify the molecular mechanism behind TMAO’s effects and to identify novel therapeutic targets in the context of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kapetanaki
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- Nephrology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna, Sweden
- Nephrology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-1930-3000
| | - Ashok Kumar Kumawat
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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18
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Peaslee C, Esteva-Font C, Su T, Munoz-Howell A, Duwaerts CC, Liu Z, Rao S, Liu K, Medina M, Sneddon JB, Maher JJ, Mattis AN. Doxycycline Significantly Enhances Induction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Endoderm by Enhancing Survival Through Protein Kinase B Phosphorylation. Hepatology 2021; 74:2102-2117. [PMID: 33982322 PMCID: PMC8544023 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an important tool for the generation of patient-derived cells, including hepatocyte-like cells, by developmental cues through an endoderm intermediate. However, most iPSC lines fail to differentiate into endoderm, with induction resulting in apoptosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS To address this issue, we built upon published methods to develop an improved protocol. We discovered that doxycycline dramatically enhances the efficiency of iPSCs to endoderm differentiation by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting proliferation through the protein kinase B pathway. We tested this protocol in >70 iPSC lines, 90% of which consistently formed complete sheets of endoderm. Endoderm generated by our method achieves similar transcriptomic profiles, expression of endoderm protein markers, and the ability to be further differentiated to downstream lineages. CONCLUSIONS Furthermore, this method achieves a 4-fold increase in endoderm cell number and will accelerate studies of human diseases in vitro and facilitate the expansion of iPSC-derived cells for transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Peaslee
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cristina Esteva-Font
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Antonio Munoz-Howell
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Caroline C. Duwaerts
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sneha Rao
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ke Liu
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marisa Medina
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Julie B. Sneddon
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jacquelyn J. Maher
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aras N. Mattis
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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19
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Chen L, Alam A, Pac-Soo A, Chen Q, Shang Y, Zhao H, Yao S, Ma D. Pretreatment with valproic acid alleviates pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition in vitro and in vivo. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1166-1175. [PMID: 34168289 PMCID: PMC8367813 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to investigate the effects of valproic acid (VPA) on EMT in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, EMT was induced by the administration of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in a human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549). The dose effects of VPA (0.1-3 mM) on EMT were subsequently evaluated at different timepoints. VPA (1 mM) was applied prior to the administration of TGF-β1 and the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, p-Smad2/3 and p-Akt was assessed. In addition, the effects of a TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor (A8301) and PI3K-Akt inhibitor (LY294002) on EMT were evaluated. In vivo, the effects of VPA on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis were evaluated by assessing variables such as survival rate, body weight and histopathological changes, whilst the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin in lung tissue was also evaluated. A8301 and LY294002 were used to ascertain the cellular signaling pathways involved in this model. The administration of VPA prior to TGF-β1 in A549 cells prevented EMT in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with VPA downregulated the expression of both p-Smad2/3 and p-Akt. A8301 administration increased the expression of E-cadherin and reduced the expression of vimentin. LY294002 inhibited Akt phosphorylation induced by TGF-β1 but failed to prevent EMT. Pretreatment with VPA both increased the survival rate and prevented the loss of body weight in mice with pulmonary fibrosis. Interestingly, both VPA and A8301 prevented EMT and facilitated an improvement in lung structure. Overall, pretreatment with VPA attenuated the development of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting EMT in mice, which was associated with Smad2/3 deactivation but without Akt cellular signal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Azeem Alam
- Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Pac-Soo
- Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Qian Chen
- Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Hashemi J, Kajbafzadeh AM, Ghorbani F, Soleimani M, Arefian E, Khorramirouz R, Enderami SE, Pasalar P. Application of iPSCs derived pancreatic β-like cells using pancreatic bio-scaffold. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112667. [PMID: 34107273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed toengineer a pancreatic tissue. Intact rat pancreases were successfully decellularized, and were reseeded with human-induced pluripotent stem cells using different 2D and 3D culture growth factors. The differentiation process was assessed for the presence of a pancreas-like tissue. The histology and SEM analysis revealed cell attachment in all samples, except for the Exp4, and the Flow-cytometry provided 87% viability for the differentiated cells. In Exp1, PDX1 with the positive expression of 2.87±0.06 was dramatically higher than Exp2 with a 2.44±0.06 reaction. NGN3-reactions were 8±0.1 and 6.6±0.2 in Exp1 and Exp2 at P < 0.05, respectively. C-peptide with the expression of 7.5±0.7 in Exp3 was almost equal to that in Exp1 and Exp2. Glucagon (5.1±1) and PDX1 (3.2±0.82) in Exp3 indicated no significant difference. The significant upregulations of pancreatic endocrine markers (PDX1 and NGN3), and the cell-specific glucose transporter (GLUT2) were observed in the differentiated IPCs in the 3D culture of Exp2 after 21 days. The highest insulin and C-peptide concentrations were observed in Exp2. In Exp3, insulin secretion in response to high glucose and 10 mM arginine was 42.43 ±6.34 μU/ml. A decellularized pancreas in the presence of hiPSCs and growth factors could be efficiently used as a natural scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hashemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghorbani
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis & Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khorramirouz
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Molecular and cell biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Parvin Pasalar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Thielen N, Neefjes M, Wiegertjes R, van den Akker G, Vitters E, van Beuningen H, Blaney Davidson E, Koenders M, van Lent P, van de Loo F, van Caam A, van der Kraan P. Osteoarthritis-Related Inflammation Blocks TGF-β's Protective Effect on Chondrocyte Hypertrophy via (de)Phosphorylation of the SMAD2/3 Linker Region. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158124. [PMID: 34360888 PMCID: PMC8347103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by irreversible cartilage damage, inflammation and altered chondrocyte phenotype. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling via SMAD2/3 is crucial for blocking hypertrophy. The post-translational modifications of these SMAD proteins in the linker domain regulate their function and these can be triggered by inflammation through the activation of kinases or phosphatases. Therefore, we investigated if OA-related inflammation affects TGF-β signaling via SMAD2/3 linker-modifications in chondrocytes. We found that both Interleukin (IL)-1β and OA-synovium conditioned medium negated SMAD2/3 transcriptional activity in chondrocytes. This inhibition of TGF-β signaling was enhanced if SMAD3 could not be phosphorylated on Ser213 in the linker region and the inhibition by IL-1β was less if the SMAD3 linker could not be phosphorylated at Ser204. Our study shows evidence that inflammation inhibits SMAD2/3 signaling in chondrocytes via SMAD linker (de)-phosphorylation. The involvement of linker region modifications may represent a new therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Thielen
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Margot Neefjes
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Renske Wiegertjes
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Guus van den Akker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Elly Vitters
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Henk van Beuningen
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Esmeralda Blaney Davidson
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Marije Koenders
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Peter van Lent
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Fons van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Arjan van Caam
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
| | - Peter van der Kraan
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 MD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (N.T.); (M.N.); (R.W.); (E.V.); (H.v.B.); (E.B.D.); (M.K.); (P.v.L.); (F.v.d.L.); (A.v.C.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Wang S, Li J, Chen M, Ren L, Feng W, Xu L, Chen X, Xia T, Zheng N, Liu S. Palladium nanoplates scotch breast cancer lung metastasis by constraining epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Natl Sci Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer deaths in many tumor types including breast cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the driving force for the occurrence and progression of metastasis, however, no targeted strategies to block the EMT program are currently available to combat metastasis. Diverse engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been reported to exert promising anti-cancer effects, however, no ENMs have been designed to target EMT. Palladium (Pd) nanomaterials, a type of ENM, have received substantial attention in nanomedicine due to their favorable photothermal performance for cancer therapeutics. Herein, Pd nanoplates (PdPL) were found to be preferentially biodistributed to both primary tumors and metastatic tumors. Importantly, PdPL showed a significant inhibition of lung metastasis with and without near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that EMT was significantly compromised in breast cancer cells upon the PdPL treatment, which was partially due to the inhibition of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling. Strikingly, the PdPL was found to directly interact with TGF-β proteins to diminish TGF-β functions in activating its downstream signaling, as evidenced by the reduced phosphorylation of Smad2. Notably, TGF-β-independent pathways were also involved in undermining EMT and other important biological processes that are necessary for metastasis. Additionally, NIR irradiation elicited synergistic effects on PdPL-induced inhibition of primary tumors and metastasis. In summary, these results revealed that the PdPL remarkably curbed metastasis by inhibiting EMT signaling, thereby indicating the promising potential of PdPL as a therapeutic agent for treating breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenya Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Kostopoulou N, Bellou S, Bagli E, Markou M, Kostaras E, Hyvönen M, Kalaidzidis Y, Papadopoulos A, Chalmantzi V, Kyrkou A, Panopoulou E, Fotsis T, Murphy C. Embryonic stem cells are devoid of macropinocytosis, a trafficking pathway for activin A in differentiated cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs246892. [PMID: 34313314 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-receptor complexes formed at the plasma membrane are internalised via various endocytic pathways that influence the ultimate signalling output by regulating the selection of interaction partners by the complex along the trafficking route. We report that, in differentiated cells, activin A-receptor complexes are internalised via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and macropinocytosis (MP), whereas in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) internalisation occurs via CME. We further show that hESCs are devoid of MP, which becomes functional upon differentiation towards endothelial cells through mesoderm mediators. Our results reveal, for the first time, that MP is an internalisation route for activin A in differentiated cells, and that MP is not active in hESCs and is induced as cells differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kostopoulou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Sofia Bellou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Unit, Network of Research Supporting Laboratories, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Eleni Bagli
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Maria Markou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kostaras
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Yiannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Angelos Papadopoulos
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Varvara Chalmantzi
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Athena Kyrkou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Panopoulou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Theodore Fotsis
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, A118 Aston Webb, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Papanikolaou S, Vourda A, Syggelos S, Gyftopoulos K. Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112795. [PMID: 34199763 PMCID: PMC8199975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known cellular process involved during normal embryogenesis and wound healing, it also has a dark side; it is a complex process that provides tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype, facilitating tumor metastasis and even resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the key pathways of EMT in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the development of metastases and evasion of currently available treatments. Abstract Prostate cancer, the second most common malignancy in men, is characterized by high heterogeneity that poses several therapeutic challenges. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic, reversible cellular process which is essential in normal embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. However, the cellular changes that are induced by EMT suggest that it may also play a central role in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to current therapeutic options. These changes include enhanced motility and loss of cell–cell adhesion that form a more aggressive cellular phenotype. Moreover, the reverse process (MET) is a necessary element of the metastatic tumor process. It is highly probable that this cell plasticity reflects a hybrid state between epithelial and mesenchymal status. In this review, we describe the underlying key mechanisms of the EMT-induced phenotype modulation that contribute to prostate tumor aggressiveness and cancer therapy resistance, in an effort to provide a framework of this complex cellular process.
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25
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Liang J, Zhou Y, Zhang N, Wang D, Cheng X, Li K, Huang R, Lu Y, Wang H, Han D, Wu W, Han M, Miao S, Wang L, Zhao H, Song W. The phosphorylation of the Smad2/3 linker region by nemo-like kinase regulates TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100512. [PMID: 33676893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad2 and Smad3 (Smad2/3) are structurally similar proteins that primarily mediate the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling responsible for driving cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The dynamics of the Smad2/3 phosphorylation provide the key mechanism for regulating the TGF-β signaling pathway, but the details surrounding this phosphorylation remain unclear. Here, using in vitro kinase assay coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified for the first time that nemo-like kinase (NLK) regulates TGF-β signaling via modulation of Smad2/3 phosphorylation in the linker region. TGF-β-mediated transcriptional and cellular responses are suppressed by NLK overexpression, whereas NLK depletion exerts opposite effects. Specifically, we discovered that NLK associates with Smad3 and phosphorylates the designated serine residues located in the linker region of Smad2 and Smad3, which inhibits phosphorylation at the C terminus, thereby decreasing the duration of TGF-β signaling. Overall, this work demonstrates that phosphorylation on the linker region of Smad2/3 by NLK counteracts the canonical phosphorylation in response to TGF-β signals, thus providing new insight into the mechanisms governing TGF-β signaling transduction.
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26
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Ezeani M, Prabhu S. Pathophysiology and therapeutic relevance of PI3K(p110α) protein in atrial fibrillation: A non-interventional molecular therapy strategy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105415. [PMID: 33412279 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified animal studies have revealed specific expression patterns and unequivocal roles of class I PI3K isoenzymes. PI3K(p110α), a catalytic subunit of class I PI3Ks is ubiquitously expressed and is well characterised in the cardiovascular system. Given that genetic inhibition of PI3K(p110α) causes lethal phenotype embryonically, the catalytic subunit is critically important in housekeeping and biological processes. A growing number of studies underpin crucial roles of PI3K(p110α) in cell survival, proliferation, hypertrophy and arrhythmogenesis. While the studies provide great insights, the precise mechanisms involved in PI3K(p110α) hypofunction and atrial fibrillation (AF) are not fully known. AF is a well recognised clinical problem with significant management limitations. In this translational review, we attempted a narration of PI3K(p110α) hypofunction in the molecular basis of AF pathophysiology. We sought to cautiously highlight the relevance of this molecule in the therapeutic approaches for AF management per se (i.e without conditions associate with cell proliferation, like cancer), and in mitigating effects of clinical risk factors in atrial substrate formation leading to AF progression. We also considered PI3K(p110α) in AF gene association, with the aim of identifying mechanistic links between the ever increasingly well-defined genetic loci (regions and genes) and AF. Such mechanisms will aid in identifying new drug targets for arrhythmogenic substrate and AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ezeani
- NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Sandeep Prabhu
- The Alfred, and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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McIlvenna LC, Patten RK, McAinch AJ, Rodgers RJ, Stepto NK, Moreno-Asso A. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Alters Glucose Uptake but Not Insulin Signalling in Human Primary Myotubes From Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:732338. [PMID: 34707569 PMCID: PMC8544291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.732338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), commonly have profound skeletal muscle insulin resistance which can worsen other clinical features. The heterogeneity of the condition has made it challenging to identify the precise mechanisms that cause this insulin resistance. A possible explanation for the underlying insulin resistance may be the dysregulation of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) signalling. TGFβ signalling contributes to the remodelling of reproductive and hepatic tissues in women with PCOS. Given the systemic nature of TGFβ signalling and its role in skeletal muscle homeostasis, it may be possible that these adverse effects extend to other peripheral tissues. We aimed to determine if TGFβ1 could negatively regulate glucose uptake and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle of women with PCOS. We show that both myotubes from women with PCOS and healthy women displayed an increase in glucose uptake, independent of changes in insulin signalling, following short term (16 hr) TGFβ1 treatment. This increase occurred despite pro-fibrotic signalling increasing via SMAD3 and connective tissue growth factor in both groups following treatment with TGFβ1. Collectively, our findings show that short-term treatment with TGFβ1 does not appear to influence insulin signalling or promote insulin resistance in myotubes. These findings suggest that aberrant TGFβ signalling is unlikely to directly contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in women with PCOS in the short term but does not rule out indirect or longer-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. McIlvenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K. Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond J. Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alba Moreno-Asso,
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28
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Shao Q, Zhang Z, Cao R, Zang H, Pei W, Sun T. CPA4 Promotes EMT in Pancreatic Cancer via Stimulating PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8567-8580. [PMID: 32922037 PMCID: PMC7457871 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s257057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4), as a novel tumor biomarker, is prevalently observed in various cancers. However, the potential role of CPA4 in pancreatic cancer (PC), to our knowledge, has not been fully clarified. Materials and Methods We systematically explored the detailed function of CPA4 in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulated PC in human clinical samples and in vitro. Results CPA4 was overexpressed in clinical PC samples that was positively related with tumor size (P=0.026), T stage (P=0.011), lymph-node metastasis (P=0.026) and a worse prognosis for PC patients (P=0.001). Interestingly, CPA4 was inversely correlated with E-cadherin (r=−0.372, P=0.003) in clinical samples and PC cell lines which cooperatively contributed to a worse prognosis (P=0.005) for PC patients. CPA4 overexpression enhanced EMT in AsPC-1 and Capan-2 cells, which promoted EMT-like cellular morphology and cell invasion and migration. Meanwhile, CPA4 overexpression activated EMT and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling, following with the downregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin, and the upregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, p-PI3K (Tyr458), p-AKT (Ser473) and p-mTOR (Ser2448). However, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reversed CPA4 overexpression-stimulated EMT in vitro. Moreover, CPA4 was co-immunoprecipitated with AKT in two PC cells with CPA4 high expression. Conversely, CPA4 silencing inhibited EMT in PANC-1 cells. CPA4 overexpression or silencing promoted or inhibited cell proliferation and drug resistance in Capan-2 and PANC-1 cells via regulating Bcl2/Bax and cleaved-caspase3 signaling. However, LY294002 reversed CPA4 overexpression-stimulated cell proliferation and drug resistance in vitro in Bcl2/Bax and caspase3-dependent apoptosis. Conclusion CPA4 overexpression contributes to aggressive clinical stage of PC patients and promotes EMT in vitro via activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Shao
- Department of General Surgery, The Peoples' Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Peoples' Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxian Cao
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zang
- Department of General Surgery, The Peoples' Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Pei
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Sun
- Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess the potential of long-term self-renewal and three primary germ layers differentiation, and thus hESCs are expected to have broad applications in cell therapy, drug screening and basic research on human early embryonic development. Many efforts have been put to dissect the regulation of pluripotency and direct differentiation of hESCs. TGFβ/Activin/Nodal signal pathway critically regulates pluripotency maintenance and cell differentiation through the main signal transducer SMAD2/3 in hESCs, but the action manners of SMAD2/3 in hESCs are sophisticated and not documented yet. Here we review and discuss the roles of SMAD2/3 in hESC pluripotency maintenance and differentiation initiation separately. We summarize that SMAD2/3 regulates pluripotency and differentiation mainly through four aspects, (1) controlling divergent transcriptional networks of pluripotency and differentiation; (2) interacting with chromatin modifiers to make the chromatin accessible or recruiting METTL3-METTL14-WTAP complex and depositing m6A to the mRNA of pluripotency genes; (3) acting as a transcription factor to activate endoderm-specific genes to thus initiate definitive endoderm differentiation, which happens as cyclin D/CDK4/6 downstream target in later G1 phase as well; (4) interacting with endoderm specific lncRNAs to promote differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Dai R, Chen W, Hua W, Xiong L, Li Y, Li L. Comparative transcriptome analysis of transcultured human skin-derived precursors (tSKPs) from adherent monolayer culture system and tSKPs-derived fibroblasts (tFBs) by RNA-Seq. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:104-114. [PMID: 32321899 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcultured human skin derived precursors (tSKPs) from adherent monolayer culture system have similar characteristics as traditional skin derived precursors (SKPs), making tSKPs a suitable candidate for regenerative medicine. tSKPs can differentiate into fibroblasts. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the transition from tSKPs to fibroblasts. Here, we compared the transcriptional profiles of human tSKPs and tSKPs-derived fibroblasts (tFBs) by RNA-Sequence aiming to determine the candidate genes and pathways involving in the differentiation process. A total of 1042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between tSKPs and tFBs, with 490 genes up-regulated and 552 genes down-regulated. Our study showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. A further transcription factors (TFs) analysis of DEGs revealed the significantly down-expressed TFs (p21, Foxo1and Foxc1) in tFBs were mostly the downstream nodes of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which suggested PI3K-Akt signaling pathway might play an important role in tSKPs differentiation. The results of our study are useful for investigating the molecular mechanisms in tSKPs differentiation into tFBs, making it possible to take advantage of their potential application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Dai
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Dermatology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lidan Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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31
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Kamato D, Little PJ. Smad2 linker region phosphorylation is an autonomous cell signalling pathway: Implications for multiple disease pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is a key target in oncology where most efforts are focussed on phenotypes such as cell proliferation and survival. Comparatively, little attention has been paid to PI3K in stemness regulation, despite the emerging link between acquisition of stem cell-like features and therapeutic failure in cancer. The aim of this review is to summarise current known and unknowns of PI3K-dependent stemness regulation, by integrating knowledge from the fields of developmental, signalling and cancer biology. Particular attention is given to the role of the PI3K pathway in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and the emerging parallels to dedifferentiated cancer cells with stem cell-like features. Compelling evidence suggests that PI3K/AKT signalling forms part of a 'core molecular stemness programme' in both mouse and human PSCs. In cancer, the oncogenic PIK3CAH1047R variant causes constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway and has recently been linked to increased stemness in a dose-dependent manner, similar to observations in mouse PSCs with heterozygous versus homozygous Pten loss. There is also evidence that the stemness phenotype may become 'locked' and thus independent of the original PI3K activation, posing limitations for the success of PI3K monotherapy in cancer. Ongoing therapeutic developments for PI3K-associated cancers may therefore benefit from a better understanding of the pathway's two-layered and highly context-dependent regulation of cell growth versus stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa R. Madsen
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, U.K
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33
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Zhu L, Xie Y, Wen B, Ye M, Liu Y, Imam KMSU, Cai H, Zhang C, Wang F, Xin F. Porcine bone collagen peptides promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2020; 64:103697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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34
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Kamato D, Do BH, Osman N, Ross BP, Mohamed R, Xu S, Little PJ. Smad linker region phosphorylation is a signalling pathway in its own right and not only a modulator of canonical TGF-β signalling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:243-251. [PMID: 31407020 PMCID: PMC11104920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathways are intensively investigated because of their diverse association with physiological and pathophysiological states. Smad transcription factors are the key mediators of TGF-β signalling. Smads can be directly phosphorylated in the carboxy terminal by the TGF-β receptor or in the linker region via multiple intermediate serine/threonine kinases. Growth factors in addition to hormones and TGF-β can activate many of the same kinases which can phosphorylate the Smad linker region. Historically, Smad linker region phosphorylation was shown to prevent nuclear translocation of Smads and inhibit TGF-β signalling pathways; however, it was subsequently shown that Smad linker region phosphorylation can be a driver of gene expression. This review will cover the signalling pathways of Smad linker region phosphorylation that drive the expression of genes involved in pathology and pathophysiology. The role of Smad signalling in cell biology is expanding rapidly beyond its role in TGF-β signalling and many signalling paradigms need to be re-evaluated in terms of Smad involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Bich Hang Do
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Ross
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
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35
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Wang L, Yang H, Zang C, Dong Y, Shang J, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang Z, Xu H, Bao X, Zhang D. CXCR2 antagonism promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and enhances remyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104630. [PMID: 31678404 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease characterized by the autoimmune attack of oligodendrocytes, leading to demyelination and progressive functional deficits. CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is recently reported to orchestrate the migration, proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which implies its possible involvement in the demyelinating process. Here, we used a CXCR2 antagonist, compound 2, as a tool to investigate the role of CXCR2 in demyelination and the underlying mechanism. The primary cultured oligodendrocytes and cuprizone (CPZ)-intoxicated mice were applied in the present study. The results showed that compound 2 significantly promoted OPC proliferation and differentiation. In the demyelinated lesions of CPZ-intoxicated mice, vigorous OPC proliferation and myelin repair was observed after compound 2 treatment. Subsequent investigation of the underlying mechanisms identified that upon inhibition of CXCR2, compound 2 treatment upregulated Ki67, transcription factor 2 (Olig2) and Caspr expression, activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, ultimately promoted OPCs differentiation and enhanced remyelination. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that CXCR2 antagonism efficiently promoted OPC differentiation and enhanced remyelination in CPZ-intoxicated mice, supporting CXCR2 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic demyelinating diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junmei Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substrate and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
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36
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Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Yang IH, Rose GE, Ezra DG, Bailly M. Macrophages promote a profibrotic phenotype in orbital fibroblasts through increased hyaluronic acid production and cell contractility. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9622. [PMID: 31270379 PMCID: PMC6610127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the orbit. Orbital fibroblasts are a key component in GO pathogenesis, which includes inflammation, adipogenesis, hyaluronic acid (HA) secretion, and fibrosis. Macrophages are thought to participate in the immunological stage of GO, but whether they can directly affect the fibroblasts phenotype and modulate disease progression is unknown. We previously showed that GO adipogenic and fibrotic phenotypes could be modelled in a pseudo-physiological 3D environment in vitro. Here, we introduced macrophages in this 3D culture model to investigate role for macrophages in modulating adipogenesis, HA production, and contractility in orbital fibroblasts. Macrophages had a minimal effect on lipid droplet formation in fibroblasts, but significantly increased HA production and cell contractility, suggesting that they may promote the fibrotic phenotype. This effect was found to be mediated at least in part through phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) activation and linked to an increase in actin polymerization and protrusive activity in fibroblasts. Overall our work shows for the first time a direct role for macrophages in modulating the fibroblasts’ phenotype in GO, supporting a role for macrophages in the progression of the fibrotic phenotype through induction of HA production and stimulation of the contractile phenotype in orbital fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hui Yang
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Geoffrey E Rose
- Department of Adnexal Surgery, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Daniel G Ezra
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Department of Adnexal Surgery, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Maryse Bailly
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Sachinidis A, Albrecht W, Nell P, Cherianidou A, Hewitt NJ, Edlund K, Hengstler JG. Road Map for Development of Stem Cell-Based Alternative Test Methods. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:470-481. [PMID: 31130451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in establishing strategies for differentiation of induced human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, differentiated hiPSCs are not yet routinely used for prediction of toxicity. Here, limiting factors are summarised and possibilities for improvement are discussed, with a focus on hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, tubular epithelial cells, and developmental toxicity. Moreover, we make recommendations for further fine-tuning of differentiation protocols for hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells by comparing individual steps of currently available protocols to the mechanisms occurring during embryonic development. A road map is proposed to facilitate test system development, including a description of the most useful performance metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Nell
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anna Cherianidou
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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39
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Zhang S, Bell E, Zhi H, Brown S, Imran SAM, Azuara V, Cui W. OCT4 and PAX6 determine the dual function of SOX2 in human ESCs as a key pluripotent or neural factor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30999923 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sox2 is a well-established pluripotent transcription factor that plays an essential role in establishing and maintaining pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). It is also thought to be a linage specifier that governs PSC neural lineage specification upon their exiting the pluripotent state. However, the exact role of SOX2 in human PSCs was still not fully understood. In this study, we studied the role of SOX2 in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by gain- and loss-of-function approaches and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. Results We demonstrate that knockdown of SOX2 induced hESC differentiation to endoderm-like cells, whereas overexpression of SOX2 in hESCs enhanced their pluripotency under self-renewing culture conditions but promoted their neural differentiation upon replacing the culture to non-self-renewal conditions. We show that this culture-dependent dual function of SOX2 was probably attributed to its interaction with different transcription factors predisposed by the culture environments. Whilst SOX2 interacts with OCT4 under self-renewal conditions, we found that, upon neural differentiation, PAX6, a key neural transcription factor, is upregulated and shows interaction with SOX2. The SOX2-PAX6 complex has different gene regulation pattern from that of SOX2-OCT4 complex. Conclusions Our work provides direct evidence that SOX2 is necessarily required for hESC pluripotency; however, it can also function as a neural factor, depending on the environmental input. OCT4 and PAX6 might function as key SOX2-interacting partners that determine the function of SOX2 in hESCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1228-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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40
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Tan M, Liang Y, Huang W, Cheng Y, Jiang Z, He G, Gao Y, Pan M. [Galectin-3 induces differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2019; 38:1076-1082. [PMID: 30377104 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of galectin-3 in inducing the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into hepatocyte- like cells and explore the involvement of the signaling pathways in the induced cell differentiation. METHODS The third passage of cultured rat femoral BMSCs were treated with 0.5 μg/mL galectin-3, 20 ng/mL hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or both to induce their differentiation, with untreated rat BMSCs and hepatocytes as controls. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of induction, the cells were examined for morphological changes followed by glycogen staining, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Gene microarray technique was used to examine the mRNA expression profile of the BMSCs induced with galectin-3. The BMSCs were also induced with galectin-3 in combination with XMU-MP-1, a Hippo signaling pathway inhibitor, after which Western blotting was performed to detect the expressions of YAP, P-YAP, ALB, AFP and CK-18 in the cells. RESULTS The cells isolated from the femoral bone marrow of SD rats showed a consistent surface marker phenotype with the BMSCs. Induction with galectin-3, HGF, or both all resulted in gradual morphological changes of the BMSCs into hepatocyte-like cells, and the cells with a combined induction for 28 days showed the highest morphological similarity with hepatocytes. The cells induced with galectin-3, HGF, or their combination for 28 days all showed increased positivity rate of glycogen staining, which was the highest in the cells with combined induction (P < 0.05) without significant difference between the cells induced with galectin-3 and HGF alone (P > 0.05). Induction with galectin-3 and HGF alone both increased the expressions of AFP, ALB and CK-18 mRNAs in the cells, and their expression levels were similar between the cells at 28 days (P > 0.05). Galectin-3 and HGF did not show an interactive effect on the mRNA expressions of AFP (F=0.236, P=0.640) or ALB (F=50.639, P=0.000), but had a synergistic effect on CK-18 mRNA expression (F=50.639, P=0.000). The protein expressions of AFP, ALB and CK18 were also increased in the induced cells but not detected in the cells without induction. Gene microarray results revealed 27 up-regulated genes and 62 down-regulated genes in galectin-3-induced BMSCs involving TGF-β, PI3K-Akt and Hippo signal pathways. Induction with galectin-3 and galectin-3+XMU-MP-1 increased YAP expression in the cells, and galectin-3+XMU-MP-1 was more efficient to induce the differentiation of the BMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 can induce the differentiation of rat BMSCs into hepatocyte-like cells, and the combination with HGF increases the efficiency of induced differentiation of the cells. TGF-β, PI3K-Akt and Hippo pathways are involved in the induced differentiation of the BMSCs, and inhibiting Hippo pathway can improve the induction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Tan
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,First Department of General Surgery, Nanhai People's Hospital, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zesheng Jiang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Guolin He
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Mingxin Pan
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Steinbusch MMF, Caron MMJ, Surtel DAM, van den Akker GGH, van Dijk PJ, Friedrich F, Zabel B, van Rhijn LW, Peffers MJ, Welting TJM. The antiviral protein viperin regulates chondrogenic differentiation via CXCL10 protein secretion. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5121-5136. [PMID: 30718282 PMCID: PMC6442052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin (also known as radical SAM domain–containing 2 (RSAD2)) is an interferon-inducible and evolutionary conserved protein that participates in the cell's innate immune response against a number of viruses. Viperin mRNA is a substrate for endoribonucleolytic cleavage by RNase mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP) and mutations in the RNase MRP small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) subunit of the RNase MRP complex cause cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), a human developmental condition characterized by metaphyseal chondrodysplasia and severe dwarfism. It is unknown how CHH-pathogenic mutations in RNase MRP snoRNA interfere with skeletal development, and aberrant processing of RNase MRP substrate RNAs is thought to be involved. We hypothesized that viperin plays a role in chondrogenic differentiation. Using immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, ELISA, siRNA-mediated gene silencing, plasmid-mediated gene overexpression, label-free MS proteomics, and promoter reporter bioluminescence assays, we discovered here that viperin is expressed in differentiating chondrocytic cells and regulates their protein secretion and the outcome of chondrogenic differentiation by influencing transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD family 2/3 (SMAD2/3) activity via C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10). Of note, we observed disturbances in this viperin–CXCL10–TGF-β/SMAD2/3 axis in CHH chondrocytic cells. Our results indicate that the antiviral protein viperin controls chondrogenic differentiation by influencing secretion of soluble proteins and identify a molecular route that may explain impaired chondrogenic differentiation of cells from individuals with CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy M F Steinbusch
- From the Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
| | - Marjolein M J Caron
- From the Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
| | - Don A M Surtel
- From the Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
| | | | - Paul J van Dijk
- the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Maastricht University, NL-6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Friedrich
- the University Heart Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Zabel
- the Medical Faculty, Otto van Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany, and
| | - Lodewijk W van Rhijn
- From the Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J M Welting
- From the Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and
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Diekmann U, Wolling H, Dettmer R, Niwolik I, Naujok O, Buettner FFR. Chemically defined and xenogeneic-free differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm in 3D culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:996. [PMID: 30700818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into definitive endoderm (DE) represents a key step towards somatic cells of lung, liver and pancreas. For future clinical applications, mass production of differentiated cells at chemically defined conditions and free of xenogeneic substances is envisioned. In this study we adapted our previously published two-dimensional (2D) DE induction protocol to three-dimensional (3D) static suspension culture in the absence of the xenogeneic extracellular matrix Matrigel. Next, fetal calf serum and bovine serum albumin present in the standard medium were replaced by a custom-made and xeno-free B-27. This yielded in a chemically defined and xenogeneic-free 3D culture protocol for differentiation of hPSCs into DE at efficiencies similar to standard 2D conditions. This novel protocol successfully worked with different hPSC lines including hESCs and hiPSCs maintained in two different stem cell media prior to differentiation. DE cells obtained by our novel BSA-free 3D protocol could be further differentiated into PDX1- or NKX6.1-expressing pancreatic progenitor cells. Notably, upon DE differentiation, we also identified a CXCR4+/NCAM+/EpCAMlow cell population with reduced DE marker gene expression. These CXCR4+/NCAM+/EpCAMlow cells emerge as a result of Wnt/beta-catenin hyperactivation via elevated CHIR-99021 concentrations and likely represent misspecified DE.
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Gao L, Li SL, Li YK. Liraglutide Promotes the Osteogenic Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells via Regulating the Expression of Smad2/3 Through PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:1031-1043. [PMID: 30403540 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shi-Lun Li
- Key Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Luo Y, Xu W, Li G, Cui W. Weighing In on mTOR Complex 2 Signaling: The Expanding Role in Cell Metabolism. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 2018:7838647. [PMID: 30510625 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7838647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In all eukaryotes, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling emerges as a master regulator of homeostasis, which integrates environmental inputs, including nutrients, energy, and growth factors, to regulate many fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth and metabolism. mTOR signaling functions through two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which correspond to two major branches of signal output. While mTORC1 is well characterized for its structure, regulation, and function in the last decade, information of mTORC2 signaling is only rapidly expanding in recent years, from structural biology, signaling network, to functional impact. Here we review the recent advances in many aspects of the mTORC2 signaling, with particular focus on its involvement in the control of cell metabolism and its physiological implications in metabolic diseases and aging.
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Ramasamy TS, Ong ALC, Cui W. Impact of Three-Dimentional Culture Systems on Hepatic Differentiation of Puripotent Stem Cells and Beyond. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1077:41-66. [PMID: 30357683 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0947-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Generation of functional hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is a vital tool to produce large amounts of human hepatocytes, which hold a great promise for biomedical and regenerative medicine applications. Despite a tremendous progress in developing the differentiation protocols recapitulating the developmental signalling and stages, these resulting hepatocytes from hPSCs yet achieve maturation and functionality comparable to those primary hepatocytes. The absence of 3D milieu in the culture and differentiation of these hepatocytes may account for this, at least partly, thus developing an optimal 3D culture could be a step forward to achieve this aim. Hence, review focuses on current development of 3D culture systems for hepatic differentiation and maturation and the future perspectives of its application.
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46
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Zhang S. The role of transforming growth factor β in T helper 17 differentiation. Immunology 2018; 155:24-35. [PMID: 29682722 PMCID: PMC6099164 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play critical roles in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The lineage-specific transcription factor RORγt is the key regulator for Th17 cell fate commitment. A substantial number of studies have established the importance of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) -dependent pathways in inducing RORγt expression and Th17 differentiation. TGF-β superfamily members TGF-β1 , TGF-β3 or activin A, in concert with interleukin-6 or interleukin-21, differentiate naive T cells into Th17 cells. Alternatively, Th17 differentiation can occur through TGF-β-independent pathways. However, the mechanism of how TGF-β-dependent and TGF-β-independent pathways control Th17 differentiation remains controversial. This review focuses on the perplexing role of TGF-β in Th17 differentiation, depicts the requirement of TGF-β for Th17 development, and underscores the multiple mechanisms underlying TGF-β-promoted Th17 generation, pathogenicity and plasticity. With new insights and comprehension from recent findings, this review specifically tackles the involvement of the canonical TGF-β signalling components, SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4, summarizes diverse SMAD-independent mechanisms, and highlights the importance of TGF-β signalling in balancing the reciprocal conversion of Th17 and regulatory T cells. Finally, this review includes discussions and perspectives and raises important mechanistic questions about the role of TGF-β in Th17 generation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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47
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Jiang B, Guan Y, Shen HJ, Zhang LH, Jiang JX, Dong XW, Shen HH, Xie QM. Akt/PKB signaling regulates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Lung Cancer 2018; 122:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kramer EL, Hardie WD, Madala SK, Davidson C, Clancy JP. Subacute TGFβ expression drives inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and pulmonary function abnormalities in mice with effects dependent on CFTR function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L456-L465. [PMID: 29877096 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00530.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) produces variable lung disease phenotypes that are, in part, independent of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR) genotype. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the best described genetic modifier of the CF phenotype, but its mechanism of action is unknown. We hypothesized that TGFβ is sufficient to drive pathognomonic features of CF lung disease in vivo and that CFTR deficiency enhances susceptibility to pathological TGFβ effects. A CF mouse model and littermate controls were exposed intratracheally to an adenoviral vector containing the TGFβ1 cDNA (Ad-TGFβ), empty vector, or PBS only. Studies were performed 1 wk after treatment, including lung mechanics, collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and analysis of lung histology, RNA, and protein. CF and non-CF mice showed similar weight loss, inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Smad pathway activation after Ad-TGFβ treatment. Ad-TGFβ produced greater abnormalities in lung mechanics in CF versus control mice, which was uniquely associated with induction of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. CFTR transcripts were reduced, and epithelial sodium channel transcripts were increased in CF and non-CF mice, whereas the goblet cell transcription factors, forkhead ortholog A3 and SAM-pointed domain-containing ETS-like factor, were increased in non-CF but not CF mice following Ad-TGFβ treatment. Pulmonary TGFβ1 expression was sufficient to produce pulmonary remodeling and abnormalities in lung mechanics that were associated with both shared and unique cell signaling pathway activation in CF and non-CF mice. These results highlight the multifunctional impact of TGFβ on pulmonary pathology in vivo and identify cellular-response differences that may impact CF lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William D Hardie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Satish K Madala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cynthia Davidson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John P Clancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
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Ong AL, Ramasamy TS. Role of Sirtuin1-p53 regulatory axis in aging, cancer and cellular reprogramming. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 43:64-80. [PMID: 29476819 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory role of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), one of the most extensively studied members of its kind in histone deacetylase family in governing multiple cellular fates, is predominantly linked to p53 activity. SIRT1 deacetylates p53 in a NAD+-dependent manner to inhibit transcription activity of p53, in turn modulate pathways that are implicated in regulation of tissue homoeostasis and many disease states. In this review, we discuss the role of SIRT1-p53 pathway and its regulatory axis in the cellular events which are implicated in cellular aging, cancer and reprogramming. It is noteworthy that these cellular events share few common regulatory pathways, including SIRT1-p53-LDHA-Myc, miR-34a,-Let7 regulatory network, which forms a positive feedback loop that controls cell cycle, metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, epigenetics and many others. In the context of aging, SIRT1 expression is reduced as a protective mechanism against oncogenesis and for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, its activation in aged cells is evidenced in response to DNA damage to protect the cells from p53-dependent apoptosis or senescence, predispose these cells to neoplastic transformation. Importantly, the dual roles of SIRT1-p53 axis in aging and tumourigenesis, either as tumour suppressor or tumour promoter are determined by SIRT1 localisation and type of cells. Conceptualising the distinct similarity between tumorigenesis and cellular reprogramming, this review provides a perspective discussion on involvement of SIRT1 in improving efficiency in the induction and maintenance of pluripotent state. Further research in understanding the role of SIRT1-p53 pathway and their associated regulators and strategies to manipulate this regulatory axis very likely foster the development of therapeutics and strategies for treating cancer and aging-associated degenerative diseases.
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50
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Saito Y, Chikenji T, Ozasa Y, Fujimiya M, Yamashita T, Gingery A, Iba K. PDGFR Signaling Mediates Hyperproliferation and Fibrotic Responses of Subsynovial Connective Tissue Cells in Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16192. [PMID: 29170419 PMCID: PMC5700922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) is a pathognomonic change in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Identification of molecular targets and anti-fibrotic therapies could provide new treatment strategies for CTS. The contribution of SSCT cells to fibrosis and the signaling pathways that initiate and aggravate fibrosis in CTS remain unknown. Here we report that platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) positive ( + ) cells accumulate in CTS SSCT and that the presence of fibrotic growth factor, PDGF-AA, results in increased proliferation of PDGFRα+ cells via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Although PI3K inhibition decreased proliferation, there was no change in fibrosis-related gene expression. Indeed, protein levels of fibrosis signaling mediator TGF-β remained the same and the second messenger, Smad2/3, accumulated in the nucleus. In contrast AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which can be induced with metformin and AICAR inhibited proliferation, TGF-β expression, and altered cell morphology in SSCT cells. Further we show that AMPK activation by metformin reduced collagen III levels and the ratio of Collagen I to Collagen III. Both AICAR and metformin reduced F-actin and significantly reduced the fiber cross alignment. Our results suggest that PDGFRa signaling may be an important fibrosis target and that activators of AMPK, may be an important therapeutic approach for treating CTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takako Chikenji
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Ozasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mineko Fujimiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yamashita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Anne Gingery
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Kousuke Iba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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