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Lou D, Duan H, Wang D, Cao Y, Cui J, Duan J, Tan J. Characterization of a novel 3-quinuclidinone reductase possessing remarkable thermostability. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130799. [PMID: 38479663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The 3-quinuclidinone reductase plays an irreplaceable role in the biopreparation of (R)-3-quinuclidinol, an intermediate vital for synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. Thermal robustness is a critical factor for enzymatic synthesis in industrial applications. This study characterized a new 3-quinuclidinone reductase, named SaQR, with significant thermal stability. The SaQR was overexpressed in a GST-fused state, and substrate and cofactor screening were conducted. Additionally, three-dimensional structure prediction using AlphaFold and analysis were performed, along with relevant thermostability tests, and the evaluation of factors influencing enzyme activity. The findings highlight the remarkable thermostability of SaQR, retaining over 90% of its activity after 72 h at 50°C, with an optimal operational temperature of 85°C. SaQR showed typical structural traits of the SDR superfamily, with its cofactor-determining residue being aspartic acid, conferring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) preference. Moreover, K+ and Na+, at a concentration of 400 mM, could significantly enhance the activity, while Mg2+ and Mn2+ only display inhibitory effects within the tested concentration range. The findings of molecular dynamics simulations suggest that high temperatures may disrupt the binding of enzyme to substrate by increasing the flexibility of residues 205-215. In conclusion, this study reports a novel 3-quinuclidinone reductase with remarkable thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Hongtao Duan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Jinghao Cui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Jingfa Duan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
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Chen F, Wang Q, Xiao M, Lou D, Wufur R, Hu S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y. A novel crosstalk between Nrf2 and Smad2/3 bridged by two nuanced Keap1 isoforms with their divergent effects on these distinct family transcription factors. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:190-207. [PMID: 38242246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 signalling to transcriptionally regulate antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven target genes has been accepted as key redox-sensitive pathway governing a vast variety of cellular stresses during healthy survival and disease development. Herein, we identified two nuanced isoforms α and β of Keap1 in HepG2 cells, arising from its first and another in-frame translation starting codons, respectively. In identifying those differential expression genes monitored by Keap1α and/or Keap1β, an unusual interaction of Keap1 with Smad2/3 was discovered by parsing transcriptome sequencing, Keap1-interacting protein profiling and relevant immunoprecipitation data. Further examination validated that Smad2/3 enable physical interaction with Keap1, as well as its isoforms α and β, by both EDGETSD and DLG motifs in the linker regions between their MH1 and MH2 domains, such that the stability of Smad2/3 and transcriptional activity are enhanced with their prolonged half-lives and relevant signalling responses from the cytoplasmic to nuclear compartments. The activation of Smad2/3 by Keap1, Keap1α or Keap1β was much likely contributable to a coordinative or another competitive effect of Nrf2, particularly in distinct Keap1-based cellular responses to its cognate growth factor (i.e. TGF-β1) or redox stress (e.g. stimulated by tBHQ and DTT). Overall, this discovery presents a novel functional bridge crossing the Keap1-Nrf2 redox signalling and the TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathways so as to coordinately regulate the healthy growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Chen
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Reziyamu Wufur
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Shaofan Hu
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Zhengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yeqi Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Graduate School, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402262, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 40044, China.
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Pan Y, Zhu L, Tan J, Lou D, Wang B. Engineering the cofactor binding site of 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for improvement of catalytic activity, thermostability, and alteration of substrate preference. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128847. [PMID: 38123031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) are crucial for bile acid metabolism and influence the size of the bile acid pool and gut microbiota composition. HSDHs with high activity, thermostability, and substrate selectivity are the basis for constructing engineered bacteria for disease treatment. In this study, we designed mutations at the cofactor binding site involving Thr15 and Arg16 residues of HSDH St-2-2. The T15A, R16A, and R16Q mutants exhibited 7.85-, 2.50-, and 4.35-fold higher catalytic activity than the wild type, respectively, while also displaying an altered substrate preference (from taurocholic acid (TCA) to taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA)). These mutants showed lower Km and higher kcat values, indicating stronger binding to the substrate and resulting in 3190-, 3123-, and 3093-fold higher kcat/Km values for TCDCA oxidation. Furthermore, the Tm values of the T15A, R16A, and R16Q mutants were found to increase by 4.3 °C, 6.0 °C, and 7.0 °C, respectively. Molecular structure analysis indicated that reshaped internal hydrogens and surface mutations could improve catalytic activity and thermostability, and altered interactions among the catalytic triad, cofactor binding sites, and substrates could change substrate preference. This work provides valuable insights into modifying substrate preference as well as enhancing the catalytic activity and thermostability of HSDHs by targeting the cofactor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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Ge C, Tan J, Lou D, Zhu L, Zhong Z, Dai X, Sun Y, Kuang Q, Zhao J, Wang L, Liu J, Wang B, Xu M. Corrigendum to "Mulberrin confers protection against hepatic fibrosis by Trim31/Nrf2 signaling" [Redox Biol. 51 (2022) 102274]. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102953. [PMID: 37949686 PMCID: PMC10719520 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China.
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Zixuan Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Xianling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Qin Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Longyan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
| | - Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China.
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Xu M, Tan J, Liu X, Han L, Ge C, Zhang Y, Luo F, Wang Z, Xue X, Xiong L, Wang X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Tian Q, Zhang S, Meng Q, Dai X, Kuang Q, Li Q, Lou D, Hu L, Liu X, Kuang G, Luo J, Chang C, Wang B, Chai J, Shi S, Han L. Tripartite motif containing 26 prevents steatohepatitis progression by suppressing C/EBPδ signalling activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6384. [PMID: 37821436 PMCID: PMC10567751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently potential preclinical drugs for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-related pathopoiesis have failed to achieve expected therapeutic efficacy due to the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms. Here we show Tripartite motif containing 26 (TRIM26) as a critical endogenous suppressor of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPδ), and we also confirm that TRIM26 is an C/EBPδ-interacting partner protein that catalyses the ubiquitination degradation of C/EBPδ in hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-specific loss of Trim26 disrupts liver metabolic homeostasis, followed by glucose metabolic disorder, lipid accumulation, increased hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis, and dramatically facilitates NASH-related phenotype progression. Inversely, transgenic Trim26 overexpression attenuates the NASH-associated phenotype in a rodent or rabbit model. We provide mechanistic evidence that, in response to metabolic insults, TRIM26 directly interacts with C/EBPδ and promotes its ubiquitin proteasome degradation. Taken together, our present findings identify TRIM26 as a key suppressor over the course of NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 250117, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 250117, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Fufang Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Xue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liangyin Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 250117, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qingkun Meng
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250117, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xianling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Chang
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250117, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chai
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 250117, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Shi
- New Drug Technology R&D Center, Nanjing Biomed Sciences Inc., 210003, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Lianyi Han
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 315211, Shanghai, China.
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Xu M, Tan J, Zhu L, Ge C, Dong W, Dai X, Kuang Q, Zhong S, Lai L, Yi C, Li Q, Lou D, Hu L, Liu X, Kuang G, Luo J, Feng J, Wang B. The deubiquitinating enzyme 13 retards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via blocking inactive rhomboid protein 2-dependent pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1071-1092. [PMID: 36970206 PMCID: PMC10031279 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays potential preclinical drugs for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have failed to achieve expected therapeutic efficacy because the pathogenic mechanisms are underestimated. Inactive rhomboid protein 2 (IRHOM2), a promising target for treatment of inflammation-related diseases, contributes to deregulated hepatocyte metabolism-associated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Irhom2 regulation is still not completely understood. In this work, we identify the ubiquitin-specific protease 13 (USP13) as a critical and novel endogenous blocker of IRHOM2, and we also indicate that USP13 is an IRHOM2-interacting protein that catalyzes deubiquitination of Irhom2 in hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-specific loss of the Usp13 disrupts liver metabolic homeostasis, followed by glycometabolic disorder, lipid deposition, increased inflammation, and markedly promotes NASH development. Conversely, transgenic mice with Usp13 overexpression, lentivirus (LV)- or adeno-associated virus (AAV)-driven Usp13 gene therapeutics mitigates NASH in 3 models of rodent. Mechanistically, in response to metabolic stresses, USP13 directly interacts with IRHOM2 and removes its K63-linked ubiquitination induced by ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N (UBC13), a ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzyme, and thus prevents its activation of downstream cascade pathway. USP13 is a potential treatment target for NASH therapy by targeting the Irhom2 signaling pathway.
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Lou D, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Cao Y, Long Q, Luo C, Li Q, Liu X, Tan J. Expression and functional characterization of a novel NAD(H)-dependent 3α-HSDH. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:946-953. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220822102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSDH) reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of the C3-hydroxyl group of steroids, and has been used in clinical applications to detect serum total bile acid (TBA). In this study, a novel 3α-HSDH (called Sb 3α-HSDH) was expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21) and we characterized its properties. The substrate specificity test indicated that Sb 3α-HSDH is NAD(H)-dependent and has no activity with NADP(H). We also showed that Sb 3α-HSDH can catalyze the oxidation reaction of GCDCA and GUDCA with catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of 29.060 and 45.839 s-1mM-1, respectively.
Methods:
The temperature dependence of catalysis suggests that Sb 3α-HSDH is a member of the mesophilic enzymes with its best activity at about 45°C. The optimum pH of Sb 3α-HSDH was found to be between pH 8.0 and 9.0.
Results:
The effect of ions, including K+, Mg2+, Na+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ on enzyme activity was evaluated and K+ and Mg2+ were found to enhance the activity of Sb 3α-HSDH by about 20% at concentrations of 200 mM and 50 mM, respectively.
Conclusion:
The well-conserved GIG motif, the active sites, and the Rossmann fold in the three-dimensional structure indicate that Sb 3α-HSDH belongs to the “classical” type of SDR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Zixin Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Qian Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Cunhong Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
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8
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Lou D, Zhang X, Cao Y, Zhou Z, Liu C, Kuang G, Tan J, Zhu L. A novel NADP(H)-dependent 3α-HSDH from the intestinal microbiome of Ursus thibetanus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:159-165. [PMID: 35934074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
3α-HSDHs have a crucial role in the bioconversion of steroids, and have been widely applied in the detection of total bile acid (TBA). In this study, we report a novel NADP(H)-dependent 3α-HSDH (named Sc 3α-HSDH) cloned from the intestinal microbiome of Ursus thibetanus. Sc 3α-HSDH was solubly expressed in E. coli (BL21) as a recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged protein and freed from its GST-fusion by cleavage using the PreScission protease. Sc 3α-HSDH is a new member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase superfamily (SDRs) with a typical α/β folding pattern, based on protein three-dimensional models predicted by AlphaFold. The best activity of Sc 3α-HSDH occurred at pH 8.5 and the temperature optima was 55 °C, indicating that Sc 3α-HSDH is not an extremozyme. The catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of Sc 3α-HSDH catalyzing the oxidation reaction with the substrates, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), were 183.617 and 34.458 s-1 mM-1, respectively. In addition, multiple metal ions can enhance the activity of Sc 3α-HSDH when used at concentrations ranging from 2 % to 42 %. The results also suggest that the metagenomic approach is an efficient method for identifying novel enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Zixin Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Gang Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
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9
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Ge C, Tan J, Lou D, Zhu L, Zhong Z, Dai X, Sun Y, Kuang Q, Zhao J, Wang L, Liu J, Wang B, Xu M. Mulberrin confers protection against hepatic fibrosis by Trim31/Nrf2 signaling. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102274. [PMID: 35240537 PMCID: PMC8891817 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberrin (Mul) is a key component of the traditional Chinese medicine Romulus Mori with various biological functions. However, the effects of Mul on liver fibrosis have not been addressed, and thus were investigated in our present study, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Here, we found that Mul administration significantly ameliorated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury and dysfunction in mice. Furthermore, CCl4-triggerd collagen deposition and liver fibrosis were remarkably attenuated in mice with Mul supplementation through suppressing transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Additionally, Mul treatments strongly restrained the hepatic inflammation in CCl4-challenged mice via blocking nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Importantly, we found that Mul markedly increased liver TRIM31 expression in CCl4-treated mice, accompanied with the inactivation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. CCl4-triggered hepatic oxidative stress was also efficiently mitigated by Mul consumption via improving nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Our in vitro studies confirmed that Mul reduced the activation of human and mouse primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) stimulated by TGF-β1. Consistently, Mul remarkably retarded the inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation both in human and murine hepatocytes. More importantly, by using hepatocyte-specific TRIM31 knockout mice (TRIM31Hep-cKO) and mouse primary hepatocytes with Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2KO), we identified that the anti-fibrotic and hepatic protective effects of Mul were TRIM31/Nrf2 signaling-dependent, relieving HSCs activation and liver fibrosis. Therefore, Mul-ameliorated hepatocyte injury contributed to the suppression of HSCs activation by improving TRIM31/Nrf2 axis, thus providing a novel therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China.
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Zixuan Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Xianling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Qin Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Longyan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
| | - Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China.
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10
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Xu M, Tan J, Dong W, Zou B, Teng X, Zhu L, Ge C, Dai X, Kuang Q, Zhong S, Lai L, Yi C, Tang T, Zhao J, Wang L, Liu J, Wei H, Sun Y, Yang Q, Li Q, Lou D, Hu L, Liu X, Kuang G, Luo J, Xiong M, Feng J, Zhang C, Wang B. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Trim31 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting Rhbdf2 in mouse hepatocytes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1052. [PMID: 35217669 PMCID: PMC8881609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, no effective therapeutic strategies are available, practically because our understanding of its complicated pathogenesis is poor. Here we identify the tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (Trim31) as an endogenous inhibitor of rhomboid 5 homolog 2 (Rhbdf2), and we further determine that Trim31 directly binds to Rhbdf2 and facilitates its proteasomal degradation. Hepatocyte-specific Trim31 ablation facilitates NAFLD-associated phenotypes in mice. Inversely, transgenic or ex vivo gene therapy-mediated Trim31 gain-of-function in mice with NAFLD phenotypes virtually alleviates severe deterioration and progression of steatohepatitis. The current findings suggest that Trim31 is an endogenous inhibitor of Rhbdf2 and downstream cascades in the pathogenic process of steatohepatitis and that it may serve as a feasible therapeutical target for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH and associated metabolic disorders. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease with complex disease mechanisms. Here the authors report that the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Trim31 mitigates development of NASH via inhibition of rhomboid 5 homolog 2 (Rhbdf2) in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China. .,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Wei Dong
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117, Jinan, PR China
| | - Benkui Zou
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Teng
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117, Jinan, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xianling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qin Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shaoyu Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lili Lai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Longyan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hao Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiufeng Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gang Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Experimental Center, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mingxin Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jing Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, 400067, Chongqing, PR China.,The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering and Faculty of Sciences, Chongqing University, 400067, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chufeng Zhang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400030, Chongqing, PR China.
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11
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Lou D, Liu X, Tan J. An Overview of 7α- and 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Structure, Specificity and Practical Application. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1206-1219. [PMID: 34397319 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210816114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are key enzymes involved in bile acid metabolism. They catalyze the epimerization of a hydroxyl group through 7-keto bile acid intermediates. Basic research of the two enzymes has focused on exploring new enzymes and the structure-function relationship. The application research focused on the in vitro biosynthesis of bile acid drugs and the exploration and improvement of their catalytic ability based on molecular engineering. This article summarized the primary and advanced structural characteristics, specificities, biochemical properties, and applications of the two enzymes. The emphasis is also given to obtaining of novel 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that are thermally stable and active in the presence of organic solvents, high substrate concentration, and extreme pH values. To achieve these goals, enzyme redesigning based on protein engineering and genomics may be the most useful approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
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12
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Xu M, Ge C, Zhu L, Qin Y, Du C, Lou D, Li Q, Hu L, Sun Y, Dai X, Xiong M, Long T, Zhan J, Kuang Q, Li H, Yang Q, Huang P, Teng X, Feng J, Wu Y, Dong W, Wang B, Tan J. iRhom2 Promotes Hepatic Steatosis by Activating MAP3K7-Dependent Pathway. Hepatology 2021; 73:1346-1364. [PMID: 32592194 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been widely recognized as a precursor to metabolic complications. Elevated inflammation levels are predictive of NAFLD-associated metabolic disorder. Inactive rhomboid-like protein 2 (iRhom2) is regarded as a key regulator in inflammation. However, the precise mechanisms by which iRhom2-regulated inflammation promotes NAFLD progression remain to be elucidated. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we report that insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and specific macrophage inflammatory activation are significantly alleviated in iRhom2-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice, but aggravated in iRhom2 overexpressing mice. We further show that, mechanistically, in response to a high-fat diet (HFD), iRhom2 KO mice and mice with iRhom2 deficiency in myeloid cells only showed less severe hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance than controls. Inversely, transplantation of bone marrow cells from healthy mice to iRhom2 KO mice expedited the severity of insulin resistance and hepatic dyslipidemia. Of note, in response to HFD, hepatic iRhom2 binds to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7) to facilitate MAP3K7 phosphorylation and nuclear factor kappa B cascade activation, thereby promoting the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/insulin receptor substrate 1 signaling, but disturbing AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β-associated insulin signaling. The iRhom2/MAP3K7 axis is essential for iRhom2-regulated liver steatosis. CONCLUSIONS iRhom2 may represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengjiang Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxin Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxia Zhan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiufeng Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuepeng Teng
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yekuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
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Ji S, Pan Y, Zhu L, Tan J, Tang S, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Lou D, Wang B. A novel 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: Magnesium ion significantly enhances its activity and thermostability. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:111-118. [PMID: 33592267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) plays an important role in the efficient biotransformation of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) to tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). In this paper, a novel NADP(H)-dependent 7α-HSDH (named J-1-1) was discovered, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. J-1-1 exhibited high enzymatic activities. The specific activities of J-1-1 toward TCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and ethyl benzoylacetate (EBA) were 188.3 ± 0.2, 217.6 ± 0.4, and 20.0 ± 0.2 U·mg-1, respectively, in 50 mM Glycine-NaOH, pH 10.5. Simultaneously, J-1-1 showed high thermostability; 73% of its activity maintained after heat treatment at 40 °C for 100 h. Particularly noteworthy is that magnesium ion could stabilize the structure of J-1-1, resulting in the enhancement of its enzymatic activity and thermostability. The enzymatic activity of J-1-1 increased 40-fold in the presence of 50 mM Mg2+, and T0.5 increased by approximately 6 °C. Furthermore, after heat treatment at 40 °C for 20 min, the control group only retained 52% of the residual enzyme activity, while the residual enzyme activity of the experimental group was still 77% of the J-1-1 enzyme activity with Mg2+ and without heat treatment. These properties of 7α-HSDH would be expected to contribute to more extensive applications in the biotransformation of related substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Yinping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Modern Life Science Experiment Teaching Center, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Shijin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, PR China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
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14
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Geng T, Lu F, Wu H, Lou D, Tu N, Zhu F, Wang S. Target antifungal peptides of immune signalling pathways in silkworm, Bombyx mori, against Beauveria bassiana. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:102-112. [PMID: 33150694 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal innate immunity is an important defence used by insects against entomogenous fungi. However, the downstream target antifungal peptides of different immune signalling pathways are unknown. We found that the Toll, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak/STAT) and Immunodeficiency (IMD) signalling pathways in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, can be activated by Beauveria bassiana. Inhibition of the Toll, IMD and Jak/STAT signalling pathways reduced the antifungal activities of silkworm haemolymph. We verified the target antifungal peptides of different immune signalling pathways. The expression patterns of five anti-fungal peptide genes in silkworm larvae and BmN cells were detected after blocking or over-expressing the immune signalling pathways. The Toll signalling pathways mediated the expression of Bmcecropin A, Bmattacin 1 and Bmgloverin 2; IMD signalling pathways mediated Bmenbocin 1, Bmgloverin 2 and Bmattacin 1; Jak/STAT signalling pathways mediated Bmstorage protein 30K-19G1 (Bmsp 1), Bmattacin 1 and Bmcecropin A. These data indicated that anti-microbial peptide genes in B. mori evolved through expansion and selection of existing genes to adapt to the challenge of invasive microorganisms such as fungi. This information provides insight into the antifungal immune responses in B. mori and aids understanding of insect immune regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Geng
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - F Lu
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - H Wu
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - D Lou
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - N Tu
- College of Tropical Crop, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - F Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - S Wang
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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15
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Ge C, Tan J, Zhong S, Lai L, Chen G, Zhao J, Yi C, Wang L, Zhou L, Tang T, Yang Q, Lou D, Li Q, Wu Y, Hu L, Kuang G, Liu X, Wang B, Xu M. Nrf2 mitigates prolonged PM2.5 exposure-triggered liver inflammation by positively regulating SIKE activity: Protection by Juglanin. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101645. [PMID: 32863207 PMCID: PMC7387847 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution containing particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) plays an essential role in regulating hepatic disease. However, its molecular mechanism is not yet clear, lacking effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects and mechanisms of PM2.5 exposure on hepatic injury by the in vitro and in vivo experiments. At first, we found that PM2.5 incubation led to a significant reduction of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), along with markedly reduced expression of different anti-oxidants. Notably, suppressor of IKKε (SIKE), known as a negative regulator of the interferon pathway, was decreased in PM2.5-incubated cells, accompanied with increased activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The in vitro studies showed that Nrf2 positively regulated SIKE expression under the conditions with or without PM2.5. After PM2.5 treatment, Nrf2 knockdown further accelerated SIEK decrease and TBK1/NF-κB activation, and opposite results were observed in cells with Nrf2 over-expression. Subsequently, the gene loss- and gain-function analysis demonstrated that SIKE deficiency further aggravated inflammation and TBK1/NF-κB activation caused by PM2.5, which could be abrogated by SIKE over-expression. Importantly, SIKE-alleviated inflammation was mainly dependent on TBK1 activation. The in vivo studies confirmed that SIKE- and Nrf2-knockout mice showed significantly accelerated hepatic injury after long-term PM2.5 exposure through reducing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Juglanin (Jug), mainly isolated from Polygonum aviculare, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. We found that Jug could increase Nrf2 activation, and then up-regulated SIKE in cells and liver tissues, mitigating PM2.5-induced liver injury. Together, all these data demonstrated that Nrf2 might positively meditate SIKE to inhibit inflammatory and oxidative damage, ameliorating PM2.5-induced liver injury. Jug could be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy against this disease by improving Nrf2/SIKE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China.
| | - Shaoyu Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Lili Lai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Geng Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Chao Yi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Longyan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Liwei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Qiufeng Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Yekuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Gang Kuang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Xu M, Ge C, Qin Y, Lou D, Li Q, Feng J, Wu Y, Hu L, Wang B, Tan J. Functional loss of inactive rhomboid-like protein 2 mitigates obesity by suppressing pro-inflammatory macrophage activation-triggered adipose inflammation. Mol Metab 2020; 34:112-123. [PMID: 32180551 PMCID: PMC7031140 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chronic inflammation of adipose tissues contributes to obesity-triggered insulin resistance. Unfortunately, the potential molecular mechanisms regarding obesity-associated systemic inflammation and metabolic disorder remain complicated. Here, we report that inactive rhomboid-like protein 2 (iRhom2) was increased in overweight mice with adipose inflammation. Methods Mice with deletion of iRhom2 on a C57BL/6J background, mice without deletion of this gene (controls), and mice with deficiency of iRhom2 only in myeloid cells were fed a standard chow diet (SCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat calories). Then the adipose tissues or bone marrow cells were isolated for the further detection. Results After 16 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD), obesity, chronic inflammation in adipose tissues, and insulin resistance were markedly mitigated in iRhom2 knockout (iRhom2 KO) mice, whereas these parameters were exaggerated in iRhom2 overactivated mice. The adverse influences of iRhom2 on adipose inflammation and associated pathologies were determined in db/db mice. We further demonstrated that, in response to an HFD, iRhom2 KO mice and mice with deletion only in the myeloid cells showed less severe adipose inflammation and insulin resistance than control groups. Conversely, transplantation of bone marrow cells from normal mice to iRhom2 KO mice unleashed severe systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction after HFD ingestion. Conclusion We identified iRhom2 as a key regulator that promotes obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Loss of iRhom2 from macrophages in adipose tissues may indirectly restrain inflammation and insulin resistance via blocking crosslinks between macrophages and adipocytes. Hence, iRhom2 may be a therapeutic target for obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction. iRhom2 deletion protects against high fat diet-induced obesity. Alteration of iRhom2 activity is coupled with high fat diet-triggered adipose inflammation. Myeloid cell-specific iRhom2 knockout reduces high fat diet-induced adipose inflammation and dyslipidemia. iRhom2 expression only in myeloid cells increases high fat diet-induced adipose inflammation and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
| | - Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Yuting Qin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Jing Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Yekuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China; Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, PR China.
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Ge C, Hu L, Lou D, Li Q, Feng J, Wu Y, Tan J, Xu M. Nrf2 deficiency aggravates PM 2.5-induced cardiomyopathy by enhancing oxidative stress, fibrosis and inflammation via RIPK3-regulated mitochondrial disorder. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4836-4865. [PMID: 32182211 PMCID: PMC7138545 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is a well-known air pollutant threatening public health, and long-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the amelioration of PM2.5-induced lung injury. However, if Nrf2 is involved in PM2.5-induced heart injury, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been explored. In this study, wild type (Nrf2+/+) and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice were exposed to PM2.5 for 6 months. After PM2.5 exposure, Nrf2-/- mice developed severe physiological changes, lung injury and cardiac dysfunction. In the PM2.5-exposed hearts, Nrf2 deficiency caused significant collagen accumulation through promoting the expression of fibrosis-associated signals. Additionally, Nrf2-/- mice exhibited greater oxidative stress in cardiac tissues after PM2.5 exposure. Furthermore, PM2.5-induced inflammation in heart samples were accelerated in Nrf2-/- mice through promoting inhibitor of α/nuclear factor κB (IκBα/NF-κB) signaling pathways. We also found that Nrf2-/- aggravated autophagy initiation and glucose metabolism disorder in hearts of mice with PM2.5 challenge. Cardiac receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) expression triggered by PM2.5 was further enhanced in mice with the loss of Nrf2. Collectively, these results suggested that strategies for enhancing Nrf2 could be used to treat PM2.5-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Ge
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Jing Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Yekuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Minxuan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Research Center of Brain Intellectual Promotion and Development for Children Aged 0-6 Years, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, PR China
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18
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Cheng Y, Wang Q, Li K, Shi J, Liu Y, Wu L, Han B, Chen G, He J, Wang J, Lou D, Yu H, Qin H, Li XL. Overall survival (OS) update in ALTER 1202: Anlotinib as third-line or further-line treatment in relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz264.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Tang S, Pan Y, Lou D, Ji S, Zhu L, Tan J, Qi N, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Yang B, Zhao W, Wang B. Structural and functional characterization of a novel acidophilic 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:910-919. [PMID: 30839141 PMCID: PMC6460000 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) is an NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. In vitro, 7α-HSDH is involved in the efficient biotransformation of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) to tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). In this study, a gene encoding novel 7α-HSDH (named as St-2-1) from fecal samples of black bear was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein has subunits of 28.3 kDa and a native size of 56.6 kDa, which suggested a homodimer. We studied the relevant properties of the enzyme, including the optimum pH, optimum temperature, thermal stability, activators, and inhibitors. Interestingly, the data showed that St-2-1 differs from the 7α-HSDHs reported in the literature, as it functions under acidic conditions. The enzyme displayed its optimal activity at pH 5.5 (TCDCA). The acidophilic nature of 7α-HSDH expands its application environment and the natural enzyme bank of HSDHs, providing a promising candidate enzyme for the biosynthesis of TUDCA or other related chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Yinping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir RegionSchool of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of EducationChongqing 400067China
| | - Shunlin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
- Modern Life Science Experiment Teaching CenterCollege of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir RegionSchool of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of EducationChongqing 400067China
| | - Na Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional MaterialsCollaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal UniversityChongqing 408100China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Biling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Wenyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and TechnologyMinistry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400030China
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20
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Lou D, Tan J, Zhu L, Ji S, Tang S, Yao K, Han J, Wang B. Engineering Clostridium absonum 7α-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Enhancing Thermostability Based on Flexible Site and ΔΔG Prediction. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 25:230-235. [PMID: 29141528 DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666171113113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing thermostability of the 7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7α-HSDHs) is beneficial to its industrial application broadly. For protein engineering to enhance thermostability the nonrational strategy, directed evolution, has been applied in obtaining more stable proteins through error-prone PCR or DNA rearrangement generating random mutations. However, the successful application of directed evolution needs to build a large mutant library. Site-directed mutations of CA 7α-HSDH had been performed to probe the relationship between the compactness increasing and thermostability enhancing. Although most of the mutations in β-sheet core predicted by MAESTRO became more stable than wild type, unfortunately, all the mutations suffered dramatic activity loss. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to verify effects of the mutations in helices selected from the predicting results through MAESTRO on thermostability improving of CA 7α-HSDH. METHODS Seven mutants, S22L, P124L, A125L, N171L, A195Q, L197E and Y259E were synthesized and verified through DNA sequencing in Sangon Biotech (Sangon, Shanghai, China). The two mutants, A104P and G105P were prepared by over-lapping PCR. The GST-fusion expression vector, pGEX-6p-1 (GE Healthcare), was used for protein expression with restriction sites BamH I and Not I. Thermostability was measured by circular dichroism (CD) spectrometer (MOS-450, BioLogic Inc). All the enzymes were diluted in PBS (pH 7.3, 10 mM) to OD222 value between 0.8 and 1, and temperature varied from 20°C to 95°C. Activity of enzyme was assayed by measuring the production of NADPH by UV-visible spectrophotometer at 340 nm. The activity assay was performed in 2 mL reaction mixture which contained PBS (pH 7.3, 10 mM), NADP+ (0.5 mM) and taurocholic acid (TCA) at 25°C. RESULTS Based on unfolding free energy changes (ΔΔG) prediction seven mutations of Clostridium absonum (CA) 7α-HSDH were selected and experimentally verified, and these mutants fitted three-state denaturation model well, among which S22L located in the αA possessed the greatest Tm N→I increase (> 8°C). Mutants P124L, L197E, N171L and Y259E also became more stable than wild type CA 7α-HSDH with different ranges. Meanwhile, thermostability of the two mutants, A104P and G105P (in the coil between βD and αD) resulting from the proline substitution method decreased significantly. Enzyme activity assays indicated that mutant L197E located in αF maximally maintained 28.7% of catalytic efficiency, and activity of the five mutants, P124L, A125L, N171L, A104P and G105P cannot be detected. CONCLUSION Although all the mutants' activities decreased, the mutant L197E with the maximum activity retain suggested that the loop structure (residues 194 to 211) may be the favored candidate sites to enhance thermostability. In addition, CA 7α-HSDH may suffer structural destruction resulting from the proline substitution in A104 and G105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shunlin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shijin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Kaiyi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jingxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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21
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Xu M, Ge C, Qin Y, Gu T, Lv J, Wang S, Ma Y, Lou D, Li Q, Hu L, Nie X, Wang M, Huang P, Tan J. Activated TNF-α/RIPK3 signaling is involved in prolonged high fat diet-stimulated hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation: inhibition by dietary fisetin intervention. Food Funct 2019; 10:1302-1316. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that high-fat diet (HFD) is a predisposing factor for metabolic syndrome-associated systemic inflammation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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22
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Ge C, Xu M, Qin Y, Gu T, Lou D, Li Q, Hu L, Nie X, Wang M, Tan J. Fisetin supplementation prevents high fat diet-induced diabetic nephropathy by repressing insulin resistance and RIP3-regulated inflammation. Food Funct 2019; 10:2970-2985. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01653d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related renal disease is related to caloric excess promoting deleterious cellular responses.
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23
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Guo T, Li W, Wang J, Luo T, Lou D, Wang B, Hao S. Recombinant human hair keratin proteins for halting bleeding. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 2018; 46:456-461. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1459633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingwang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiantian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Lou D, Tan J, Zhu L, Ji S, Wang B. The β-Sheet Core is the Favored Candidate of Engineering SDR for Enhancing Thermostability but not for Activity. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 24:511-516. [PMID: 28128053 DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666170126150006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7α-HSDHs) can stereoselectively catalyze steroids, aromatic α-ketoesters, and benzaldehyde analogues playing a critical role in the biotransformation and poor thermostability that hinders their biomedical and industrial applications. OBJECTIVE This study was to investigate how to enhance the thermostability of 7α-HSDH from Clostridium absonum (CA 7α-HSDH). METHOD Based on the three-dimensional structure of CA 7α-HSDH, recently reported program MAESTRO was used to compute the ΔΔG and predict the single-point mutants that could enhance its thermostability. The selected mutants were verified experimentally. RESULTS The results from the circular dichroism spectrum indicated that three of the mutants, N89L, N184I, and A185I, fitted a three-state model and the values for Tm N→I and Tm I→D increased with different ranges. In particular, the Tm N→I for the N184I mutant increased maximally by 9.93°C. Meanwhile, the denaturation process of the G189I mutant fitted the two-state model and it was more stable than the wild type, judging from the denaturation curves. Nevertheless, the enzyme catalytic activity analysis suggested that only the N89L mutant held a 2.28% catalytic efficiency, compared to the wild type, CA 7α-HSDH, and the activities of the other three mutants could not be detected. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to determine the structural changes that occurred in the mutations and the results indicated that β-sheet structures in the mutants without detectable activity had changed significantly. CONCLUSION Judging from the locations of the mutated sites, residues in the β-sheet core were considered as the favored candidates for SDR engineering to enhance the thermostability but not for activity holding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shunlin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No.174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, China
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25
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Cao Y, Liu F, Chen Y, Yu T, Lou D, Guo Y, Li P, Wang Z, Ran H. Drug release from core-shell PVA/silk fibroin nanoparticles fabricated by one-step electrospraying. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11913. [PMID: 28931908 PMCID: PMC5607240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF), a FDA-approved natural protein, is renowned for its great biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties. SF-based nanoparticles provide new options for drug delivery with their tunable drug loading and release properties. To take advantage of the features of carrier polymers, we present a one-step electrospraying method that combines SF, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and therapeutic drugs without an emulsion process. A distinct core-shell structure was obtained with the PVA core and silk shell after the system was properly set up. The model drug, doxorubicin, was encapsulated in the core with a greater than 90% drug encapsulation efficiency. Controllable drug release profiles were achieved by alternating the PVA/SF ratio. Although the initial burst release of the drug was minimized by the SF coating, a large number of drug molecules remained entrapped by the carrier polymers. To promote and trigger drug release on demand, low intensity focused ultrasound (US) was applied. The US was especially advantageous for accelerating the drug diffusion and release. The apoptotic activity of MDA-MB-231 cells incubated with drug-loaded nanoparticles was found to increase with time. In addition, we also observed PVA/SF nanoparticles that could elicit a drug release in response to pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Fengqiu Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Yuli Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Three Gorges Natural Medicine Engineering Research Center, School of Biological & Chemical engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China.
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Lou D, Wang Y, Tan J, Zhu L, Ji S, Wang B. Functional contribution of coenzyme specificity-determining sites of 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Clostridium absonum. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 70:89-95. [PMID: 28826103 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the molecular determinants of coenzyme specificity help to reveal the structure-function relationship of enzymes, especially with regards to coenzyme specificity-determining sites (CSDSs) that usually mediate complex interactions. NADP(H)-dependent 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Clostridium absonum (CA 7α-HSDH), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDRs), possesses positively charged CSDSs that mainly contain T15, R16, R38, and R194, forming complicated polar interactions with the adenosine ribose C2 phosphate group of NADP(H). The R38 residue is crucial for coenzyme anchoring, but the influence of the other residues on coenzyme utilization is still not clear. Hence, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The results suggest that the natural CSDSs have the greatest NADP(H)-binding affinity, but not the best activity (kcat) toward NADP+. Compared with the wild type and other mutants, the mutant R194A showed the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), which was more than three-times that of the wild type. MD simulation and kinetics analysis suggested that the importance of the CSDSs of CA 7α-HSDH should be in accordance with the following order R38>T15>R16>R194, and S39 may have a supporting role in NADP(H) anchoring for mutants R16A/T194A and T15A/R16A/T194A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shunlin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Ding X, Gao J, Xie C, Xiong B, Wu S, Cen Z, Lou Y, Lou D, Xie F, Luo W. Prevalence and clinical correlation of dysphagia in Parkinson disease: a study on Chinese patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 72:82-86. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Ge Q, Lou D, Zeng J, Pan C, Wang S, Zhang W, Zhang L, Wang X. Structural evolution of imidazolium-based poly (ionic liquid) assemblies during solvent evaporation. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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29
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Yang Q, Wang B, Zhang Z, Lou D, Tan J, Zhu L. The effects of macromolecular crowding and surface charge on the properties of an immobilized enzyme: activity, thermal stability, catalytic efficiency and reusability. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment around an immobilized enzyme molecule significantly influences the properties of the immobilized enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Education
- Chongqing 400067
- PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Education
- Chongqing 400067
- PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
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Song C, Wang B, Tan J, Zhu L, Lou D, Cen X. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of black bears in China using high-throughput sequencing. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:407-414. [PMID: 28028611 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is a protected species from eastern Asia. In China, the Asiatic black bear occurs in 17 provinces from northeast to southwest regions. To date, information on microbial diversity in the gut of the Asiatic black bears from different populations remains limited. To determine the species composition and community structure of the gut microbiota in the Asiatic black bear, we characterized 36 fecal samples from Sichuan, Yunnan, and Heilongjiang provinces, China, by pyrosequencing the 16S V3-V4 hypervariable regions using the Illumina Miseq platform. Results showed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla in the samples, which were largely comprised Escherichia-Shigella, Peptostreptococcaceae_incertae_sedis, Turicibacter, Streptococcus, and Clostridium. By analyzing the community structure from these 36 samples, we found that there were significant differences in the species diversity and richness between Sichuan, Yunnan, and Heilongjiang populations. In conclusion, our results reveal the species composition and structure of the gut microbiota in captive black bears in China, and suggest that biogeography could affect the black bear' gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Jun Tan
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiaoxi Cen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Huang M, Lou D, Li HH, Cai Q, Wang YP, Yang HF. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates paraquat-induced acute pulmonary poisoning in vivo via transforming growth factor β1 and nuclear factor κB pathway interaction. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:1312-1318. [PMID: 26860689 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116630351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) exposure could cause pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) in an acute PQ poison model. One hundred and forty-four Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into three experimental groups: control group, PQ group, and PQ + PDTC group. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 of treatment, the serum levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), the levels of hydroxyproline, the protein expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, and histopathological change in lung tissue were assessed. The survival rate of rats treated with PQ + PDTC was increased compared with that of rats treated only with PQ (p < 0.05), and the occurrence of pathological changes was dramatically attenuated in the PQ + PDTC group. The serum levels of TGF-β1 and the hydroxyproline levels in the PQ group were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner compared with those in the control and PQ + PDTC groups on days 7, 14, 28, and 56 (p < 0.05). Additionally, the protein levels of NF-κB proteins p65, inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase (IKKβ, and IκB-α were significantly downregulated in the PQ + PDTC group as determined by array analysis. The present findings suggest that overexpression of TGF-β1 may play an important role in PQ-induced lung injury and that PDTC, a strong NF-κB inhibitor, can rescue PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis by influencing the protein expression of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huang
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - D Lou
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - H-H Li
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Cai
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-P Wang
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - H-F Yang
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
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Lou D, Wang B, Tan J, Zhu L. Carboxyl-terminal and Arg38 are essential for activity of the 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Clostridium absonum. Protein Pept Lett 2015; 21:894-900. [PMID: 24810359 DOI: 10.2174/0929866521666140507160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH, EC 1.1.1.159), one of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of C7 hydroxyl group of the steroid skeleton of bile acids. Clostridium absonum 7α-HSDH (Ca 7α-HSDH) was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The function of carboxyterminal (C-terminal) and Arg38 of Ca 7α-HSDH was investigated through truncations and site-directed mutagenesis, respectively. When 2 and 6 amino acids of C-terminal were removed, the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of Ca 7α-HSDH remained 19.1% and 2.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the activity could not be detected after 8, 14 and 17 amino acids were deleted. No activity could be detected with coenzyme either NADP(+) or NAD(+) after replacement of arginine at position 38 by aspartic acid. The metal ions Mg(2+) (50 mM), Na(+) (200 mM) and K(+) (500 mM) could maximally improve the activity of Ca 7α-HSDH by 61.4%, 64.7% and 105.7%, respectively. The activity had no significant change after incubation at 4 or 25 °C for 108 h, but decreased dramatically at 37 °C. Our study confirmed that C-terminal and Arg38 were essential for the catalytic function of Ca 7α-HSDH and the enzyme activity can be improved by metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liancai Zhu
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No.174, Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, P.R. China.
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Cao Y, Wang B, Wang Y, Lou D. Dual Drug Release from Core–Shell Nanoparticles with Distinct Release Profiles. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3205-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zou YS, Wang HP, Zhang SL, Lou D, Dong YH, Song XF, Zeng HB. Structural, electrical and optical properties of Mg-doped CuAlO2 films by pulsed laser deposition. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
P-type Mg doped CuAlO2 films with high crystallinity are prepared by pulsed laser deposition followed by annealing, and exhibit enhanced conductivity and tunable optical band gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - H. P. Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - S. L. Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - D. Lou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Y. H. Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - X. F. Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - H. B. Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Immiscible and miscible liquids were utilized to fabricate PVP/PLGA and PCL/PLGA nanoparticles with a distinct core–shell structure by coaxial electrospray. Two different sequential drug release profiles from different nanoparticles were observed. The melanoma cells and endothelial cells can be sequentially targeted and killed by therapeutic agents released from nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- College of Bioengineering
- Chongqing University
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing 400030, PR China
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Cao Y, Lou D, Wang B. Transport barriers and strategies of antitumor nanocarriers delivery system. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3661-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 People's Republic of China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 People's Republic of China
| | - Bochu Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 People's Republic of China
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Lou D, Wang B, Wang Y, Cao Y. Selective killing of cancer stem cells by a novel dual-targeting strategy. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:430-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation technology has been successfully applied to improve the performance of protein drugs. In this study, L-asparaginase was N-terminal site-specifically modified by alkylating PEG with monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-propionaldehyde (mPEG-ALD20000). The optimum reaction parameters were determined as pH 5.0, a molar ratio of mPEG-ALD2000 to L-asparaginase of 10:1, a reaction time of 16 h and temperature of 25 degrees C. PEG-L-asparaginase (PEG-L-ASNase) was isolated and purified with consecutive anion-exchange (XK, 16 x 20 cm, Q Sepharose FF) and gel-filtration (Tricorn, 10 x 600 cm, Sephacryl S-300 HR) chromatography, respectively. PEG-L-ASNase retained 43.5% of its activity and the N-terminal amino groups were modified to an extent of 3.67%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochu Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing City, 400030, China.
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Abstract
Although drug-delivery systems have been developed to improve drug biodistribution and efficiency in cancer therapy, some limitations still hinder successful drug targeting and delivery. Multiple drugs in combination seems a promising strategy for cancer therapy. It enables drugs to be delivered to multiple targets and exhibits the additive or synergistic effects of drugs. Physiological barriers are known to be the main obstacles of insufficient drug efficacy and delivery in tumors, but they are likely to be potential targets in combination therapy as well. This article discusses some general considerations for optimizing multiply drug delivery, including drug-release profiles and loading strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street No.174. Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bochu Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street No.174. Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deshuai Lou
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street No.174. Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street No.174. Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shilei Hao
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street No.174. Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street No.174. Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the molecular pathogenesis of a Chinese family with coronary form of cataract. METHODS One Chinese three-generation family with inherited coronary cataract phenotype was recruited. Five affected and seven unaffected family members attended our study. Genome-wide linkage analysis was applied to map the disease loci, and two candidate genes from a locus on chromosome 1 and a locus on chromosome 22 were sequenced for mutation identification. Software at the Expasy proteomics server was utilized to predict the mutation effect on proteins. RESULTS Whole genome linkage analysis indicated some regions on chromosome 1, 10, and 22, with LOD score values greater than 1. Within these loci, the GJA8 and CRYBB2 genes, located in the two loci with the highest LOD score of 1.51 on chromosomes 1 and 22, respectively, were sequenced. A novel mutation c.92C>G in exon 2 of CRYBB2 causing S31W was identified in all five patients. It was not found in 95 unrelated controls. This missense sequence alteration likely enhanced the local solubility. Around the mutation site, a lipocalin signature motif was predicted by ScanProsite. CONCLUSIONS A novel disease-causing mutation S31W in CRYBB2 was identified in a Chinese cataract family. It is the first reported mutation for coronary cataract. Functional characterization should be carried out to evaluate the biological effects of this mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Warren-Forward H, Arthur L, Hobson L, Skinner R, Watts A, Clapham K, Lou D, Cook A. An assessment of exposure indices in computed radiography for the posterior–anterior chest and the lateral lumbar spine. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:26-31. [PMID: 16916804 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/59538862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that computed radiography (CR) can increase radiation dose to the patient, leading to potential biological effects. Although manufacturers have set parameters to safeguard against overexposure, it is unclear whether these are being used by radiographers or if their recommended values are consistent with the ALARA principle. The research aims are to investigate (i) whether radiographers are producing images with exposure indices within the manufacturers recommended range (MRR); (ii) the phenomenon of exposure creep, and (iii) the relationship between exposure indices (EIs) and radiation dose. A retrospective analysis of exposure indices over an 18-month period for the posteroanterior (PA) chest and lateral (LAT) lumbar spine at two centres using Kodak 800 and 850 CR systems was conducted. A phantom study was performed to assess the relationship between EI and entrance surface dose (ESD) for fixed and varying tube potentials. Kodak recommends that images have EIs between 1700 and 1900. Thirty percent of LAT lumbar spine examinations at hospital B and 38% of PA chest examinations at hospital A were produced with EIs below 1700. In the phantom study, when using a varied tube potential (70-125 kVp) and maintaining a constant EI of 1550, ESD was reduced by 56%. All clinical and phantom images were assessed to be of a diagnostic quality. The retrospective results indicate that there is a potential to reduce the MRR and optimize patient dose. There is also evidence to suggest that EI is not a reliable indicator of patient dose. The authors recommend that staff training is essential on these newer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Warren-Forward
- Medical Radiation Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Lou D, Griffith N, Noonan DJ. The tuberous sclerosis 2 gene product can localize to nuclei in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 2001; 4:374-80. [PMID: 11703097 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2001.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) gene has been genetically mapped to a disease characterized by abnormal cell proliferation that results in the production of tumorous lesions in a variety of tissues. The molecular mechanism for TSC2 mediation of tuberous sclerosis is unclear but it appears to be related to its ability to cytoplasmically interact with a second gene, TSC1, mapping to the disease. These proteins are linked to constraints on cell cycle signaling pathways and therefore envisioned to function as tumor suppressor genes. In previous studies we have demonstrated TSC2 associations with steroid receptor family members and modulation of their gene expression capabilities. Here we provide evidence for TSC2 translocation to the nucleus and a possible role for phosphorylation in both TSC2 translocation and TSC2 modulation of steroid receptor-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Abstract
Three macaques infected with SHIV-IIIB and expressing the shared 1F7-idiotypic marker on antibodies against HIV-1 gp120, were injected intravenously with 1F7 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). As controls, a SHIV-IIIB-infected macaque was injected with a HIV-unrelated mouse monoclonal isotype antibody (TEPC-183) and two healthy, noninfected macaques were injected with MoAb 1F7. 1F7-id-expressing antibodies against gp120-IIIB decreased in two of the three MoAb 1F7-treated macaques and then rebounded. Importantly, antibodies binding to envelope proteins of heterologous HIV-1 strains MN, CM, and SF2, which were low or not detectable before the MoAb 1F7 treatment, increased rapidly following MoAb inoculations in all three 1F7 MoAb treated macaques, but not in the macaque injected with control MoAb TEPC-183. Newly arising antibodies reacting with heterologous virus, i.e. HIV-1 gp120-MN, SF2, and CM did not express 1F7-id. Surprisingly, significant increases of antibodies were also observed in the 1F7-inoculated macaques' antibodies directed to non-HIV antigens (DNP, peptides and BSA). The noninfected control animals did not produce antibodies to these antigens despite MoAb 1F7 treatment. These data show that the MoAb 1F7 injections of chronically SHIV-IIIB-infected macaques resulted in idiotype-specific clonal suppression with broadening the antibody response to HIV envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muller
- Immpheron, Inc., Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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Abstract
Antibodies, being exquisitely specific tools in biology, are routinely used to detect and identify intra-cellular structures. However, current intra-cellular application of antibodies requires that the membrane be rendered leaky, resulting in the death of cells. Here, we present a novel method to allow antibodies to penetrate the cellular membrane of living cells without affecting cell viability. A peptide (MTS, membrane transport sequence) that facilitates transport across membranes has been site-specifically attached to antibodies. MTS-antibodies enter the living cells in culture and can be detected by immunofluorescence and ELISA after extraction. Cellular structures are visualized in living cells using a specific MTS-antibody. Antibodies with membrane penetrating properties can become an important tool for the study of intra-cellular processes in living cells. Furthermore, such membrane penetrating antibodies can be used to selectively stimulate or suppress functions of the cellular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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47
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Abstract
The high affinity of biotin for avidin has been exploited for many antibody-based assays. This requires that biotin is covalently conjugated to the antibody molecule. Several chemically reactive biotinylation reagents are commercially available. Except for the attachment via sulfhydryl groups in the immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, these reagents attach biotin randomly to various amino acid side chains. Although non-site-specific modification of antibodies does not interfere in most immunoassays, specific application and sensitive antibodies would benefit from site-specific biotinylation. Here we describe an affinity biotinylation technique based on a photoreactive biotin reagent. The design of this reaction was possible from the discovery of a conserved binding site in the variable Ig domain for nucleotides and nucleosides. The described photoaffinity biotinylation offers the advantages of ease, convenience, and production of a reproducible and defined biotinylated antibody preparation.
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Zhu Y, Mao Z, Lou D, Zhang H. [The expression of connexin 43 and desmin in viral myocarditis]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2000; 29:288-90. [PMID: 11866927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the cytobiological basis of constriction dysfunction and arrhythmia in cardiac muscle cells with viral myocarditis. METHODS The expression of connexin 43 and desmin in cardiac muscle cells of mice with experimental viral myocarditis was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In normal mice, connexin 43 and desmin are located in the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle, and the latter also revealed a positive immunoreactivity in the cross striations of sarcomeres. In viral myocarditis, the expression of both became much weakened, can even become negative. CONCLUSION In myocarditis, expression of connexin 43 and desmin in the involved cardiac muscle cells was inhibited, resulting in dysfunction of gap junctional communication and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has a recognized role in treatment of empyema thoracis. The purpose of this report is to show the value of initial VATS as the primary treatment of parapneumonic collections. METHODS A retrospective review was done of 139 children who required surgical consultation for parapneumonic collections between January 1992 and July 1998. Management options were (M1) thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, or fibrinolytic therapy and delayed thoracotomy for unresolved collections; (M2) thoracentesis, chest tube drainage, fibrinolytic therapy with delayed VATS if the child remained ill; or (M3) primary VATS. Comparative data included age, duration of prehospital illness, oxygen requirements, white blood cell count, bacterial culture results, number of procedures performed per patient, duration of chest tube drainage, complications, and length of stay. Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis was used, with significance at P less than .05. RESULTS A total of 60 children were treated by M1, 38 by M2, and 41 by M3. Age, duration of prehospital illness, oxygen requirements, white blood cell count, bacterial culture results, and complication rates were comparable. The median length of stay was 12 days for M1, 11 days for M2, and 7 days for M3, with M3 significantly shorter at P<.001. The number of procedures was a median of 2 in M1, 2 in M2, and 1 in M3, with M3 significantly fewer at P<.001. Duration of chest tube drainage was a median 5 days for M1 and 3 days for M2 and M3, with M1 significantly longer at P<.001. There were 9 thoracotomies in the M1 group, 3 in the M2 group, and none in the M3 group. One child in M3 required a second VATS. CONCLUSIONS Primary VATS has significantly decreased the number of procedures, duration of chest tube drainage and length of stay for children with parapneumonic effusions. Primary VATS appears to be of value in management of bacterial pneumonia with effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Doski
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Zhang H, Lou D, Shan Z. [Correlation of expression of connexin 43 and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 1998; 27:436-8. [PMID: 11244955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the expression of connexin 43 and cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. METHODS Cardiomyocytes were isolated from newborn Wistar rats. Norepinephrine (NE) or phenylephrine (PE) were added into the media to induce myocyte hypertrophy. Immunohistochemistry methods were used to identify the expression of connexin 43, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cycline dependent kinases (cdc-2). The amount of connexin 43 expression was detected by computer imaging analysis system MIPS. RESULTS In the groups which had PE or NE added, the myocytes expressed lower connexin 43 and higher PCNA levels than the control group's. But the expression of cdc-2 was unchanged. CONCLUSION The reduced expression of connexin 43 was related to its entrance into S phase of the cell cycle. This may explain the mechanism of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou 310031
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