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Ver Heul AM, Mack M, Zamidar L, Tamari M, Yang TL, Trier AM, Kim DH, Janzen-Meza H, Van Dyken SJ, Hsieh CS, Karo JM, Sun JC, Kim BS. RAG suppresses group 2 innate lymphoid cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590767. [PMID: 38712036 PMCID: PMC11071423 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Antigen specificity is the central trait distinguishing adaptive from innate immune function. Assembly of antigen-specific T cell and B cell receptors occurs through V(D)J recombination mediated by the Recombinase Activating Gene endonucleases RAG1 and RAG2 (collectively called RAG). In the absence of RAG, mature T and B cells do not develop and thus RAG is critically associated with adaptive immune function. In addition to adaptive T helper 2 (Th2) cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to type 2 immune responses by producing cytokines like Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13. Although it has been reported that RAG expression modulates the function of innate natural killer (NK) cells, whether other innate immune cells such as ILC2s are affected by RAG remains unclear. We find that in RAG-deficient mice, ILC2 populations expand and produce increased IL-5 and IL-13 at steady state and contribute to increased inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD)-like disease. Further, we show that RAG modulates ILC2 function in a cell-intrinsic manner independent of the absence or presence of adaptive T and B lymphocytes. Lastly, employing multiomic single cell analyses of RAG1 lineage-traced cells, we identify key transcriptional and epigenomic ILC2 functional programs that are suppressed by a history of RAG expression. Collectively, our data reveal a novel role for RAG in modulating innate type 2 immunity through suppression of ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Ver Heul
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Madison Mack
- Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Lydia Zamidar
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10019, USA
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Masato Tamari
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10019, USA
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting-Lin Yang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Anna M. Trier
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Janzen-Meza
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jenny M. Karo
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10019, USA
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Neuroimmune Interactions, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 10019
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Englebert K, Taquin A, Azouz A, Acolty V, Vande Velde S, Vanhollebeke M, Innes H, Boon L, Keler T, Leo O, Goriely S, Moser M, Oldenhove G. The CD27/CD70 pathway negatively regulates visceral adipose tissue-resident Th2 cells and controls metabolic homeostasis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113824. [PMID: 38386557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue homeostasis relies on the interplay between several regulatory lineages, such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), T helper 2 (Th2) cells, regulatory T cells, eosinophils, and type 2 macrophages. Among them, ILC2s are numerically the dominant source of type 2 cytokines and are considered as major regulators of adiposity. Despite the overlap in immune effector molecules and sensitivity to alarmins (thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-33) between ILC2s and resident memory Th2 lymphocytes, the role of the adaptive axis of type 2 immunity remains unclear. We show that mice deficient in CD27, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, are more resistant to obesity and associated disorders. A comparative analysis of the CD4 compartment of both strains revealed higher numbers of fat-resident memory Th2 cells in the adipose tissue of CD27 knockout mice, which correlated with decreased programmed cell death protein 1-induced apoptosis. Our data point to a non-redundant role for Th2 lymphocytes in obesogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Englebert
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anaelle Taquin
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valérie Acolty
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Vande Velde
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Machine Learning Group, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Vanhollebeke
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Hadrien Innes
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Oberdan Leo
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium; Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Muriel Moser
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Oldenhove
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Immunobiology Lab, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium.
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Long B, Zhou S, Gao Y, Fan K, Lai J, Yao C, Li J, Xu X, Yu S. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:64-75. [PMID: 38381299 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells constitute a distinct subset within the memory T cell population, serving as the vanguard against invading pathogens and antigens in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, including the respiratory tract, intestines, and skin. Notably, TRM cells adapt to the specific microenvironment of each tissue, predominantly maintaining a sessile state with distinctive phenotypic and functional attributes. Their role is to ensure continuous immunological surveillance and protection. Recent findings have highlighted the pivotal contribution of TRM cells to the modulation of adaptive immune responses in allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and dermatitis. A comprehensive understanding of the involvement of TRM cells in allergic diseases bears profound implications for allergy prevention and treatment. This review comprehensively explores the phenotypic characteristics, developmental mechanisms, and functional roles of TRM cells, focusing on their intricate relationship with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojin Long
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shican Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ju Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiayue Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shaoqing Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Liu J, Su B, Tao P, Yang X, Zheng L, Lin Y, Zou X, Yang H, Wu W, Zhang T, Li H. Interplay of IL-33 and IL-35 Modulates Th2/Th17 Responses in Cigarette Smoke Exposure HDM-Induced Asthma. Inflammation 2024; 47:173-190. [PMID: 37737467 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) facilitates adverse effects on the airway inflammation and treatment of asthma. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which CS exacerbates asthma. The roles of IL-33 and IL-35 in asthma development were examined by treatment with IL-33 knockout (IL-33 KO) or transfection of adenovirus encoding IL-35 (Ad-IL-35) in a murine model of cigarette smoke-exposure asthma. Furthermore, the involvement of IL-33 and IL-35 in regulating DCs and Th2/Th17 cells was examined in a coculture system of DCs with CD4+ T cells. Additionally, we observed the effect of CpG-ODNs on the balance of IL-33 and IL-35. We show that CS and house dust mite (HDM) exposure induced IL-33 and suppressed IL-35 levels in cigarette smoke-exposure asthma in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with IL-33 KO or Ad-IL-35 significantly attenuated airway hyperreactivity, goblet hyperplasia, airway remodelling, and eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues from asthmatic mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated reciprocal regulation between CS and HDM-modulated IL-33 and IL-35. Mechanistically, IL-33 KO (or anti-ST2) and Ad-IL-35 attenuated Th2- and Th17-associated inflammation by downregulating TSLP-DC signalling. Finally, administration of CpG-ODNs suppressed the expression of IL-33/ST2 and elevated the levels of IL-35, which is mainly derived from CD4+Foxp+ Tregs, to alleviate Th2- and Th17-associated inflammation by inhibiting the activation of BMDCs. Taken together, the IL-33/ST2 pathway drives the DC-Th2 and Th17 responses of cigarette smoke-exposure asthma, while IL-35 has the opposite effect. CpG-ODNs represent a potential therapeutic strategy for modulating the balance of IL-33 and IL-35 to suppress allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiting Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhi Tao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuena Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantuo Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Reißing J, Berres M, Strnad P, Wree A, Inzaugarat ME, Trautwein C, Bruns T, Zimmermann HW. Th2 Cell Activation in Chronic Liver Disease Is Driven by Local IL33 and Contributes to IL13-Dependent Fibrogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:517-538. [PMID: 38158122 PMCID: PMC10882164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 immune responses contribute to liver fibrosis in parasite infections, but their role in other liver diseases is less well understood. Here, we aimed at unravelling mechanisms involved in T helper 2 (Th2) T-cell polarization, activation, and recruitment in human liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. METHODS Tissues, cells, and serum from human livers were analyzed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunostaining, flow cytometry, and various functional in vitro assays. Cellular interactions and soluble mediators involved in T-cell polarization and recruitment were studied, as well as their effect on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis. RESULTS In human liver fibrosis, a stage-dependent increase in Th2-related transcription factors, Th2 cytokines, and trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor-expressing T cells was observed, and was highest in cirrhotic livers. The alarmin interleukin (IL)33 was found to be increased in livers and sera from patients with cirrhosis, to act as a chemotactic agent for Th2 cells, and to induce type 2 polarization of CD4+ T cells. Oval cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, intrahepatic macrophages, and migrating monocytes were identified as sources of IL33. IL33-activated T cells, but not IL33 alone, induced HSC activation, as shown by Ki67 and α-smooth muscle actin staining, increased collagen type I alpha 1 chain messenger RNA expression, and wound healing assays. The profibrotic effect of IL33-activated T cells was contact-independent and could be antagonized using monoclonal antibodies against IL13. CONCLUSION In patients with chronic liver disease, the alarmin IL33 promotes the recruitment and activation of CD4+ T cells with Th2-like properties, which activate paracrine HSC in an IL13-dependent manner and promotes fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Reißing
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Eugenia Inzaugarat
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henning Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Hu L, Ren G, Zeng Y, Zhao X, Zhong C. Distinct regulatory machineries underlying divergent chromatin landscapes distinguish innate lymphoid cells from T helper cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271879. [PMID: 38106414 PMCID: PMC10722145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), as the innate counterpart of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. While the ILC subsets and their corresponding Th subsets demonstrate significant similarities in core programming related to effector function and regulatory mechanisms, their principal distinctions, given their innate and adaptive lymphocyte nature, remain largely unknown. In this study, we have employed an integrative analysis of 294 bulk RNA-sequencing results across all ILC and Th subsets, using scRNA-seq algorithms. Consequently, we identify two genesets that predominantly differentiate ILCs from Th cells, as well as three genesets that distinguish various immune responses. Furthermore, through chromatin accessibility analysis, we find that the ILC geneset tends to rely on specific transcriptional regulation at promoter regions compared with the Th geneset. Additionally, we observe that ILCs and Th cells are under differential transcriptional regulation. For example, ILCs are under stronger regulation by multiple transcription factors, including RORα, GATA3, and NF-κB. Otherwise, Th cells are under stronger regulation by AP-1. Thus, our findings suggest that, despite the acknowledged similarities in effector functions between ILC subsets and corresponding Th subsets, the underlying regulatory machineries still exhibit substantial distinctions. These insights provide a comprehensive understanding of the unique roles played by each cell type during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yime Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key National Health Commission Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luni Hu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanqun Ren
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key National Health Commission Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key National Health Commission Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key National Health Commission Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Castro ÍA, Yang Y, Gnazzo V, Kim DH, Van Dyken SJ, López CB. Murine Parainfluenza Virus Persists in Lung Innate Immune Cells Sustaining Chronic Lung Pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566103. [PMID: 37986974 PMCID: PMC10659393 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses including the human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) are a constant burden to human health, with morbidity and mortality frequently increased after the acute phase of the infection. Although is proven that respiratory viruses can persist in vitro, the mechanisms of virus or viral products persistence, their sources, and their impact on chronic respiratory diseases in vivo are unknown. Here, we used Sendai virus (SeV) to model hPIV infection in mice and test whether virus persistence associates with the development of chronic lung disease. Following SeV infection, virus products were detected in lung macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and dendritic cells for several weeks after the infectious virus was cleared. Cells containing viral protein showed strong upregulation of antiviral and type 2 inflammation-related genes that associate with the development of chronic post-viral lung diseases, including asthma. Lineage tracing of infected cells or cells derived from infected cells suggests that distinct functional groups of cells contribute to the chronic pathology. Importantly, targeted ablation of infected cells or those derived from infected cells significantly ameliorated chronic lung disease. Overall, we identified persistent infection of innate immune cells as a critical factor in the progression from acute to chronic post viral respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Araujo Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yanling Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Victoria Gnazzo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Rüterbusch MJ, Hondowicz BD, Takehara KK, Pruner KB, Griffith TS, Pepper M. Allergen exposure functionally alters influenza-specific CD4+ Th1 memory cells in the lung. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230112. [PMID: 37698553 PMCID: PMC10497397 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ lung-resident memory T cells (TRM) generated in response to influenza infection confer effective protection against subsequent viral exposures. Whether these cells can be altered by environmental antigens and cytokines released during heterologous, antigen-independent immune responses is currently unclear. We therefore investigated how influenza-specific CD4+ Th1 TRM in the lung are impacted by a subsequent Th2-inducing respiratory house dust mite (HDM) exposure. Although naïve influenza-specific CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes do not respond to HDM, influenza-specific CD4+ TRM in the lungs do respond to a subsequent allergen exposure by decreasing expression of the transcription factor T-bet. This functional alteration is associated with decreased IFN-γ production upon restimulation and improved disease outcomes following heterosubtypic influenza challenge. Further investigation revealed that ST2 signaling in CD4+ T cells during allergic challenge is necessary to induce these changes in lung-resident influenza-specific CD4+ TRM. Thus, heterologous antigen exposure or ST2-signaling can drive persistent changes in CD4+ Th1 TRM populations and impact protection upon reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel J. Rüterbusch
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian D. Hondowicz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kennidy K. Takehara
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kurt B. Pruner
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Zaini A, Dalit L, Sheikh AA, Zhang Y, Thiele D, Runting J, Rodrigues G, Ng J, Bramhall M, Scheer S, Hailes L, Groom JR, Good-Jacobson KL, Zaph C. Heterogeneous Tfh cell populations that develop during enteric helminth infection predict the quality of type 2 protective response. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:642-657. [PMID: 37392971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are an important component of germinal center (GC)-mediated humoral immunity. Yet, how a chronic type 1 versus protective type 2 helminth infection modulates Tfh-GC responses remains poorly understood. Here, we employ the helminth Trichuris muris model and demonstrate that Tfh cell phenotypes and GC are differentially regulated in acute versus chronic infection. The latter failed to induce Tfh-GC B cell responses, with Tfh cells expressing Τ-bet and interferon-γ. In contrast, interleukin-4-producing Tfh cells dominate responses to an acute, resolving infection. Heightened expression and increased chromatin accessibility of T helper (Th)1- and Th2 cell-associated genes are observed in chronic and acute induced Tfh cells, respectively. Blockade of the Th1 cell response by T-cell-intrinsic T-bet deletion promoted Tfh cell expansion during chronic infection, pointing to a correlation between a robust Tfh cell response and protective immunity to parasites. Finally, blockade of Tfh-GC interactions impaired type 2 immunity, revealing the critical protective role of GC-dependent Th2-like Tfh cell responses during acute infection. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the protective roles of Tfh-GC responses and identify distinct transcriptional and epigenetic features of Tfh cells that emerge during resolving or chronic T. muris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidil Zaini
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lennard Dalit
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amania A Sheikh
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yan Zhang
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia
| | - Daniel Thiele
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jessica Runting
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia
| | - Grace Rodrigues
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia
| | - Judy Ng
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michael Bramhall
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sebastian Scheer
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lauren Hailes
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Colby Zaph
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Australia.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tsymala
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Sadeghalvad M, Khijakadze D, Orangi M, Takei F. Flow cytometric analysis of innate lymphoid cells: challenges and solutions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198310. [PMID: 37809100 PMCID: PMC10559883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The three groups of helper innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), namely ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3, have been identified by flow cytometry by combinations of cell surface markers. Here, we review various ways ILCs are currently identified, focusing on potential problems and their solutions. The first step to identify all ILCs is to exclude other lymphocytes and myeloid cells by their lineage-specific markers (Lin). However, the Lin cocktail varies in various studies, and the definition of Lin- population containing ILCs is often ambiguous, resulting in contamination of Lin+ cells, particularly T cells. Method We have designed combinations of cell surface markers to identify ILC populations in various tissues of B6 mice by flow cytometry. To minimize T cell contamination, TCR/CD3ϵ antibodies were used separately from the Lin cocktail. ILCs identified by surface markers are confirmed by the expression of the transcription factors GATA3, RORγt, T-bet and Eomes. Result ILC1s in the B6 mouse liver are identified by Lin-NKp46+NK1.1+TCR/CD3ϵ-CD49a+CD49b-. However, defining ILC1s in other tissues remains a challenge. ILC2s in the lung are identified by Lin-TCR/CD3ϵ- Thy1+CD127+ST2+ whereas ILC2s in the small intestine and liver are identified by Lin-TCR/CD3ϵ-Thy1+GATA3+RORγt-. ILC3s in B6 mouse spleen, liver, lung and small intestine are identified by Lin-TCR/CD3ϵ- Thy1+CD127+RORγt+. Discussion The ILC population is heterogeneous and the strategies to identify ILCs have to be designed for each ILC population and tissue. Excluding T cells in all cases is crucial, and a combination of transcription factors GATA3, RORγt, T-bet, and Eomes should be used to identify ILCs. Using CD3ϵ/TCRs in a different fluorochrome not in Lin cocktail minimizes contamination of T cells specifically identify individual ILC populations in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadeghalvad
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Davit Khijakadze
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mona Orangi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Heieis GA, Patente TA, Almeida L, Vrieling F, Tak T, Perona-Wright G, Maizels RM, Stienstra R, Everts B. Metabolic heterogeneity of tissue-resident macrophages in homeostasis and during helminth infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5627. [PMID: 37699869 PMCID: PMC10497597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophage populations constitute a mosaic of phenotypes, yet how their metabolic states link to the range of phenotypes and functions in vivo is still poorly defined. Here, using high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry, we observe distinct metabolic profiles between different organs and functionally link acetyl CoA carboxylase activity to efferocytotic capacity. Additionally, differences in metabolism are evident within populations from a specific site, corresponding to relative stages of macrophage maturity. Immune perturbation with intestinal helminth infection increases alternative activation and metabolic rewiring of monocyte-derived macrophage populations, while resident TIM4+ intestinal macrophages remain immunologically and metabolically hyporesponsive. Similar metabolic signatures in alternatively-activated macrophages are seen from different tissues using additional helminth models, but to different magnitudes, indicating further tissue-specific contributions to metabolic states. Thus, our high-dimensional, flow-based metabolic analyses indicates complex metabolic heterogeneity and dynamics of tissue-resident macrophage populations at homeostasis and during helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Heieis
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Thiago A Patente
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luís Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Vrieling
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Tak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, G12 8TA, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, G12 8TA, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Rochman Y, Kotliar M, Ben-Baruch Morgenstern N, Barski A, Wen T, Rothenberg ME. TSLP shapes the pathogenic responses of memory CD4 + T cells in eosinophilic esophagitis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadg6360. [PMID: 37699081 PMCID: PMC10602003 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mediates type 2 immune responses, and treatments that interfere with TSLP activity are in clinical use for asthma. Here, we investigated whether TSLP contributes to allergic inflammation by directly stimulating human CD4+ T cells and whether this process is operational in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a disease linked to variants in TSLP. We showed that about 10% of esophageal-derived memory CD4+ T cells from individuals with EoE and less than 3% of cells from control individuals expressed the receptor for TSLP and directly responded to TSLP, as determined by measuring the phosphorylation of STAT5, a transcription factor activated downstream of TSLP stimulation. Accordingly, increased numbers of TSLP-responsive memory CD4+ T cells were present in the circulation of individuals with EoE. TSLP increased the proliferation of CD4+ T cells, enhanced type 2 cytokine production, induced the increased abundance of its own receptor, and modified the expression of 212 genes. The epigenetic response to TSLP was associated with an enrichment in BATF and IRF4 chromatin-binding sites, and these transcription factors were induced by TSLP, providing a feed-forward loop. The numbers of circulating and esophageal CD4+ T cells responsive to TSLP correlated with the numbers of esophageal eosinophils, supporting a potential functional role for TSLP in driving the pathogenesis of EoE and providing the basis for a blood-based diagnostic test based on the extent of TSLP-induced STAT5 phosphorylation in circulating CD4+ T cells. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic value of TSLP inhibitors for the treatment of EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrina Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Kotliar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Netali Ben-Baruch Morgenstern
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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14
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Kim DH, Wang Y, Jung H, Field RL, Zhang X, Liu TC, Ma C, Fraser JS, Brestoff JR, Van Dyken SJ. A type 2 immune circuit in the stomach controls mammalian adaptation to dietary chitin. Science 2023; 381:1092-1098. [PMID: 37676935 PMCID: PMC10865997 DOI: 10.1126/science.add5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber improves metabolic health, but host-encoded mechanisms for digesting fibrous polysaccharides are unclear. In this work, we describe a mammalian adaptation to dietary chitin that is coordinated by gastric innate immune activation and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). Chitin consumption causes gastric distension and cytokine production by stomach tuft cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in mice, which drives the expansion of AMCase-expressing zymogenic chief cells that facilitate chitin digestion. Although chitin influences gut microbial composition, ILC2-mediated tissue adaptation and gastrointestinal responses are preserved in germ-free mice. In the absence of AMCase, sustained chitin intake leads to heightened basal type 2 immunity, reduced adiposity, and resistance to obesity. These data define an endogenous metabolic circuit that enables nutrient extraction from an insoluble dietary constituent by enhancing digestive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haerin Jung
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachael L. Field
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Changqing Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Brestoff
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Zheng Y, Dang EV. Novel mechanistic insights underlying fungal allergic inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011623. [PMID: 37703276 PMCID: PMC10499257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders (allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy) has been steadily rising in recent decades. It is now estimated that up to 20% of the global population is afflicted by an allergic disease, with increasing incidence rates in both high- and low-income countries. The World Allergy Organization estimates that the total economic burden of asthma and allergic rhinitis alone is approximately $21 billion per year. While allergic stimuli are a complex and heterogenous class of inputs including parasites, pollens, food antigens, drugs, and metals, it has become clear that fungi are major drivers of allergic disease, with estimates that fungal sensitization occurs in 20-30% of atopic individuals and up to 80% of asthma patients. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be found throughout the world in high abundance in both indoor and outdoor environments. Understanding how and why fungi act as triggers of allergic type 2 inflammation will be crucial for combating this important health problem. In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of fungi-induced type 2 immunity, however there is still much we don't understand, including why fungi have a tendency to induce allergic reactions in the first place. Here, we will discuss how fungi trigger type 2 immune responses and posit why this response has been evolutionarily selected for induction during fungal encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zheng
- Molecular Mycology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric V. Dang
- Molecular Mycology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Wang X, Kong Y, Zheng B, Zhao X, Zhao M, Wang B, Liu C, Yan P. Tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in asthma. J Physiol 2023; 601:3995-4012. [PMID: 37488944 DOI: 10.1113/jp284686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease whose global incidence increases annually. The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is a crucial aspect of asthma research with respect to different endotypes of asthma. Based on its pathological and inflammatory features, asthma is divided into type 2 high and type 2 low endotypes. Type-2 high asthma is distinguished by the activation of type 2 immune cells, including T helper 2 (Th2) cells and ILC2s; the production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13; eosinophilic aggregation; and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Type-2 low asthma represents a variety of endotypes other than type 2 high endotype such as the IL-1β/ILC3/neutrophil endotype and a paucigranulocytic asthma, which may be insensitive to corticosteroid treatment and/or associated with obesity. The complexity of asthma is due to the involvement of multiple cell types, including tissue-resident ILCs and other innate immune cells including bronchial epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and eosinophils, which provide immediate defence against viruses, pathogens and allergens. On this basis, innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells combine to induce the pathological condition of asthma. In addition, the plasticity of ILCs increases the heterogeneity of asthma. This review focuses on the phenotypes of tissue-resident ILCs and their roles in the different endotypes of asthma, as well as the mechanisms of tissue-resident ILCs and other immune cells. Based on the phenotypes, roles and mechanisms of immune cells, the therapeutic strategies for asthma are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingqing Zheng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College, YanTai, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peizheng Yan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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17
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Roberts J, Chevalier A, Hawerkamp HC, Yeow A, Matarazzo L, Schwartz C, Hams E, Fallon PG. Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor α Is Required for Generation of Th2 Cells in Type 2 Pulmonary Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:626-632. [PMID: 37387671 PMCID: PMC10404816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is important in regulating several physiological functions, such as cellular development, circadian rhythm, metabolism, and immunity. In two in vivo animal models of type 2 lung inflammation, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection and house dust mite (HDM) sensitization, we show a role for Rora in Th2 cellular development during pulmonary inflammation. N. brasiliensis infection and HDM challenge induced an increase in frequency of Rora-expressing GATA3+CD4 T cells in the lung. Using staggerer mice, which have a ubiquitous deletion of functional RORα, we generated bone marrow chimera mice, and we observed a delayed worm expulsion and reduced frequency in the expansion of Th2 cells and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s) in the lungs after N. brasiliensis infection. ILC2-deficient mouse (Rorafl/flIl7raCre) also had delayed worm expulsion with associated reduced frequency of Th2 cells and ILC2s in the lungs after N. brasiliensis infection. To further define the role for Rora-expressing Th2 cells, we used a CD4-specific Rora-deficient mouse (Rorafl/flCD4Cre), with significantly reduced frequency of lung Th2 cells, but not ILC2, after N. brasiliensis infection and HDM challenge. Interestingly, despite the reduction in pulmonary Th2 cells in Rorafl/flCD4Cre mice, this did not impact the expulsion of N. brasiliensis after primary and secondary infection, or the generation of lung inflammation after HDM challenge. This study demonstrates a role for RORα in Th2 cellular development during pulmonary inflammation that could be relevant to the range of inflammatory diseases in which RORα is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Roberts
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Chevalier
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heike C. Hawerkamp
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Yeow
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Matarazzo
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Mikrobiologisches Institut–Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhao J, Ito T, Jin J, Aparicio AO, Zhou J, Guichard V, Fang Y, Que J, Urban JF, Hanna JH, Ghosh S, Wu X, Ding L, Basu U, Huang Y. m 6A RNA modification regulates innate lymphoid cell responses in a lineage-specific manner. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1256-1264. [PMID: 37400674 PMCID: PMC10797530 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) can quickly switch from a quiescent state to an active state and rapidly produce effector molecules that provide critical early immune protection. How the post-transcriptional machinery processes different stimuli and initiates robust gene expression in ILCs is poorly understood. Here, we show that deletion of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) writer protein METTL3 has little impact on ILC homeostasis or cytokine-induced ILC1 or ILC3 responses but significantly diminishes ILC2 proliferation, migration and effector cytokine production and results in impaired antihelminth immunity. m6A RNA modification supports an increase in cell size and transcriptional activity in activated ILC2s but not in ILC1s or ILC3s. Among other transcripts, the gene encoding the transcription factor GATA3 is highly m6A methylated in ILC2s. Targeted m6A demethylation destabilizes nascent Gata3 mRNA and abolishes the upregulation of GATA3 and ILC2 activation. Our study suggests a lineage-specific requirement of m6A for ILC2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wanwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingyao Zhao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takamasa Ito
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiacheng Jin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis O Aparicio
- Department of Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junsong Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Guichard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinshan Fang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, and Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuebing Wu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuefeng Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Kobayashi T, Iijima K, Matsumoto K, Lama JK, Kita H. Lung-resident CD69 +ST2 + T H2 cells mediate long-term type 2 memory to inhaled antigen in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:167-181.e6. [PMID: 36720287 PMCID: PMC10330297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic airway diseases such as asthma are characterized by persistent type 2 immunity in the airways. We know little about the mechanisms that explain why type 2 inflammation continues in these diseases. OBJECTIVE We used mouse models to investigate the mechanisms involved in long-lasting immune memory. METHODS Naive mice were exposed intranasally to ovalbumin (OVA) antigen with Alternaria extract as an adjuvant. Type 2 memory was analyzed by parabiosis model, flow cytometry with in vivo antibody labeling, and intranasal OVA recall challenge. Gene-deficient mice were used to analyze the mechanisms. RESULTS In the parabiosis model, mice previously exposed intranasally to OVA with Alternaria showed more robust antigen-specific immune responses and airway inflammation than mice with circulating OVA-specific T cells. After a single airway exposure to OVA with Alternaria, CD69+ST2+ TH2-type T cells, which highly express type 2 cytokine messenger RNA and lack CD62L expression, appeared in lung tissue within 5 days and persisted for at least 84 days. When exposed again to OVA in vivo, these cells produced type 2 cytokines quickly without involving circulating T cells. Development of tissue-resident CD69+ST2+ TH2 cells and long-term memory to an inhaled antigen were abrogated in mice deficient in ST2 or IL-33, but not TSLP receptor. CONCLUSION CD69+ST2+ TH2 memory cells develop quickly in lung tissue after initial allergen exposure and persist for a prolonged period. The ST2/IL-33 pathway may play a role in the development of immune memory in lung to certain allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kobayashi
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Koji Iijima
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Jyoti K Lama
- Immunology Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester and Scottsdale, Rochester, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, and Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz.
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20
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Hansakon A, Jeerawattanawart S, Angkasekwinai P. Differential and cooperative effects of IL-25 and IL-33 on T helper cells contribute to cryptococcal virulence and brain infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9895. [PMID: 37337050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-33 and IL-25 are important mediators in driving type-2 inflammation during C. neoformans infection. Nevertheless, the impact of these cytokines in regulating host T helper cell response during C. neoformans infection is still unclear. We observed that C. neoformans infection promoted a predominant increase of T helper cells that co-expressed IL-25 and IL-33 receptors within the lung during the late infection phase. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of effector T helper cells co-treated with IL-25 and IL-33 revealed a cooperative effect of these cytokines in promoting IL-13 gene expression. Without IL-25 receptor signaling, IL-33 treatment upregulated Th1-associated genes and genes associated with nucleotide metabolism. By contrast, IL-25 had a unique effect in enhancing type-2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-9 and chemokine CCL24, as well as genes in the pathways that are associated with L-arginine metabolisms. Interestingly, this pathogenic T helper cell population that expressed IL-25 and IL-33 receptors was greatly enriched in mice that were infected with high cryptococcal virulence and associated with fungal burdens in the brain. Therefore, our data further provide the additional function of IL-25 and IL-33 in potentiating cryptococcal brain dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithap Hansakon
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Siranart Jeerawattanawart
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
- Research Unit in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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21
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Theofani E, Tsitsopoulou A, Morianos I, Semitekolou M. Severe Asthmatic Responses: The Impact of TSLP. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087581. [PMID: 37108740 PMCID: PMC10142872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the lower respiratory system and includes several categories of patients with varying features or phenotypes. Patients with severe asthma (SA) represent a group of asthmatics that are poorly responsive to medium-to-high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and additional controllers, thus leading in some cases to life-threatening disease exacerbations. To elaborate on SA heterogeneity, the concept of asthma endotypes has been developed, with the latter being characterized as T2-high or low, depending on the type of inflammation implicated in disease pathogenesis. As SA patients exhibit curtailed responses to standard-of-care treatment, biologic therapies are prescribed as adjunctive treatments. To date, several biologics that target specific downstream effector molecules involved in disease pathophysiology have displayed superior efficacy only in patients with T2-high, eosinophilic inflammation, suggesting that upstream mediators of the inflammatory cascade could constitute an attractive therapeutic approach for difficult-to-treat asthma. One such appealing therapeutic target is thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial-derived cytokine with critical functions in allergic diseases, including asthma. Numerous studies in both humans and mice have provided major insights pertinent to the role of TSLP in the initiation and propagation of asthmatic responses. Undoubtedly, the magnitude of TSLP in asthma pathogenesis is highlighted by the fact that the FDA recently approved tezepelumab (Tezspire), a human monoclonal antibody that targets TSLP, for SA treatment. Nevertheless, further research focusing on the biology and mode of function of TSLP in SA will considerably advance disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Theofani
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tsitsopoulou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Morianos
- Host Defense and Fungal Pathogenesis Lab, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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22
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Kabat AM, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolism in type 2 immune responses. Immunity 2023; 56:723-741. [PMID: 37044062 PMCID: PMC10938369 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is tailored to the environment in which it takes place. Immune cells sense and adapt to changes in their surroundings, and it is now appreciated that in addition to cytokines made by stromal and epithelial cells, metabolic cues provide key adaptation signals. Changes in immune cell activation states are linked to changes in cellular metabolism that support function. Furthermore, metabolites themselves can signal between as well as within cells. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of how metabolic regulation relates to type 2 immunity firstly by considering specifics of metabolism within type 2 immune cells and secondly by stressing how type 2 immune cells are integrated more broadly into the metabolism of the organism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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23
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Kopp EB, Agaronyan K, Licona-Limón I, Nish SA, Medzhitov R. Modes of type 2 immune response initiation. Immunity 2023; 56:687-694. [PMID: 37044059 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity defends against macro-parasites and can cause allergic diseases. Our understanding of the mechanisms governing the initiation of type 2 immunity is limited, whereas we know more about type 1 immune responses. Type 2 immunity can be triggered by a wide array of inducers that do not share common features and via diverse pathways and mechanisms. To address the complexity of the type 2 initiation pathways, we suggest a framework that conceptualizes different modes of induction of type 2 immunity. We discuss categories of type 2 inducers and their immunogenicity, types of tissue perturbations that are caused by these inducers, sensing strategies for the initiation of Th2 immune responses, and categorization of the signals that are produced in response to type 2 challenges. We describe tissue-specific examples of functional disruption that could lead to type 2 inflammation and propose that different sensing strategies that operate at the tissue level converge on the initiation of type 2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kopp
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ileana Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Simone A Nish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. The ins and outs of innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:704-722. [PMID: 37044061 PMCID: PMC10120575 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is orchestrated by a canonical group of cytokines primarily produced by innate lymphoid cells, group 2, and their adaptive counterparts, CD4+ helper type 2 cells, and elaborated by myeloid cells and antibodies that accumulate in response. Here, we review the cytokine and cellular circuits that mediate type 2 immunity. Building from insights in cytokine evolution, we propose that innate type 2 immunity evolved to monitor the status of microbe-rich epithelial barriers (outside) and sterile parenchymal borders (inside) to meet the functional demands of local tissue, and, when necessary, to relay information to the adaptive immune system to reinforce demarcating borders to sustain these efforts. Allergic pathology likely results from deviations in local sustaining units caused by alterations imposed by environmental effects during postnatal developmental windows and exacerbated by mutations that increase vulnerabilities. This framework positions T2 immunity as central to sustaining tissue repair and regeneration and provides a context toward understanding allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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25
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Tackling the cytokine storm using advanced drug delivery in allergic airway disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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26
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Gurram RK, Wei D, Yu Q, Butcher MJ, Chen X, Cui K, Hu G, Zheng M, Zhu X, Oh J, Sun B, Urban JF, Zhao K, Leonard WJ, Zhu J. Crosstalk between ILC2s and Th2 cells varies among mouse models. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112073. [PMID: 36735533 PMCID: PMC10394112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 T helper (Th2) cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) provide protection against helminth infection and are involved in allergic responses. However, their relative importance and crosstalk during type 2 immune responses are still controversial. By generating and utilizing mouse strains that are deficient in either ILC2s or Th2 cells, we report that interleukin (IL)-33-mediated ILC2 activation promotes the Th2 cell response to papain; however, the Th2 cell response to ovalbumin (OVA)/alum immunization is thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) dependent but independent of ILC2s. During helminth infection, ILC2s and Th2 cells collaborate at different phases of the immune responses. Th2 cells, mainly through IL-4 production, induce the expression of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, among which IL-25 and IL-33 redundantly promote ILC2 expansion. Thus, while Th2 cell differentiation can occur independently of ILC2s, activation of ILC2s may promote Th2 responses, and Th2 cells can expand ILC2s by inducing type 2 alarmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K Gurram
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Danping Wei
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiao Yu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Gerontology and Respirology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Matthew J Butcher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jangsuk Oh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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27
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McDaniel MM, Lara HI, von Moltke J. Initiation of type 2 immunity at barrier surfaces. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:86-97. [PMID: 36642383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although seemingly unrelated, parasitic worms, venoms, and allergens all induce a type 2 immune response. The effector functions and clinical features of type 2 immunity are well-defined, but fundamental questions about the initiation of type 2 immunity remain unresolved. How are these enormously diverse type 2 stimuli first detected? How are type 2 helper T cells primed and regulated? And how do mechanisms of type 2 initiation vary across tissues? Here, we review the common themes governing type 2 immune sensing and explore aspects of T cell priming and effector reactivation that make type 2 helper T cells a unique T helper lineage. Throughout the review, we emphasize the importance of non-hematopoietic cells and highlight how the unique anatomy and physiology of each barrier tissue shape mechanisms of type 2 immune initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McDaniel
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
| | - Heber I Lara
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
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28
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Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts on multiple cell lineages, including dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils and innate lymphoid cells, affecting their maturation, survival and recruitment. It is best known for its role in promoting type 2 immune responses such as in allergic diseases and, in 2021, a monoclonal antibody targeting TSLP was approved for the treatment of severe asthma. However, it is now clear that TSLP has many other important roles in a variety of settings. Indeed, several genetic variants for TSLP are linked to disease severity, and chromosomal alterations in TSLP are common in certain cancers, indicating important roles of TSLP in disease. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in TSLP biology, highlighting how it regulates the tissue environment not only in allergic disease but also in infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Encouragingly, therapies targeting the TSLP pathway are being actively pursued for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Ebina-Shibuya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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29
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Immune Metabolism in TH2 Responses: New Opportunities to Improve Allergy Treatment - Cell Type-Specific Findings (Part 2). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:41-52. [PMID: 36520269 PMCID: PMC9832094 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last years, we have learned that the metabolic phenotype of immune cells is closely connected to the cell's effector function. Understanding these changes will allow us to better understand allergic disease pathology and improve allergy treatment by modulating immune metabolic pathways. As part two of a two-article series, this review reports on the recent studies investigating the metabolism of the cell types involved in allergies and discusses the initial application of these discoveries in allergy treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The cell types involved in allergic reactions display pronounced and highly specific metabolic changes (here discussed for epithelial cells, APCs, ILC2s, mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cells). Currently, the first drugs targeting metabolic pathways are tested for their potential to improve allergy treatment. Immune-metabolic changes observed in allergy so far are complex and depend on the investigated disease and cell type. However, our increased understanding of the underlying principles has pointed to several promising target molecules that are now being investigated to improve allergy treatment.
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30
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Kang L, Wang S, Wang D, Wang J, Zheng R, Jiang X, Liu B. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells mediate the activation of CD4+ T cells and aggravate Th1/Th2 imbalance via MHC II molecules during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Varela F, Symowski C, Pollock J, Wirtz S, Voehringer D. IL-4/IL-13-producing ILC2s are required for timely control of intestinal helminth infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1925-1933. [PMID: 36116042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) serves as a model for human hookworm infection affecting about 600 million people world-wide. Expulsion of Nb from the intestine requires IL-13-mediated mucus secretion from goblet cells and activation of smooth muscles cells. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a major cellular source of IL-13 but it remains unclear whether IL-13 secretion from ILC2s is required for Nb expulsion. Here, we compared the immune response to Nb infection in mixed bone marrow chimeras with wild-type or IL-4/IL-13-deficient ILC2s. ILC2-derived IL-4/IL-13 was required for recruitment of eosinophils to the lung but had no influence of systemic eosinophil levels. In the small intestine, goblet cell hyperplasia and tuft cell accumulation was largely dependent on IL-4/IL-13 secretion from ILC2s. This further translated to higher eggs counts and impaired worm expulsion in mice with IL-4/IL-13-deficient ILC2s. Overall, we demonstrate that ILC2s constitute a non-redundant source of IL-4/IL-13 required for protective immunity against primary Nb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Varela
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Cornelia Symowski
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Jonathan Pollock
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
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32
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Yin Z, Zhou Y, Turnquist HR, Liu Q. Neuro-epithelial-ILC2 crosstalk in barrier tissues. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:901-916. [PMID: 36253275 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to the maintenance of mammalian barrier tissue homeostasis. We review how ILC2s integrate epithelial signals and neurogenic components to preserve the tissue microenvironment and modulate inflammation. The epithelium that overlies barrier tissues, including the skin, lungs, and gut, generates epithelial cytokines that elicit ILC2 activation. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory, and enteric fibers release neural signals to modulate ILC2 functions. We also highlight recent findings suggesting neuro-epithelial-ILC2 crosstalk and its implications in immunity, inflammation and resolution, tissue repair, and restoring homeostasis. We further discuss the pathogenic effects of disturbed ILC2-centered neuro-epithelial-immune cell interactions and putative areas for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Yawen Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China.
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33
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Kabat AM, Hackl A, Sanin DE, Zeis P, Grzes KM, Baixauli F, Kyle R, Caputa G, Edwards-Hicks J, Villa M, Rana N, Curtis JD, Castoldi A, Cupovic J, Dreesen L, Sibilia M, Pospisilik JA, Urban JF, Grün D, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Resident T H2 cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling at a site adjacent to infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eadd3263. [PMID: 36240286 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is associated with adipose tissue (AT) homeostasis and infection with parasitic helminths, but whether AT participates in immunity to these parasites is unknown. We found that the fat content of mesenteric AT (mAT) declined in mice during infection with a gut-restricted helminth. This was associated with the accumulation of metabolically activated, interleukin-33 (IL-33), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing stromal cells. These cells shared transcriptional features, including the expression of Dpp4 and Pi16, with multipotent progenitor cells (MPC) that have been identified in numerous tissues and are reported to be capable of differentiating into fibroblasts and adipocytes. Concomitantly, mAT became infiltrated with resident T helper 2 (TH2) cells that responded to TSLP and IL-33 by producing stromal cell-stimulating cytokines, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and amphiregulin. These TH2 cells expressed genes previously associated with type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), including Nmur1, Calca, Klrg1, and Arg1, and persisted in mAT for at least 11 months after anthelmintic drug-mediated clearance of infection. We found that MPC and TH2 cells localized to ECM-rich interstitial spaces that appeared shared between mesenteric lymph node, mAT, and intestine. Stromal cell expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the receptor for amphiregulin, was required for immunity to infection. Our findings point to the importance of MPC and TH2 cell interactions within the interstitium in orchestrating AT remodeling and immunity to an intestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alexandra Hackl
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - David E Sanin
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patrice Zeis
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grzes
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - George Caputa
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Matteo Villa
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Nisha Rana
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Curtis
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Leentje Dreesen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, and Belstville Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Dominic Grün
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg 97078, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany.,Bloomberg Kimmel Institute and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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34
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Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Kotas ME, O'Leary CE, Singh K, Damsky W, Liao C, Arouge E, Tenvooren I, Marquez DM, Schroeder AW, Cohen JN, Fassett MS, Lee J, Daniel SG, Bittinger K, Díaz RE, Fraser JS, Ali N, Ansel KM, Spitzer MH, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Innate type 2 immunity controls hair follicle commensalism by Demodex mites. Immunity 2022; 55:1891-1908.e12. [PMID: 36044899 PMCID: PMC9561030 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Demodex mites are commensal parasites of hair follicles (HFs). Normally asymptomatic, inflammatory outgrowth of mites can accompany malnutrition, immune dysfunction, and aging, but mechanisms restricting Demodex outgrowth are not defined. Here, we show that control of mite HF colonization in mice required group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and its receptor, IL-4Ra-IL-13Ra1. HF-associated ILC2s elaborated IL-13 that attenuated HFs and epithelial proliferation at anagen onset; in their absence, Demodex colonization led to increased epithelial proliferation and replacement of gene programs for repair by aberrant inflammation, leading to the loss of barrier function and HF exhaustion. Humans with rhinophymatous acne rosacea, an inflammatory condition associated with Demodex, had increased HF inflammation with decreased type 2 cytokines, consistent with the inverse relationship seen in mice. Our studies uncover a key role for skin ILC2s and IL-13, which comprise an immune checkpoint that sustains cutaneous integrity and restricts pathologic infestation by colonizing HF mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Maya E Kotas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chang Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Arouge
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iliana Tenvooren
- Department of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diana M Marquez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marlys S Fassett
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott G Daniel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Efraín Díaz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Niwa Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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35
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Luo W, Hu J, Xu W, Dong J. Distinct spatial and temporal roles for Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974066. [PMID: 36032162 PMCID: PMC9411752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the asthmatic respiratory tract is mainly driven by CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, represented by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, especially Th2 cells. Asthma is a heterogeneous and progressive disease, reflected by distinct phenotypes orchestrated by τh2 or non-Th2 (Th1 and Th17) immune responses at different stages of the disease course. Heterogeneous cytokine expression within the same Th effector state in response to changing conditions in vivo and interlineage relationship among CD4+ T cells shape the complex immune networks of the inflammatory airway, making it difficult to find one panacea for all asthmatics. Here, we review the role of three T helper subsets in the pathogenesis of asthma from different stages, highlighting timing is everything in the immune system. We also discuss the dynamic topography of Th subsets and pathogenetic memory Th cells in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Luo
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jindong Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jingcheng Dong, ; Weifang Xu,
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jingcheng Dong, ; Weifang Xu,
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36
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Kokubo K, Onodera A, Kiuchi M, Tsuji K, Hirahara K, Nakayama T. Conventional and pathogenic Th2 cells in inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945063. [PMID: 36016937 PMCID: PMC9395650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, play an important role in the host defense against pathogens and allergens by producing Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, to trigger inflammatory responses. Emerging evidence reveals that Th2 cells also contribute to the repair of injured tissues after inflammatory reactions. However, when the tissue repair process becomes chronic, excessive, or uncontrolled, pathological fibrosis is induced, leading to organ failure and death. Thus, proper control of Th2 cells is needed for complete tissue repair without the induction of fibrosis. Recently, the existence of pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells has been revealed. Tpath2 cells produce large amounts of Th2 cytokines and induce type 2 inflammation when activated by antigen exposure or tissue injury. In recent studies, Tpath2 cells are suggested to play a central role in the induction of type 2 inflammation whereas the role of Tpath2 cells in tissue repair and fibrosis has been less reported in comparison to conventional Th2 cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of conventional Th2 cells and pathogenic Th2 cells in the sequence of tissue inflammation, repair, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kokubo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsuji
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kiyoshi Hirahara, ; Toshinori Nakayama,
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kiyoshi Hirahara, ; Toshinori Nakayama,
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37
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Huang Z, Chu M, Chen X, Wang Z, Jiang L, Ma Y, Wang Y. Th2A cells: The pathogenic players in allergic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:916778. [PMID: 36003397 PMCID: PMC9393262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.916778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proallergic type 2 helper T (Th2A) cells are a subset of memory Th2 cells confined to atopic individuals, and they include all the allergen-specific Th2 cells. Recently, many studies have shown that Th2A cells characterized by CD3+ CD4+ HPGDS+ CRTH2+ CD161high ST2high CD49dhigh CD27low play a crucial role in allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). In this review, we summarize the discovery, biomarkers, and biological properties of Th2A cells to gain new insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chu, ; Yuedan Wang,
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yinchao Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chu, ; Yuedan Wang,
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38
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Rahimi RA, Sokol CL. Functional Recognition Theory and Type 2 Immunity: Insights and Uncertainties. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:569-580. [PMID: 35926975 PMCID: PMC9897289 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity plays an important role in host defense against helminths and toxins while driving allergic diseases. Despite progress in understanding the biology of type 2 immunity, the fundamental mechanisms regulating the type 2 immune module remain unclear. In contrast with structural recognition used by pattern recognition receptors, type 2 immunogens are sensed through their functional properties. Functional recognition theory has arisen as the paradigm for the initiation of type 2 immunity. However, the vast array of structurally unrelated type 2 immunogens makes it challenging to advance our understanding of type 2 immunity. In this article, we review functional recognition theory and organize type 2 immunogens into distinct classes based on how they fit into the concept of functional recognition. Lastly, we discuss areas of uncertainty in functional recognition theory with the goal of providing a framework to further define the logic of type 2 immunity in host protection and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Rahimi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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39
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Furlong-Silva J, Cook PC. Fungal-mediated lung allergic airway disease: The critical role of macrophages and dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010608. [PMID: 35834490 PMCID: PMC9282651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are abundant in the environment, causing our lungs to be constantly exposed to a diverse range of species. While the majority of these are cleared effectively in healthy individuals, constant exposure to spores (especially Aspergillus spp.) can lead to the development of allergic inflammation that underpins and worsen diseases such as asthma. Despite this, the precise mechanisms that underpin the development of fungal allergic disease are poorly understood. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages (MΦs) and dendritic cells (DCs), have been shown to be critical for mediating allergic inflammation to a range of different allergens. This review will focus on the crucial role of MΦ and DCs in mediating antifungal immunity, evaluating how these immune cells mediate allergic inflammation within the context of the lung environment. Ultimately, we aim to highlight important future research questions that will lead to novel therapeutic strategies for fungal allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Furlong-Silva
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Charles Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Han M, Ma J, Ouyang S, Wang Y, Zheng T, Lu P, Zheng Z, Zhao W, Li H, Wu Y, Zhang B, Hu R, Otsu K, Liu X, Wan Y, Li H, Huang G. The kinase p38α functions in dendritic cells to regulate Th2-cell differentiation and allergic inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:805-819. [PMID: 35551270 PMCID: PMC9243149 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in controlling T helper 2 (Th2) cell-dependent diseases, but the signaling mechanism that triggers this function is not fully understood. We showed that p38α activity in DCs was decreased upon HDM stimulation and dynamically regulated by both extrinsic signals and Th2-instructive cytokines. p38α-specific deletion in cDC1s but not in cDC2s or macrophages promoted Th2 responses under HDM stimulation. Further study showed that p38α in cDC1s regulated Th2-cell differentiation by modulating the MK2−c-FOS−IL-12 axis. Importantly, crosstalk between p38α-dependent DCs and Th2 cells occurred during the sensitization phase, not the effector phase, and was conserved between mice and humans. Our results identify p38α signaling as a central pathway in DCs that integrates allergic and parasitic instructive signals with Th2-instructive cytokines from the microenvironment to regulate Th2-cell differentiation and function, and this finding may offer a novel strategy for the treatment of allergic diseases and parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Han
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Suidong Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Peishan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Zihan Zheng
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiheng Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.,Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200437, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.,Basic Department of Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, SE59NU, UK
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Huabin Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gonghua Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, 523808, Dongguan, China.
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41
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Webster HC, Gamino V, Andrusaite AT, Ridgewell OJ, McCowan J, Shergold AL, Heieis GA, Milling SWF, Maizels RM, Perona-Wright G. Tissue-based IL-10 signalling in helminth infection limits IFNγ expression and promotes the intestinal Th2 response. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1257-1269. [PMID: 35428872 PMCID: PMC9705258 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is activated in response to both allergens and helminth infection. It can be detrimental or beneficial, and there is a pressing need to better understand its regulation. The immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is known as a T helper 2 (Th2) effector molecule, but it is currently unclear whether IL-10 dampens or promotes Th2 differentiation during infection. Here we show that helminth infection in mice elicits IL-10 expression in both the intestinal lamina propria and the draining mesenteric lymph node, with higher expression in the infected tissue. In vitro, exogenous IL-10 enhanced Th2 differentiation in isolated CD4+ T cells, increasing expression of GATA3 and production of IL-5 and IL-13. The ability of IL-10 to amplify the Th2 response coincided with its suppression of IFNγ expression and in vivo we found that, in intestinal helminth infection, IL-10 receptor expression was higher on Th1 cells in the small intestine than on Th2 cells in the same tissue, or on any Th cell in the draining lymph node. In vivo blockade of IL-10 signalling during helminth infection resulted in an expansion of IFNγ+ and Tbet+ Th1 cells in the small intestine and a coincident decrease in IL-13, IL-5 and GATA3 expression by intestinal T cells. These changes in Th2 cytokines correlated with reduced expression of type 2 effector molecules, such as RELMα, and increased parasite egg production. Together our data indicate that IL-10 signalling promotes Th2 differentiation during helminth infection at least in part by regulating competing Th1 cells in the infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Webster
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Virginia Gamino
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna T Andrusaite
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Olivia J Ridgewell
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jack McCowan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy L Shergold
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graham A Heieis
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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42
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Finding a Niche: Tissue Immunity and Innate Lymphoid Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:57-73. [PMID: 35567741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis in mammalian tissues that extend beyond pathogen clearance and host defense. Recently, several homeostatic circuits comprised of paired hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells have been described to influence tissue composition and turnover in development and after perturbation. Crucial circuit components include innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which seed developing organs and shape their resident tissues by influencing progenitor fate decisions, microbial interactions, and neuronal activity. As they develop in tissues, ILCs undergo transcriptional imprinting that encodes receptivity to corresponding signals derived from their resident tissues but ILCs can also shift their transcriptional profiles to adapt to specific types of tissue perturbation. Thus, ILC functions are embedded within their resident tissues, where they constitute key regulators of homeostatic responses that can lead to both beneficial and pathogenic outcomes. Here, we examine the interactions between ILCs and various non-hematopoietic tissue cells, and discuss how specific ILC-tissue cell circuits form essential elements of tissue immunity.
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Agaronyan K, Sharma L, Vaidyanathan B, Glenn K, Yu S, Annicelli C, Wiggen TD, Penningroth MR, Hunter RC, Dela Cruz CS, Medzhitov R. Tissue remodeling by an opportunistic pathogen triggers allergic inflammation. Immunity 2022; 55:895-911.e10. [PMID: 35483356 PMCID: PMC9123649 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different effector arms of the immune system are optimized to protect from different classes of pathogens. In some cases, pathogens manipulate the host immune system to promote the wrong type of effector response-a phenomenon known as immune deviation. Typically, immune deviation helps pathogens to avoid destructive immune responses. Here, we report on a type of immune deviation whereby an opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), induces the type 2 immune response resulting in mucin production that is used as an energy source by the pathogen. Specifically, P. aeruginosa-secreted toxin, LasB, processed and activated epithelial amphiregulin to induce type 2 inflammation and mucin production. This "niche remodeling" by P. aeruginosa promoted colonization and, as a by-product, allergic sensitization. Our study thus reveals a type of bacterial immune deviation by increasing nutrient supply. It also uncovers a mechanism of allergic sensitization by a bacterial virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Agaronyan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bharat Vaidyanathan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Keith Glenn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Charles Annicelli
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Talia D Wiggen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mitchell R Penningroth
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryan C Hunter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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44
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Hurrell BP, Helou DG, Shafiei-Jahani P, Howard E, Painter JD, Quach C, Akbari O. Cannabinoid receptor 2 engagement promotes group 2 innate lymphoid cell expansion and enhances airway hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1628-1642.e10. [PMID: 34673048 PMCID: PMC9013728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids modulate the activation of immune cells and physiologic processes in the lungs. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are central players in type 2 asthma, but how cannabinoids modulate ILC2 activation remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on ILC2s and their role in asthma. METHODS A combination of cannabinoid receptor (CB)2 knockout (KO) mice, CB2 antagonist and agonist were used in the mouse models of IL-33, IL-25, and Alternaria alternata ILC2-dependent airway inflammation. RNA sequencing was performed to assess transcriptomic changes in ILC2s, and humanized mice were used to assess the role of CB2 signaling in human ILC2s. RESULTS We provide evidence that CB2 signaling in ILC2s is important for the development of ILC2-driven airway inflammation in both mice and human. We showed that both naive and activated murine pulmonary ILC2s express CB2. CB2 signaling did not affect ILC2 homeostasis at steady state, but strikingly it stimulated ILC2 proliferation and function upon activation. As a result, ILC2s lacking CB2 induced lower lung inflammation, as we made similar observations using a CB2 antagonist. Conversely, CB2 agonism remarkably exacerbated ILC2-driven airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. Mechanistically, transcriptomic and protein analysis revealed that CB2 signaling induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in ILC2s. Human ILC2s expressed CB2, as CB2 antagonism and agonism showed opposing effects on ILC2 effector function and development of airway hyperreactivity in humanized mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results define CB2 signaling in ILC2s as an important modulator of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Doumet Georges Helou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Christine Quach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
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45
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Role of Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Allergic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091387. [PMID: 35563693 PMCID: PMC9105716 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides the first line of defense to the surrounding environment. However, dysfunctions of this physical barrier are frequently observed in allergic diseases, which are tightly connected with pro- or anti-inflammatory processes. When the epithelial cells are confronted with allergens or pathogens, specific response mechanisms are set in motion, which in homeostasis, lead to the elimination of the invaders and leave permanent traces on the respiratory epithelium. However, allergens can also cause damage in the sensitized organism, which can be ascribed to the excessive immune reactions. The tight interaction of epithelial cells of the upper and lower airways with local and systemic immune cells can leave an imprint that may mirror the pathophysiology. The interaction with effector T cells, along with the macrophages, play an important role in this response, as reflected in the gene expression profiles (transcriptomes) of the epithelial cells, as well as in the secretory pattern (secretomes). Further, the storage of information from past exposures as memories within discrete cell types may allow a tissue to inform and fundamentally alter its future responses. Recently, several lines of evidence have highlighted the contributions from myeloid cells, lymphoid cells, stromal cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells to the emerging concepts of inflammatory memory and trained immunity.
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46
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Patil P, Russo KA, McCune JT, Pollins AC, Cottam MA, Dollinger BR, DeJulius CR, Gupta MK, D'Arcy R, Colazo JM, Yu F, Bezold MG, Martin JR, Cardwell NL, Davidson JM, Thompson CM, Barbul A, Hasty AH, Guelcher SA, Duvall CL. Reactive oxygen species-degradable polythioketal urethane foam dressings to promote porcine skin wound repair. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm6586. [PMID: 35442705 PMCID: PMC10165619 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm6586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Porous, resorbable biomaterials can serve as temporary scaffolds that support cell infiltration, tissue formation, and remodeling of nonhealing skin wounds. Synthetic biomaterials are less expensive to manufacture than biologic dressings and can achieve a broader range of physiochemical properties, but opportunities remain to tailor these materials for ideal host immune and regenerative responses. Polyesters are a well-established class of synthetic biomaterials; however, acidic degradation products released by their hydrolysis can cause poorly controlled autocatalytic degradation. Here, we systemically explored reactive oxygen species (ROS)-degradable polythioketal (PTK) urethane (UR) foams with varied hydrophilicity for skin wound healing. The most hydrophilic PTK-UR variant, with seven ethylene glycol (EG7) repeats flanking each side of a thioketal bond, exhibited the highest ROS reactivity and promoted optimal tissue infiltration, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and reepithelialization in porcine skin wounds. EG7 induced lower foreign body response, greater recruitment of regenerative immune cell populations, and resolution of type 1 inflammation compared to more hydrophobic PTK-UR scaffolds. Porcine wounds treated with EG7 PTK-UR foams had greater ECM production, vascularization, and resolution of proinflammatory immune cells compared to polyester UR foam-based NovoSorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM)-treated wounds and greater early vascular perfusion and similar wound resurfacing relative to clinical gold standard Integra Bilayer Wound Matrix (BWM). In a porcine ischemic flap excisional wound model, EG7 PTK-UR treatment led to higher wound healing scores driven by lower inflammation and higher reepithelialization compared to NovoSorb BTM. PTK-UR foams warrant further investigation as synthetic biomaterials for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Katherine A Russo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Joshua T McCune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alonda C Pollins
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan R Dollinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Carlisle R DeJulius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mukesh K Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Richard D'Arcy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Juan M Colazo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mariah G Bezold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John R Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nancy L Cardwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Callie M Thompson
- Vanderbilt Burn Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Adrian Barbul
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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47
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Sharma A, Noon JB, Kontodimas K, Garo LP, Platten J, Quinton LJ, Urban JF, Reinhardt C, Bosmann M. IL-27 Enhances γδ T Cell–Mediated Innate Resistance to Primary Hookworm Infection in the Lungs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:2008-2018. [PMID: 35354611 PMCID: PMC9012701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 is a heterodimeric IL-12 family cytokine formed by noncovalent association of the promiscuous EBI3 subunit and selective p28 subunit. IL-27 is produced by mononuclear phagocytes and unfolds pleiotropic immune-modulatory functions through ligation to IL-27 receptor α (IL-27RA). Although IL-27 is known to contribute to immunity and to limit inflammation after various infections, its relevance for host defense against multicellular parasites is still poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of IL-27 during infection with the soil-transmitted hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, in its early host intrapulmonary life cycle. IL-27(p28) was detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of C57BL/6J wild-type mice on day 1 after s.c. inoculation. IL-27RA expression was most abundant on lung-invading γδ T cells. Il27ra-/- mice showed increased lung parasite burden together with aggravated pulmonary hemorrhage and higher alveolar total protein leakage as a surrogate for epithelial-vascular barrier disruption. Conversely, injections of recombinant mouse (rm)IL-27 into wild-type mice reduced lung injury and parasite burden. In multiplex screens, higher airway accumulations of IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-3 (CCL7) were observed in Il27ra-/- mice, whereas rmIL-27 treatment showed a reciprocal effect. Importantly, γδ T cell numbers in airways were enhanced by endogenous or administered IL-27. Further analysis revealed a direct antihelminthic function of IL-27 on γδ T cells as adoptive intratracheal transfer of rmIL-27-treated γδ T cells during primary N. brasiliensis lung infection conferred protection in mice. In summary, this report demonstrates protective functions of IL-27 to control the early lung larval stage of hookworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sharma
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jason B Noon
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Konstantinos Kontodimas
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucien P Garo
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johannes Platten
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory and Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD; and
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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48
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Ham J, Shin JW, Ko BC, Kim HY. Targeting the Epithelium-Derived Innate Cytokines: From Bench to Bedside. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e11. [PMID: 35291657 PMCID: PMC8901708 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When epithelial cells are exposed to potentially threatening external stimuli such as allergens, bacteria, viruses, and helminths, they instantly produce "alarmin" cytokines, namely, IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP. These alarmins alert the immune system about these threats, thereby mobilizing host immune defense mechanisms. Specifically, the alarmins strongly stimulate type-2 immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, type-2 helper T cells, and type-2 innate lymphoid cells. Given that the alarm-raising role of IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP was first detected in allergic and infectious diseases, most studies on alarmins focus on their role in these diseases. However, recent studies suggest that alarmins also have a broad range of effector functions in other pathological conditions, including psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Therefore, this review provides an update on the epithelium-derived cytokines in both allergic and non-allergic diseases. We also review the progress of clinical trials on biological agents that target the alarmins and discuss the therapeutic potential of these agents in non-allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Ham
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Shin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Byeong Cheol Ko
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
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49
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Cautivo KM, Matatia PR, Lizama CO, Mroz NM, Dahlgren MW, Yu X, Sbierski-Kind J, Taruselli MT, Brooks JF, Wade-Vallance A, Caryotakis SE, Chang AA, Liang HE, Zikherman J, Locksley RM, Molofsky AB. Interferon gamma constrains type 2 lymphocyte niche boundaries during mixed inflammation. Immunity 2022; 55:254-271.e7. [PMID: 35139352 PMCID: PMC8852844 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic immunity is orchestrated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T (Th2) cells prominently arrayed at epithelial- and microbial-rich barriers. However, ILC2s and Th2 cells are also present in fibroblast-rich niches within the adventitial layer of larger vessels and similar boundary structures in sterile deep tissues, and it remains unclear whether they undergo dynamic repositioning during immune perturbations. Here, we used thick-section quantitative imaging to show that allergic inflammation drives invasion of lung and liver non-adventitial parenchyma by ILC2s and Th2 cells. However, during concurrent type 1 and type 2 mixed inflammation, IFNγ from broadly distributed type 1 lymphocytes directly blocked both ILC2 parenchymal trafficking and subsequent cell survival. ILC2 and Th2 cell confinement to adventitia limited mortality by the type 1 pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Our results suggest that the topography of tissue lymphocyte subsets is tightly regulated to promote appropriately timed and balanced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Cautivo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peri R Matatia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mroz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sbierski-Kind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcela T Taruselli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Wade-Vallance
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sofia E Caryotakis
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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50
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Virtanen T. Inhalant Mammal-Derived Lipocalin Allergens and the Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:824736. [PMID: 35387007 PMCID: PMC8974866 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.824736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A major part of important mammalian respiratory allergens belongs to the lipocalin family of proteins. By this time, 19 respiratory mammalian lipocalin allergens have been registered in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database. Originally, lipocalins, small extracellular proteins (molecular mass ca. 20 kDa), were characterized as transport proteins but they are currently known to exert a variety of biological functions. The three-dimensional structure of lipocalins is well-preserved, and lipocalin allergens can exhibit high amino acid identities, in several cases more than 50%. Lipocalins contain an internal ligand-binding site where they can harbor small principally hydrophobic molecules. Another characteristic feature is their capacity to bind to specific cell-surface receptors. In all, the physicochemical properties of lipocalin allergens do not offer any straightforward explanations for their allergenicity. Allergic sensitization begins at epithelial barriers where diverse insults through pattern recognition receptors awaken innate immunity. This front-line response is manifested by epithelial barrier-associated cytokines which together with other components of immunity can initiate the sensitization process. In the following, the crucial factor in allergic sensitization is interleukin (IL)-4 which is needed for stabilizing and promoting the type 2 immune response. The source for IL-4 has been searched widely. Candidates for it may be non-professional antigen-presenting cells, such as basophils or mast cells, as well as CD4+ T cells. The synthesis of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells requires T cell receptor engagement, i.e., the recognition of allergen peptides, which also provides the specificity for sensitization. Lipocalin and innate immunity-associated cell-surface receptors are implicated in facilitating the access of lipocalin allergens into the immune system. However, the significance of this for allergic sensitization is unclear, as the recognition by these receptors has been found to produce conflicting results. As to potential adjuvants associated with mammalian lipocalin allergens, the hydrophobic ligands transported by lipocalins have not been reported to enhance sensitization while it is justified to suppose that lipopolysaccharide plays a role in it. Taken together, type 2 immunity to lipocalin allergens appears to be a harmful immune response resulting from a combination of signals involving both the innate and adaptive immunities.
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