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Hughes CJ, Alderman C, Wolin AR, Fields KM, Zhao R, Ford HL. All eyes on Eya: A unique transcriptional co-activator and phosphatase in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189098. [PMID: 38555001 PMCID: PMC11111358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The Eya family of proteins (consisting of Eyas1-4 in mammals) play vital roles in embryogenesis by regulating processes such as proliferation, migration/invasion, cellular survival and pluripotency/plasticity of epithelial and mesenchymal states. Eya proteins carry out such diverse functions through a unique combination of transcriptional co-factor, Tyr phosphatase, and PP2A/B55α-mediated Ser/Thr phosphatase activities. Since their initial discovery, re-expression of Eyas has been observed in numerous tumor types, where they are known to promote tumor progression through a combination of their transcriptional and enzymatic activities. Eya proteins thus reinstate developmental processes during malignancy and represent a compelling class of therapeutic targets for inhibiting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Christopher Alderman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Arthur R Wolin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kaiah M Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhao
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
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Du X, Wang C, Liu J, Yu M, Ju H, Xue S, Li Y, Liu J, Dai R, Chen J, Zhai Y, Rao J, Wang X, Sun Y, Sun L, Wu X, Xu H, Shen Q. GEN1 as a risk factor for human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:41. [PMID: 38654324 PMCID: PMC11041010 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are prevalent birth defects. Although pathogenic CAKUT genes are known, they are insufficient to reveal the causes for all patients. Our previous studies indicated GEN1 as a pathogenic gene of CAKUT in mice, and this study further investigated the correlation between GEN1 and human CAKUT. METHODS In this study, DNA from 910 individuals with CAKUT was collected; 26 GEN1 rare variants were identified, and two GEN1 (missense) variants in a non-CAKUT group were found. Mainly due to the stability results of the predicted mutant on the website, in vitro, 10 variants (eight CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify mutant protein stability. In addition, mainly based on the division of the mutation site located in the functional region of the GEN1 protein, 8 variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify enzymatic hydrolysis, and the splice variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) was selected to verify shear ability. Based on the results of in vitro experiments and higher frequency, three sites with the most significant functional change were selected to build mouse models. RESULTS Protein stability changed in six variants in the CAKUT group. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay of eight variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT), the enzymatic hydrolysis and DNA-binding abilities of mutant proteins were impaired in the CAKUT group. The most serious functional damage was observed in the Gen1 variant that produced a truncated protein. A mini-gene splicing assay showed that the variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) in the CAKUT group significantly affected splicing function. An abnormal exon10 was detected in the mini-gene splicing assay. Point-mutant mouse strains were constructed (Gen1: c.1068 + 3 A > G, p.R400X, and p.T105R) based on the variant frequency in the CAKUT group and functional impairment in vitro study and CAKUT phenotypes were replicated in each. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings indicated GEN1 as a risk factor for human CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjin Du
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixin Ju
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubo Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, 201102, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang H, Gao J, Wang H, Liu M, Lu S, Xu H, Tang W, Zheng G. Novel likely pathogenic variant in the EYA1 gene causing Branchio oto renal syndrome and the exploration of pathogenic mechanisms. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:89. [PMID: 38627775 PMCID: PMC11020176 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR, OMIM#113,650) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that presents with a variety of symptoms, including hearing loss (sensorineural, conductive, or mixed), structural abnormalities affecting the outer, middle, and inner ear, branchial fistulas or cysts, as well as renal abnormalities.This study aims to identify the pathogenic variants by performing genetic testing on a family with Branchio-oto-renal /Branchio-otic (BO, OMIM#602,588) syndrome using whole-exome sequencing, and to explore possible pathogenic mechanisms. METHODS The family spans 4 generations and consists of 9 individuals, including 4 affected by the BOR/BO syndrome. Phenotypic information, including ear malformation and branchial cleft, was collected from family members. Audiological, temporal bone imaging, and renal ultrasound examinations were also performed. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted to identify candidate pathogenic variants and explore the underlying molecular etiology of BOR/BO syndrome by minigene experiments. RESULTS Intra-familial variability was observed in the clinical phenotypes of BOR/BO syndrome in this family. The severity and nature of hearing loss varied in family members, with mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. The proband, in particular, had profound sensorineural hearing loss on the left and moderate conductive hearing loss on the right. Additionally, the proband exhibited developmental delay, and her mother experienced renal failure during pregnancy and terminated the pregnancy prematurely. Genetic testing revealed a novel heterozygous variant NM_000503.6: c.639 + 3 A > C in the EYA1 gene in affected family members. In vitro minigene experiments demonstrated its effect on splicing. According to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines, this variant was classified as likely pathogenic. CONCLUSION This study highlights the phenotypic heterogeneity within the same family, reports the occurrence of renal failure and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a female patient at reproductive age with BOR syndrome, and enriches the mutational spectrum of pathogenic variants in the EYA1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710000, Xi'an, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450014, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Gao
- National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanjun Wang
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongen Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450014, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710000, Xi'an, China.
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Chen X, Ma J, Zhang T. Genetics and Epigenetics in the Genesis and Development of Microtia. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:00001665-990000000-01343. [PMID: 38345940 PMCID: PMC11045557 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external and middle ear associated with varying degrees of severity that range from mild structural abnormalities to the absence of the external ear and auditory canal. Globally, it is the second most common congenital craniofacial malformation and is typically caused by inherited defects, external factors, or the interaction between genes and external factors. Epigenetics notably represents a bridge between genetics and the environment. This review has devoted attention to the current proceedings of the genetics and epigenetics of microtia and related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Edens BM, Bronner ME. Making developmental sense of the senses, their origin and function. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:132-167. [PMID: 38729675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The primary senses-touch, taste, sight, smell, and hearing-connect animals with their environments and with one another. Aside from the eyes, the primary sense organs of vertebrates and the peripheral sensory pathways that relay their inputs arise from two transient stem cell populations: the neural crest and the cranial placodes. In this chapter we consider the senses from historical and cultural perspectives, and discuss the senses as biological faculties. We begin with the embryonic origin of the neural crest and cranial placodes from within the neural plate border of the ectodermal germ layer. Then, we describe the major chemical (i.e. olfactory and gustatory) and mechanical (i.e. vestibulo-auditory and somatosensory) senses, with an emphasis on the developmental interactions between neural crest and cranial placodes that shape their structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Edens
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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Wang SX, Streit A. Shared features in ear and kidney development - implications for oto-renal syndromes. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050447. [PMID: 38353121 PMCID: PMC10886756 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between ear and kidney anomalies has long been recognized. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, embryonic development of the inner ear and kidney has been studied extensively. Here, we describe the developmental pathways shared between both organs with particular emphasis on the genes that regulate signalling cross talk and the specification of progenitor cells and specialised cell types. We relate this to the clinical features of oto-renal syndromes and explore links to developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet Xiaoyan Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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7
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Robson CD. Conductive Hearing Loss in Children. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2023; 33:543-562. [PMID: 37741657 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
A variety of congenital and acquired disorders result in pediatric conductive hearing loss. Malformations of the external auditory canal are invariably associated with malformations of the middle ear space and ossicles. Isolated ossicular malformations are uncommon. Syndromes associated with external and middle ear malformations are frequently associated with abnormal development of first and second pharyngeal arch derivatives. Chronic inflammatory disorders include cholesteatoma, cholesterol granuloma, and tympanosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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Chen A, Ling J, Peng X, Liu X, Mao S, Chen Y, Qin M, Zhang S, Bai Y, Song J, Feng Z, Ma L, He D, Mei L, He C, Feng Y. A Novel EYA1 Mutation Causing Alternative RNA Splicing in a Chinese Family With Branchio-Oto Syndrome: Implications for Molecular Diagnosis and Clinical Application. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 16:342-358. [PMID: 37817567 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2023.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Branchio-oto syndrome (BOS) primarily manifests as hearing loss, preauricular pits, and branchial defects. EYA1 is the most common pathogenic gene, and splicing mutations account for a substantial proportion of cases. However, few studies have addressed the structural changes in the protein caused by splicing mutations and potential pathogenic factors, and several studies have shown that middle-ear surgery has limited effectiveness in improving hearing in these patients. BOS has also been relatively infrequently reported in the Chinese population. This study explored the genetic etiology in the family of a proband with BOS and provided clinical treatment to improve the patient's hearing. METHODS We collected detailed clinical features and peripheral blood samples from the patients and unaffected individuals within the family. Pathogenic mutations were identified by whole-exome sequencing and cosegregation analysis and classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Alternative splicing was verified through a minigene assay. The predicted three-dimensional protein structure and biochemical experiments were used to investigate the pathogenicity of the mutation. The proband underwent middle-ear surgery and was followed up at 1 month and 6 months postoperatively to monitor auditory improvement. RESULTS A novel heterozygous EYA1 splicing variant (c.1050+4 A>C) was identified and classified as pathogenic (PVS1(RNA), PM2, PP1). Skipping of exon 11 of the EYA1 pre-mRNA was confirmed using a minigene assay. This mutation may impair EYA1-SIX1 interactions, as shown by an immunoprecipitation assay. The EYA1-Mut protein exhibited cellular mislocalization and decreased protein expression in cytological experiments. Middle-ear surgery significantly improved hearing loss caused by bone-conduction abnormalities in the proband. CONCLUSION We reported a novel splicing variant of EYA1 in a Chinese family with BOS and revealed the potential molecular pathogenic mechanism. The significant hearing improvement observed in the proband after middle-ear surgery provides a reference for auditory rehabilitation in similar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhai Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ling
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Peng
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianlin Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Mao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjia Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Qin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijiang Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhili Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Ma
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of South China, Changsha, China
- The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dinghua He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyun Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chufeng He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases and Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
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9
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Lee S, Yun Y, Cha JH, Han JH, Lee DH, Song JJ, Park MK, Lee JH, Oh SH, Choi BY, Lee SY. Phenotypic and molecular basis of SIX1 variants linked to non-syndromic deafness and atypical branchio-otic syndrome in South Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11776. [PMID: 37479820 PMCID: PMC10361970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Branchio-oto-renal (BOR)/branchio-otic (BO) syndrome is a rare disorder and exhibits clinically heterogenous phenotypes, marked by abnormalities in the ear, branchial arch, and renal system. Sporadic cases of atypical BOR/BO syndrome have been recently reported; however, evidence on genotype-phenotype correlations and molecular mechanisms of those cases is lacking. We herein identified five SIX1 heterozygous variants (c.307dupC:p.Leu103Profs*51, c.373G>A:p.Glu125Lys, c.386_391del:p.Tyr129_Cys130del, c.397_399del:p.Glu133del, and c.501G>C:p.Gln167His), including three novel variants, through whole-exome sequencing in five unrelated Korean families. All eight affected individuals with SIX1 variants displayed non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNA23) or atypical BO syndrome. The prevalence of major and minor criteria for BOR/BO syndrome was significantly reduced among individuals with SIX1 variants, compared to 15 BOR/BO syndrome families with EYA1 variants. All SIX1 variants interacted with the EYA1 wild-type; their complexes were localized in the nucleus except for the p.Leu103Profs*51 variant. All mutants also showed obvious but varying degrees of reduction in DNA binding affinity, leading to a significant decrease in transcriptional activity. This study presents the first report of SIX1 variants in South Korea, expanding the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of SIX1 variants, characterized by DFNA23 or atypical BO syndrome, and refines the diverse molecular aspects of SIX1 variants according to the EYA1-SIX1-DNA complex theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yejin Yun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyuen Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Hee Lee
- CTCELLS, Inc., 21, Yuseong-Daero, 1205 Beon-Gil, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Precision Medicine & Rare Disease Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-Gu, Daehak-Ro, 101, Seoul, South Korea.
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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Rouressol L, Briseno J, Vijayan N, Chen GY, Ritschard EA, Sanchez G, Nyholm SV, McFall-Ngai MJ, Simakov O. Emergence of novel genomic regulatory regions associated with light-organ development in the bobtail squid. iScience 2023; 26:107091. [PMID: 37426346 PMCID: PMC10329180 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Light organs (LO) with symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria are hallmarks of many bobtail squid species. These organs possess structural and functional features to modulate light, analogous to those found in coleoid eyes. Previous studies identified four transcription factors and modulators (SIX, EYA, PAX6, DAC) associated with both eyes and light organ development, suggesting co-option of a highly conserved gene regulatory network. Using available topological, open chromatin, and transcriptomic data, we explore the regulatory landscape around the four transcription factors as well as genes associated with LO and shared LO/eye expression. This analysis revealed several closely associated and putatively co-regulated genes. Comparative genomic analyses identified distinct evolutionary origins of these putative regulatory associations, with the DAC locus showing a unique topological and evolutionarily recent organization. We discuss different scenarios of modifications to genome topology and how these changes may have contributed to the evolutionary emergence of the light organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rouressol
- Department for Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John Briseno
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nidhi Vijayan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Grischa Y. Chen
- Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elena A. Ritschard
- Department for Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Gustavo Sanchez
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Spencer V. Nyholm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Margaret J. McFall-Ngai
- Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Department for Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
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11
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Nam DW, Kang DW, Lee SM, Park MK, Lee JH, Oh SH, Suh MW, Lee SY. Molecular Genetic Etiology and Revisiting the Middle Ear Surgery Outcomes of Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome: Experience in a Tertiary Referral Center. Otol Neurotol 2023; 44:e319-e327. [PMID: 37167448 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the phenotypes and genotypes of patients with branchio-oto-renal (BOR) and branchio-otic (BO) syndrome, and to analyze the middle ear surgery outcomes qualitatively and quantitatively, proposing a factor usefully prognostic of surgical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Eighteen patients with BOR/BO syndrome in 12 unrelated Korean families. INTERVENTION Middle ear surgery, including either stapes surgery or ossicular reconstruction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Clinical phenotypes, genotypes, and middle ear surgery outcomes. RESULTS Eight probands (66.7%) were confirmed genetically; the condition segregated as a dominant or de novo trait. Six EYA1 heterozygous variants were identified by exome sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. All variants were pathogenic or likely pathogenic based on the ACMG/AMP guidelines. Two novel EYA1 frameshift variants (p.His373Phefs*4 and p.Gln543Asnfs*90) truncating a highly conserved C-terminal Eya domain were identified, expanding the genotypic spectrum of EYA1 in BOR/BO syndrome. Remarkably, middle ear surgery was individualized to ensure optimal audiological outcomes and afforded significant audiological improvements, especially in BOR/BO patients without enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVAs). A significant difference in air-bone gap closure after middle ear surgery was noted between the two groups even after adjusting for confounders: -20.5 dB in ears without EVAs (improvement) but 0.8 dB in ears with EVAs (no change or deterioration). Furthermore, the success rate was significantly associated with the absence of EVA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study were against the notion that middle ear surgery is always contraindicated in patients with BOR/BO syndrome, and an EVA could be a negative prognostic indicator of middle ear surgery in BOR/BO patients. This may aid to determine the strategy of audiological rehabilitation in patients with BOR/BO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woong Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Zhang T, Xu PX. The role of Eya1 and Eya2 in the taste system of mice from embryonic stage to adulthood. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1126968. [PMID: 37181748 PMCID: PMC10167055 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1126968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Eya family, which are a class of transcription factors with phosphatase activity, are widely expressed in cranial sensory organs during development. However, it is unclear whether these genes are expressed in the taste system during development and whether they play any role in specifying taste cell fate. In this study, we report that Eya1 is not expressed during embryonic tongue development but that Eya1-expressing progenitors in somites or pharyngeal endoderm give rise to tongue musculature or taste organs, respectively. In the Eya1-deficient tongues, these progenitors do not proliferate properly, resulting in a smaller tongue at birth, impaired growth of taste papillae, and disrupted expression of Six1 in the papillary epithelium. On the other hand, Eya2 is specifically expressed in endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate papillae located on the posterior tongue during development. In adult tongues, Eya1 is predominantly expressed in IP3R3-positive taste cells in the taste buds of the circumvallate and foliate papillae, while Eya2 is persistently expressed in these papillae at higher levels in some epithelial progenitors and at lower levels in some taste cells. We found that conditional knockout of Eya1 in the third week or Eya2 knockout reduced Pou2f3+, Six1+ and IP3R3+ taste cells. Our data define for the first time the expression patterns of Eya1 and Eya2 during the development and maintenance of the mouse taste system and suggest that Eya1 and Eya2 may act together to promote lineage commitment of taste cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Rousset-Rouvière C. [Developmental abnormalities of the kidney]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:219-226. [PMID: 36943118 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Les anomalies du développement rénal sont fréquentes chez le fœtus et correspondent à un défaut des étapes de la néphrogenèse. La plupart d’entre elles ont une évolution favorable, mais la gravité potentielle de certaines malformations rend leur dépistage et leur prise en charge précoce essentiels. Le dépistage de ces anomalies repose sur l’échographie fœtale. L’échographie devra préciser le pronostic de l’anomalie en recherchant des critères de gravité, tels qu’une atteinte rénale bilatérale, une altération de la quantité de liquide amniotique, témoin d’une altération de la fonction rénale fœtale, ou encore l’existence d’atteintes extra-rénales associées. Dans les cas les plus sévères, une prise en charge dans un centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal (CPDPN) est indispensable. Les anomalies du développement rénal peuvent être isolées ou s’inscrire dans le cadre d’un syndrome poly-malformatif. L’apport de la génétique dans la compréhension de ces anomalies est d’une aide considérable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rousset-Rouvière
- Service de pédiatrie multidisciplinaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM) Timone-Enfants, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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14
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Inoue K, Bostan H, Browne MR, Bevis OF, Bortner CD, Moore SA, Stence AA, Martin NP, Chen SH, Burkholder AB, Li JL, Shaw ND. DUX4 double whammy: The transcription factor that causes a rare muscular dystrophy also kills the precursors of the human nose. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7744. [PMID: 36800423 PMCID: PMC9937577 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
SMCHD1 mutations cause congenital arhinia (absent nose) and a muscular dystrophy called FSHD2. In FSHD2, loss of SMCHD1 repressive activity causes expression of double homeobox 4 (DUX4) in muscle tissue, where it is toxic. Studies of arhinia patients suggest a primary defect in nasal placode cells (human nose progenitors). Here, we show that upon SMCHD1 ablation, DUX4 becomes derepressed in H9 human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as they differentiate toward a placode cell fate, triggering cell death. Arhinia and FSHD2 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) express DUX4 when converted to placode cells and demonstrate variable degrees of cell death, suggesting an environmental disease modifier. HSV-1 may be one such modifier as herpesvirus infection amplifies DUX4 expression in SMCHD1 KO hESC and patient iPSC. These studies suggest that arhinia, like FSHD2, is due to compromised SMCHD1 repressive activity in a cell-specific context and provide evidence for an environmental modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Inoue
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Integrative Bioinformatics, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - MaKenna R. Browne
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Owen F. Bevis
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carl D. Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Steven A. Moore
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron A. Stence
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Viral Vector Core, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Natalie D. Shaw
- Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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15
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Zhu S, Li W, Zhang H, Yan Y, Mei Q, Wu K. Retinal determination gene networks: from biological functions to therapeutic strategies. Biomark Res 2023; 11:18. [PMID: 36750914 PMCID: PMC9906957 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal determinant gene network (RDGN), originally discovered as a critical determinator in Drosophila eye specification, has become an important regulatory network in tumorigenesis and progression, as well as organogenesis. This network is not only associated with malignant biological behaviors of tumors, such as proliferation, and invasion, but also regulates the development of multiple mammalian organs. Three members of this conservative network have been extensively investigated, including DACH, SIX, and EYA. Dysregulated RDGN signaling is associated with the initiation and progression of tumors. In recent years, it has been found that the members of this network can be used as prognostic markers for cancer patients. Moreover, they are considered to be potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Here, we summarize the research progress of RDGN members from biological functions to signaling transduction, especially emphasizing their effects on tumors. Additionally, we discuss the roles of RDGN members in the development of organs and tissue as well as their correlations with the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and coronary heart disease. By summarizing the roles of RDGN members in human diseases, we hope to promote future investigations into RDGN and provide potential therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Zhu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Wanling Li
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.470966.aCancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yuheng Yan
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. .,Cancer Center, Tongji hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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16
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Fons JM, Milmoe NJ, Dack MRG, Joshi L, Thompson H, Tucker AS. The interconnected relationships between middle ear bulla size, cavitation defects, and chronic otitis media revealed in a syndromic mouse model. Front Genet 2022; 13:933416. [PMID: 36299576 PMCID: PMC9590451 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High incidence of chronic otitis media is associated with human craniofacial syndromes, suggesting that defects in the formation of the middle ear and associated structures can have a knock-on effect on the susceptibility to middle ear inflammation. Patients with branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome have several defects in the ear leading to both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, including otitis media. 40% of BOR syndrome cases are due to Eya1 haploinsufficiency, with mouse models affecting Eya1, mimicking many of the defects found in patients. Here, we characterize the onset, consequences, and underlying causes of chronic otitis media in Eya1 heterozygous mice. Cavitation defects were evident in these mice from postnatal day (P)11 onwards, with mesenchyme around the promontory and attic regions of the middle ear space. This mesenchyme was still prominent in adult Eya1 heterozygous mice, while the wild-type littermates had fully aerated ears from P14 onwards. MicroCT analysis highlighted a significantly smaller bulla, confirming the link between bulla size defects and the ability of the mesenchyme to retract successfully. Otitis media was observed from P14, often presenting unilaterally, resulting in hyperplasia of the middle ear mucosa, expansion of secretory cells, defects in the motile cilia, and changes in basal epithelial cell markers. A high incidence of otitis media was identified in older mice but only associated with ears with retained mesenchyme. To understand the impact of the environment, the mouse line was rederived onto a super-clean environment. Cavitation defects were still evident at early stages, but these generally resolved over time, and importantly, no signs of otitis media were observed at 6 weeks. In conclusion, we show that a small bulla size is closely linked to defects in cavitation and the presence of retained mesenchyme. A delay in retraction of the mesenchyme predates the onset of otitis media, making the ears susceptible to its development. Early exposure to OM appears to exacerbate the cavitation defect, with mesenchyme evident in the middle ear throughout the animal’s life. This highlights that permanent damage to the middle ear can arise as a consequence of the early onset of OM.
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17
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Cacciatori E, Aleo S, Scuvera G, Rigon C, Marchisio PG, Cassina M, Milani D. From clinical to molecular diagnosis: relevance of diagnostic strategy in two cases of branchio-oto-renal syndrome - case report. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:177. [PMID: 36183088 PMCID: PMC9526977 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by deafness, branchiogenic malformations and renal abnormalities. Pathogenic variants in EYA1, SIX1 and SIX5 genes cause almost half of cases; copy number variants (CNV) and complex genomic rearrangements have been revealed in about 20% of patients, but they are not routinely and commonly included in the diagnostic work-up. Case presentation We report two unrelated patients with BOR syndrome clinical features, negative sequencing for BOR genes and the identification of a 2.65 Mb 8q13.2–13.3 microdeletion. Conclusions We highlight the value of CNV analyses in high level of suspicion for BOR syndrome but negative sequencing for BOR genes and we propose an innovative diagnostic flow-chart to increase current detection rate. Our report confirms a mechanism of non-allelic homologous recombination as causing this recurrent 8q13.2–13.3 microdeletion. Moreover, considering the role of PRDM14 and NCOA2 genes, both involved in regulation of fertility and deleted in our patients, we suggest the necessity of a longer follow-up to monitor fertility issues or additional clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cacciatori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Rigon
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 3, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Giovanna Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 3, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Donatella Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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18
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Li J, Cheng C, Xu J, Zhang T, Tokat B, Dolios G, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Wang R, Xu PX. The transcriptional coactivator Eya1 exerts transcriptional repressive activity by interacting with REST corepressors and REST-binding sequences to maintain nephron progenitor identity. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10343-10359. [PMID: 36130284 PMCID: PMC9561260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya1 is critical for establishing and maintaining nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). It belongs to a family of proteins called phosphatase-transcriptional activators but without intrinsic DNA-binding activity. However, the spectrum of the Eya1-centered networks is underexplored. Here, we combined transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic approaches to characterize gene regulation by Eya1 in the NPCs. We identified Eya1 target genes, associated cis-regulatory elements and partner proteins. Eya1 preferentially occupies promoter sequences and interacts with general transcription factors (TFs), RNA polymerases, different types of TFs, chromatin-remodeling factors with ATPase or helicase activity, and DNA replication/repair proteins. Intriguingly, we identified REST-binding motifs in 76% of Eya1-occupied sites without H3K27ac-deposition, which were present in many Eya1 target genes upregulated in Eya1-deficient NPCs. Eya1 copurified REST-interacting chromatin-remodeling factors, histone deacetylase/lysine demethylase, and corepressors. Coimmunoprecipitation validated physical interaction between Eya1 and Rest/Hdac1/Cdyl/Hltf in the kidneys. Collectively, our results suggest that through interactions with chromatin-remodeling factors and specialized DNA-binding proteins, Eya1 may modify chromatin structure to facilitate the assembly of regulatory complexes that regulate transcription positively or negatively. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for how Eya1 exerts its activity by forming unique multiprotein complexes in various biological processes to maintain the cellular state of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bengu Tokat
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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19
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Connaughton DM, Hildebrandt F. Disease mechanisms of monogenic congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:325-343. [PMID: 36208064 PMCID: PMC9618346 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) is a developmental disorder of the kidney and/or genito-urinary tract that results in end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in up to 50% of children. Despite the congenital nature of the disease, CAKUT accounts for almost 10% of adult onset ESKD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CAKUT is a Mendelian disorder, including the observation of familial clustering of CAKUT. Pathogenesis in CAKUT is embryonic in origin, with disturbances of kidney and urinary tract development resulting in a heterogeneous range of disease phenotypes. Despite polygenic and environmental factors being implicated, a significant proportion of CAKUT is monogenic in origin, with studies demonstrating single gene defects in 10%-20% of patients with CAKUT. Here, we review monogenic disease causation with emphasis on the etiological role of gene developmental pathways in CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla M Connaughton
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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[Genetic characteristics of microtia-associated syndromes in neonates]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2022; 24:614-619. [PMID: 35762425 PMCID: PMC9250400 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2203008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtia is the second most common maxillofacial birth defect in neonates and has an prevalence rate of 3.06/10 000 in China, and 20%-60% of microtia cases is associated with a certain type of syndrome. This article elaborates on the clinical phenotypes and genetic characteristics of three microtia-associated syndromes (MASs) with high prevalence, high incidence rate of ear deformity, and definite genetic etiology, i.e., oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, branchio-oto-renal spectrum disorder, and Treacher-Collins syndrome, and summarizes another three common MASs, so as to provide a reference for the genetic diagnosis of neonatal MAS.
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21
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Quiat D, Kim SW, Zhang Q, Morton SU, Pereira AC, DePalma SR, Willcox JAL, McDonough B, DeLaughter DM, Gorham JM, Curran JJ, Tumblin M, Nicolau Y, Artunduaga MA, Quintanilla-Dieck L, Osorno G, Serrano L, Hamdan U, Eavey RD, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. An ancient founder mutation located between ROBO1 and ROBO2 is responsible for increased microtia risk in Amerindigenous populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203928119. [PMID: 35584116 PMCID: PMC9173816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203928119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital malformation that encompasses mild hypoplasia to complete loss of the external ear, or pinna. Although the contribution of genetic variation and environmental factors to microtia remains elusive, Amerindigenous populations have the highest reported incidence. Here, using both transmission disequilibrium tests and association studies in microtia trios (parents and affected child) and microtia cohorts enrolled in Latin America, we map an ∼10-kb microtia locus (odds ratio = 4.7; P = 6.78e-18) to the intergenic region between Roundabout 1 (ROBO1) and Roundabout 2 (ROBO2) (chr3: 78546526 to 78555137). While alleles at the microtia locus significantly increase the risk of microtia, their penetrance is low (<1%). We demonstrate that the microtia locus contains a polymorphic complex repeat element that is expanded in affected individuals. The locus is located near a chromatin loop region that regulates ROBO1 and ROBO2 expression in induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neural crest cells. Furthermore, we use single nuclear RNA sequencing to demonstrate ROBO1 and ROBO2 expression in both fibroblasts and chondrocytes of the mature human pinna. Because the microtia allele is enriched in Amerindigenous populations and is shared by some East Asian subjects with craniofacial malformations, we propose that both populations share a mutation that arose in a common ancestor prior to the ancient migration of Eurasian populations into the Americas and that the high incidence of microtia among Amerindigenous populations reflects the population bottleneck that occurred during the migration out of Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Quiat
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sarah U. Morton
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexandre C. Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Joshua M. Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Justin J. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | - Lourdes Quintanilla-Dieck
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Gabriel Osorno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | | | | | - Roland D. Eavey
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - J. G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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22
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Xu J, Li J, Ramakrishnan A, Yan H, Shen L, Xu PX. Six1 and Six2 of the Sine Oculis Homeobox Subfamily are Not Functionally Interchangeable in Mouse Nephron Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:815249. [PMID: 35178390 PMCID: PMC8844495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.815249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate Six1 and Six2 arose by gene duplication from the Drosophila sine oculis and have since diverged in their developmental expression patterns. Both genes are expressed in nephron progenitors of human fetal kidneys, and mutations in SIX1 or SIX2 cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome or renal hypodysplasia respectively. Since ∼80% of SIX1 target sites are shared by SIX2, it is speculated that SIX1 and SIX2 may be functionally interchangeable by targeting common downstream genes. In contrast, in mouse kidneys, Six1 expression in the metanephric mesenchyme lineage overlaps with Six2 only transiently, while Six2 expression is maintained in the nephron progenitors throughout development. This non-overlapping expression between Six1 and Six2 in mouse nephron progenitors promoted us to examine if Six1 can replace Six2. Surprisingly, forced expression of Six1 failed to rescue Six2-deficient kidney phenotype. We found that Six1 mediated Eya1 nuclear translocation and inhibited premature epithelialization of the progenitors but failed to rescue the proliferation defects and cell death caused by Six2-knockout. Genome-wide binding analyses showed that Six1 selectively occupied a small subset of Six2 target sites, but many Six2-bound loci crucial to the renewal and differentiation of nephron progenitors lacked Six1 occupancy. Altogether, these data indicate that Six1 cannot substitute Six2 to drive nephrogenesis in mouse kidneys, thus demonstrating that the difference in physiological roles of Six1 and Six2 in kidney development stems from both transcriptional regulations of the genes and divergent biochemical properties of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hanen Yan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Biggs K, Crundwell G, Metcalfe C, Muzaffar J, Monksfield P, Bance M. Anatomical and audiological considerations in branchiootorenal syndrome: A systematic review. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:540-563. [PMID: 35434312 PMCID: PMC9008175 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Establish anatomical considerations, audiological outcomes, and optimal management in patients with branchiootic/branchiootorenal syndrome (BO/BOR). Methods Databases reviewed: Medline, Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Collection, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical or radiological studies of patients with BOR syndrome describing either the audiological profile or anatomical changes were included. Articles in which BOR syndrome was associated with other syndromes, and those that were focused only on general and genetic aspects of BOR syndrome were excluded. Articles were assessed using Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine (OCEBM) grading system and the Brazzelli risk of bias tool for nonrandomized studies. Results Searches identified 379 articles. Of these, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes in 482 patients from at least 95 families. In 308 patients, hearing loss was categorized as sensorineural (29%), conductive (20%), and mixed (51%). Hearing outcomes were variable in terms of onset, pattern, and severity; ranging from mild to profound deafness. One hundred sixty‐nine patients presented with inner ear anomalies, 145 had middle, and 151 had external ear abnormalities. In 44 studies, 58 ear operations were described. Mixed outcomes were reported in patients managed with hearing aids or middle ear surgery; however, successful cochlear implantation was described in all five cases. Conclusion The anatomical and audiological profiles of patients with BO/BOR are variable. A range of surgical procedures were described, however lacked objective outcome measures. Given the range of anatomical variants, management decisions should be made on an individual basis including full audiological and radiological assessment. Level of evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Biggs
- Royal Stoke University Hospital Stoke on Trent UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Gemma Crundwell
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Addenbrooke’s Health Campus Cambridge UK
| | - Christopher Metcalfe
- Royal Stoke University Hospital Stoke on Trent UK
- ENT Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
| | - Jameel Muzaffar
- ENT Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
- University of Cambridge Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Health Campus Cambridge UK
| | - Peter Monksfield
- ENT Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
| | - Manohar Bance
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Addenbrooke’s Health Campus Cambridge UK
- University of Cambridge Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Health Campus Cambridge UK
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24
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Pao J, D’Arco F, Clement E, Picariello S, Moonis G, Robson C, Juliano A. Re-Examining the Cochlea in Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:309-314. [PMID: 35058298 PMCID: PMC8985666 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Temporal bone imaging plays an important role in the work-up of branchio-oto-renal syndrome. Previous reports have suggested that the unwound or offset cochlea is a highly characteristic marker for branchio-oto-renal syndrome. Our goals were to examine the prevalence of this finding in a branchio-oto-renal syndrome cohort and analyze genetic-phenotypic associations not previously established. MATERIALS AND METHODS This multicenter retrospective study included 38 ears in 19 unrelated individuals with clinically diagnosed branchio-oto-renal syndrome and confirmed mutations in the EYA1 or SIX1 genes. Two blinded neuroradiologists independently reviewed and documented temporal bone imaging findings in 13 categories for each ear. Imaging phenotypes were correlated with genotypes. RESULTS There was excellent interrater agreement for all 13 phenotypic categories (κ ≥ 0.80). Of these, 9 categories showed statistically significant differences between patients with EYA1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome and SIX1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome. Cochlear offset was present in 100% of patients with EYA1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome, but in only 1 ear (12.5%) among patients with SIX1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome. A short thorny appearance of the cochlear apical turn was observed in most patients with SIX1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome. CONCLUSIONS An offset cochlea is associated with the EYA1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome genotype. The SIX1-branchio-oto-renal syndrome genotype is associated with a different cochlear phenotype that almost always is without offset and has a short thorny tip as the apical turn. Therefore, cochlear offset is not a characteristic marker for all patients with branchio-oto-renal syndrome. The lack of a cochlear offset in a patient with clinically suspected branchio-oto-renal syndrome does not exclude the diagnosis and, in fact, may be predictive of the SIX1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pao
- From the Department of Radiology (J.P.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - E. Clement
- Department of Clinical Genetics (E.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S. Picariello
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P.), University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Naples, Italy,Department of Paediatric Oncology (S.P.), Neuro-Oncology Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - G. Moonis
- Department of Radiology (G.M.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - C.D. Robson
- Department of Radiology (C.D.R.), Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A.F. Juliano
- Department of Radiology (A.F.J.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Harris M, Schuh MP, McKinney D, Kaufman K, Erkan E. Whole Exome Sequencing in a Population With Severe Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:898773. [PMID: 35990004 PMCID: PMC9386178 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.898773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal interventions (e.g., amnioinfusions, amniotic shunting, and infant dialysis) have increased survival of infants with severe Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT), however, outcomes vary dramatically. Our aim was to perform Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) in a unique severe CAKUT population with the goal to identify new variants that will enhance prediction of postnatal outcomes. We performed trio WES on five infants with severe CAKUT (undergoing fetal interventions and/or those who initiated renal replacement therapy (RRT) within 1 month of life) and their parents as well as three singletons. We identified three potential candidate gene variants (NSUN7, MTMR3, CEP162) and validated two variants in known CAKUT genes (GATA3 and FRAS1) showing strong enrichment in this severe phenotype population. Based on our small pilot study of a unique severe CAKUT population, WES appears to be a potential tool to help predict the course of infants with severe CAKUT prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meredith P Schuh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David McKinney
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kenneth Kaufman
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Elif Erkan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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26
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Manyisa N, Adadey SM, Wonkam-Tingang E, Yalcouye A, Wonkam A. Hearing Impairment in South Africa and the Lessons Learned for Planetary Health Genomics: A Systematic Review. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:2-18. [PMID: 35041532 PMCID: PMC8792495 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hearing impairment (HI) is a silent planetary health crisis that requires attention worldwide. The prevalence of HI in South Africa is estimated as 5.5 in 100 live births, which is about 5 times higher than the prevalence in high-income countries. This also offers opportunity to drive progressive science, technology and innovation policy, and health systems. We present here a systematic analysis and review on the prevalence, etiologies, clinical patterns, and genetics/genomics of HI in South Africa. We searched PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online, AFROLIB, and African Index Medicus to identify the pertinent studies on HI in South Africa, published from inception to April 30, 2021, and the data were summarized narratively. We screened 944 records, of which 27 studies were included in the review. The age at diagnosis is ∼3 years of age and the most common factor associated with acquired HI was middle ear infections. There were numerous reports on medication toxicity, with kanamycin-induced ototoxicity requiring specific attention when considering the high burden of tuberculosis in South Africa. The Waardenburg Syndrome is the most common reported syndromic HI. The Usher Syndrome is the only syndrome with genetic investigations, whereby a founder mutation was identified among black South Africans (MYO7A-c.6377delC). GJB2 and GJB6 genes are not major contributors to nonsyndromic HI among Black South Africans. Furthermore, emerging data using targeted panel sequencing have shown a low resolution rate in Black South Africans in known HI genes. Importantly, mutations in known nonsyndromic HI genes are infrequent in South Africa. Therefore, whole-exome sequencing appears as the most effective way forward to identify variants associated with HI in South Africa. Taken together, this article contributes to the emerging field of planetary health genomics with a focus on HI and offers new insights and lessons learned for future roadmaps on genomics/multiomics and clinical studies of HI around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noluthando Manyisa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edmond Wonkam-Tingang
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abdoulaye Yalcouye
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Neurology, Point G Teaching Hospital, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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27
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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28
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Rafiq A, Aashaq S, Jan I, Beigh MA. SIX1 transcription factor: A review of cellular functions and regulatory dynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1151-1164. [PMID: 34742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a member of homeobox transcription factor family having pivotal roles in organismal development and differentiation. This protein functionally acts to regulate the expression of different proteins that are involved in organ development during embryogenesis and in disorders like cancer. Aberrant expression of this homeoprotein has therefore been reported in multiple pathological complexities like hearing impairment and renal anomalies during development and tumorigenesis in adult life. Most of the cellular effects mediated by it are mostly due to its role as a transcription factor. This review presents a concise narrative of its structure, interaction partners and cellular functions vis a vis its role in cancer. We thoroughly discuss the reported molecular mechanisms that govern its function in cellular milieu. Its post-translational regulation by phosphorylation and ubiquitination are also discussed with an emphasis on yet to be explored mechanistic insights regulating its molecular dynamics to fully comprehend its role in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar JK-190011, India
| | - Iqra Jan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India.
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29
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Feng H, Xu H, Chen B, Sun S, Zhai R, Zeng B, Tang W, Lu W. Genetic and Phenotypic Variability in Chinese Patients With Branchio-Oto-Renal or Branchio-Oto Syndrome. Front Genet 2021; 12:765433. [PMID: 34868248 PMCID: PMC8634836 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.765433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) and branchio-oto syndrome (BOS) are rare autosomal dominant disorders defined by varying combinations of branchial, otic, and renal anomalies. Here, we characterized the clinical features and genetic etiology of BOR/BOS in several Chinese families and then explored the genotypes and phenotypes of BOR/BOS-related genes, as well as the outcomes of auditory rehabilitation in different modalities. Materials and Methods: Probands and all affected family members underwent detailed clinical examinations. Their DNA was subjected to whole-exome sequencing to explore the underlying molecular etiology of BOR/BOS; candidate variants were validated using Sanger sequencing and interpreted in accordance with the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. In addition, a literature review concerning EYA1 and SIX1 alterations was performed to explore the genotypes and phenotypes of BOR/BOS-related genes. Results: Genetic testing identified the novel deletion (c.1425delC, p(Asp476Thrfs*4); NM_000,503.6), a nonsense variant (c.889C > T, p(Arg297*)), and two splicing variants in the EYA1 gene (c.1050+1G > T and c.1140+1G > A); it also identified one novel missense variant in the SIX1 gene (c.316G > A, p(Val106Met); NM_005,982.4). All cases exhibited a degree of phenotypic variability between or within families. Middle ear surgeries for improving bone-conduction component hearing loss had unsuccessful outcomes; cochlear implantation (CI) contributed to hearing gains. Conclusion: This is the first report of BOR/BOS caused by the SIX1 variant in China. Our findings increase the numbers of known EYA1 and SIX1 variants. They also emphasize the usefulness of genetic testing in the diagnosis and prevention of BOR/BOS while demonstrating that CI for auditory rehabilitation is a feasible option in some BOR/BOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongen Xu
- Center for Applied Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuping Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rongqun Zhai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beiping Zeng
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Center for Applied Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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30
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Almasoudi SH, Schlosser G. Otic Neurogenesis in Xenopus laevis: Proliferation, Differentiation, and the Role of Eya1. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:722374. [PMID: 34616280 PMCID: PMC8488300 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.722374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using immunostaining and confocal microscopy, we here provide the first detailed description of otic neurogenesis in Xenopus laevis. We show that the otic vesicle comprises a pseudostratified epithelium with apicobasal polarity (apical enrichment of Par3, aPKC, phosphorylated Myosin light chain, N-cadherin) and interkinetic nuclear migration (apical localization of mitotic, pH3-positive cells). A Sox3-immunopositive neurosensory area in the ventromedial otic vesicle gives rise to neuroblasts, which delaminate through breaches in the basal lamina between stages 26/27 and 39. Delaminated cells congregate to form the vestibulocochlear ganglion, whose peripheral cells continue to proliferate (as judged by EdU incorporation), while central cells differentiate into Islet1/2-immunopositive neurons from stage 29 on and send out neurites at stage 31. The central part of the neurosensory area retains Sox3 but stops proliferating from stage 33, forming the first sensory areas (utricular/saccular maculae). The phosphatase and transcriptional coactivator Eya1 has previously been shown to play a central role for otic neurogenesis but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Using an antibody specifically raised against Xenopus Eya1, we characterize the subcellular localization of Eya1 proteins, their levels of expression as well as their distribution in relation to progenitor and neuronal differentiation markers during otic neurogenesis. We show that Eya1 protein localizes to both nuclei and cytoplasm in the otic epithelium, with levels of nuclear Eya1 declining in differentiating (Islet1/2+) vestibulocochlear ganglion neurons and in the developing sensory areas. Morpholino-based knockdown of Eya1 leads to reduction of proliferating, Sox3- and Islet1/2-immunopositive cells, redistribution of cell polarity proteins and loss of N-cadherin suggesting that Eya1 is required for maintenance of epithelial cells with apicobasal polarity, progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation during otic neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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31
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Mackowetzky K, Yoon KH, Mackowetzky EJ, Waskiewicz AJ. Development and evolution of the vestibular apparatuses of the inner ear. J Anat 2021; 239:801-828. [PMID: 34047378 PMCID: PMC8450482 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate inner ear is a labyrinthine sensory organ responsible for perceiving sound and body motion. While a great deal of research has been invested in understanding the auditory system, a growing body of work has begun to delineate the complex developmental program behind the apparatuses of the inner ear involved with vestibular function. These animal studies have helped identify genes involved in inner ear development and model syndromes known to include vestibular dysfunction, paving the way for generating treatments for people suffering from these disorders. This review will provide an overview of known inner ear anatomy and function and summarize the exciting discoveries behind inner ear development and the evolution of its vestibular apparatuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Mackowetzky
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Kevin H. Yoon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Andrew J. Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Women & Children’s Health Research InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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32
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Almasoudi SH, Schlosser G. Eya1 protein distribution during embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. Gene Expr Patterns 2021; 42:119213. [PMID: 34536585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2021.119213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eya1 and other Eya proteins are important regulators of progenitor proliferation, cell differentiation and morphogenesis in all three germ layers. At present, most of our knowledge of Eya1 distribution is based on in situ hybridization for Eya1 mRNA. However, to begin to dissect the mechanisms underlying Eya1 functions, we need a better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of Eya1 proteins during embryonic development, their subcellular localization and their levels of expression in various tissues. Here we report the localization of Eya1 protein throughout embryonic development from neural plate stages to tadpole stages of Xenopus laevis using a specific antibody for Xenopus Eya1. Our study confirms the expression of Eya1 protein in cranial placodes, placodally derived sensory primordia (olfactory epithelium, otic vesicle, lateral line primordia) and cranial ganglia, as well as in somites, secondary heart field and pharyngeal endoderm. In addition, we report here a novel expression of Eya1 proteins in scattered epidermal cells in Xenopus. Our findings also reveal that, while being predominantly expressed in nuclei in most expression domains, Eya1 protein is also localized to the cytoplasm, in particular in the early preplacodal ectoderm, some placode-derived ganglia and a subset of epidermal cells. While some cytoplasmic roles of Eya1 have been previously described in other contexts, the functions of cytoplasmic Eya1 in the preplacodal ectoderm, cranial ganglia and epidermal cells remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Tian L, West N, Cayé-Thomasen P. Cochlear implantation in Branchiootorenal syndrome - case report and review of the literature. Cochlear Implants Int 2021; 23:52-57. [PMID: 34498539 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2021.1973209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Branchiootorenal syndrome (BOR) manifests with branchial fistulae, otological anomalies and renal dysplasia. Management remains largely symptomatic. The most common consequence of BOR is mild-to-profound sensorineural, conductive or mixed hearing loss, where conventional hearing aids (HA) provide limited benefit. Cochlear implantation for BOR-associated hearing loss is an emerging treatment. Existing literature remains limited, centring around paediatric cases. OBJECTIVES This paper is the first to present a case of an adult/non-paediatric BOR patient receiving bilateral cochlear implants (CI), including pre- and postoperative objective and subjective hearing outcomes. Additionally, an overview of reported cases of cochlear implantation in BOR/BO patients is given. METHODS A review of the case patient's medical charts from initial visit at our tertiary center to latest follow-up was conducted. A search of the Medline database resulted in four papers on cochlear implantation in BOR/BO patients, forming the basis of a literature review on this topic. RESULTS Excellent hearing outcomes were achieved after bilateral CI despite the patient's inner ear malformation. DISCUSSION The case patient's outcomes were comparable to results reported for unselected adult, non-syndromic CI-recipients with normal inner ear anatomy. CONCLUSION BOR patients experiencing insufficient benefit from conventional HA should be considered for cochlear implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchen Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Niels West
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Per Cayé-Thomasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Chromatin remodelers and lineage-specific factors interact to target enhancers to establish proneurosensory fate within otic ectoderm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025196118. [PMID: 33723076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025196118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specification of Sox2+ proneurosensory progenitors within otic ectoderm is a prerequisite for the production of sensory cells and neurons for hearing. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving this lineage specification remain unknown. Here, we show that the Brg1-based SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex interacts with the neurosensory-specific transcriptional regulators Eya1/Six1 to induce Sox2 expression and promote proneurosensory-lineage specification. Ablation of the ATPase-subunit Brg1 or both Eya1/Six1 results in loss of Sox2 expression and lack of neurosensory identity, leading to abnormal apoptosis within the otic ectoderm. Brg1 binds to two of three distal 3' Sox2 enhancers occupied by Six1, and Brg1-binding to these regions depends on Eya1-Six1 activity. We demonstrate that the activity of these Sox2 enhancers in otic neurosensory cells specifically depends on binding to Six1. Furthermore, genome-wide and transcriptome profiling indicate that Brg1 may suppress apoptotic factor Map3k5 to inhibit apoptosis. Together, our findings reveal an essential role for Brg1, its downstream pathways, and their interactions with Six1/Eya1 in promoting proneurosensory fate induction in the otic ectoderm and subsequent neuronal lineage commitment and survival of otic cells.
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Deafness-in-a-dish: modeling hereditary deafness with inner ear organoids. Hum Genet 2021; 141:347-362. [PMID: 34342719 PMCID: PMC9035009 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a major cause of functional disability in both the developed and developing world. While hearing aids and cochlear implants provide significant benefit to many with SNHL, neither targets the cellular and molecular dysfunction that ultimately underlies SNHL. The successful development of more targeted approaches, such as growth factor, stem cell, and gene therapies, will require a yet deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of human hearing and deafness. Unfortunately, the human inner ear cannot be biopsied without causing significant, irreversible damage to the hearing or balance organ. Thus, much of our current understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of human deafness, and of the human auditory system more broadly, has been inferred from observational and experimental studies in animal models, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. In 2013, researchers described a protocol for the generation of inner ear organoids from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which could serve as scalable, high-fidelity alternatives to animal models. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of conventional models of the human auditory system, describe the generation and characteristics of PSC-derived inner ear organoids, and discuss several strategies and recent attempts to model hereditary deafness in vitro. Finally, we suggest and discuss several focus areas for the further, intensive characterization of inner ear organoids and discuss the translational applications of these novel models of the human inner ear.
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36
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The Eyes Absent proteins in development and in developmental disorders. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1397-1408. [PMID: 34196366 PMCID: PMC8286820 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Eyes Absent (EYA) transactivator-phosphatase proteins are important contributors to cell-fate determination processes and to the development of multiple organs. The transcriptional regulatory activity as well as the protein tyrosine phosphatase activities of the EYA proteins can independently contribute to proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis in different contexts. Aberrant EYA levels or activity are associated with numerous syndromic and non-syndromic developmental disorders, as well as cancers. Commensurate with the multiplicity of biochemical activities carried out by the EYA proteins, they impact upon a range of cellular signaling pathways. Here, we provide a broad overview of the roles played by EYA proteins in development, and highlight the molecular signaling pathways known to be linked with EYA-associated organ development and developmental disorders.
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Han R, Xia Y, Liu Z, Wu S, Ye E, Duan L, Ding J, La X. A mutation of EYA1 gene in a Chinese Han family with Branchio-Oto syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24691. [PMID: 34160378 PMCID: PMC8238333 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Branchio-Oto (BO) syndrome is one of the common syndromic forms of hearing loss. In this study, we aimed to characterize the clinical and genetic features of BO syndrome in a Chinese deaf family.The proposita in this study was a 29-years-old Chinese female with hearing loss, microtia, anterior concave auricle, and right branchial fistula. The family members agreed to undergo clinical examination. We collected blood samples from 7 family members, including 4 affected by the syndrome. Genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to Sanger sequencing. In addition, bioinformatics software SWISS MODEL was used to predict the protein encoded by EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 1 (EYA1) gene.Intra-familial consistency can be observed in the clinical phenotypes of BO syndrome in this family. EYA1 c.1627C>T (p.Gln543Ter) mutation was identified as the pathogenic cause in this family.This study reports a mutation associated with BO syndrome in a Chinese Han family. We highlight the utility of genetic testing in the diagnosis of BO syndrome. Thus, we believe that this report would provide a basis for the diagnosis of similar diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High incidence Diseases, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
| | - Zhijuan Liu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
| | - Erdengqieqieke Ye
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High incidence Diseases, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaolin La
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
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38
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Abstract
Congenital hearing loss is the most common birth defect, estimated to affect 2-3 in every 1000 births. Currently there is no cure for hearing loss. Treatment options are limited to hearing aids for mild and moderate cases, and cochlear implants for severe and profound hearing loss. Here we provide a literature overview of the environmental and genetic causes of congenital hearing loss, common animal models and methods used for hearing research, as well as recent advances towards developing therapies to treat congenital deafness. © 2021 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Martin L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
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Mansilla MA, Sompallae RR, Nishimura CJ, Kwitek AE, Kimble MJ, Freese ME, Campbell CA, Smith RJ, Thomas CP. Targeted broad-based genetic testing by next-generation sequencing informs diagnosis and facilitates management in patients with kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:295-305. [PMID: 31738409 PMCID: PMC7834596 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical diagnosis of genetic renal diseases may be limited by the overlapping spectrum of manifestations between diseases or by the advancement of disease where clues to the original process are absent. The objective of this study was to determine whether genetic testing informs diagnosis and facilitates management of kidney disease patients. Methods We developed a comprehensive genetic testing panel (KidneySeq) to evaluate patients with various phenotypes including cystic diseases, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), tubulointerstitial diseases, transport disorders and glomerular diseases. We evaluated this panel in 127 consecutive patients ranging in age from newborns to 81 years who had samples sent in for genetic testing. Results The performance of the sequencing pipeline for single-nucleotide variants was validated using CEPH (Centre de’Etude du Polymorphism) controls and for indels using Genome-in-a-Bottle. To test the reliability of the copy number variant (CNV) analysis, positive samples were re-sequenced and analyzed. For patient samples, a multidisciplinary review board interpreted genetic results in the context of clinical data. A genetic diagnosis was made in 54 (43%) patients and ranged from 54% for CAKUT, 53% for ciliopathies/tubulointerstitial diseases, 45% for transport disorders to 33% for glomerulopathies. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants included 46% missense, 11% nonsense, 6% splice site variants, 23% insertion–deletions and 14% CNVs. In 13 cases, the genetic result changed the clinical diagnosis. Conclusion Broad genetic testing should be considered in the evaluation of renal patients as it complements other tests and provides insight into the underlying disease and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adela Mansilla
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Carla J Nishimura
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mycah J Kimble
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Colleen A Campbell
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Richard J Smith
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christie P Thomas
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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40
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Zhang T, Xu J, Xu PX. Eya2 expression during mouse embryonic development revealed by Eya2 lacZ knockin reporter and homozygous mice show mild hearing loss. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1450-1462. [PMID: 33715274 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eya2 expression during mouse development has been studied by in situ hybridization and it has been shown to be involved skeletal muscle development and limb formation. Here, we generated Eya2 knockout (Eya2- ) and a lacZ knockin reporter (Eya2lacZ ) mice and performed a detailed expression analysis for Eya2lacZ at different developmental stages to trace Eya2lacZ -positive cells in Eya2-null mice. We describe that Eya2 is not only expressed in cranial sensory and dorsal root ganglia, retina and olfactory epithelium, and somites as previously reported, but also Eya2 is specifically detected in other organs during mouse development. RESULTS We found that Eya2 is expressed in ocular and trochlear motor neurons. In the inner ear, Eya2lacZ is specifically expressed in differentiating hair cells in both vestibular and cochlear sensory epithelia of the inner ear and Eya2-/- or Eya2lacZ/lacZ mice displayed mild hearing loss. Furthermore, we detected Eya2 expression during both salivary gland and thymus development and Eya2-null mice had a smaller thymus. CONCLUSIONS As Eya2 is coexpressed with other members of the Eya family genes, these results together highlight that Eya2 as a potential regulator may act synergistically with other Eya genes to regulate the differentiation of the inner ear sensory hair cells and the formation of the salivary gland and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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41
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Bankoti K, Generotti C, Hwa T, Wang L, O'Malley BW, Li D. Advances and challenges in adeno-associated viral inner-ear gene therapy for sensorineural hearing loss. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:209-236. [PMID: 33850952 PMCID: PMC8010215 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing attention and effort focused on treating the root cause of sensorineural hearing loss rather than managing associated secondary characteristic features. With recent substantial advances in understanding sensorineural hearing-loss mechanisms, gene delivery has emerged as a promising strategy for the biological treatment of hearing loss associated with genetic dysfunction. There are several successful and promising proof-of-principle examples of transgene deliveries in animal models; however, there remains substantial further progress to be made in these avenues before realizing their clinical application in humans. Herein, we review different aspects of development, ongoing preclinical studies, and challenges to the clinical transition of transgene delivery of the inner ear toward the restoration of lost auditory and vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Bankoti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles Generotti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tiffany Hwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daqing Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Muthusamy K, Hanna C, Johnson DR, Cramer CH, Tebben PJ, Libi SE, Poling GL, Lanpher BC, Morava E, Schimmenti LA. Growth hormone deficiency in a child with branchio-oto-renal spectrum disorder: Clinical evidence of EYA1 in pituitary development and a recommendation for pituitary function surveillance. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:261-266. [PMID: 33098377 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Branchio-oto-renal spectrum disorder (BORSD) is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by ear abnormalities with hard of hearing/deafness, second branchial arch malformations and renal anomalies. Pathogenic variations in EYA1 gene are found in the majority of clinically diagnosed individuals with BORSD. We describe an infant with BORSD related to a paternally inherited heterozygous pathogenic variation in EYA1 gene presenting with poor growth and hypoglycemia due to growth hormone deficiency. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a diminutive pituitary gland and morphologically abnormal sella. Upon initiation of growth hormone therapy, the hypoglycemia resolved and catch up growth ensued. Pituitary abnormalities have not been reported previously in patients with BORSD. The zebrafish ortholog of eya1 is important for the development of adenohypophysis, suggesting that this patient's growth hormone deficiency and pituitary abnormality are part of BORSD. Inclusion of screening for pituitary hormone deficiency and pituitary imaging should be considered as a part of surveillance in patients with BORSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christian Hanna
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Derek R Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carl H Cramer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter J Tebben
- Divisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sharon E Libi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gayla L Poling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brendan C Lanpher
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Schimmenti
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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43
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Bonsib SM. Renal Hypoplasia, From Grossly Insufficient to Not Quite Enough: Consideration for Expanded Concepts Based Upon the Author's Perspective With Historical Review. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27:311-330. [PMID: 32520748 PMCID: PMC7458098 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoplasia is defined in the Merriman-Webster dictionary as "a condition of arrested development in which an organ, or part, remains below the normal size, or in an immature state." The degree of reduced size is not definitional. Renal hypoplasia, however, has historically been defined as a more marked reduction in renal mass such that presentation in childhood is the norm. There are 3 commonly recognized types of renal hypoplasia, simple hypoplasia, oligomeganephronic hypoplasia (oligomeganephronia) and segmental hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark kidney). They have in common a reduction in the number of renal lobes. A fourth type, not widely recognized, is cortical hypoplasia where nephrogenesis is normal but there is a reduction in the number of nephron generations. Recently there has been great interest in milder degrees of reduced nephron mass, known as oligonephronia because of its association with risk of adult-onset hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Since the last pathology review of this topic was published by Jay Bernstein in 1968, an update of the renal pathology findings in renal hypoplasia is provided with a review of 18 new cases. The renal hypoplasias are then framed within the modern concept of oligonephronia, its diverse causes and prognostic implications.
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Zhou H, Blevins MA, Hsu JY, Kong D, Galbraith MD, Goodspeed A, Culp-Hill R, Oliphant MUJ, Ramirez D, Zhang L, Trinidad-Pineiro J, Mathews Griner L, King R, Barnaeva E, Hu X, Southall NT, Ferrer M, Gustafson DL, Regan DP, D'Alessandro A, Costello JC, Patnaik S, Marugan J, Zhao R, Ford HL. Identification of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor That Disrupts the SIX1/EYA2 Complex, EMT, and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2689-2702. [PMID: 32341035 PMCID: PMC7510951 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality for patients with cancer, and dysregulation of developmental signaling pathways can significantly contribute to the metastatic process. The Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1)/eyes absent (EYA) transcriptional complex plays a critical role in the development of multiple organs and is typically downregulated after development is complete. In breast cancer, aberrant expression of SIX1 has been demonstrated to stimulate metastasis through activation of TGFβ signaling and subsequent induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, SIX1 can induce metastasis via non-cell autonomous means, including activation of GLI-signaling in neighboring tumor cells and activation of VEGFC-induced lymphangiogenesis. Thus, targeting SIX1 would be expected to inhibit metastasis while conferring limited side effects. However, transcription factors are notoriously difficult to target, and thus novel approaches to inhibit their action must be taken. Here we identified a novel small molecule compound, NCGC00378430 (abbreviated as 8430), that reduces the SIX1/EYA2 interaction. 8430 partially reversed transcriptional and metabolic profiles mediated by SIX1 overexpression and reversed SIX1-induced TGFβ signaling and EMT. 8430 was well tolerated when delivered to mice and significantly suppressed breast cancer-associated metastasis in vivo without significantly altering primary tumor growth. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that pharmacologic inhibition of the SIX1/EYA2 complex and associated phenotypes is sufficient to suppress breast cancer metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify and characterize a novel inhibitor of the SIX1/EYA2 complex that reverses EMT phenotypes suppressing breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie A Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael U J Oliphant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dominique Ramirez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennyvette Trinidad-Pineiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lesley Mathews Griner
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rebecca King
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Elena Barnaeva
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xin Hu
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Noel T Southall
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel P Regan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Juan Marugan
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Li J, Zhang T, Ramakrishnan A, Fritzsch B, Xu J, Wong EYM, Loh YHE, Ding J, Shen L, Xu PX. Dynamic changes in cis-regulatory occupancy by Six1 and its cooperative interactions with distinct cofactors drive lineage-specific gene expression programs during progressive differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2880-2896. [PMID: 31956913 PMCID: PMC7102962 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Six1 is essential for induction of sensory cell fate and formation of auditory sensory epithelium, but how it activates gene expression programs to generate distinct cell-types remains unknown. Here, we perform genome-wide characterization of Six1 binding at different stages of auditory sensory epithelium development and find that Six1-binding to cis-regulatory elements changes dramatically at cell-state transitions. Intriguingly, Six1 pre-occupies enhancers of cell-type-specific regulators and effectors before their expression. We demonstrate in-vivo cell-type-specific activity of Six1-bound novel enhancers of Pbx1, Fgf8, Dusp6, Vangl2, the hair-cell master regulator Atoh1 and a cascade of Atoh1's downstream factors, including Pou4f3 and Gfi1. A subset of Six1-bound sites carry consensus-sequences for its downstream factors, including Atoh1, Gfi1, Pou4f3, Gata3 and Pbx1, all of which physically interact with Six1. Motif analysis identifies RFX/X-box as one of the most significantly enriched motifs in Six1-bound sites, and we demonstrate that Six1-RFX proteins cooperatively regulate gene expression through binding to SIX:RFX-motifs. Six1 targets a wide range of hair-bundle regulators and late Six1 deletion disrupts hair-bundle polarity. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of how Six1 cooperates with distinct cofactors in feedforward loops to control lineage-specific gene expression programs during progressive differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242-1324
| | - Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elaine Y M Wong
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianqiang Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde 528308, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Multiple epithelia are required to develop teeth deep inside the pharynx. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11503-11512. [PMID: 32398375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000279117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To explain the evolutionary origin of vertebrate teeth from odontodes, it has been proposed that competent epithelium spread into the oropharyngeal cavity via the mouth and other possible channels such as the gill slits [Huysseune et al., 2009, J. Anat. 214, 465-476]. Whether tooth formation deep inside the pharynx in extant vertebrates continues to require external epithelia has not been addressed so far. Using zebrafish we have previously demonstrated that cells derived from the periderm penetrate the oropharyngeal cavity via the mouth and via the endodermal pouches and connect to periderm-like cells that subsequently cover the entire endoderm-derived pharyngeal epithelium [Rosa et al., 2019, Sci. Rep. 9, 10082]. We now provide conclusive evidence that the epithelial component of pharyngeal teeth in zebrafish (the enamel organ) is derived from medial endoderm, as hitherto assumed based on position deep in the pharynx. Yet, dental morphogenesis starts only after the corresponding endodermal pouch (pouch 6) has made contact with the skin ectoderm, and only after periderm-like cells have covered the prospective tooth-forming endodermal epithelium. Manipulation of signaling pathways shown to adversely affect tooth development indicates they act downstream of these events. We demonstrate that pouch-ectoderm contact and the presence of a periderm-like layer are both required, but not sufficient, for tooth initiation in the pharynx. We conclude that the earliest interactions to generate pharyngeal teeth encompass those between different epithelial populations (skin ectoderm, endoderm, and periderm-like cells in zebrafish), in addition to the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that govern the formation of all vertebrate teeth.
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Cell fate decisions during the development of the peripheral nervous system in the vertebrate head. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 139:127-167. [PMID: 32450959 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sensory placodes and neural crest cells are among the key cell populations that facilitated the emergence and diversification of vertebrates throughout evolution. Together, they generate the sensory nervous system in the head: both form the cranial sensory ganglia, while placodal cells make major contributions to the sense organs-the eye, ear and olfactory epithelium. Both are instrumental for integrating craniofacial organs and have been key to drive the concentration of sensory structures in the vertebrate head allowing the emergence of active and predatory life forms. Whereas the gene regulatory networks that control neural crest cell development have been studied extensively, the signals and downstream transcriptional events that regulate placode formation and diversity are only beginning to be uncovered. Both cell populations are derived from the embryonic ectoderm, which also generates the central nervous system and the epidermis, and recent evidence suggests that their initial specification involves a common molecular mechanism before definitive neural, neural crest and placodal lineages are established. In this review, we will first discuss the transcriptional networks that pattern the embryonic ectoderm and establish these three cell fates with emphasis on sensory placodes. Second, we will focus on how sensory placode precursors diversify using the specification of otic-epibranchial progenitors and their segregation as an example.
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48
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Maire P, Dos Santos M, Madani R, Sakakibara I, Viaut C, Wurmser M. Myogenesis control by SIX transcriptional complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:51-64. [PMID: 32247726 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive synergistically eye development through genetic and biochemical interactions. The role of the PSED network and SIX proteins in muscle formation in vertebrates was subsequently identified. Evolutionary conserved interactions with EYA and DACH proteins underlie the activity of SIX transcriptional complexes (STC) both during embryogenesis and in adult myofibers. Six genes are expressed throughout muscle development, in embryonic and adult proliferating myogenic stem cells and in fetal and adult post-mitotic myofibers, where SIX proteins regulate the expression of various categories of genes. In vivo, SIX proteins control many steps of muscle development, acting through feedforward mechanisms: in the embryo for myogenic fate acquisition through the direct control of Myogenic Regulatory Factors; in adult myofibers for their contraction/relaxation and fatigability properties through the control of genes involved in metabolism, sarcomeric organization and calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, during development and in the adult, SIX homeoproteins participate in the genesis and the maintenance of myofibers diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | - Rouba Madani
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Iori Sakakibara
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Viaut
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå universitet, Sweden
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Pisarek-Horowitz A, Fan X, Kumar S, Rasouly HM, Sharma R, Chen H, Coser K, Bluette CT, Hirenallur-Shanthappa D, Anderson SR, Yang H, Beck LH, Bonegio RG, Henderson JM, Berasi SP, Salant DJ, Lu W. Loss of Roundabout Guidance Receptor 2 (Robo2) in Podocytes Protects Adult Mice from Glomerular Injury by Maintaining Podocyte Foot Process Structure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:799-816. [PMID: 32220420 PMCID: PMC7217334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Roundabout guidance receptor 2 (ROBO2) plays an important role during early kidney development. ROBO2 is expressed in podocytes, inhibits nephrin-induced actin polymerization, down-regulates nonmuscle myosin IIA activity, and destabilizes kidney podocyte adhesion. However, the role of ROBO2 during kidney injury, particularly in mature podocytes, is not known. Herein, we report that loss of ROBO2 in podocytes [Robo2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse] is protective from glomerular injuries. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that Robo2 cKO mice display less foot process effacement and better-preserved slit-diaphragm density compared with wild-type littermates injured by either protamine sulfate or nephrotoxic serum (NTS). The Robo2 cKO mice also develop less proteinuria after NTS injury. Further studies reveal that ROBO2 expression in podocytes is up-regulated after glomerular injury because its expression levels are higher in the glomeruli of NTS injured mice and passive Heymann membranous nephropathy rats. Moreover, the amount of ROBO2 in the glomeruli is also elevated in patients with membranous nephropathy. Finally, overexpression of ROBO2 in cultured mouse podocytes compromises cell adhesion. Taken together, these findings suggest that kidney injury increases glomerular ROBO2 expression that might compromise podocyte adhesion and, thus, loss of Robo2 in podocytes could protect from glomerular injury by enhancing podocyte adhesion that helps maintain foot process structure. Our findings also suggest that ROBO2 is a therapeutic target for podocyte injury and podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pisarek-Horowitz
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xueping Fan
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hila M Rasouly
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richa Sharma
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn Coser
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Sarah R Anderson
- Global Pathology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Hongying Yang
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen P Berasi
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David J Salant
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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50
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Lee S, Dondzillo A, Gubbels SP, Raphael Y. Practical aspects of inner ear gene delivery for research and clinical applications. Hear Res 2020; 394:107934. [PMID: 32204962 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of gene therapy is widely expanding in research and continuously improving in preparation for clinical applications. The inner ear is an attractive target for gene therapy for treating environmental and genetic diseases in both the auditory and vestibular systems. With the lack of spontaneous cochlear hair cell replacement, hair cell regeneration in adult mammals is among the most important goals of gene therapy. In addition, correcting gene defects can open up a new era for treating inner ear diseases. The relative isolation and small size of the inner ear dictate local administration routes and carefully calculated small volumes of reagents. In the current review, we will cover effective timing, injection routes and types of vectors for successful gene delivery to specific target cells within the inner ear. Differences between research purposes and clinical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Lee
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Dondzillo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samuel P Gubbels
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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