1
|
Marques E, Kramer R, Ryan DG. Multifaceted mitochondria in innate immunity. NPJ METABOLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 2:6. [PMID: 38812744 PMCID: PMC11129950 DOI: 10.1038/s44324-024-00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The ability of mitochondria to transform the energy we obtain from food into cell phosphorylation potential has long been appreciated. However, recent decades have seen an evolution in our understanding of mitochondria, highlighting their significance as key signal-transducing organelles with essential roles in immunity that extend beyond their bioenergetic function. Importantly, mitochondria retain bacterial motifs as a remnant of their endosymbiotic origin that are recognised by innate immune cells to trigger inflammation and participate in anti-microbial defence. This review aims to explore how mitochondrial physiology, spanning from oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to signalling of mitochondrial nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids, influences the effector functions of phagocytes. These myriad effector functions include macrophage polarisation, efferocytosis, anti-bactericidal activity, antigen presentation, immune signalling, and cytokine regulation. Strict regulation of these processes is critical for organismal homeostasis that when disrupted may cause injury or contribute to disease. Thus, the expanding body of literature, which continues to highlight the central role of mitochondria in the innate immune system, may provide insights for the development of the next generation of therapies for inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Marques
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robbin Kramer
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dylan G. Ryan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu X, Li H. Global trends in research on aging associated with periodontitis from 2002 to 2023: a bibliometric analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1374027. [PMID: 38800469 PMCID: PMC11116588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1374027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has been implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by long-term irritation of the periodontal tissues by the plaque biofilm on the surface of the teeth. However, only a few bibliometric analyses have systematically studied this field to date. This work sought to visualize research hot spots and trends in aging associated with periodontitis from 2002 to 2023 through bibliometric approaches. Methods Graphpad prism v8.0.2 was used to analyse and plot annual papers, national publication trends and national publication heat maps. In addition, CtieSpace (6.1.6R (64-bit) Advanced Edition) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) were used to analyse these data and visualize the scientific knowledge graph. Results The number of documents related to aging associated with periodontitis has steadily increased over 21 years. With six of the top ten institutions in terms of publications coming from the US, the US is a major driver of research in this area. journal of periodontology is the most published journal in the field. Tonetti MS is the most prolific authors and co-cited authors in the field. Journal of Periodontology and Journal of Clinical Periodontology are the most popular journals in the field with the largest literature. Periodontitis, Alzheimer's disease, and peri-implantitis are current hot topics and trends in the field. Inflammation, biomarkers, oxidative stress cytokines are current research hotspots in this field. Conclusion Our research found that global publications regarding research on aging associated with periodontitis increased dramatically and were expected to continue increasing. Inflammation and aging, and the relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases, are topics worthy of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Li Z, Peng Q, Liu C, Wu Y, Wen Y, Zheng R, Xu C, Tian J, Zheng X, Yan Q, Wang J, Ma J. Epstein-Barr virus suppresses N 6-methyladenosine modification of TLR9 to promote immune evasion. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107226. [PMID: 38537697 PMCID: PMC11061751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus associated with a variety of malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric cancers, and B-cell lymphomas. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications modulate a wide range of cellular processes and participate in the regulation of virus-host cell interactions. Here, we discovered that EBV infection downregulates toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) m6A modification levels and thus inhibits TLR9 expression. TLR9 has multiple m6A modification sites. Knockdown of METTL3, an m6A "writer", decreases TLR9 protein expression by inhibiting its mRNA stability. Mechanistically, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 increases METTL3 protein degradation via K48-linked ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Additionally, YTHDF1 was identified as an m6A "reader" of TLR9, enhancing TLR9 expression by promoting mRNA translation in an m6A -dependent manner, which suggests that EBV inhibits TLR9 translation by "hijacking" host m6A modification mechanism. Using the METTL3 inhibitor STM2457 inhibits TLR9-induced B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion, and opposes TLR9-induced immune responses to assist tumor cell immune escape. In clinical lymphoma samples, the expression of METTL3, YTHDF1, and TLR9 was highly correlated with immune cells infiltration. This study reveals a novel mechanism that EBV represses the important innate immunity molecule TLR9 through modulating the host m6A modification system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengshuo Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangge Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqing Wen
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Run Zheng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxiao Xu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junrui Tian
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qun Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Immunology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li M, Yao H, Yi K, Lao YH, Shao D, Tao Y. Emerging nanoparticle platforms for CpG oligonucleotide delivery. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2203-2228. [PMID: 38293828 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01970e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which were therapeutic DNA with high immunostimulatory activity, have been applied in widespread applications from basic research to clinics as therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapy, viral infection, allergic diseases and asthma since their discovery in 1995. The major factors to consider for clinical translation using CpG motifs are the protection of CpG ODNs from DNase degradation and the delivery of CpG ODNs to the Toll-like receptor-9 expressed human B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to the advances of efficient delivery systems for CpG ODNs. In this review, we outline new horizons and recent developments in this field, providing a comprehensive summary of the nanoparticle-based CpG delivery systems developed to improve the efficacy of CpG-mediated immune responses, including DNA nanostructures, inorganic nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, metal-organic-frameworks, lipid-based nanosystems, proteins and peptides, as well as exosomes and cell membrane nanoparticles. Moreover, future challenges in the establishment of CpG delivery systems for immunotherapeutic applications are discussed. We expect that the continuously growing interest in the development of CpG-based immunotherapy will certainly fuel the excitement and stimulation in medicine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Haochen Yao
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mattke J, Darden CM, Lawrence MC, Kuncha J, Shah YA, Kane RR, Naziruddin B. Toll-like receptor 4 in pancreatic damage and immune infiltration in acute pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362727. [PMID: 38585277 PMCID: PMC10995222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a complex inflammatory disease resulting in extreme pain and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. It can be caused by several factors ranging from genetics, alcohol use, gall stones, and ductal obstruction caused by calcification or neutrophil extracellular traps. Acute pancreatitis is also characterized by immune cell infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor that has been noted to respond to endogenous ligands such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and or exogenous ligands such as lipopolysaccharide both of which can be present during the progression of acute pancreatitis. This receptor can be found on a variety of cell types from endothelial cells to resident and infiltrating immune cells leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as immune cell activation and maturation resulting in the furthering of pancreatic damage during acute pancreatitis. In this review we will address the various mechanisms mediated by TLR4 in the advancement of acute pancreatitis and how targeting this receptor could lead to improved outcomes for patients suffering from this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Mattke
- Baylor University, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Carly M. Darden
- Baylor University Medical Center, Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michael C. Lawrence
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jayachandra Kuncha
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yumna Ali Shah
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Robert R. Kane
- Baylor University, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Baylor University Medical Center, Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding W, Chen J, Zhao L, Wu S, Chen X, Chen H. Mitochondrial DNA leakage triggers inflammation in age-related cardiovascular diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1287447. [PMID: 38425502 PMCID: PMC10902119 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1287447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of cardiovascular aging. The leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is increased in senescent cells, which are resistant to programmed cell death such as apoptosis. Due to its similarity to prokaryotic DNA, mtDNA could be recognized by cellular DNA sensors and trigger innate immune responses, resulting in chronic inflammatory conditions during aging. The mechanisms include cGAS-STING signaling, TLR-9 and inflammasomes activation. Mitochondrial quality controls such as mitophagy could prevent mitochondria from triggering harmful inflammatory responses, but when this homeostasis is out of balance, mtDNA-induced inflammation could become pathogenic and contribute to age-related cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize recent studies on mechanisms by which mtDNA promotes inflammation and aging-related cardiovascular diseases, and discuss the potential value of mtDNA in early screening and as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Ding
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Syndrome Laboratory, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diallo A, Overman G, Sah P, Liechti GW. Recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis by Toll-Like Receptor 9 is altered during persistence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579186. [PMID: 38370826 PMCID: PMC10871208 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an innate immune receptor that localizes to endosomes in antigen presenting cells and recognizes single stranded unmethylated CpG sites on bacterial genomic DNA. Previous bioinformatic studies have indicated that the genome of the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis contains TLR9 stimulatory motifs, and correlative studies have implied a link between human TLR9 (hTLR9) genotype variants and susceptibility to infection. Here we present our evaluation of the stimulatory potential of C. trachomatis gDNA and its recognition by hTLR9- and murine TLR9 (mTLR9)-expressing cells. We confirm that hTLR9 colocalizes with chlamydial inclusions in the pro-monocytic cell line, U937. Utilizing HEK293 reporter cell lines, we demonstrate that purified genomic DNA from C. trachomatis can stimulate hTLR9 signaling, albeit at lower levels than gDNA prepared from other Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, we found that while C. trachomatis is capable of signaling through hTLR9 and mTLR9 during live infections in non-phagocytic HEK293 reporter cell lines, signaling only occurs at later developmental time points. Chlamydia-specific induction of hTLR9 is blocked when protein synthesis is inhibited prior to the RB-to-EB conversion and exacerbated by the inhibition of lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. The induction of aberrance / persistence also significantly alters Chlamydia-specific TLR9 signaling. Our observations support the hypothesis that chlamydial gDNA is released at appreciable levels by the bacterium during the conversion between its replicative and infectious forms and during treatment with antibiotics targeting peptidoglycan assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aissata Diallo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Grace Overman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Prakash Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - George W. Liechti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar V, Stewart JH. cGLRs Join Their Cousins of Pattern Recognition Receptor Family to Regulate Immune Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1828. [PMID: 38339107 PMCID: PMC10855445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize danger signals such as PAMPs/MAMPs and DAMPs to initiate a protective immune response. TLRs, NLRs, CLRs, and RLRs are well-characterized PRRs of the host immune system. cGLRs have been recently identified as PRRs. In humans, the cGAS/STING signaling pathway is a part of cGLRs. cGAS recognizes cytosolic dsDNA as a PAMP or DAMP to initiate the STING-dependent immune response comprising type 1 IFN release, NF-κB activation, autophagy, and cellular senescence. The present article discusses the emergence of cGLRs as critical PRRs and how they regulate immune responses. We examined the role of cGAS/STING signaling, a well-studied cGLR system, in the activation of the immune system. The following sections discuss the role of cGAS/STING dysregulation in disease and how immune cross-talk with other PRRs maintains immune homeostasis. This understanding will lead to the design of better vaccines and immunotherapeutics for various diseases, including infections, autoimmunity, and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Lai L, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Nie Y, Chen J. Glycogen for lysosome-targeted CpG ODNs delivery and enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128536. [PMID: 38061522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) strongly activate the immune system after binding to toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in lysosome, which demonstrated significant potential in cancer immunotherapy. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by drawbacks such as rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake. Although encouraging progress have been made on developing various delivery systems for CpG ODNs, safety risks of the synthetic nanocarriers as well as the deficient CpG ODNs release within lysosome remain big obstacles. Herein, we developed a novel nanovector for lysosome-targeted CpG ODNs delivery and enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Natural glycogen was simply aminated (NH2-Gly) through grafting with diethylenetriamine (DETA), which was spherical in shape with diameter of approximately 40 nm. NH2-Gly possessed good biocompatibility. Cationic NH2-Gly complexed CpG ODNs well and protected them from nuclease digestion. NH2-Gly significantly enhanced the cellular uptake of CpG ODNs. Efficient CpG ODNs release was observed in the presence of α-glucosidase that mimicking the environment of lysosome. Consequently, NH2-Gly/CpG complexes triggered potent antitumor immunity and effectively inhibit the tumor growth without causing any toxic effect or tissue damages. This work highlights the promise of glycogen for lysosome-targeted on-command delivery of CpG ODNs, which brings new hope for precision cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Li Lai
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianzhu Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mahapatra S, Ganguly B, Pani S, Saha A, Samanta M. A comprehensive review on the dynamic role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in frontier aquaculture research and as a promising avenue for fish disease management. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126541. [PMID: 37648127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a conserved group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a crucial role in inducing the broadly acting innate immune response against pathogens. In recent years, the detection of 21 different TLR types in various fish species has sparked interest in exploring the potential of TLRs as targets for boosting immunity and disease resistance in fish. This comprehensive review offers the latest insights into the diverse facets of fish TLRs, highlighting their history, classification, architectural insights through 3D modelling, ligands recognition, signalling pathways, crosstalk, and expression patterns at various developmental stages. It provides an exhaustive account of the distinct TLRs induced during the invasion of specific pathogens in various fish species and delves into the disparities between fish TLRs and their mammalian counterparts, highlighting the specific contribution of TLRs to the immune response in fish. Although various facets of TLRs in some fish, shellfish, and molluscs have been described, the role of TLRs in several other aquatic organisms still remained as potential gaps. Overall, this article outlines frontier aquaculture research in advancing the knowledge of fish immune systems for the proper management of piscine maladies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Mahapatra
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Saswati Pani
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Ashis Saha
- Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Fish Nutrition and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen W, Lee GE, Jeung D, Byun J, Juan W, Cho YY. Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase in Cancer Prevention. J Cancer Prev 2023; 28:143-196. [PMID: 38205362 PMCID: PMC10774482 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2023.28.4.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), synthesized by cGAMP synthase (cGAS), serves as a secondary messenger that modulates various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell death, immune response, and inflammation. cGAS is activated upon detecting cytoplasmic DNA, which may originate from damaged genomic and mitochondrial DNA or from viral and bacterial infections. The presence of DNA in the cytoplasm can trigger a substantial inflammatory reaction and cytokine production via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Consequently, specific inhibitors targeting this pathway hold significant potential as chemopreventive agents. In this review, we explore the potential effectiveness of modulating cGAS activity. We discuss the role of cGAMP, the mechanism of action for distinguishing between self and foreign DNA, and the possible functions of cGAS within the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chen
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dohyun Jeung
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Wu Juan
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21-Four, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea
- RCD Control Material Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang C, Li Y, Yang Y, Ni Q, Zhang Z, Chai Y, Li J. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein-Based Nanomedicine to Silence SOCS1 in Tumor Microenvironment and Trigger Antitumor Immunity against Glioma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312603. [PMID: 37847126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have shed light on the treatment of many cancers, but have not improved the outcomes of glioma (GBM). Here, we demonstrated that suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) was associated with the GBM-associated immunosuppression and developed a multifunctional nanomedicine, which silenced SOCS1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM and triggered strong antitumor immunity against GBM. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) was selected as the nanocarrier and a peptide was used to facilitate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration. The nanocarrier was loaded with a small interfering RNA (siRNA), a peptide, and an adjuvant to trigger antitumor immunity. The nanomedicine concentrated on the TME in vivo, further promoting dendritic cell maturation and T cell proliferation, triggering strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and inhibiting tumor growth. Our work provides an alternative strategy to simultaneously target and modulate the TME in GBM patients and points to an avenue for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiankun Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518054, China
- Beijing Institute of Life Science and Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yoon J, Kim S, Lee M, Kim Y. Mitochondrial nucleic acids in innate immunity and beyond. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2508-2518. [PMID: 38036728 PMCID: PMC10766607 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in a wide range of cellular processes. One essential function of mitochondria is to be a platform for antiviral signaling proteins during the innate immune response to viral infection. Recently, studies have revealed that mitochondrion-derived DNAs and RNAs are recognized as non-self molecules and act as immunogenic ligands. More importantly, the cytosolic release of these mitochondrial nucleic acids (mt-NAs) is closely associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases accompanying aberrant immune activation. The release of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) via BAX/BAK activation and/or VDAC1 oligomerization activates the innate immune response and inflammasome assembly. In addition, mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in the cytosol to induce type I interferon expression and initiate apoptotic programs. Notably, these cytosolic mt-NAs also mediate adipocyte differentiation and contribute to mitogenesis and mitochondrial thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies of innate immune signaling pathways regulated by mt-NAs, human diseases associated with mt-NAs, and the emerging physiological roles of mt-NAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihye Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury (KIB), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Y, Chu C, Shi Z, Zhang J. The role of hepatocyte mitochondrial DNA in liver injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115692. [PMID: 37844357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the predominant cellular constituents of the liver, exhibit the highest mitochondrial density within the human body. Remarkably, experimental insights from the latter part of the previous century involving extracellular injection of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) elucidated its potential to incite autoimmune disorders. Consequently, in instances of liver injury, the substantial release of mtDNA has the potential to trigger the activation of the innate immune response, thereby inducing sustained pathogenic consequences within the organism. This article provides a comprehensive retrospective analysis of recent literature pertaining to the impact of mtDNA release on various hepatic cell populations, elucidating its role and potential mechanisms in liver injury. The findings underscore the central role of mtDNA in modulating the immune system, primarily through the orchestration of a cytokine storm, further exacerbating the occurrence of liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenshuang Chu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyang Shi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pagliari S, Dema B, Sanchez-Martinez A, Montalvo Zurbia-Flores G, Rollier CS. DNA Vaccines: History, Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168297. [PMID: 37797831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The history of DNA vaccine began as early as the 1960s with the discovery that naked DNA can transfect mammalian cells in vivo. In 1992, the evidence that such transfection could lead to the generation of antigen-specific antibody responses was obtained and supported the development of this technology as a novel vaccine platform. The technology then attracted immense interest and high hopes in vaccinology, as evidence of high immunogenicity and protection against virulent challenges accumulated from several animal models for several diseases. In particular, the capacity to induce T-cell responses was unprecedented in non-live vaccines. However, the technology suffered its major knock when the success in animals failed to translate to humans, where DNA vaccine candidates were shown to be safe but remained poorly immunogenic, or not associated with clinical benefit. Thanks to a thorough exploration of the molecular mechanisms of action of these vaccines, an impressive range of approaches have been and are currently being explored to overcome this major challenge. Despite limited success so far in humans as compared with later genetic vaccine technologies such as viral vectors and mRNA, DNA vaccines are not yet optimised for human use and may still realise their potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sthefany Pagliari
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Dema
- Pandemic Science Institute, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Christine S Rollier
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ekchariyawat P, Saengfak R, Sanongkiet S, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Khongpraphan S, Mala S, Luangjindarat C, Munyoo B, Chabang N, Charoensutthivarakul S, Borwornpinyo S, Tuchinda P, Ponpuak M, Pudla M, Utaisincharoen P. ECDD-S16 targets vacuolar ATPase: A potential inhibitor compound for pyroptosis-induced inflammation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292340. [PMID: 38011122 PMCID: PMC10681236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleistanthin A (CA), extracted from Phyllanthus taxodiifolius Beille, was previously reported as a potential V-ATPase inhibitor relevant to cancer cell survival. In the present study, ECDD-S16, a derivative of cleistanthin A, was investigated and found to interfere with pyroptosis induction via V-ATPase inhibition. OBJECTIVE This study examined the ability of ECDD-S16 to inhibit endolysosome acidification leading to the attenuation of pyroptosis in Raw264.7 macrophages activated by both surface and endosomal TLR ligands. METHODS To elucidate the activity of ECDD-S16 on pyroptosis-induced inflammation, Raw264.7 cells were pretreated with the compound before stimulation with surface and endosomal TLR ligands. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined by LDH assay. Additionally, the production of cytokines and the expression of pyroptosis markers were examined by ELISA and immunoblotting. Moreover, molecular docking was performed to demonstrate the binding of ECDD-S16 to the vacuolar (V-)ATPase. RESULTS This study showed that ECDD-S16 could inhibit pyroptosis in Raw264.7 cells activated with surface and endosomal TLR ligands. The attenuation of pyroptosis by ECDD-S16 was due to the impairment of endosome acidification, which also led to decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. Furthermore, molecular docking also showed the possibility of inhibiting endosome acidification by the binding of ECDD-S16 to the vacuolar (V-)ATPase in the region of V0. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate the potential of ECDD-S16 for inhibiting pyroptosis and prove that vacuolar H+ ATPase is essential for pyroptosis induced by TLR ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sucharat Sanongkiet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Supaporn Mala
- Research Office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Bumrung Munyoo
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napason Chabang
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patoomratana Tuchinda
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matsayapan Pudla
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang J, Rong SJ, Zhou HF, Yang C, Sun F, Li JY. Lysosomal control of dendritic cell function. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:518-531. [PMID: 37774493 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal compartments undergo extensive remodeling during dendritic cell (DC) activation to meet the dynamic functional requirements of DCs. Instead of being regarded as stationary and digestive organelles, recent studies have increasingly appreciated the versatile roles of lysosomes in regulating key aspects of DC biology. Lysosomes actively control DC motility by linking calcium efflux to the actomyosin contraction, while enhanced DC lysosomal membrane permeability contributes to the inflammasome activation. Besides, lysosomes provide a platform for the transduction of innate immune signaling and the intricate host-pathogen interplay. Lysosomes and lysosome-associated structures are also critically engaged in antigen presentation and cross-presentation processes, which are pivotal for the induction of antigen-specific adaptive immune response. Through the current review, we emphasize that lysosome targeting strategies serve as vital DC-based immunotherapies in fighting against tumor, infectious diseases, and autoinflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1277, 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1095, 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1277, 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Gerontology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ling Jiaohu Road No.11, 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1095, 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1277, 430000, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo L, Luo Z, Wang L, Hu Y, Zhang J, Yin H, You J. Liposome Vaccine for Active Regulation of Cellular and Humoral Immunity. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5668-5681. [PMID: 37856874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in vaccine development, especially in the fight against viral infections, many unexplored areas remain including innovative adjuvants, diversification of vaccine formulations, and research into the coordination of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms induced by vaccines. Effective coordination of humoral and cellular immunity is crucial in vaccine design. In this study, we used the spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or ovalbumin (OVA) as antigen models and CpG DNA (an activator of toll-like receptor 9, TLR9) as an adjuvant to prepare a multitargeted liposome (LIPO) vaccine. Once equipped with the ability to target lymph nodes (LN) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the LIPO vaccine significantly enhances the cross-presentation ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for exogenous antigens through the ER-associated protein degradation (ERSD) mechanism. Additionally, the vaccine could fine-tune the efficiency of ER-targeted antigen delivery, actively regulating the presentation of exogenous antigen proteins via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) or MHC-II pathways. Immune data from in vivo mouse experiments indicated that the LIPO vaccine effectively stimulated both humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, it triggers immune protection by establishing a robust and persistent germinal center. Moreover, the multifunctionality of this LIPO vaccine extends to the fields of cancer, viruses, and bacteria, providing insights for skilled vaccine design and improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 403 Yongkang Street, Jinhua 321299, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Litong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yilong Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 403 Yongkang Street, Jinhua 321299, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oda W, Umemura K, Ito K, Kawamoto Y, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y. Development of potent unmethylated CpG DNA hydrogel by introducing i-motifs into long single-stranded DNA. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123438. [PMID: 37741558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9, expressed in the endosomes of immune cells, and induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. CpG DNA is, therefore, expected to be used as vaccine adjuvants, but there are many obstacles for its therapeutic application, such as poor cellular uptake and biostability. Long single-stranded DNA (lssDNA) synthesized by rolling circle amplification can be a useful delivery carrier for CpG DNA because of its cellular uptake efficiency, but the immunostimulatory effect is transient because it is easily degraded in endosomes. To improve its stability, we constructed lssDNA which forms hydrogel by i-motifs in an acidic environment mimicking endosome, and incorporated CpG DNA into lssDNA (i-CpG-lssDNA). We synthesized lssDNA containing the optimized i-motif sequence, and confirmed the formation of a DNA hydrogel in an acidic environment. The i-CpG-lssDNA elicited a potent proinflammatory cytokine production in murine macrophages, compared to CpG DNA-containing lssDNA without i-motifs. Consistently, its intradermal administration induced potent inflammatory cytokines at the regional lymph nodes. These results suggested that i-CpG-lssDNA could serve as a novel type of adjuvant for the induction of a potent immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Oda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Umemura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Z, Zhang C, Meng J, Jiao Z, Bao W, Tian H, Wu C, Chai W, Li R, Liu Z, Ma G, Mei X, Wei W. A Targeted Exosome Therapeutic Confers Both CfDNA Scavenging and Macrophage Polarization for Ameliorating Rheumatoid Arthritis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302503. [PMID: 37681753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Only a minority of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients achieve disease remission, so the exploration of additional pathogenic factors and the development of new therapeutics are needed. Here, strong correlations among the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) level and the inflammatory response in clinical synovial fluid samples and RA disease activity are discovered. The important role of cfDNA in disease development in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model is also demonstrated. Building on these findings, a novel therapeutic based on anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage-derived exosomes as chassis, that are modified with both oligolysine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-cleavable polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the membrane, is developed. After intravenous injection, PEG-enabled prolonged circulation and C─C motif chemokine ligand-directed accumulation together result in enrichment at inflamed joints. Following subsequent MMP cleavage, the positively charged oligolysine is exposed for cfDNA scavenging, while exosomes induce M2 polarization. By using a classical CIA murine model and a newly established CIA canine model, it is demonstrated that the rationally designed exosome therapeutic substantially suppresses inflammation in joints and provides strong chondroprotection and osteoprotection, revealing its potential for effective CIA amelioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121002, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121002, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhouguang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weier Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chai
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121002, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang C, Wang H, Guo L, Zou C, Hu J, Zhang H, Zhou W, Yang G. CpG-Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Nanomedicine to Promote Macrophage Efferocytosis and Repolarization for Atherosclerosis Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37910772 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies to alleviate plaque burden. Macrophage efferocytosis, the process by which macrophages clear apoptotic and foam cells, plays a crucial role in plaque regression. However, this process is impaired in AS lesions due to the overexpression of CD47, which produces a "do not eat me" signal. In this study, we investigated the potential of CpG, a toll-like receptor 9 agonist, to enhance macrophage efferocytosis for AS therapy. We demonstrated that CpG treatment promoted the engulfment of CD47-positive apoptotic cells and foam cells by macrophages. Mechanistically, CpG induced a metabolic shift in macrophages characterized by enhanced fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipid biosynthesis, contributing to its pro-efferocytic effect. To enable in vivo application, we conjugated CpG on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to form CpG-AgNPs, which could protect CpG from biological degradation, promote its cellular uptake, and release CpG in response to intracellular glutathione. Combining the intrinsic antioxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities of AgNPs, such nanomedicine displayed multifunctionalities to simultaneously promote macrophage efferocytosis and repolarization. In an ApoE-/- mouse model, intravenous administration of CpG-AgNPs effectively targeted atherosclerotic plaques and exhibited potent therapeutic efficacy with excellent biocompatibility. Our study provides valuable insights into CpG-induced macrophage efferocytosis and highlights the potential of CpG-AgNPs as a promising therapeutic strategy for AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Tang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Chan Zou
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jianming Hu
- First Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hanyong Zhang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang 832002, China
| | - Guoping Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Drug Clinical Evaluation Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Optimization of Drug Formulation and Early Clinical Evaluation, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Galizzi G, Di Carlo M. Mitochondrial DNA and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8586-8606. [PMID: 37998717 PMCID: PMC10670154 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In fact, although a growing number of studies show crosstalk between these two processes, there remain numerous gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms involved, which requires further clarification. On the one hand, mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to the release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) which are recognized by microglial immune receptors and contribute to neuroinflammation progression. On the other hand, inflammatory molecules released by glial cells can influence and regulate mitochondrial function. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may help identify biomarkers and molecular targets useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review of works published in recent years is focused on the description of the mitochondrial contribution to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, with particular attention to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacoma Galizzi
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stickdorn J, Czysch C, Medina-Montano C, Stein L, Xu L, Scherger M, Schild H, Grabbe S, Nuhn L. Peptide-Decorated Degradable Polycarbonate Nanogels for Eliciting Antigen-Specific Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15417. [PMID: 37895096 PMCID: PMC10607756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful therapeutic interventions in cancer immunotherapy, strong antigen-specific immune responses are required. To this end, immunostimulating cues must be combined with antigens to simultaneously arrive at antigen-presenting cells and initiate cellular immune responses. Recently, imidazoquinolines have shown their vast potential as small molecular Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonists for immunostimulation when delivered by nanocarriers. At the same time, peptide antigens are promising antigen candidates but require combination with immune-stimulating adjuvants to boost their immunogenicity and exploit their full potential. Consequently, we herein present biodegradable polycarbonate nanogels as versatile delivery system for adjuvants within the particles' core as well as for peptide antigens by surface decoration. For that purpose, orthogonally addressable multifunctional polycarbonate block copolymers were synthesized, enabling adjuvant conjugation through reactive ester chemistry and peptide decoration by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). In preparation for SPAAC, CD4+-specific peptide sequences of the model protein antigen ovalbumin were equipped with DBCO-moieties by site-selective modification at their N-terminal cysteine. With their azide groups exposed on their surface, the adjuvant-loaded nanogels were then efficiently decorated with DBCO-functional CD4+-peptides by SPAAC. In vitro evaluation of the adjuvant-loaded peptide-decorated gels then confirmed their strong immunostimulating properties as well as their high biocompatibility. Despite their covalent conjugation, the CD4+-peptide-decorated nanogels led to maturation of primary antigen-presenting cells and the downstream priming of CD4+-T cells. Subsequently, the peptide-decorated nanogels loaded with TLR7/8 agonist were successfully processed by antigen-presenting cells, enabling potent immune responses for future application in antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Stein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | | | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mylvaganam S, Freeman SA. The resolution of phagosomes. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:45-64. [PMID: 37551912 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental immunobiological process responsible for the removal of harmful particulates. While the number of phagocytic events achieved by a single phagocyte can be remarkable, exceeding hundreds per day, the same phagocytic cells are relatively long-lived. It should therefore be obvious that phagocytic meals must be resolved in order to maintain the responsiveness of the phagocyte and to avoid storage defects. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the resolution process, including solute transport pathways and membrane traffic. We describe how products liberated in phagolysosomes support phagocyte metabolism and the immune response. We also speculate on mechanisms involved in the redistribution of phagosomal metabolites back to circulation. Finally, we highlight the pathologies owed to impaired phagosome resolution, which range from storage disorders to neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ayesha A, Chow FWN, Leung PHM. Role of Legionella pneumophila outer membrane vesicles in host-pathogen interaction. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270123. [PMID: 37817751 PMCID: PMC10561282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen that inhabits artificial water systems and can be transmitted to human hosts by contaminated aerosols. Upon inhalation, it colonizes and grows inside the alveolar macrophages and causes Legionnaires' disease. To effectively control and manage Legionnaires' disease, a deep understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is crucial. Bacterial extracellular vesicles, particularly outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as mediators of intercellular communication between bacteria and host cells. These OMVs carry a diverse cargo, including proteins, toxins, virulence factors, and nucleic acids. OMVs play a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis by helping bacteria in colonization, delivering virulence factors into host cells, and modulating host immune responses. This review highlights the role of OMVs in the context of host-pathogen interaction shedding light on the pathogenesis of L. pneumophila. Understanding the functions of OMVs and their cargo provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets and interventions for combating Legionnaires' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polly Hang-Mei Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yarovinsky TO, Su M, Chen C, Xiang Y, Tang WH, Hwa J. Pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases: Pumping gasdermin on the fire. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101809. [PMID: 37478801 PMCID: PMC10528349 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with activation of inflammasomes and inflammatory caspases, proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin proteins (forming pores in the plasma membrane), and selective release of proinflammatory mediators. Induction of pyroptosis results in amplification of inflammation, contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy, and acute cardiovascular events, such as thrombosis and myocardial infarction. While engagement of pyroptosis during sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy and septic shock is expected and well documented, we are just beginning to understand pyroptosis involvement in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with less defined inflammatory components, such as atrial fibrillation. Due to the danger that pyroptosis represents to cells within the cardiovascular system and the whole organism, multiple levels of pyroptosis regulation have evolved. Those include regulation of inflammasome priming, post-translational modifications of gasdermins, and cellular mechanisms for pore removal. While pyroptosis in macrophages is well characterized as a dramatic pro-inflammatory process, pyroptosis in other cell types within the cardiovascular system displays variable pathways and consequences. Furthermore, different cells and organs engage in local and distant crosstalk and exchange of pyroptosis triggers (oxidized mitochondrial DNA), mediators (IL-1β, S100A8/A9) and antagonists (IL-9). Development of genetic tools, such as Gasdermin D knockout animals, and small molecule inhibitors of pyroptosis will not only help us fully understand the role of pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases but may result in novel therapeutic approaches inhibiting inflammation and progression of chronic cardiovascular diseases to reduce morbidity and mortality from acute cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Yarovinsky
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meiling Su
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofei Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Müller-Calleja N, Hollerbach A, Canisius A, Orning C, Strand S, Lackner KJ. Rapid translocation of intracellular toll-like receptors depends on endosomal NADPH oxidase. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250271. [PMID: 37366283 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) must be translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the endosome and proteolytically cleaved within the endosome before they can induce cellular signals. As ligands for these TLRs are also liberated from apoptotic or necrotic cells, this process is controlled by several mechanisms which shall ensure that there is no inadvertent activation. We have shown previously that antiphospholipid antibodies induce endosomal NADPH-oxidase (NOX) followed by the translocation of TLR7/8 to the endosome. We show now that endosomal NOX is required for the rapid translocation of TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9. Deficiency of gp91phox, the catalytic subunit of NOX2, or inhibition of endosomal NOX by the chloride channel blocker niflumic acid both prevent immediate (i.e., within 30 min) translocation of these TLRs as shown by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Under these conditions, the induction of mRNA synthesis for TNF-α and secretion of TNF-α is delayed by approx. 6-9 h. However, maximal expression of TNF-α mRNA or secretion of TNF-α is not significantly reduced. In conclusion, these data add NOX2 as another component involved in the orchestration of cellular responses to ligands of endosomal TLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Müller-Calleja
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Hollerbach
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Canisius
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carolin Orning
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kou M, Wang L. Surface toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells and its immunomodulatory effect. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259989. [PMID: 37724102 PMCID: PMC10505433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been considered as a crucial intracellular pattern recognition receptor in the immune system, which can directly or indirectly mediate innate and adaptive immune responses by recognizing CpG DNA in endosomes to initiate its downstream signaling. However, TLR9 can also be expressed on the membrane surface of some immune and non-immune cells, called surface TLR9 (sTLR9), which covers the TLR9 and its immunomodulatory role with a mysterious veil. In this review, we mainly focus on the sTLR9 expressed on neutrophils, B cells and erythrocytes, and its immunomodulatory roles displayed alone or in coordination with endosomal TLR9 (eTLR9), providing a theoretical reference for the application of its modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Kou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ye J, Hu X, Wang Z, Li R, Gan L, Zhang M, Wang T. The role of mtDAMPs in the trauma-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1164187. [PMID: 37533869 PMCID: PMC10391641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1164187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a non-specific exaggerated defense response caused by infectious or non-infectious stressors such as trauma, burn, surgery, ischemia and reperfusion, and malignancy, which can eventually lead to an uncontrolled inflammatory response. In addition to the early mortality due to the "first hits" after trauma, the trauma-induced SIRS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) are the main reasons for the poor prognosis of trauma patients as "second hits". Unlike infection-induced SIRS caused by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), trauma-induced SIRS is mainly mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including mitochondrial DAMPs (mtDAMPs). MtDAMPs released after trauma-induced mitochondrial injury, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial formyl peptides (mtFPs), can activate inflammatory response through multiple inflammatory signaling pathways. This review summarizes the role and mechanism of mtDAMPs in the occurrence and development of trauma-induced SIRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ye
- Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lebin Gan
- Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tianbing Wang
- Trauma Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Arias Z, Nizami MZI, Chen X, Chai X, Xu B, Kuang C, Omori K, Takashiba S. Recent Advances in Apical Periodontitis Treatment: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040488. [PMID: 37106675 PMCID: PMC10136087 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory response caused by pulp infection. It induces bone resorption in the apical and periapical regions of the tooth. The most conservative approach to treat this condition is nonsurgical endodontic treatment. However, clinical failure has been reported with this approach; thus, alternative procedures are required. This review highlights recent literature regarding advanced approaches for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Various therapies, including biological medications, antioxidants, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, and stem cell therapy, have been tested to increase the success rate of treatment for apical periodontitis. Some of these approaches remain in the in vivo phase of research, while others have just entered the translational research phase to validate clinical application. However, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that occur during development of the immunoinflammatory reaction in apical periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this review was to summarize advanced approaches for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Further research can confirm the potential of these alternative nonsurgical endodontic treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Arias
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xinyi Chai
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Canyan Kuang
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Omori
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen X, Tang Q, Wang J, Zhou Y, Li F, Xie Y, Wang X, Du L, Li J, Pu J, Hu Q, Gu Z, Liu P. A DNA/DMXAA/Metal-Organic Framework Activator of Innate Immunity for Boosting Anticancer Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210440. [PMID: 36656162 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has achieved revolutionary success in clinics, but it remains challenging for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) characterized by high vascularization. Here, it is reported that metal-organic framework-801 (MOF-801) can be employed as a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) not just as a drug delivery carrier. Notably, cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) and 5, 6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) STING agonist with vascular disrupting function coordinates with MOF-801 to self-assemble into a nanoparticle (MOF-CpG-DMXAA) that effectively delivers CpG ODNs and DMXAA to cells for synergistically improving the tumor microenvironment by reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), promoting dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, as well as destroying tumor blood vessels. In HCC-bearing mouse models, it is demonstrated that MOF-CpG-DMXAA triggers systemic immune activation and stimulates robust tumoricidal immunity, resulting in a superior immunotherapeutic efficiency in orthotopic and recurrent HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Qianyun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Fengqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yuexia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Junru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jun Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Peifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Suptela AJ, Marriott I. Cytosolic DNA sensors and glial responses to endogenous DNA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130172. [PMID: 36999037 PMCID: PMC10043442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a key driving force for the development and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) cancers. The initiation of DNA damage responses is a critical step in maintaining genomic integrity and preventing such diseases. However, the absence of these responses or their inability to repair genomic or mitochondrial DNA damage resulting from insults, including ionizing radiation or oxidative stress, can lead to an accumulation of self-DNA in the cytoplasm. Resident CNS cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, are known to produce critical immune mediators following CNS infection due to the recognition of pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns by specialized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Recently, multiple intracellular PRRs, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, interferon gamma-inducible 16, absent in melanoma 2, and Z-DNA binding protein, have been identified as cytosolic DNA sensors and to play critical roles in glial immune responses to infectious agents. Intriguingly, these nucleic acid sensors have recently been shown to recognize endogenous DNA and trigger immune responses in peripheral cell types. In the present review, we discuss the available evidence that cytosolic DNA sensors are expressed by resident CNS cells and can mediate their responses to the presence of self-DNA. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for glial DNA sensor-mediated responses to provide protection against tumorigenesis versus the initiation of potentially detrimental neuroinflammation that could initiate or foster the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Determining the mechanisms that underlie the detection of cytosolic DNA by glia and the relative role of each pathway in the context of specific CNS disorders and their stages may prove pivotal in our understanding of the pathogenesis of such conditions and might be leveraged to develop new treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li Q, Lan P. Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:110. [PMID: 36906586 PMCID: PMC10008588 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of host's innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to clarify the immune signals, which are critical to the initiation and maintenance of rejection generated after transplantation. The initiation of response to graft is dependent on sensing of danger and stranger molecules. The ischemia and reperfusion of grafts lead to cell stress or death, followed by releasing a variety of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host immune cells to activate intracellular immune signals and induce sterile inflammation. In addition to DAMPs, the graft exposed to 'non-self' antigens (stranger molecules) are recognized by the host immune system, stimulating a more intense immune response and further aggravating the graft damage. The polymorphism of MHC genes between different individuals is the key for host or donor immune cells to identify heterologous 'non-self' components in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation. The recognition of 'non-self' antigen by immune cells mediates the activation of immune signals between donor and host, resulting in adaptive memory immunity and innate trained immunity to the graft, which poses a challenge to the long-term survival of the graft. This review focuses on innate and adaptive immune cells receptor recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, alloantigens and xenoantigens, which is described as danger model and stranger model. In this review, we also discuss the innate trained immunity in organ transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixiang Lan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yu L, Zhu Z, Deng J, Tian K, Li X. Antagonisms of ASFV towards Host Defense Mechanisms: Knowledge Gaps in Viral Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:574. [PMID: 36851786 PMCID: PMC9963191 DOI: 10.3390/v15020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes high morbidity and mortality of both domestic pigs and wild boars and severely impacts the swine industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV), the etiologic agent of ASF epidemics, mainly infects myeloid cells in swine mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including blood-circulating monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Since their significant roles in bridging host innate and adaptive immunity, these cells provide ASFV with favorable targets to manipulate and block their antiviral activities, leading to immune escape and immunosuppression. To date, vaccines are still being regarded as the most promising measure to prevent and control ASF outbreaks. However, ASF vaccine development is delayed and limited by existing knowledge gaps in viral immune evasion, pathogenesis, etc. Recent studies have revealed that ASFV can employ diverse strategies to interrupt the host defense mechanisms via abundant self-encoded proteins. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the antagonisms of ASFV-encoded proteins towards IFN-I production, IFN-induced antiviral response, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, we also make a brief discussion concerning the potential challenges in future development of ASF vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangzheng Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Extra-viral DNA in adeno-associated viral vector preparations induces TLR9-dependent innate immune responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1890. [PMID: 36732401 PMCID: PMC9894911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector suspensions produced in either human derived HEK cells or in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells differ in terms of residual host cell components as well as species-specific post-translational modifications displayed on the AAV capsid proteins. Here we analysed the impact of these differences on the immunogenic properties of the vector. We stimulated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells with various lots of HEK cell-produced and Sf9 cell-produced AAV-CMV-eGFP vectors derived from different manufacturers. We found that AAV8-CMV-eGFP as well as AAV2-CMV-eGFP vectors induced lot-specific but not production platform-specific or manufacturer-specific inflammatory cytokine responses. These could be reduced or abolished by blocking toll-like receptor 9 signalling or by enzymatically reducing DNA in the vector lots using DNase. Successful HEK cell transduction by DNase-treated AAV lots and DNA analyses demonstrated that DNase did not affect the integrity of the vector but degraded extra-viral DNA. We conclude that both HEK- and Sf9-cell derived AAV preparations can contain immunogenic extra-viral DNA components which can trigger lot-specific inflammatory immune responses. This suggests that improved strategies to remove extra-viral DNA impurities may be instrumental in reducing the immunogenic properties of AAV vector preparations.
Collapse
|
36
|
Vringer E, Tait SWG. Mitochondria and cell death-associated inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:304-312. [PMID: 36447047 PMCID: PMC9950460 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmee Vringer
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
IGFBP-6 Alters Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Phenotype Driving Dasatinib Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020259. [PMID: 36836615 PMCID: PMC9960877 DOI: 10.3390/life13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL1-positive, is classified as a myeloproliferative characterized by Philadelphia chromosome/translocation t(9;22) and proliferating granulocytes. Despite the clinical success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) agents in the treatment of CML, most patients have minimal residual disease contained in the bone marrow microenvironment, within which stromal cells assume a pro-inflammatory phenotype that determines their transformation in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) which, in turn can play a fundamental role in resistance to therapy. Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-6 (IGFBP-6) is expressed during tumor development, and is involved in immune-escape and inflammation as well, providing a potential additional target for CML therapy. Here, we aimed at investigating the role of IGFBP-6/SHH/TLR4 axis in TKi response. We used a CML cell line, LAMA84-s, and healthy bone marrow stromal cells, HS-5, in mono- or co-culture. The two cell lines were treated with Dasatinib and/or IGFBP-6, and the expression of inflammatory markers was tested by qRT-PCR; furthermore, expression of IGFBP-6, TLR4 and Gli1 were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immumocytochemistry. The results showed that both co-culture and Dasatinib exposure induce inflammation in stromal and cancer cells so that they modulate the expression of TLR4, and these effects were more marked following IGFBP-6 pre-treatment suggesting that this molecule may confer resistance through the inflammatory processes. This phenomenon was coupled with sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Indeed, our data also demonstrate that HS-5 treatment with PMO (an inducer of SHH) induces significant modulation of TLR4 and overexpression of IGFPB-6 suggesting that the two pathways are interconnected with each other and with the TLR-4 pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that pretreatment with IGFBP-6 and/or PMO restored LAMA-84 cell viability after treatment with Dasatinib, suggesting that both IGFBP-6 and SHH are involved in the resistance mechanisms induced by the modulation of TLR-4, thus indicating that the two pathways may be considered as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
38
|
Arooj M, Rehman A, Hyun CL, Rafique A, Kang HK, Hyun JW, Koh YS. Diesel exhaust particulate matter impairs Toll-like receptor signaling and host defense against staphylococcal cutaneous infection in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114443. [PMID: 38321662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is an emerging cause of mortality, affecting nearly 5 million people each year. Exposure to diesel exhaust fine particulate matter (PM2.5) aggravates respiratory and skin conditions. However, its impact on the protective immunity of the skin remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism for adverse effects of PM2.5 on the host protective immunity using in vitro cell and in vivo mouse model. Intracellular translocation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and CpG-DNA internalization were assessed in dendritic cells without or with PM2.5 treatment using immunofluorescence staining. Cytokine and nitric oxide production were measured in dendritic cells and macrophages without or with PM2.5 treatment. NF-κB and MAPK signaling was determined using western blotting. Skin disease severity, bacterial loads, and cytokine production were assessed in cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection mouse model. PM2.5 interfered with TLR9 activation by inhibiting both TLR9 trafficking to early endosomes and CpG-DNA internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, exposure to PM2.5 inhibited various TLR-mediated nitric oxide and cytokine production as well as MAPK and NF-κB signaling. PM2.5 rendered mice more susceptible to staphylococcal skin infections. Our results suggest that exposure to PM impairs TLR signaling and dampens the host defense against staphylococcal skin infections. Our data provide a novel perspective into the impact of PM on protective immunity which is paramount to revealing air pollutant-mediated toxicity on the host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Arooj
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Abdur Rehman
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Chang Lim Hyun
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Asma Rafique
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Young-Sang Koh
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wiest MJ, Gu C, Ham H, Gorvel L, Keddis MT, Griffing LW, Joo H, Gorvel JP, Billadeau DD, Oh S. Disruption of endosomal trafficking with EGA alters TLR9 cytokine response in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1144127. [PMID: 37020542 PMCID: PMC10067882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1144127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) exhibit bifurcated cytokine responses to TLR9 agonists, an IRF7-mediated type 1 IFN response or a pro-inflammatory cytokine response via the activation of NF-κB. This bifurcated response has been hypothesized to result from either distinct signaling endosomes or endo-lysosomal trafficking delay of TLR9 agonists allowing for autocrine signaling to affect outcomes. Utilizing the late endosome trafficking inhibitor, EGA, we assessed the bifurcated cytokine responses of pDCs to TLR9 stimulation. EGA treatment of pDCs diminished both IFNα and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression induced by CpG DNAs (D- and K-type), CpG-DNAs complexed with DOTAP, and genomic DNAs complexed with LL37. Mechanistically, EGA suppressed phosphorylation of IKKα/β, STAT1, Akt, and p38, and decreased colocalization of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides with LAMP+ endo-lysosomes. EGA also diminished type 1 IFN expression by pDCs from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Therefore, our findings help understand mechanisms for the bifurcated cytokine responses by pDCs and support future examination of the potential benefit of EGA in treating type 1 IFN-associated inflammatory diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wiest
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- Baylor Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Hyoungjun Ham
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- CRCM, Aix Marseille Universite, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Mira T. Keddis
- Department of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Leroy W. Griffing
- Department of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - HyeMee Joo
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- Baylor Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | | | | | - SangKon Oh
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- Baylor Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: SangKon Oh,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:2899271. [PMID: 36926280 PMCID: PMC10014160 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2899271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied receptors among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They act as microbial sensors, playing major roles in the regulation of the innate immune system. TLRs mediate their cellular functions through the activation of MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent signaling pathways. Myd88, or myeloid differentiation primary response 88, is a cytosolic adaptor protein essential for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by all TLRs except TLR3. While the crucial role of Myd88 is well described, the contribution of other adaptors in mediating TLR signaling and function has been underestimated. In this review, we highlight important results demonstrating that TIRAP and TRAM adaptors are also required for full signaling activity and responses induced by most TLRs.
Collapse
|
41
|
Du RR, Cedrone E, Romanov A, Falkovich R, Dobrovolskaia MA, Bathe M. Innate Immune Stimulation Using 3D Wireframe DNA Origami. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20340-20352. [PMID: 36459697 PMCID: PMC10144931 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional wireframe DNA origami have programmable structural and sequence features that render them potentially suitable for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. However, their innate immunological properties, which stem from parameters including geometric shape and cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) content, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the immunostimulatory properties of 3D wireframe DNA origami on the TLR9 pathway using both reporter cell lines and primary immune cells. Our results suggest that bare 3D polyhedral wireframe DNA origami induce minimal TLR9 activation despite the presence of numerous internal CpG dinucleotides. However, when displaying multivalent CpG-containing ssDNA oligos, wireframe DNA origami induce robust TLR9 pathway activation, along with enhancement of downstream immune response as evidenced by increases in Type I and Type III interferon (IFN) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Further, we find that CpG copy number and spatial organization each contribute to the magnitude of TLR9 signaling and that NANP-attached CpGs do not require phosphorothioate stabilization to elicit signaling. These results suggest key design parameters for wireframe DNA origami that can be programmed to modulate immune pathway activation controllably for prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Du
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Reuven Falkovich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao D, Tu ATT, Shobo M, Le NBT, Yoshikawa C, Sugai K, Hakamata Y, Yamazaki T. Non-Modified CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Forming Guanine-Quadruplex Structure Complexes with ε-Poly- L-Lysine Induce Antibody Production as Vaccine Adjuvants. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121868. [PMID: 36551297 PMCID: PMC9775190 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) induce inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) to activate the immune system. To apply CpG ODNs as vaccine adjuvants, the cellular uptake and stability of phosphodiester-based, non-modified ODNs require further improvement. Previously developed new CpG ODNs forming guanine-quadruplex (G4) structures showed higher nuclease resistance and cellular uptake than linear CpG ODNs; however, the complex formation of G4-CpG ODNs with antigen proteins is necessary for their application as vaccine adjuvants. In this study, we utilized a cationic polymer, ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PLL), as a carrier for G4-CpG ODNs and antigen. The ε-PLL/G4-CpG ODN complex exhibited enhanced stability against nucleases. Cellular uptake of the ε-PLL/G4-CpG ODN complex positively correlated with the N/P ratio. In comparison to naked G4-CpG ODNs, the ε-PLL/G4-CpG ODN complex induced extremely high levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IFN-β. Relative immune cytokine production was successfully tuned by N/P ratio modification. Mice with the ε-PLL/G4-CpG ODN/ovalbumin (OVA) complex showed increased OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, and IgG2c levels, whereas total IgE levels did not increase and weight gain rates were not affected. Therefore, ε-PLL can serve as a safe and effective phosphodiester-based, non-modified CpG ODN delivery system, and the ε-PLL/G4-CpG ODN/antigen complex is a highly promising candidate for vaccine adjuvants and can be further used in clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Anh Thi Tram Tu
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Division of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Department of Magnetic and Biomedical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Ho Chi Minh City Campus, Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Miwako Shobo
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Nguyen Bui Thao Le
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Division of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yoshikawa
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugai
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yoji Hakamata
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
- Division of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-859-2345; Fax: +81-29-859-2449
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Burel SA, Machemer T, Baker BF, Kwoh TJ, Paz S, Younis H, Henry SP. Early-Stage Identification and Avoidance of Antisense Oligonucleotides Causing Species-Specific Inflammatory Responses in Human Volunteer Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:457-472. [PMID: 35976085 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based assay was developed to identify antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) with the potential to activate a cellular innate immune response outside of an acceptable level. The development of this assay was initiated when ISIS 353512 targeting the messenger ribonucleic acid for human C-reactive protein (CRP) was tested in a phase I clinical trial, in which healthy human volunteers unexpectedly experienced increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP. This level of immune stimulation was not anticipated following rodent and nonhuman primate safety studies in which no evidence of exaggerated proinflammatory effects were observed. The IL-6 increase induced by ISIS 353512 was caused by activation of B cells. The IL-6 induction was inhibited by chloroquine pretreatment of PBMCs and the nature of ASOs suggested that the response is mediated by a Toll-like receptor (TLR), in all likelihood TLR9. While assessing the inter PBMC donor variability, two classes of human PBMC responders to ISIS 353512 were identified (discriminator and nondiscriminators). The discriminator donor PBMCs were shown to produce low level of IL-6 after 24 h in culture, in the absence of ASO treatment. The PBMC assay using discriminator donors was shown to be reproducible, allowing to assess reliably the immune potential of ASOs by comparison to known benchmark ASO controls that were previously shown to be either safe or inflammatory in clinical trials. Clinical Trial registration numbers: NCT00048321 NCT00330330 NCT00519727.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd Machemer
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - T Jesse Kwoh
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Suzanne Paz
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Husam Younis
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Scott P Henry
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Műzes G, Bohusné Barta B, Szabó O, Horgas V, Sipos F. Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112853. [PMID: 36359370 PMCID: PMC9687442 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and malignancies, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. In recent years, the widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research. The majority of studies have mainly focused on the function of cfDNA as a biomarker. However, research regarding the immunological consequences of cfDNA, such as its potential immunomodulatory or therapeutic benefits, is still in its infancy. This article discusses the involvement of various DNA-sensing receptors (e.g., absent in melanoma-2; Toll-like receptor 9; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/activator of interferon genes) in identifying host cfDNA as a potent danger-associated molecular pattern. Furthermore, we aim to summarize the results of the experimental studies that we recently performed and highlight the immunomodulatory capacity of cfDNA, and thus, the potential for possible therapeutic consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ferenc Sipos
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-478-0752; Fax: +36-1-266-0816
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bratti M, Vibhushan S, Longé C, Koumantou D, Ménasché G, Benhamou M, Varin-Blank N, Blank U, Saveanu L, Ben Mkaddem S. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase contributes to setting the intensity of FcR-mediated inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029759. [PMID: 36389775 PMCID: PMC9647545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of intracellular trafficking in immune-complex triggered inflammation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of Insulin-Regulated Amino Peptidase (IRAP)-positive endosomal compartments in Fc receptor (FcR)-induced inflammation. Less severe FcγR-triggered arthritis, active systemic anaphylaxis and FcεRI-triggered passive systemic anaphylaxis were observed in IRAP-deficient versus wild-type mice. In mast cells FcεRI stimulation induced rapid plasma membrane recruitment of IRAP-positive endosomes. IRAP-deficient cells exhibited reduced secretory responses, calcium signaling and activating SykY519/520 phosphorylation albeit receptor tyrosine phosphorylation on β and γ subunits was not different. By contrast, in the absence of IRAP, SHP1-inactivating phosphorylation on Ser591 that controls Syk activity was decreased. Ex-vivo cell profiling after FcγR-triggered anaphylaxis confirmed decreased phosphorylation of both SykY519/520 and SHP-1S591 in IRAP-deficient neutrophils and monocytes. Thus, IRAP-positive endosomal compartments, in promoting inhibition of SHP-1 during FcR signaling, control the extent of phosphorylation events at the plasma membrane and contribute to setting the intensity of immune-complex triggered inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bratti
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Equipe Mixte de Recherche(EMR)-8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Equipe Mixte de Recherche(EMR)-8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Longé
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1163, Paris, France
| | - Despoina Koumantou
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Equipe Mixte de Recherche(EMR)-8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Ménasché
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1163, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Equipe Mixte de Recherche(EMR)-8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U978, Université Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Nord, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine (SMBH), Bobigny, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Equipe Mixte de Recherche(EMR)-8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Ulrich Blank,
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Equipe Mixte de Recherche(EMR)-8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U978, Université Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Nord, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine (SMBH), Bobigny, France
- Institute of biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cichoń MA, Pfisterer K, Leitner J, Wagner L, Staud C, Steinberger P, Elbe-Bürger A. Interoperability of RTN1A in dendrite dynamics and immune functions in human Langerhans cells. eLife 2022; 11:80578. [PMID: 36223176 PMCID: PMC9555864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is an active immune organ where professional antigen-presenting cells such as epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) link innate and adaptive immune responses. While Reticulon 1A (RTN1A) was recently identified in LCs and dendritic cells in cutaneous and lymphoid tissues of humans and mice, its function is still unclear. Here, we studied the involvement of this protein in cytoskeletal remodeling and immune responses toward pathogens by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in resident LCs (rLCs) and emigrated LCs (eLCs) in human epidermis ex vivo and in a transgenic THP-1 RTN1A+ cell line. Hampering RTN1A functionality through an inhibitory antibody induced significant dendrite retraction of rLCs and inhibited their emigration. Similarly, expression of RTN1A in THP-1 cells significantly altered their morphology, enhanced aggregation potential, and inhibited the Ca2+ flux. Differentiated THP-1 RTN1A+ macrophages exhibited long cell protrusions and a larger cell body size in comparison to wild-type cells. Further, stimulation of epidermal sheets with bacterial lipoproteins (TLR1/2 and TLR2 agonists) and single-stranded RNA (TLR7 agonist) resulted in the formation of substantial clusters of rLCs and a significant decrease of RTN1A expression in eLCs. Together, our data indicate involvement of RTN1A in dendrite dynamics and structural plasticity of primary LCs. Moreover, we discovered a relation between activation of TLRs, clustering of LCs, and downregulation of RTN1A within the epidermis, thus indicating an important role of RTN1A in LC residency and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Pfisterer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clement Staud
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nanoparticulate cell-free DNA scavenger for treating inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5925. [PMID: 36207325 PMCID: PMC9546917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common type of inflammatory bone loss and a risk factor for systemic diseases. The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves inflammatory dysregulation, which represents a target for new therapeutic strategies to treat periodontitis. After establishing the correlation of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) level with periodontitis in patient samples, we test the hypothesis that the cfDNA-scavenging approach will benefit periodontitis treatment. We create a nanoparticulate cfDNA scavenger specific for periodontitis by coating selenium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (SeHANs) with cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM-G3), namely G3@SeHANs, and compare the activities of G3@SeHANs with those of soluble PAMAM-G3 polymer. Both G3@SeHANs and PAMAM-G3 inhibit periodontitis-related proinflammation in vitro by scavenging cfDNA and alleviate inflammatory bone loss in a mouse model of ligature-induced periodontitis. G3@SeHANs also regulate the mononuclear phagocyte system in a periodontitis environment, promoting the M2 over the M1 macrophage phenotype. G3@SeHANs show greater therapeutic effects than PAMAM-G3 in reducing proinflammation and alveolar bone loss in vivo. Our findings demonstrate the importance of cfDNA in periodontitis and the potential for using hydroxyapatite-based nanoparticulate cfDNA scavengers to ameliorate periodontitis. Periodontitis is a common type of inflammatory bone loss, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can be a major source that enhances the periodontal tissue destruction. Here, the authors show that a cfDNA-scavenging approach is able to ameliorate periodontitis by using nanoparticulate cfDNA scavenger.
Collapse
|
50
|
The distinct roles of exosomes in innate immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175292. [PMID: 36150532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is one of the major constituents of the host's defense against invading pathogens and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in regulating its responses. Exosomes, a subclass of EVs, released from eukaryotic cells, contribute to intracellular communication and drive various biological processes by transferring nuclei acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates between cells, protecting cargo from enzymatic degradation and immune recognition and consequent elimination by the immune system. A growing body of evidence has revealed that exosomes produced from host cells, infected cells, tumor cells, and immune cells regulate innate immune signaling and responses and thus play a significant role in the propagation of pathogens. Immune cells can recognize exosomes-bearing components including DNA strands, viral RNAs, and even proteins by various mechanisms such as through Toll-like receptor/NF-κB signaling, inducing cytokine production and reprogramming the innate immune responses, immunosuppression or immunesupportive. There is persuasive preclinical and clinical evidence that exosomes are therapeutic strategies for immunotherapy, cancer vaccine, drug-delivery system, and diagnostic biomarker. However, further scrutiny is essential to validate these findings. In this review, we describe the current facts on the regulation of innate immune responses by exosomes. We also describe the translational application of exosomes as cancer-therapy agents and immunotherapy.
Collapse
|