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Isa HM, Khudhair ZA, Abdulla KM, Idrees ZA, Busehail MY, Jawad ZA. Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome: A Case Report From Bahrain With a Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e55969. [PMID: 38606259 PMCID: PMC11007587 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS) is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1 (UBR1) gene. This syndrome is characterized by the following typical clinical features: hypoplasia or aplasia of the alae nasi, congenital scalp defects, sensorineural hearing loss, hypothyroidism, growth retardation, psychomotor retardation, imperforate anus, genitourinary anomalies, and atypical hair patterns. Here, we describe a case of a 12-year-old girl with JBS of consanguineous parents. During the last trimester of pregnancy, a congenital abnormality affecting the nose was detected. Immediately after birth, the clinical examination revealed dysmorphic features in the form of hypoplastic alae nasi, microcephaly, mild hypotelorism, and cutis aplasia on the scalp. The genetic testing of the patient showed a novel sequence change mutation of the UBR1 gene (1bp duplication causing a frameshift), while both parents were carriers for this mutation. Moreover, a diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency and subclinical hypothyroidism was made based on clinical presentation and laboratory results. The patient was started on pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant syrup. Further assessment revealed hypotonia, growth impairment, delay in reaching developmental milestones, and bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, which was managed with bilateral cochlear implantation. In addition, the patient underwent multiple craniofacial reconstructive surgeries. This case report highlights the importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care of patients with JBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan M Isa
- Department of Pediatrics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, BHR
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, BHR
| | | | | | - Zahra A Idrees
- Department of Otolaryngology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, BHR
| | | | - Zainab A Jawad
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, BHR
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2
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Jeong DE, Lee HS, Ku B, Kim CH, Kim SJ, Shin HC. Insights into the recognition mechanism in the UBR box of UBR4 for its specific substrates. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1214. [PMID: 38030679 PMCID: PMC10687169 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system involving the destabilization of N-terminal amino acids, known as N-degrons, which are recognized by N-recognins. Dysregulation of the N-end rule pathway results in the accumulation of undesired proteins, causing various diseases. The E3 ligases of the UBR subfamily recognize and degrade N-degrons through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Herein, we investigated UBR4, which has a distinct mechanism for recognizing type-2 N-degrons. Structural analysis revealed that the UBR box of UBR4 differs from other UBR boxes in the N-degron binding sites. It recognizes type-2 N-terminal amino acids containing an aromatic ring and type-1 N-terminal arginine through two phenylalanines on its hydrophobic surface. We also characterized the binding mechanism for the second ligand residue. This is the report on the structural basis underlying the recognition of type-2 N-degrons by the UBR box with implications for understanding the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Jeong
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Sankararaman S, Schindler T. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Children - Challenges in Management. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2023; 14:361-378. [PMID: 37908317 PMCID: PMC10615098 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s402589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the leading etiology for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in children, followed by chronic pancreatitis, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, and other genetic disorders. Management of EPI in children poses several unique challenges such as difficulties in early recognition, lack of widespread availability of diagnostic tests and limited number of pediatric-specific pancreatic centers. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is the cornerstone of EPI management and in young children difficulties in administering pancreatic enzymes are frequently encountered. Patients with EPI also should be screened for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and receive appropriate supplementation. Among disorders with EPI in children, CF is the relatively well-studied condition, and most management recommendations for EPI in children come from expert consensus and conventional practice guidelines. The impact of EPI can be greater in children given their high metabolic demands and rapid growth. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of EPI prevent consequences of complications such as malnutrition, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, and poor bone health and improve outcomes. Management by multi-disciplinary team is the key to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital / Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Teresa Schindler
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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4
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Zhang J, Ma C, Yu Y, Liu C, Fang L, Rao H. Single amino acid-based PROTACs trigger degradation of the oncogenic kinase BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104994. [PMID: 37392851 PMCID: PMC10388202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) that specifically targets harmful proteins for destruction by hijacking the ubiquitin-proteasome system is emerging as a potent anticancer strategy. How to efficiently modulate the target degradation remains a challenging issue. In this study, we employ a single amino acid-based PROTAC, which uses the shortest degradation signal sequence as the ligand of the N-end rule E3 ubiquitin ligases to degrade the fusion protein BCR (breakpoint cluster region)-ABL (Abelson proto-oncogene), an oncogenic kinase that drives the progression of chronic myeloid leukemia. We find that the reduction level of BCR-ABL can be easily adjusted by substituting different amino acids. Furthermore, a single PEG linker is found to achieve the best proteolytic effect. Our efforts have resulted in effective degradation of BCR-ABL protein by the N-end rule pathway and efficient growth inhibition of K562 cells expressing BCR-ABL in vitro and blunted tumor growth in a K562 xenograft tumor model in vivo. The PROTAC presented has unique advantages including lower effective concentration, smaller molecular size, and modular degradation rate. Demonstrating the efficacy of the N-end rule-based PROTACs in vitro and in vivo, our study further expands the limited degradation pathways currently available for PROTACs in vivo and is easily adapted for broader applications in targeted protein degradation.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Proteolysis Targeting Chimera
- Amino Acids
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- K562 Cells
- Ubiquitins
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caibing Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaowei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijing Fang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Bian Y, Hahn H, Uhmann A. The hidden hedgehog of the pituitary: hedgehog signaling in development, adulthood and disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219018. [PMID: 37476499 PMCID: PMC10355329 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development, adult homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, its engagement in the pituitary gland has been long underestimated although Hedgehog signaling and pituitary embryogenic development are closely linked. Thus, deregulation of this signaling pathway during pituitary development results in malformation of the gland. Research of the last years further implicates a regulatory role of Hedgehog signaling in the function of the adult pituitary, because its activity is also interlinked with homeostasis, hormone production, and most likely also formation of neoplasms of the gland. The fact that this pathway can be efficiently targeted by validated therapeutic strategies makes it a promising candidate for treating pituitary diseases. We here summarize the current knowledge about the importance of Hedgehog signaling during pituitary development and review recent data that highlight the impact of Hedgehog signaling in the healthy and the diseased adult pituitary gland.
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Heo AJ, Kim SB, Kwon YT, Ji CH. The N-degron pathway: From basic science to therapeutic applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194934. [PMID: 36990317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is a degradative system in which single N-terminal (Nt) amino acids regulate the half-lives of proteins and other biological materials. These determinants, called N-degrons, are recognized by N-recognins that link them to the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS) or autophagy-lysosome system (ALS). In the UPS, the Arg/N-degron pathway targets the Nt-arginine (Nt-Arg) and other N-degrons to assemble Lys48 (K48)-linked Ub chains by UBR box N-recognins for proteasomal proteolysis. In the ALS, Arg/N-degrons are recognized by the N-recognin p62/SQSTSM-1/Sequestosome-1 to induce cis-degradation of substrates and trans-degradation of various cargoes such as protein aggregates and subcellular organelles. This crosstalk between the UPS and ALP involves reprogramming of the Ub code. Eukaryotic cells developed diverse ways to target all 20 principal amino acids for degradation. Here we discuss the components, regulation, and functions of the N-degron pathways, with an emphasis on the basic mechanisms and therapeutic applications of Arg/N-degrons and N-recognins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Jung Heo
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Kim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03077, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Hoon Ji
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03077, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Edizadeh M, Kaymakcalan H, Valilou SF, Şahin Y. Eighth case of Li-Campeau syndrome in a Turkish patient caused by a novel pathogenic variant in UBR7 and expanding the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1465-1469. [PMID: 36757286 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Li-Campeau syndrome (LICAS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, genital anomalies, congenital heart defects, and dysmorphic features. LICAS is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the UBR7 gene, acting as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Using exome sequencing (ES), we identified a homozygous novel pathogenic splice site variation c.1185+1G>C in UBR7 in a 32-month-old male from a nonconsanguineous Turkish family with clinical features of LICAS. Sanger sequencing revealed the heterozygous state of parents for this variant and confirmed the co-segregation study. The variant may lead to the loss of function of UBR7 and is in a highly conserved residue. Bioinformatic prediction analysis using in silico algorithms supports the pathogenic effect of the splice site variant in the UBR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Edizadeh
- Medical Genetics Department, Genoks Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Kaymakcalan
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroğlu Bilim University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Saeed Farajzadeh Valilou
- Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavuz Şahin
- Medical Genetics Department, Genoks Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey.,Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, California, USA
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8
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Mehta V, Hopson PE, Smadi Y, Patel SB, Horvath K, Mehta DI. Development of the human pancreas and its exocrine function. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:909648. [PMID: 36245741 PMCID: PMC9557127 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.909648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function and plays an important role in digestion and glucose control. Understanding the development of the pancreas, grossly and microscopically, and the genetic factors regulating it provides further insight into clinical problems that arise when these processes fail. Animal models of development are known to have inherent issues when understanding human development. Therefore, in this review, we focus on human studies that have reported gross and microscopic development including acinar-, ductal-, and endocrine cells and the neural network. We review the genes and transcription factors involved in organ formation using data from animal models to bridge current understanding where necessary. We describe the development of exocrine function in the fetus and postnatally. A deeper review of the genes involved in pancreatic formation allows us to describe the development of the different groups (proteases, lipids, and amylase) of enzymes during fetal life and postnatally and describe the genetic defects. We discuss the constellation of gross anatomical, as well as microscopic defects that with genetic mutations lead to pancreatic insufficiency and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mehta
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Puanani E Hopson
- Department of Children Center, Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yamen Smadi
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Samit B Patel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition of Tampa Bay, Tampa Bay, FL, United States
| | - Karoly Horvath
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Devendra I Mehta
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, United States
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9
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Jain S, Narne VK. Auditory Profile of Children With Some Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorders. RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY ON PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5360-5.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorder is an umbrella term comprising many muscular, skeletal, metabolic, endocrinal, systemic, and immune-related diseases, which are caused due to the improper/inaccurate development of the central nervous system. Most of these disorders are highly prevalent, but some express rarely in human beings. Such disorders with least prevalence rates are known as rare neurodevelopmental disorders. The sensory system is affected in all individuals with these rare neurodevelopmental disorders, although to a varying extent. Sensory processing in terms of hearing loss is reported by many researchers in many rare neurodevelopmental disorders, but the pathophysiology of audiological findings are seldom investigated. In this chapter, the authors highlight the possible relationship between underlying cause and the resultant audiological symptoms in some of the rare neurodevelopmental disorders. Further, the research studies on the audiological profiling in such disorders are discussed.
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10
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Scheers I, Berardis S. Congenital etiologies of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:909925. [PMID: 35935370 PMCID: PMC9354839 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.909925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is a rare condition. In a vast majority of patients, exocrine dysfunction occurs as part of a multisystemic disease, the most prevalent being cystic fibrosis and Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome. Recent fundamental studies have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases. Exocrine pancreatic dysfunction should be considered in children with failure to thrive and fatty stools. Treatment is mainly supportive and consists of pancreatic enzyme replacement and liposoluble vitamins supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Scheers
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silvia Berardis
- Department of Pediatrics, Specialized Pediatrics, Pediatric Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Borgert L, Mishra S, den Brave F. Quality control of cytoplasmic proteins inside the nucleus. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4618-4625. [PMID: 36090811 PMCID: PMC9440239 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of molecular chaperones and proteolytic machinery safeguards the proteins which comprise the proteome, from the time they are synthesized on ribosomes to their destruction via proteolysis. Impaired protein quality control results in the accumulation of aberrant proteins, which may undergo unwanted spurious interactions with other proteins, thereby interfering with a broad range of cellular functions. To protect the cellular environment, such proteins are degraded or sequestered into inclusions in different subcellular compartments. Recent findings demonstrate that aberrant or mistargeted proteins from different cytoplasmic compartments are removed from their environment by transporting them into the nucleus. These proteins are degraded by the nuclear ubiquitin–proteasome system or sequestered into intra-nuclear inclusions. Here, we discuss the emerging role of the nucleus as a cellular quality compartment based on recent findings in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We describe the current knowledge on cytoplasmic substrates of nuclear protein quality control, the mechanism of nuclear import of such proteins, as well as possible advantages and risks of nuclear sequestration of aberrant proteins.
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12
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Inherited pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and pancreatitis: When children transition to adult care. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 56-57:101782. [PMID: 35331395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) encompasses two distinct disease groups: the first manifests as congenital exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), and the second includes hereditary forms of pancreatitis. EPI represents the ultimate expression of gland function loss. Cystic fibrosis is by far the most frequent aetiology of early-onset EPI; genetics and a growing understanding of the disease mechanisms have paved the way for innovative and personalized treatment approaches. Efforts are ongoing to further decipher the pathophysiology and explore new therapies for other causes of EPI. HP occurs in patients carrying mutations in genes encoding digestive proteases or proteins playing an important role in proper pancreatic function and homeostasis. Improved sequencing techniques have led to the discovery of several causal and disease promoting genes. Most forms of HP have a paediatric onset but complications usually manifest during adulthood. Surveillance in experienced centres is mandatory to diagnose and address these complications in a timely manner.
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Ubiquitin Ligase Redundancy and Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Localization in Yeast Protein Quality Control. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121821. [PMID: 34944465 PMCID: PMC8698790 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse functions of proteins depend on their proper three-dimensional folding and assembly. Misfolded cellular proteins can potentially harm cells by forming aggregates in their resident compartments that can interfere with vital cellular processes or sequester important factors. Protein quality control (PQC) pathways are responsible for the repair or destruction of these abnormal proteins. Most commonly, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is employed to recognize and degrade those proteins that cannot be refolded by molecular chaperones. Misfolded substrates are ubiquitylated by a subset of ubiquitin ligases (also called E3s) that operate in different cellular compartments. Recent research in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that the most prominent ligases mediating cytoplasmic and nuclear PQC have overlapping yet distinct substrate specificities. Many substrates have been characterized that can be targeted by more than one ubiquitin ligase depending on their localization, and cytoplasmic PQC substrates can be directed to the nucleus for ubiquitylation and degradation. Here, we review some of the major yeast PQC ubiquitin ligases operating in the nucleus and cytoplasm, as well as current evidence indicating how these ligases can often function redundantly toward substrates in these compartments.
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14
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Wild KT, Krantz ID. 50 Years Ago in TheJournalofPediatrics: Molecular Diagnostics Determine Underlying Genetic Etiologies for Well-Described Clinical Syndromes. J Pediatr 2021; 239:49. [PMID: 34794643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Taylor Wild
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Structural insights into Ubr1-mediated N-degron polyubiquitination. Nature 2021; 600:334-338. [PMID: 34789879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The N-degron pathway targets proteins that bear a destabilizing residue at the N terminus for proteasome-dependent degradation1. In yeast, Ubr1-a single-subunit E3 ligase-is responsible for the Arg/N-degron pathway2. How Ubr1 mediates the initiation of ubiquitination and the elongation of the ubiquitin chain in a linkage-specific manner through a single E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Ubc2) remains unknown. Here we developed chemical strategies to mimic the reaction intermediates of the first and second ubiquitin transfer steps, and determined the cryo-electron microscopy structures of Ubr1 in complex with Ubc2, ubiquitin and two N-degron peptides, representing the initiation and elongation steps of ubiquitination. Key structural elements, including a Ubc2-binding region and an acceptor ubiquitin-binding loop on Ubr1, were identified and characterized. These structures provide mechanistic insights into the initiation and elongation of ubiquitination catalysed by Ubr1.
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Raza AF, Paudel DR, Nisha KV. Audiological Profiling and Rehabilitation Outcomes in a Child With Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome. J Audiol Otol 2021; 26:160-165. [PMID: 34775698 PMCID: PMC9271738 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2021.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Johanson Blizzard syndrome (JBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that shows a multi-faceted impact on almost all body functions, including speech and hearing. This case presentation describes the comprehensive audiological and rehabilitative profile of an 8-year-old female child with JBS while correlating the test results to the physiological aspects of hearing. Case history revealed poor developmental motor skills, delayed speech and language development with hypothyroidism, and dysmorphic facial features including low bat ears, micrognathia, high arched palate, and hypoplasia of nasal alae. Conditioned pure-tone audiometric responses revealed profound hearing loss of cochlear origin in both ears, which was substantiated with bilateral A-type tympanogram in immittance evaluation. Otoacoustic emissions and auditory brain stem response were absent in both ears, consistent with the audiometric findings. Rehabilitation attempts with a cochlear implant and hearing aid in the opposite ears showed differential improvements, which were in harmony with the aided thresholds. The physiological basis for each finding and future implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiza Fatima Raza
- Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), Naimisham Campus, Mysore, India
| | - Dilli Raj Paudel
- Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), Naimisham Campus, Mysore, India
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17
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Alwadee RM, Alyousef MY, Yousef EM, Yousef MF. Performance of Children With Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome After Cochlear Implantation. Cureus 2021; 13:e19264. [PMID: 34760428 PMCID: PMC8571962 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by multi-system involvement and facial dysmorphic features. One of the most common symptoms in JBS patients is bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. The objective of this report is to highlight the performance of those patients after receiving cochlear implants (CI) as a management for their hearing loss. In this study, we reviewed the medical records of one female child diagnosed with JBS before and after cochlear implantation, with a particular focus on their auditory and language performance. After receiving the cochlear implant, our patient showed substantial improvement in her hearing threshold and communication abilities when compared to the preoperative condition. In conclusion, although cochlear implantation is considered a good approach for the management of JBS patients, the development of spoken language is not always achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan M Alwadee
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammed Y Alyousef
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Einas M Yousef
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, SAU.,Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheben ElKom, EGY
| | - Medhat F Yousef
- Audiology Unit, ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheben ElKom, EGY.,Audiology Unit, King Abdullah Ear Specialist Centre (KAESC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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18
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Ebstein F, Küry S, Papendorf JJ, Krüger E. Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) Caused by Genomic Alterations of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS): the Possible Contribution of Immune Dysregulation to Disease Pathogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:733012. [PMID: 34566579 PMCID: PMC8455891 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.733012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thirty years have passed since the first description of ubiquitin-positive structures in the brain of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. Meanwhile, the intracellular accumulation of ubiquitin-modified insoluble protein aggregates has become an indisputable hallmark of neurodegeneration. However, the role of ubiquitin and a fortiori the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) is much less described. In this article, we review all reported monogenic forms of NDD caused by lesions in genes coding for any component of the UPS including ubiquitin-activating (E1), -conjugating (E2) enzymes, ubiquitin ligases (E3), ubiquitin hydrolases, and ubiquitin-like modifiers as well as proteasome subunits. Strikingly, our analysis revealed that a vast majority of these proteins have a described function in the negative regulation of the innate immune response. In this work, we hypothesize a possible involvement of autoinflammation in NDD pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss the parallels between immune dysregulation and neurodevelopment with the aim at improving our understanding the biology of NDD and providing knowledge required for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ebstein
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sébastien Küry
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.,l'Institut du Thorax, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jonas Johannes Papendorf
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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19
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Gregor A, Meerbrei T, Gerstner T, Toutain A, Lynch SA, Stals K, Maxton C, Lemke JR, Bernat JA, Bombei HM, Foulds N, Hunt D, Kuechler A, Beygo J, Stöbe P, Bouman A, Palomares-Bralo M, Santos-Simarro F, Garcia-Minaur S, Pacio-Miguez M, Popp B, Vasileiou G, Hebebrand M, Reis A, Schuhmann S, Krumbiegel M, Brown NJ, Sparber P, Melikyan L, Bessonova L, Cherevatova T, Sharkov A, Shcherbakova N, Dabir T, Kini U, Schwaibold EMC, Haack TB, Bertoli M, Hoffjan S, Falb R, Shinawi M, Sticht H, Zweier C. De novo missense variants in FBXO11 alter its protein expression and subcellular localization. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:440-454. [PMID: 34505148 PMCID: PMC8825234 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, others and we identified de novo FBXO11 (F-Box only protein 11) variants as causative for a variable neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). We now assembled clinical and mutational information on 23 additional individuals. The phenotypic spectrum remains highly variable, with developmental delay and/or intellectual disability as the core feature and behavioral anomalies, hypotonia and various facial dysmorphism as frequent aspects. The mutational spectrum includes intragenic deletions, likely gene disrupting and missense variants distributed across the protein. To further characterize the functional consequences of FBXO11 missense variants, we analyzed their effects on protein expression and localization by overexpression of 17 different mutant constructs in HEK293 and HeLa cells. We found that the majority of missense variants resulted in subcellular mislocalization and/or reduced FBXO11 protein expression levels. For instance, variants located in the nuclear localization signal and the N-terminal F-Box domain lead to altered subcellular localization with exclusion from the nucleus or the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates and to reduced protein levels in western blot. In contrast, variants localized in the C-terminal Zn-finger UBR domain lead to an accumulation in the cytoplasm without alteration of protein levels. Together with the mutational data, our functional results suggest that most missense variants likely lead to a loss of the original FBXO11 function and thereby highlight haploinsufficiency as the most likely disease mechanism for FBXO11-associated NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gregor
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Meerbrei
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Dept of Clinical Genetics, Temple Street Children's Hospital Dublin 1, D01 YC67, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Stals
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Bernat
- Division of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hannah M Bombei
- Division of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Services, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | - David Hunt
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Services, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK.,Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Beygo
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Stöbe
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arjan Bouman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Palomares-Bralo
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pacio-Miguez
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernt Popp
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Hebebrand
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schuhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mandy Krumbiegel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natasha J Brown
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter Sparber
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Lyusya Melikyan
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | | | | | - Artem Sharkov
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Genomed Ltd., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Genomed Ltd., Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Independent Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Tabib Dabir
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford and Spires Cleft Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Eva M C Schwaibold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Bertoli
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruth Falb
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Shi D, Motamed M, Mejía-Benítez A, Li L, Lin E, Budhram D, Kaur Y, Meyre D. Genetic syndromes with diabetes: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13303. [PMID: 34268868 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous reviews and clinical guidelines have identified 10-20 genetic syndromes associated with diabetes, but no systematic review has been conducted to date. We provide the first comprehensive catalog for syndromes with diabetes mellitus. We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, PubMed, OMIM, and Orphanet databases for case reports, case series, and observational studies published between 1946 and January 15, 2020, that described diabetes mellitus in adults and children with monogenic or chromosomal syndromes. Our literature search identified 7,122 studies, of which 160 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Our analysis of these studies found 69 distinct diabetes syndromes. Thirty (43.5%) syndromes included diabetes mellitus as a cardinal clinical feature, and 56 (81.2%) were fully genetically elucidated. Sixty-three syndromes (91.3%) were described more than once in independent case reports, of which 59 (93.7%) demonstrated clinical heterogeneity. Syndromes associated with diabetes mellitus are more numerous and diverse than previously anticipated. While knowledge of the syndromes is limited by their low prevalence, future reviews will be needed as more cases are identified. The genetic etiologies of these syndromes are well elucidated and provide potential avenues for future gene identification efforts, aid in diagnosis and management, gene therapy research, and developing personalized medicine treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehras Motamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aurora Mejía-Benítez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leon Li
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ethan Lin
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalton Budhram
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuvreet Kaur
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France.,Faculty of Medicine of Nancy INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
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21
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de Freitas Chama LL, Ebstein F, Wiesrecker B, Wagh PR, Hammer E, Weiss FU, Junker H, Studencka-Turski M, Lerch MM, Krüger E, Sendler M. Immunoproteasome impairment via β5i/LMP7-deletion leads to sustained pancreatic injury from experimental pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6786-6799. [PMID: 34132031 PMCID: PMC8278072 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering potential new targets involved in pancreatitis may permit the development of new therapies and improvement of patient's outcome. Acute pancreatitis is a primarily sterile disease characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response associated with extensive necrosis and a mortality rate of up to 24%. Considering that one of the reported disease mechanisms comprises the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and that the immunoproteasome is a key regulator to prevent proteotoxic stress in an inflammatory context, we investigated its role in acute pancreatitis. In this study, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome deficiency by deletion of the β5i/LMP7-subunit leads to persistent pancreatic damage. Interestingly, immunoproteasome-deficient mice unveil increased activity of pancreatic enzymes in the acute disease phase as well as higher secretion of Interleukin-6 and transcript expression of the Interleukin IL-1β, IFN-β cytokines and the CXCL-10 chemokine. Cell death was increased in immunoproteasome-deficient mice, which appears to be due to the increased accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates and prolonged unfolded protein response. Accordingly, our findings suggest that the immunoproteasome plays a protective role in acute pancreatitis via its role in the clearance of damaged proteins and the balance of ER stress responses in pancreatic acini and in macrophages cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Ebstein
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birthe Wiesrecker
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Preshit R Wagh
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank U Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Junker
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maja Studencka-Turski
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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22
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Ryan A, Liu J, Deiters A. Targeted Protein Degradation through Fast Optogenetic Activation and Its Application to the Control of Cell Signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9222-9229. [PMID: 34121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of methodologies for optically triggered protein degradation enables the study of dynamic protein functions, such as those involved in cell signaling, that are difficult to be probed with traditional genetic techniques. Here, we describe the design and implementation of a novel light-controlled peptide degron conferring N-end pathway degradation to its protein target. The degron comprises a photocaged N-terminal amino acid and a lysine-rich, 13-residue linker. By caging the N-terminal residue, we were able to optically control N-degron recognition by an E3 ligase, consequently controlling ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the target protein. We demonstrate broad applicability by applying this approach to a diverse set of target proteins, including EGFP, firefly luciferase, the kinase MEK1, and the phosphatase DUSP6 (also known as MKP3). The caged degron can be used with minimal protein engineering and provides virtually complete, light-triggered protein degradation on a second to minute time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jihe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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23
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A 3D system to model human pancreas development and its reference single-cell transcriptome atlas identify signaling pathways required for progenitor expansion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3144. [PMID: 34035279 PMCID: PMC8149728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human organogenesis remains relatively unexplored for ethical and practical reasons. Here, we report the establishment of a single-cell transcriptome atlas of the human fetal pancreas between 7 and 10 post-conceptional weeks of development. To interrogate cell–cell interactions, we describe InterCom, an R-Package we developed for identifying receptor–ligand pairs and their downstream effects. We further report the establishment of a human pancreas culture system starting from fetal tissue or human pluripotent stem cells, enabling the long-term maintenance of pancreas progenitors in a minimal, defined medium in three-dimensions. Benchmarking the cells produced in 2-dimensions and those expanded in 3-dimensions to fetal tissue identifies that progenitors expanded in 3-dimensions are transcriptionally closer to the fetal pancreas. We further demonstrate the potential of this system as a screening platform and identify the importance of the EGF and FGF pathways controlling human pancreas progenitor expansion. From single-cell transcriptome analyses to defining culture media for spheroids, the authors provide a census of information to understand the development of human pancreatic progenitors. This approach identifies signalling pathways (EGF and FGF) regulating progenitor proliferation.
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24
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Trapp S, Aghdassi AA, Glaubitz J, Sendler M, Weiss FU, Kühn JP, Kromrey ML, Mahajan UM, Pallagi P, Rakonczay Z, Venglovecz V, Lerch MM, Hegyi P, Mayerle J. Pancreatitis severity in mice with impaired CFTR function but pancreatic sufficiency is mediated via ductal and inflammatory cells-Not acinar cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4658-4670. [PMID: 33682322 PMCID: PMC8107082 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) are an established risk factor for cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic pancreatitis. Whereas patients with CF usually develop complete exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatitis patients with CFTR mutations have mostly preserved exocrine pancreatic function. We therefore used a strain of transgenic mice with significant residual CFTR function (CFTRtm1HGU ) to induce pancreatitis experimentally by serial caerulein injections. Protease activation and necrosis were investigated in isolated acini, disease severity over 24h, pancreatic function by MRI, isolated duct stimulation and faecal chymotrypsin, and leucocyte function by ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Pancreatic and lung injury were more severe in CFTRtm1HGU but intrapancreatic trypsin and serum enzyme activities higher than in wild-type controls only at 8h, a time interval previously attributed to leucocyte infiltration. CCK-induced trypsin activation and necrosis in acini from CFTRtm1HGU did not differ from controls. Fluid and bicarbonate secretion were greatly impaired, whereas faecal chymotrypsin remained unchanged. LPS stimulation of splenocytes from CFTRtm1HGU resulted in increased INF-γ and IL-6, but decreased IL-10 secretion. CFTR mutations that preserve residual pancreatic function significantly increase the severity of experimental pancreatitis-mostly via impairing duct cell function and a shift towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, not by rendering acinar cells more susceptible to pathological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trapp
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Glaubitz
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Peter Kühn
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kromrey
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ujjwal M Mahajan
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Pallagi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Hegyi
- Department of Translational Medicine/First Department of Medicine, Medical School, Institute for Translational Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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25
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van Trotsenburg P, Stoupa A, Léger J, Rohrer T, Peters C, Fugazzola L, Cassio A, Heinrichs C, Beauloye V, Pohlenz J, Rodien P, Coutant R, Szinnai G, Murray P, Bartés B, Luton D, Salerno M, de Sanctis L, Vigone M, Krude H, Persani L, Polak M. Congenital Hypothyroidism: A 2020-2021 Consensus Guidelines Update-An ENDO-European Reference Network Initiative Endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology. Thyroid 2021; 31:387-419. [PMID: 33272083 PMCID: PMC8001676 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: An ENDO-European Reference Network (ERN) initiative was launched that was endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology with 22 participants from the ENDO-ERN and the two societies. The aim was to update the practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). A systematic literature search was conducted to identify key articles on neonatal screening, diagnosis, and management of primary and central CH. The evidence-based guidelines were graded with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, describing both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. In the absence of sufficient evidence, conclusions were based on expert opinion. Summary: The recommendations include the various neonatal screening approaches for CH as well as the etiology (also genetics), diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis of both primary and central CH. When CH is diagnosed, the expert panel recommends the immediate start of correctly dosed levothyroxine treatment and frequent follow-up including laboratory testing to keep thyroid hormone levels in their target ranges, timely assessment of the need to continue treatment, attention for neurodevelopment and neurosensory functions, and, if necessary, consulting other health professionals, and education of the child and family about CH. Harmonization of diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up will optimize patient outcomes. Lastly, all individuals with CH are entitled to a well-planned transition of care from pediatrics to adult medicine. Conclusions: This consensus guidelines update should be used to further optimize detection, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of children with all forms of CH in the light of the most recent evidence. It should be helpful in convincing health authorities of the benefits of neonatal screening for CH. Further epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to understand the increased incidence of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Athanasia Stoupa
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Juliane Léger
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Reference Center for Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 1141, Paris, France
| | - Tilman Rohrer
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Peters
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cassio
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Beauloye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joachim Pohlenz
- Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical School, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrice Rodien
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, Service EDN, CHU d'Angers, Institut MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Regis Coutant
- Unité d' Endocrinologie Diabetologie Pédiatrique and Centre des Maladies Rares de la Réceptivité Hormonale, CHU-Angers, Angers, France
| | - Gabor Szinnai
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Murray
- European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Bartés
- Thyroid Group, European Patient Advocacy Group Patient Representative (ePAG), Association Vivre sans Thyroide, Léguevin, France
| | - Dominique Luton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine (HUPNVS), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
- Department Risks and Pregnancy (DHU), Université de Paris, Inserm U1141, Paris, France
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa de Sanctis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Vigone
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Paris Regional Newborn Screening Program, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du Développement, INSERM U1016, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
- ENDO-European Reference Network, Main Thematic Group 8, Paris, France
- Address correspondence to: Michel Polak, MD, PhD, Pediatric Endocrinology Gynecology and Diabetology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, Paris 75015, France
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Dutta D, Sharma V, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Regulation of Notch signaling by E3 ubiquitin ligases. FEBS J 2021; 289:937-954. [PMID: 33644958 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that is widely used for multiple cellular events during development. Activation of the Notch pathway occurs when the ligand from a neighboring cell binds to the Notch receptor and induces cleavage of the intracellular domain of Notch, which further translocates into the nucleus to activate its downstream genes. The involvement of the Notch pathway in diverse biological events is possible due to the complexity in its regulation. In order to maintain tight spatiotemporal regulation, the Notch receptor, as well as its ligand, undergoes a series of physical and biochemical modifications that, in turn, helps in proper maintenance and fine-tuning of the signaling outcome. Ubiquitination is the post-translational addition of a ubiquitin molecule to a substrate protein, and the process is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. The present review describes the involvement of different E3 ubiquitin ligases that play an important role in the regulation and maintenance of proper Notch signaling and how perturbation in ubiquitination results in abnormal Notch signaling leading to a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Li C, Beauregard-Lacroix E, Kondratev C, Rousseau J, Heo AJ, Neas K, Graham BH, Rosenfeld JA, Bacino CA, Wagner M, Wenzel M, Al Mutairi F, Al Deiab H, Gleeson JG, Stanley V, Zaki MS, Kwon YT, Leroux MR, Campeau PM. UBR7 functions with UBR5 in the Notch signaling pathway and is involved in a neurodevelopmental syndrome with epilepsy, ptosis, and hypothyroidism. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:134-147. [PMID: 33340455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system facilitates the degradation of unstable or damaged proteins. UBR1-7, which are members of hundreds of E3 ubiquitin ligases, recognize and regulate the half-life of specific proteins on the basis of their N-terminal sequences ("N-end rule"). In seven individuals with intellectual disability, epilepsy, ptosis, hypothyroidism, and genital anomalies, we uncovered bi-allelic variants in UBR7. Their phenotype differs significantly from that of Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS), which is caused by bi-allelic variants in UBR1, notably by the presence of epilepsy and the absence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and hypoplasia of nasal alae. While the mechanistic etiology of JBS remains uncertain, mutation of both Ubr1 and Ubr2 in the mouse or of the C. elegans UBR5 ortholog results in Notch signaling defects. Consistent with a potential role in Notch signaling, C. elegans ubr-7 expression partially overlaps with that of ubr-5, including in neurons, as well as the distal tip cell that plays a crucial role in signaling to germline stem cells via the Notch signaling pathway. Analysis of ubr-5 and ubr-7 single mutants and double mutants revealed genetic interactions with the Notch receptor gene glp-1 that influenced development and embryo formation. Collectively, our findings further implicate the UBR protein family and the Notch signaling pathway in a neurodevelopmental syndrome with epilepsy, ptosis, and hypothyroidism that differs from JBS. Further studies exploring a potential role in histone regulation are warranted given clinical overlap with KAT6B disorders and the interaction of UBR7 and UBR5 with histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Eliane Beauregard-Lacroix
- Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Christine Kondratev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Justine Rousseau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ah Jung Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Katherine Neas
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Wellington South 6242, New Zealand
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich and Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | | | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and Medical Genetic Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al Deiab
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and Medical Genetic Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Shree KK, Asha GS, Revathi TN, Shilpa K. Kin with no skin: Johanson–Blizzard syndrome in siblings: A rare association of aplasia cutis congenita. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_172_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Endoscopic Pancreatic Function Testing (ePFT) in Children: A Position Paper From the NASPGHAN Pancreas Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:144-150. [PMID: 32910088 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic pancreatic function testing (ePFT) is one of the few ways to directly diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and considerable confusion regarding indications, utility, and interpretation of the test remains. This position paper of the Pancreas Committee of the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition reviews the history and indications for ePFT in children. We compare various methods in current practice and determine their strengths and limitations, and based on data from children and adults we provide guidance on a protocol on how to perform ePFT in children. Lastly, we pose areas in need of further research relating to ePFT in children.
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30
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The Arg/N-degron pathway targets transcription factors and regulates specific genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31094-31104. [PMID: 33229537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arg/N-degron pathway targets proteins for degradation by recognizing their N-terminal or internal degrons. Our previous work produced double-knockout (2-KO) HEK293T human cell lines that lacked the functionally overlapping UBR1 and UBR2 E3 ubiquitin ligases of the Arg/N-degron pathway. Here, we studied these cells in conjunction with RNA-sequencing, mass spectrometry (MS), and split-ubiquitin binding assays. 1) Some mRNAs, such as those encoding lactate transporter MCT2 and β-adrenergic receptor ADRB2, are strongly (∼20-fold) up-regulated in 2-KO cells, whereas other mRNAs, including those encoding MAGEA6 (a regulator of ubiquitin ligases) and LCP1 (an actin-binding protein), are completely repressed in 2-KO cells, in contrast to wild-type cells. 2) Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), an immunity-modulating transcription factor (TF), is up-regulated in 2-KO cells and also physically binds to UBR1, strongly suggesting that GR is a physiological substrate of the Arg/N-degron pathway. 3) PREP1, another TF, was also found to bind to UBR1. 4) MS-based analyses identified ∼160 proteins whose levels were increased or decreased by more than 2-fold in 2-KO cells. For example, the homeodomain TF DACH1 and the neurofilament subunits NF-L (NFEL) and NF-M (NFEM) were expressed in wild-type cells but were virtually absent in 2-KO cells. 5) The disappearance of some proteins in 2-KO cells took place despite up-regulation of their mRNAs, strongly suggesting that the Arg/N-degron pathway can also modulate translation of specific mRNAs. In sum, this multifunctional proteolytic system has emerged as a regulator of mammalian gene expression, in part through conditional targeting of TFs that include ATF3, GR, and PREP1.
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31
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Runnebohm AM, Evans MD, Richardson AE, Turk SM, Olesen JB, Smaldino PJ, Rubenstein EM. Loss of protein quality control gene UBR1 sensitizes Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the aminoglycoside hygromycin B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:76-83. [PMID: 33554225 DOI: 10.33043/ff.6.1.76-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ubr1 is a conserved ubiquitin ligase involved in the degradation of aberrant proteins in eukaryotic cells. The human enzyme is found mutated in patients with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. We hypothesized that Ubr1 is necessary for optimal cellular fitness in conditions associated with elevated abundance of aberrant and misfolded proteins. Indeed, we found that loss of Ubr1 in the model eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae strongly sensitizes cells to hygromycin B, which reduces translational fidelity by causing ribosome A site distortion. Our results are consistent with a prominent role for Ubr1 in protein quality control. We speculate that disease manifestations in patients with Johanson-Blizzard syndrome are linked, at least in part, to defects in protein quality control caused by loss of Ubr1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery M Runnebohm
- Ball State University, Department of Biology, Muncie, IN 47306.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Melissa D Evans
- Ball State University, Department of Biology, Muncie, IN 47306.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Samantha M Turk
- Ball State University, Department of Biology, Muncie, IN 47306
| | - James B Olesen
- Ball State University, Department of Biology, Muncie, IN 47306
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Li C, Chen S, Xiao H. Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals the Molecular Genetic Basis of Cave Adaptability in Sinocyclocheilus Fish Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.589039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavefish evolved a series of distinct survival mechanisms for adaptation to cave habitat. Such mechanisms include loss of eyesight and pigmentation, sensitive sensory organs, unique dietary preferences, and predation behavior. Thus, it is of great interest to understand the mechanisms underlying these adaptability traits of troglobites. The teleost genus Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) is endemic to China and has more than 70 species reported (including over 30 cavefish species). High species diversity and diverse phenotypes make the Sinocyclocheilus as an outstanding model for studying speciation and adaptive evolution. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptomics study on the brain tissues of two Sinocyclocheilus species (surface-dwelling species – Sinocyclocheilus malacopterus and semi-cave-dwelling species – Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous living in the same water body. A total of 425,188,768 clean reads were generated, which contributed to 102,839 Unigenes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a total of 3,289 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two species Comparing to S. malacopterus, 2,598 and 691 DEGs were found to be respectively, down-regulated and up-regulated in S. rhinocerous. Furthermore, it is also found tens of DEGs related to cave adaptability such as insulin secretion regulation (MafA, MafB, MafK, BRSK, and CDK16) and troglomorphic traits formation (CEP290, nmnat1, coasy, and pqbp1) in the cave-dwelling S. rhinocerous. Interestingly, most of the DEGs were found to be down-regulated in cavefish species and this trend of DEGs expression was confirmed through qPCR experiments. This study would provide an appropriate genetic basis for future studies on the formation of troglomorphic traits and adaptability characters of troglobites, and improve our understanding of mechanisms of cave adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Au Yeung
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, and
| | - Brian Pugmire
- Department of Radiology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA
| | - Roberto Gugig
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, and
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Abstract
The Toxic-metabolic, Idiopathic, Genetic, Autoimmune, Recurrent and severe acute pancreatitis and Obstructive (TIGAR-O) Pancreatitis Risk/Etiology Checklist (TIGAR-O_V1) is a broad classification system that lists the major risk factors and etiologies of recurrent acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and overlapping pancreatic disorders with or without genetic, immunologic, metabolic, nutritional, neurologic, metaplastic, or other features. New discoveries and progressive concepts since the 2001 TIGAR-O list relevant to understanding and managing complex pancreatic disorders require an update to TIGAR-O_V2 with both a short (S) and long (L) form. The revised system is designed as a hierarchical checklist for health care workers to quickly document and track specific factors that, alone or in combinations, may contribute to progressive pancreatic disease in individual patients or groups of patients and to assist in treatment selection. The rationale and key clinical considerations are summarized for each updated classification item. Familiarity with the structured format speeds up the completion process and supports thoroughness and consideration of complex or alternative diagnoses during evaluation and serves as a framework for communication. The structured approach also facilitates the new health information technologies that required high-quality data for accurate precision medicine. A use primer accompanies the TIGAR-O_V2 checklist with rationale and comments for health care workers and industries caring for patients with pancreatic diseases.
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Vu TTM, Varshavsky A. The ATF3 Transcription Factor Is a Short-Lived Substrate of the Arg/N-Degron Pathway. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2796-2812. [PMID: 32692156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arg/N-degron pathway targets proteins for degradation by recognizing their specific N-terminal residues or, alternatively, their non-N-terminal degrons. In mammals, this pathway is mediated by the UBR1, UBR2, UBR4, and UBR5 E3 ubiquitin ligases, and by the p62 regulator of autophagy. UBR1 and UBR2 are sequelogous, functionally overlapping, and dominate the targeting of Arg/N-degron substrates in examined cell lines. We constructed, here, mouse strains in which the double mutant [UBR1-/- UBR2-/-] genotype can be induced conditionally, in adult mice. We also constructed human [UBR1-/- UBR2-/-] HEK293T cell lines that unconditionally lack UBR1/UBR2. ATF3 is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates hundreds of genes and can act as either a repressor or an activator of transcription. Using the above double-mutant mice and human cells, we found that the levels of endogenous, untagged ATF3 were significantly higher in both of these [UBR1-/- UBR2-/-] settings than in wild-type cells. We also show, through chase-degradation assays with [UBR1-/- UBR2-/-] and wild-type human cells, that the Arg/N-degron pathway mediates a large fraction of ATF3 degradation. Furthermore, we used split-ubiquitin and another protein interaction assay to detect the binding of ATF3 to both UBR1 and UBR2, in agreement with the UBR1/UBR2-mediated degradation of endogenous ATF3. Full-length 24 kDa ATF3 binds to ∼100 kDa fragments of 200 kDa UBR1 and UBR2 but does not bind (in the setting of interaction assays) to full-length UBR1/UBR2. These and other binding patterns, whose mechanics remain to be understood, may signify a conditional (regulated) degradation of ATF3 by the Arg/N-degron pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri T M Vu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic pancreatitis is the end stage of a pathologic inflammatory syndrome with multiple etiological factors, including genetic. We hypothesized that some pancreatitis etiology originates in pancreatic acinar or duct cells and requires both injury and compensatory mechanism failure. METHODS One hundred pancreatitis patients were assessed using a DNA sequencing panel for pancreatitis. Cooccurrence of variants within and between genes was measured. Gene coexpression was confirmed via published single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one variants were identified in 2 or more patients, 15 of which were enriched compared with reference populations. Single cell RNA-sequencing data verified coexpression of GGT1, CFTR, and PRSS1 in duct cells, PRSS1, CPA1, CEL, CTRC, and SPINK1 in acinar cells, and UBR1 in both. Multiple-risk variants with injury/stress effects (CEL, CFTR, CPA1, PRSS1) and impaired cell protection (CTRC, GGT1, SPINK1, UBR1) cooccur within duct cells, acinar cells, or both. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatitis is a complex disorder with genetic interactions across genes and cell types. These findings suggest a new, non-Mendelian genetic risk/etiology paradigm where a combination of nonpathogenic genetic risk variants in groups of susceptibility genes and injury/dysfunction response genes contribute to acquired pancreatic disease.
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Leboeuf D, Pyatkov M, Zatsepin TS, Piatkov K. The Arg/N-Degron Pathway-A Potential Running Back in Fine-Tuning the Inflammatory Response? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060903. [PMID: 32545869 PMCID: PMC7356051 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of danger signals by a cell initiates a powerful cascade of events generally leading to inflammation. Inflammatory caspases and several other proteases become activated and subsequently cleave their target proinflammatory mediators. The irreversible nature of this process implies that the newly generated proinflammatory fragments need to be sequestered, inhibited, or degraded in order to cancel the proinflammatory program or prevent chronic inflammation. The Arg/N-degron pathway is a ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway that specifically degrades protein fragments bearing N-degrons, or destabilizing residues, which are recognized by the E3 ligases of the pathway. Here, we report that the Arg/N-degron pathway selectively degrades a number of proinflammatory fragments, including some activated inflammatory caspases, contributing in tuning inflammatory processes. Partial ablation of the Arg/N-degron pathway greatly increases IL-1β secretion, indicating the importance of this ubiquitous pathway in the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Thus, we propose a model wherein the Arg/N-degron pathway participates in the control of inflammation in two ways: in the generation of inflammatory signals by the degradation of inhibitory anti-inflammatory domains and as an “off switch” for inflammatory responses through the selective degradation of proinflammatory fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Leboeuf
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.); (T.S.Z.)
| | - Maxim Pyatkov
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Timofei S. Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.); (T.S.Z.)
| | - Konstantin Piatkov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (D.L.); (T.S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Malla SR, Krueger B, Wartmann T, Sendler M, Mahajan UM, Weiss FU, Thiel FG, De Boni C, Gorelick FS, Halangk W, Aghdassi AA, Reinheckel T, Gukovskaya AS, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Early trypsin activation develops independently of autophagy in caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1811-1825. [PMID: 31363815 PMCID: PMC8221268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Premature intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation is widely regarded as an initiating event for acute pancreatitis. Previous studies have alternatively implicated secretory vesicles, endosomes, lysosomes, or autophagosomes/autophagolysosomes as the primary site of trypsinogen activation, from which a cell-damaging proteolytic cascade originates. To identify the subcellular compartment of initial trypsinogen activation we performed a time-resolution analysis of the first 12 h of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in transgenic light chain 3 (LC3)-GFP autophagy reporter mice. Intrapancreatic trypsin activity increased within 60 min and serum amylase within 2 h, but fluorescent autophagosome formation only by 4 h of pancreatitis in parallel with a shift from cytosolic LC3-I to membranous LC3-II on Western blots. At 60 min, activated trypsin in heavier subcellular fractions was co-distributed with cathepsin B, but not with the autophagy markers LC3 or autophagy protein 16 (ATG16). Supramaximal caerulein stimulation of primary pancreatic acini derived from LC3-GFP mice revealed that trypsinogen activation is independent of autophagolysosome formation already during the first 15 min of exposure to caerulein. Co-localization studies (with GFP-LC3 autophagosomes versus Ile-Pro-Arg-AMC trypsin activity and immunogold-labelling of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 [LAMP-2] versus trypsinogen activation peptide [TAP]) indicated active trypsin in autophagolysosomes only at the later timepoints. In conclusion, during the initiating phase of caerulein-induced pancreatitis, premature protease activation develops independently of autophagolysosome formation and in vesicles arising from the secretory pathway. However, autophagy is likely to regulate overall intracellular trypsin activity during the later stages of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan R Malla
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Disease and Cirrhosis, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Burkhard Krueger
- Division of Medical Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, 18051, Germany
| | - Thomas Wartmann
- Division of Experimental Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Ujjwal M Mahajan
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwigs-Maximilians University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Franziska G Thiel
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Carina De Boni
- Division of Experimental Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | | | - Walter Halangk
- Division of Experimental Surgery, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Disease and Cirrhosis, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwigs-Maximilians University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
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39
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Wang H, Kong X, Pei Y, Cui X, Zhu Y, He Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhuo L, Chen C, Yan X. Mutation spectrum analysis of 29 causative genes in 43 Chinese patients with congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:297-309. [PMID: 32319661 PMCID: PMC7248516 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder with a genetic origin. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the mutation spectrum of CH patients in China. A targeted next-generation sequencing panel covering all exons of 29 CH-related causative genes was used in 43 Han Chinese patients with CH [11 dysgenesis and 32 glands in situ (GIS)]. The functional impact and pathogenicity of detected variants were analyzed using a comprehensive bioinformatics approach and co-segregation studies. A total of 47 rare non-polymorphic variants in 9 target genes associated with thyroid hormone synthesis (DUOX2, DUOXA2, TPO, TG, SLC26A4 and SLC5A5), thyroid stimulating hormone resistance (TSHR) and central hypothyroidism (PROP1 and TRHR) were identified in 31 patients (31/43, 72%). Of these variants, 8 were novel, including 3 in DUOX2, 2 in TPO, 3 in TSHR and 1 in SLC5A5. Variants were mostly affected by DUOX2, TG, TPO and TSHR. Approximately 44% of the patients (19/43) carried DUOX2 variants. The mutation detection rates in patients with GIS were higher compared with patients with dysgenesis [25/32 (78%) vs. 6/11 (54%)]. Oligogenic mutations were detected in 25.6% of the total cases and 35% of the mutated cases. Genetic basis was ascertained in 13 patients, reaching a diagnosis detection rate of 30%. In conclusion, genetic defects in dyshormonogenesis, mainly in DUOX2, were the main genetic cause of CH in the Chinese population. Oligogenicity is highly involved in CH pathogenesis and may thus be an important factor in common phenotypic variability observed in patients with CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Yanrui Pei
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Cui
- The Tianyou Children's Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yijie Zhu
- The Chang An Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710016, P.R. China
| | - Zixuan He
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Zhuo
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yan
- Endocrine Department, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
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Liu S, Wang Z, Jiang J, Luo X, Hong Q, Zhang Y, OuYang H, Wei S, Liang J, Chen N, Zeng W. Severe forms of Johanson-Blizzard syndrome caused by two novel compound heterozygous variants in UBR1: Clinical manifestations, imaging findings and molecular genetics. Pancreatology 2020; 20:562-568. [PMID: 31980351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome (JBS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, distinct abnormal facial appearance and varying degrees of growth retardation. Variants in UBR1 gene are considered to be responsible for the syndrome. Here, we describe a 3-year old boy, who visited our clinic for severe growth retardation and frequent oily diarrhea. The physical examination revealed nasal alae aplasia, scalp defect, and maldescent of left testicle. Transabdominal ultrasound and computed tomography scan of his abdomen demonstrated complete fatty replacement of the pancreas. The clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings strongly suggest the diagnosis of hereditary pancreatitis. Whole exome sequencing revealed two rare compound heterozygous variants, c.2511T > G (p.H837Q) and c.1188T > G (p.Y396X), in the UBR1 gene of this boy, so, the diagnosis of JBS was established. This is the first report of Chinese patient with JBS, and our study indicates that transabdominal ultrasound and computed tomography are two useful and noninvasive imaging methods for the diagnosis and evaluation of JBS, and identification of these two novel variants expands the database of UBR1 gene variants. Furthermore, with the availability of the identification technology for these variants, prenatal diagnosis could be offered for future pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China.
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, PR China
| | - Jianhui Jiang
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China.
| | - Xianqiong Luo
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Qingshan Hong
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Haimei OuYang
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Sisi Wei
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Jinqun Liang
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Nuan Chen
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 XingNan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, PR China
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41
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Baldridge D, Spillmann RC, Wegner DJ, Wambach JA, White FV, Sisco K, Toler TL, Dickson PI, Cole FS, Shashi V, Grange DK. Phenotypic expansion of KMT2D-related disorder: Beyond Kabuki syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1053-1065. [PMID: 32083401 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in KMT2D, which encodes lysine specific methyltransferase 2D, cause autosomal dominant Kabuki syndrome, associated with distinctive dysmorphic features including arched eyebrows, long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lower lid, large protuberant ears, and fetal finger pads. Most disease-causing variants identified to date are putative loss-of-function alleles, although 15-20% of cases are attributed to missense variants. We describe here four patients (including one previously published patient) with de novo KMT2D missense variants and with shared but unusual clinical findings not typically seen in Kabuki syndrome, including athelia (absent nipples), choanal atresia, hypoparathyroidism, delayed or absent pubertal development, and extreme short stature. These individuals also lack the typical dysmorphic facial features found in Kabuki syndrome. Two of the four patients had severe interstitial lung disease. All of these variants cluster within a 40-amino-acid region of the protein that is located just N-terminal of an annotated coiled coil domain. These findings significantly expand the phenotypic spectrum of features associated with variants in KMT2D beyond those seen in Kabuki syndrome and suggest a possible new underlying disease mechanism for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Baldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel J Wegner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wambach
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Frances V White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kathleen Sisco
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tomi L Toler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - F Sessions Cole
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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42
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Kim L, Kwon DH, Heo J, Park MR, Song HK. Use of the LC3B-fusion technique for biochemical and structural studies of proteins involved in the N-degron pathway. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2590-2600. [PMID: 31919097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway, formerly the N-end rule pathway, is a protein degradation process that determines the half-life of proteins based on their N-terminal residues. In contrast to the well-established in vivo studies over decades, in vitro studies of this pathway, including biochemical characterization and high-resolution structures, are relatively limited. In this study, we have developed a unique fusion technique using microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B, a key marker protein of autophagy, to tag the N terminus of the proteins involved in the N-degron pathway, which enables high yield of homogeneous target proteins with variable N-terminal residues for diverse biochemical studies including enzymatic and binding assays and substrate identification. Intriguingly, crystallization showed a markedly enhanced probability, even for the N-degron complexes. To validate our results, we determined the structures of select proteins in the N-degron pathway and compared them with the Protein Data Bank-deposited proteins. Furthermore, several biochemical applications of this technique were introduced. Therefore, this technique can be used as a general tool for the in vitro study of the N-degron pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leehyeon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Heo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Mi Rae Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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43
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Holdsworth MJ, Vicente J, Sharma G, Abbas M, Zubrycka A. The plant N-degron pathways of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:70-89. [PMID: 31638740 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The amino-terminal residue of a protein (or amino-terminus of a peptide following protease cleavage) can be an important determinant of its stability, through the Ubiquitin Proteasome System associated N-degron pathways. Plants contain a unique combination of N-degron pathways (previously called the N-end rule pathways) E3 ligases, PROTEOLYSIS (PRT)6 and PRT1, recognizing non-overlapping sets of amino-terminal residues, and others remain to be identified. Although only very few substrates of PRT1 or PRT6 have been identified, substrates of the oxygen and nitric oxide sensing branch of the PRT6 N-degron pathway include key nuclear-located transcription factors (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR VIIs and LITTLE ZIPPER 2) and the histone-modifying Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 component VERNALIZATION 2. In response to reduced oxygen or nitric oxide levels (and other mechanisms that reduce pathway activity) these stabilized substrates regulate diverse aspects of growth and development, including response to flooding, salinity, vernalization (cold-induced flowering) and shoot apical meristem function. The N-degron pathways show great promise for use in the improvement of crop performance and for biotechnological applications. Upstream proteases, components of the different pathways and associated substrates still remain to be identified and characterized to fully appreciate how regulation of protein stability through the amino-terminal residue impacts plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Vicente
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mohamad Abbas
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Agata Zubrycka
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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44
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Koohi-Moghadam M, Wang H, Wang Y, Yang X, Li H, Wang J, Sun H. Predicting disease-associated mutation of metal-binding sites in proteins using a deep learning approach. NAT MACH INTELL 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-019-0119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Frints SGM, Ozanturk A, Rodríguez Criado G, Grasshoff U, de Hoon B, Field M, Manouvrier-Hanu S, E Hickey S, Kammoun M, Gripp KW, Bauer C, Schroeder C, Toutain A, Mihalic Mosher T, Kelly BJ, White P, Dufke A, Rentmeester E, Moon S, Koboldt DC, van Roozendaal KEP, Hu H, Haas SA, Ropers HH, Murray L, Haan E, Shaw M, Carroll R, Friend K, Liebelt J, Hobson L, De Rademaeker M, Geraedts J, Fryns JP, Vermeesch J, Raynaud M, Riess O, Gribnau J, Katsanis N, Devriendt K, Bauer P, Gecz J, Golzio C, Gontan C, Kalscheuer VM. Pathogenic variants in E3 ubiquitin ligase RLIM/RNF12 lead to a syndromic X-linked intellectual disability and behavior disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1748-1768. [PMID: 29728705 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RLIM, also known as RNF12, is an X-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase acting as a negative regulator of LIM-domain containing transcription factors and participates in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mice. We report the genetic and clinical findings of 84 individuals from nine unrelated families, eight of whom who have pathogenic variants in RLIM (RING finger LIM domain-interacting protein). A total of 40 affected males have X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) and variable behavioral anomalies with or without congenital malformations. In contrast, 44 heterozygous female carriers have normal cognition and behavior, but eight showed mild physical features. All RLIM variants identified are missense changes co-segregating with the phenotype and predicted to affect protein function. Eight of the nine altered amino acids are conserved and lie either within a domain essential for binding interacting proteins or in the C-terminal RING finger catalytic domain. In vitro experiments revealed that these amino acid changes in the RLIM RING finger impaired RLIM ubiquitin ligase activity. In vivo experiments in rlim mutant zebrafish showed that wild type RLIM rescued the zebrafish rlim phenotype, whereas the patient-specific missense RLIM variants failed to rescue the phenotype and thus represent likely severe loss-of-function mutations. In summary, we identified a spectrum of RLIM missense variants causing syndromic XLID and affecting the ubiquitin ligase activity of RLIM, suggesting that enzymatic activity of RLIM is required for normal development, cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Aysegul Ozanturk
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ute Grasshoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Bas de Hoon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Field
- GOLD (Genetics of Learning and Disability) Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu
- Clinique de Génétique médicale Guy Fontaine, Centre de référence maladies rares Anomalies du développement Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, 59000, France.,EA 7364 RADEME Maladies Rares du Développement et du Métabolisme, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Molka Kammoun
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Nemours, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Claudia Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, 37044, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Kelly
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Peter White
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Andreas Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eveline Rentmeester
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sungjin Moon
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Kees E P van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Stefan A Haas
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Lucinda Murray
- GOLD (Genetics of Learning and Disability) Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Marie Shaw
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Renee Carroll
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kathryn Friend
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Jan Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Lynne Hobson
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Marjan De Rademaeker
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joep Geraedts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Fryns
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, 37044, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Christelle Golzio
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Cristina Gontan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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46
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Sankararaman S, Schindler T, Sferra TJ. Management of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Children. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34 Suppl 1:S27-S42. [DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Teresa Schindler
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology; Department of Pediatrics; UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Thomas J. Sferra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland Ohio USA
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47
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Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein misfolding in disorders of the liver and pancreas. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:315-323. [PMID: 30978662 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of membrane and secretory proteins. The fraction of protein passing through the ER represents a large proportion of the total protein in the cell. Protein folding, glycosylation, sorting and transport are essential tasks of the ER and a compromised ER folding network has been recognized to be a key component in the disease pathogenicity of common neurodegenerative, metabolic and malignant diseases. On the other hand, the ER protein folding machinery also holds significant potential for therapeutic interventions. Many causes can lead to ER stress. A disturbed calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a persistent overload of misfolded proteins within the ER can drive the course of adisease. In this review the role of ER-stress in diseases of the liver and pancreas will be examined using pancreatitis and Wilson´s disease as examples. Potential therapeutic targets in ER-stress pathways will also be discussed.
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Patel R, Brophy C, Hickling M, Neve J, Furger A. Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation of genes associated with protein turnover and mitochondrial function are deregulated in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and ALS disease. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:60. [PMID: 31072331 PMCID: PMC6507032 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptome wide changes have been assessed extensively during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) occurs in over 70% of human protein coding genes and it has recently been recognised as a critical regulator of gene expression during disease. However, the effect of APA in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, to date, has not been widely investigated. Dynamic Analysis of Alternative Polyadenylation from RNA-seq (DaPars) is a method by Xia and colleagues [Nat Commun. 5:5274, 2014] to investigate APA using standard RNA-seq data. Here, we employed this method to interrogate APA using publicly available RNA-seq data from Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients and matched healthy individuals. RESULTS For all three diseases, we found that APA profile changes were limited to a relative small number of genes suggesting that APA is not globally deregulated in neurodegenerative disease. However, for each disease phenotype we identified a subgroup of genes that showed disease-specific deregulation of APA. Whilst the affected genes differ between the RNA-seq datasets, in each cohort we identified an overrepresentation of genes that are associated with protein turnover pathways and mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, while drawn from a relatively small sample size, suggest that deregulation of APA may play a significant role in neurodegeneration by altering the expression of genes including UBR1 and OGDHL in AD, LONP1 in PD and UCHL1 in ALS. This report thus provides important novel insights into how APA can shape neurodegenerative disease characteristic transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Cillian Brophy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Hickling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jonathan Neve
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - André Furger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Weiss FU, Laemmerhirt F, Lerch MM. Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis. Visc Med 2019; 35:73-81. [PMID: 31192240 DOI: 10.1159/000499138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the recognition of common etiological and genetic risk factors, acute and chronic pancreatitis are increasingly regarded as a continuum of the same disease, with a significant overlap of clinical manifestations and phenotypes but distinct morphological and imaging appearances. Recent population-based and cohort studies have found that tobacco smoke conveys a greater risk than immoderate alcohol consumption for the development of chronic pancreatitis, and hypertriglyceridemia has been identified as a risk factor for acute pancreatitis - even when plasma levels are only mildly elevated. Hereditary pancreatitis, in its autosomal dominant form, is associated with mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1), whereas a number of germline variations in other genes have been found to represent risk factors for chronic as well as acute pancreatitis. For now, most of these involve the pancreatic digestive protease/antiprotease system. Oftentimes, affected patients are burdened with multiple or accumulating risk factors, and genetic traits when combined with environmental toxins compound the chance of developing the disease. Determining the underlying etiology of pancreatitis is worth the effort since formerly intractable varieties such as autoimmune pancreatitis are now becoming increasingly treatable, and subtype-specific therapeutic modalities may become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, Greifswald Medical School, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Laemmerhirt
- Department of Medicine A, Greifswald Medical School, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, Greifswald Medical School, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
This perspective is partly review and partly proposal. N-degrons and C-degrons are degradation signals whose main determinants are, respectively, the N-terminal and C-terminal residues of cellular proteins. N-degrons and C-degrons include, to varying extents, adjoining sequence motifs, and also internal lysine residues that function as polyubiquitylation sites. Discovered in 1986, N-degrons were the first degradation signals in short-lived proteins. A particularly large set of C-degrons was discovered in 2018. We describe multifunctional proteolytic systems that target N-degrons and C-degrons. We also propose to denote these systems as "N-degron pathways" and "C-degron pathways." The former notation replaces the earlier name "N-end rule pathways." The term "N-end rule" was introduced 33 years ago, when only some N-terminal residues were thought to be destabilizing. However, studies over the last three decades have shown that all 20 amino acids of the genetic code can act, in cognate sequence contexts, as destabilizing N-terminal residues. Advantages of the proposed terms include their brevity and semantic uniformity for N-degrons and C-degrons. In addition to being topologically analogous, N-degrons and C-degrons are related functionally. A proteolytic cleavage of a subunit in a multisubunit complex can create, at the same time, an N-degron (in a C-terminal fragment) and a spatially adjacent C-degron (in an N-terminal fragment). Consequently, both fragments of a subunit can be selectively destroyed through attacks by the N-degron and C-degron pathways.
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