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Kannan N, Deshpande AJ. Connie J. Eaves (1944-2024). Nat Rev Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41568-024-00696-5. [PMID: 38698125 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Kannan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Aniruddha J Deshpande
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Tokumasu R, Yasuhara R, Kang S, Funatsu T, Mishima K. Transcription factor FoxO1 regulates myoepithelial cell diversity and growth. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1069. [PMID: 38212454 PMCID: PMC10784559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland myoepithelial cells regulate saliva secretion and have been implicated in the histological diversity of salivary gland tumors. However, detailed functional analysis of myoepithelial cells has not been determined owing to the few of the specific marker to isolate them. We isolated myoepithelial cells from the submandibular glands of adult mice using the epithelial marker EpCAM and the cell adhesion molecule CD49f as indicators and found predominant expression of the transcription factor FoxO1 in these cells. RNA-sequence analysis revealed that the expression of cell cycle regulators was negatively regulated in FoxO1-overexpressing cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that FoxO1 bound to the p21/p27 promoter DNA, indicating that FoxO1 suppresses cell proliferation through these factors. In addition, FoxO1 induced the expression of ectodysplasin A (Eda) and its receptor Eda2r, which are known to be associated with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and are involved in salivary gland development in myoepithelial cells. FoxO1 inhibitors suppressed Eda/Eda2r expression and salivary gland development in primordial organ cultures after mesenchymal removal. Although mesenchymal cells are considered a source of Eda, myoepithelial cells might be one of the resources of Eda. These results suggest that FoxO1 regulates myoepithelial cell proliferation and Eda secretion during salivary gland development in myoepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Tokumasu
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Seya Kang
- Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Department of Perioperative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Funatsu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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3
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Bouamar H, Broome LE, Lathrop KI, Jatoi I, Brenner AJ, Nazarullah A, Gorena KM, Garcia M, Chen Y, Kaklamani V, Sun LZ. mTOR inhibition abrogates human mammary stem cells and early breast cancer progression markers. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:131. [PMID: 37904250 PMCID: PMC10614399 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary physiology is distinguished in containing adult stem/progenitor cells that are actively amending the breast tissue throughout the reproductive lifespan of women. Despite their importance in both mammary gland development, physiological maintenance, and reproduction, the exact role of mammary stem/progenitor cells in mammary tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated in humans or animal models. The implications of modulating adult stem/progenitor cells in women could lead to a better understanding of not only their function, but also toward possible breast cancer prevention led us to evaluate the efficacy of rapamycin in reducing mammary stem/progenitor cell activity and malignant progression markers. METHODS We analyzed a large number of human breast tissues for their basal and luminal cell composition with flow cytometry and their stem and progenitor cell function with sphere formation assay with respect to age and menopausal status in connection with a clinical study (NCT02642094) involving a low-dose (2 mg/day) and short-term (5-7 days) treatment of the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. The expression of biomarkers in biopsies and surgical breast samples were measured with quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sirolimus treatment significantly abrogated mammary stem cell activity, particularly in postmenopausal patients. It did not affect the frequency of luminal progenitors but decreased their self-renewal capacity. While sirolimus had no effect on basal cell population, it decreased luminal cell population, particularly in postmenopausal patients. It also significantly diminished prognostic biomarkers associated with breast cancer progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer including p16INK4A, COX-2, and Ki67, as well as markers of the senescence-associated secretary phenotype, thereby possibly functioning in preventing early breast cancer progression. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings indicate a link from mTOR signaling to mammary stem and progenitor cell activity and cancer progression. Trial registration This study involves a clinical trial registered under the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02642094 registered December 30, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Bouamar
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry Esteban Broome
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kate Ida Lathrop
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ismail Jatoi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Jacob Brenner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alia Nazarullah
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Karla Moncada Gorena
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Garcia
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Greheey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Virginia Kaklamani
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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4
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Ben-Chetrit N, Niu X, Sotelo J, Swett AD, Rajasekhar VK, Jiao MS, Stewart CM, Bhardwaj P, Kottapalli S, Ganesan S, Loyher PL, Potenski C, Hannuna A, Brown KA, Iyengar NM, Giri DD, Lowe SW, Healey JH, Geissmann F, Sagi I, Joyce JA, Landau DA. Breast Cancer Macrophage Heterogeneity and Self-renewal are Determined by Spatial Localization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563749. [PMID: 37961223 PMCID: PMC10634790 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating macrophages support critical steps in tumor progression, and their accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is associated with adverse outcomes and therapeutic resistance across human cancers. In the TME, macrophages adopt diverse phenotypic alterations, giving rise to heterogeneous immune activation states and induction of cell cycle. While the transcriptional profiles of these activation states are well-annotated across human cancers, the underlying signals that regulate macrophage heterogeneity and accumulation remain incompletely understood. Here, we leveraged a novel ex vivo organotypic TME (oTME) model of breast cancer, in vivo murine models, and human samples to map the determinants of functional heterogeneity of TME macrophages. We identified a subset of F4/80highSca-1+ self-renewing macrophages maintained by type-I interferon (IFN) signaling and requiring physical contact with cancer-associated fibroblasts. We discovered that the contact-dependent self-renewal of TME macrophages is mediated via Notch4, and its inhibition abrogated tumor growth of breast and ovarian carcinomas in vivo, as well as lung dissemination in a PDX model of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Through spatial multi-omic profiling of protein markers and transcriptomes, we found that the localization of macrophages further dictates functionally distinct but reversible phenotypes, regardless of their ontogeny. Whereas immune-stimulatory macrophages (CD11C+CD86+) populated the tumor epithelial nests, the stroma-associated macrophages (SAMs) were proliferative, immunosuppressive (Sca-1+CD206+PD-L1+), resistant to CSF-1R depletion, and associated with worse patient outcomes. Notably, following cessation of CSF-1R depletion, macrophages rebounded primarily to the SAM phenotype, which was associated with accelerated growth of mammary tumors. Our work reveals the spatial determinants of macrophage heterogeneity in breast cancer and highlights the disruption of macrophage self-renewal as a potential new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Xiang Niu
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Sotelo
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel D. Swett
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar
- Orthopedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria S. Jiao
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Stewart
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Kottapalli
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saravanan Ganesan
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Potenski
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Assaf Hannuna
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kristy A. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neil M. Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dilip D. Giri
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - John H. Healey
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johanna A. Joyce
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dan A. Landau
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Coni P, Piras M, Piludu M, Lachowicz JI, Matteddu A, Coni S, Reali A, Fanos V, Jaremko M, Faa G, Pichiri G. Exploring cell surface markers and cell-cell interactions of human breast milk stem cells. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036221150332. [PMID: 36712902 PMCID: PMC9880586 DOI: 10.1177/22799036221150332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breakthrough studies have shown that pluripotent stem cells are present in human breast milk. The expression of pluripotency markers by breast milk cells is heterogeneous, relating to cellular hierarchy, from early-stage multi-lineage stem cells to fully differentiated mammary epithelial cells, as well as weeks of gestation and days of lactation. Design and methods Here, we qualitatively analyze cell marker expression in freshly isolated human breast milk cells, without any manipulation that could influence protein expression. Moreover, we use electron microscopy to investigate cell-cell networks in breast milk for the first time, providing evidence of active intercellular communication between cells expressing different cellular markers. Results The immunocytochemistry results of human breast milk cells showed positive staining in all samples for CD44, CD45, CD133, and Ki67 markers. Variable positivity was present with P63, Tβ4 and CK14 markers. No immunostaining was detected for Wt1, nestin, Nanog, OCT4, SOX2, CK5, and CD34 markers. Cells isolated from human breast milk form intercellular connections, which together create a cell-to-cell communication network. Conclusions Cells freshly isolated form human breast milk, without particular manipulations, show heterogeneous expression of stemness markers. The studied milk staminal cells show "pluripotency" at different stages of differentiation, and are present as single cells or grouped cells. The adjacent cell interactions are evidenced by electron microscopy, which showed the formation of intercellular connections, numerous contact regions, and thin pseudopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Coni
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Piras
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Piludu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy,Joanna Izabela Lachowicz, Department of
Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella
Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari 09048, Italy.
| | - Anna Matteddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Coni
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Reali
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di
Cagliari, Terapia Intesiva Neonatale (TIN), P.O. Duilio Casula di Monserrato,
Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences,
University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red
Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environ-mental Sciences and
Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST),
Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pichiri
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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6
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Aylon Y, Furth N, Mallel G, Friedlander G, Nataraj NB, Dong M, Hassin O, Zoabi R, Cohen B, Drendel V, Salame TM, Mukherjee S, Harpaz N, Johnson R, Aulitzky WE, Yarden Y, Shema E, Oren M. Breast cancer plasticity is restricted by a LATS1-NCOR1 repressive axis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7199. [PMID: 36443319 PMCID: PMC9705295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most frequent cancer in women, is generally classified into several distinct histological and molecular subtypes. However, single-cell technologies have revealed remarkable cellular and functional heterogeneity across subtypes and even within individual breast tumors. Much of this heterogeneity is attributable to dynamic alterations in the epigenetic landscape of the cancer cells, which promote phenotypic plasticity. Such plasticity, including transition from luminal to basal-like cell identity, can promote disease aggressiveness. We now report that the tumor suppressor LATS1, whose expression is often downregulated in human breast cancer, helps maintain luminal breast cancer cell identity by reducing the chromatin accessibility of genes that are characteristic of a "basal-like" state, preventing their spurious activation. This is achieved via interaction of LATS1 with the NCOR1 nuclear corepressor and recruitment of HDAC1, driving histone H3K27 deacetylation near NCOR1-repressed "basal-like" genes. Consequently, decreased expression of LATS1 elevates the expression of such genes and facilitates slippage towards a more basal-like phenotypic identity. We propose that by enforcing rigorous silencing of repressed genes, the LATS1-NCOR1 axis maintains luminal cell identity and restricts breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Aylon
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Furth
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Mallel
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Nancy & Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nishanth Belugali Nataraj
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meng Dong
- grid.502798.10000 0004 0561 903XDr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ori Hassin
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rawan Zoabi
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Cohen
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vanessa Drendel
- grid.416008.b0000 0004 0603 4965Department of Pathology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tomer Meir Salame
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Saptaparna Mukherjee
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nofar Harpaz
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Randy Johnson
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Walter E. Aulitzky
- grid.416008.b0000 0004 0603 4965Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yosef Yarden
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Shema
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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7
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Role of Snai2 and Notch signaling in salivary gland myoepithelial cell fate. J Transl Med 2022; 102:1245-1256. [PMID: 36775450 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoepithelial (ME) cells in exocrine glands exhibit both epithelial and mesenchymal features, contributing to fluid secretion through contraction. However, the regulation mechanism of behind this unique phenotype in salivary glands remains unclear. We established a flow cytometry-based purification method using cell surface molecules, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and alpha 6 integrin (CD49f), to characterize ME cells. EpCAM+CD49fhigh cells showed relatively high expression of ME cell-marker genes, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). For lineage tracing and strict isolation, tdTomato+EpCAM+CD49fhigh-ME cells were obtained from myosin heavy chain 11 (Myh11) -CreERT2/tdTomato mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that expression of genes involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, including Snai2, were upregulated in the ME cell-enriched subset. Snai2 suppression in stable ME cells decreased α-SMA and increased Krt14 expression, suggesting that ME cell features may be controlled by the epithelial-mesenchymal balance regulated by Snai2. In contrast, ME cells showed reduced ME properties and expressed the ductal markers Krt18/19 under sphere culture conditions. Notch signaling was activated under sphere culture conditions; excessive activation of Notch signaling accelerated Krt18/19 expression, but reduced α-SMA and Snai2 expression, suggesting that the behavior of Snai2-expressing ME cells may be controlled by Notch signaling.
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8
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Ozyurt R, Ozpolat B. Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Estrogen Therapy Resistance and Novel Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5206. [PMID: 36358625 PMCID: PMC9655708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, constituting one-third of all cancers in women, and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Anti-estrogen therapies, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators, significantly improve survival in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC patients, which represents about 70% of cases. However, about 60% of patients inevitably experience intrinsic or acquired resistance to anti-estrogen therapies, representing a major clinical problem that leads to relapse, metastasis, and patient deaths. The resistance mechanisms involve mutations of the direct targets of anti-estrogen therapies, compensatory survival pathways, as well as alterations in the expression of non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNA) that regulate the activity of survival and signaling pathways. Although cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have significantly improved survival, the efficacy of these therapies alone and in combination with anti-estrogen therapy for advanced ER+ BC, are not curative in advanced and metastatic disease. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms causing treatment resistance is critical for developing highly effective therapies and improving patient survival. This review focuses on the key mechanisms that contribute to anti-estrogen therapy resistance and potential new treatment strategies alone and in combination with anti-estrogen drugs to improve the survival of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Ozyurt
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Eirew P, O'Flanagan C, Ting J, Salehi S, Brimhall J, Wang B, Biele J, Algara T, Lee SR, Hoang C, Yap D, McKinney S, Bates C, Kong E, Lai D, Beatty S, Andronescu M, Zaikova E, Funnell T, Ceglia N, Chia S, Gelmon K, Mar C, Shah S, Roth A, Bouchard-Côté A, Aparicio S. Accurate determination of CRISPR-mediated gene fitness in transplantable tumours. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4534. [PMID: 35927228 PMCID: PMC9352714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing tumour gene fitness in physiologically-relevant model systems is challenging due to biological features of in vivo tumour regeneration, including extreme variations in single cell lineage progeny. Here we develop a reproducible, quantitative approach to pooled genetic perturbation in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), by encoding single cell output from transplanted CRISPR-transduced cells in combination with a Bayesian hierarchical model. We apply this to 181 PDX transplants from 21 breast cancer patients. We show that uncertainty in fitness estimates depends critically on the number of transplant cell clones and the variability in clone sizes. We use a pathway-directed allelic series to characterize Notch signaling, and quantify TP53 / MDM2 drug-gene conditional fitness in outlier patients. We show that fitness outlier identification can be mirrored by pharmacological perturbation. Overall, we demonstrate that the gene fitness landscape in breast PDXs is dominated by inter-patient differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eirew
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ciara O'Flanagan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerome Ting
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sohrab Salehi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jazmine Brimhall
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Justina Biele
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Algara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - So Ra Lee
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corey Hoang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Damian Yap
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven McKinney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cherie Bates
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Esther Kong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sean Beatty
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Elena Zaikova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tyler Funnell
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas Ceglia
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Stephen Chia
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Gelmon
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Mar
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sohrab Shah
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Roth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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10
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer susceptibility. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1025-1043. [PMID: 35786748 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a plethora of recognized risk factors for breast cancer (BC) with poorly understood or speculative biological mechanisms. The lack of prevention options highlights the importance of understanding the mechanistic basis of cancer susceptibility and finding new targets for breast cancer prevention. Until now, we have understood risk and cancer susceptibility primarily through the application of epidemiology and assessing outcomes in large human cohorts. Relative risks are assigned to various human behaviors and conditions, but in general the associations are weak and there is little understanding of mechanism. Aging is by far the greatest risk factor for BC, and there are specific forms of inherited genetic risk that are well-understood to cause BC. We propose that bringing focus to the biology underlying these forms of risk will illuminate biological mechanisms of BC susceptibility.
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11
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Ductal keratin 15 + luminal progenitors in normal breast exhibit a basal-like breast cancer transcriptomic signature. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 35821504 PMCID: PMC9276673 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal breast luminal epithelial progenitors have been implicated as cell of origin in basal-like breast cancer, but their anatomical localization remains understudied. Here, we combine collection under the microscope of organoids from reduction mammoplasties and single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of FACS-sorted luminal epithelial cells with multicolor imaging to profile ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) and compare them with breast cancer subtypes. Unsupervised clustering reveals eleven distinct clusters and a differentiation trajectory starting with keratin 15+ (K15+) progenitors enriched in ducts. Spatial mapping of luminal progenitors is confirmed at the protein level by staining with critical duct markers. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of normal luminal cells with those of breast cancer subtypes suggests a strong correlation between normal breast ductal progenitors and basal-like breast cancer. We propose that K15+ basal-like breast cancers originate in ductal progenitors, which emphasizes the importance of not only lineages but also cellular position within the ductal-lobular tree.
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12
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He Z, Ghorayeb R, Tan S, Chen K, Lorentzian AC, Bottyan J, Aalam SMM, Pujana MA, Lange PF, Kannan N, Eaves CJ, Maxwell CA. Pathogenic BRCA1 variants disrupt PLK1-regulation of mitotic spindle orientation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2200. [PMID: 35459234 PMCID: PMC9033786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Preneoplastic mammary tissues from human female BRCA1 mutation carriers, or Brca1-mutant mice, display unexplained abnormalities in luminal differentiation. We now study the division characteristics of human mammary cells purified from female BRCA1 mutation carriers or non-carrier donors. We show primary BRCA1 mutant/+ cells exhibit defective BRCA1 localization, high radiosensitivity and an accelerated entry into cell division, but fail to orient their cell division axis. We also analyse 15 genetically-edited BRCA1 mutant/+ human mammary cell-lines and find that cells carrying pathogenic BRCA1 mutations acquire an analogous defect in their division axis accompanied by deficient expression of features of mature luminal cells. Importantly, these alterations are independent of accumulated DNA damage, and specifically dependent on elevated PLK1 activity induced by reduced BRCA1 function. This essential PLK1-mediated role of BRCA1 in controlling the cell division axis provides insight into the phenotypes expressed during BRCA1 tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcheng He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan Ghorayeb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanna Tan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda C Lorentzian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack Bottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Modification of BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk by HMMR overexpression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1895. [PMID: 35393420 PMCID: PMC8989921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer risk for carriers of BRCA1 pathological variants is modified by genetic factors. Genetic variation in HMMR may contribute to this effect. However, the impact of risk modifiers on cancer biology remains undetermined and the biological basis of increased risk is poorly understood. Here, we depict an interplay of molecular, cellular, and tissue microenvironment alterations that increase BRCA1-associated breast cancer risk. Analysis of genome-wide association results suggests that diverse biological processes, including links to BRCA1-HMMR profiles, influence risk. HMMR overexpression in mouse mammary epithelium increases Brca1-mutant tumorigenesis by modulating the cancer cell phenotype and tumor microenvironment. Elevated HMMR activates AURKA and reduces ARPC2 localization in the mitotic cell cortex, which is correlated with micronucleation and activation of cGAS-STING and non-canonical NF-κB signaling. The initial tumorigenic events are genomic instability, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and tissue infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages. The findings reveal a biological foundation for increased risk of BRCA1-associated breast cancer.
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14
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Goldhammer N, Kim J, Villadsen R, Rønnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW. Myoepithelial progenitors as founder cells of hyperplastic human breast lesions upon PIK3CA transformation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:219. [PMID: 35273332 PMCID: PMC8913783 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myoepithelial (MEP) lineage of human breast comprises bipotent and multipotent progenitors in ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). We here assess whether this heterogeneity impacts on oncogenic PIK3CA transformation. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multicolor imaging reveal that terminal ducts represent the most enriched source of cells with ductal MEP markers including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), keratin K14, K17 and CD200. Furthermore, we find neighboring CD200high and CD200low progenitors within terminal ducts. When sorted and kept in ground state conditions, their CD200low and CD200high phenotypes are preserved. Upon differentiation, progenitors remain multipotent and bipotent, respectively. Immortalized progenitors are transduced with mutant PIK3CA on an shp53 background. Upon transplantation, CD200low MEP progenitors distinguish from CD200high by the formation of multilayered structures with a hyperplastic inner layer of luminal epithelial cells. We suggest a model with spatially distributed MEP progenitors as founder cells of biphasic breast lesions with implications for early detection and prevention strategies. Breast myoepithelial cells are characterised using single cell sequencing, where they are distinguished by CD200 expression. Distinct properties of CD200-low and CD200-high are found, which suggest that CD200-low cells are multipotent, whereas CD200-high cells are bipotent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Goldhammer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lone Rønnov-Jessen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole William Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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15
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Twigger AJ, Engelbrecht LK, Bach K, Schultz-Pernice I, Pensa S, Stenning J, Petricca S, Scheel CH, Khaled WT. Transcriptional changes in the mammary gland during lactation revealed by single cell sequencing of cells from human milk. Nat Commun 2022; 13:562. [PMID: 35091553 PMCID: PMC8799659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the most significant expansion and differentiation of the adult mammary gland occurs in response to systemic reproductive hormones during pregnancy and lactation to enable milk synthesis and secretion to sustain the offspring. However, human mammary tissue remodelling that takes place during pregnancy and lactation remains poorly understood due to the challenge of acquiring samples. We report here single-cell transcriptomic analysis of 110,744 viable breast cells isolated from human milk or non-lactating breast tissue, isolated from nine and seven donors, respectively. We found that human milk largely contains epithelial cells belonging to the luminal lineage and a repertoire of immune cells. Further transcriptomic analysis of the milk cells identified two distinct secretory cell types that shared similarities with luminal progenitors, but no populations comparable to hormone-responsive cells. Taken together, our data offers a reference map and a window into the cellular dynamics that occur during human lactation and may provide further insights on the interplay between pregnancy, lactation and breast cancer. Human mammary tissue remodelling that takes place during pregnancy and lactation remains poorly understood. Here the authors characterize cells in human milk, identifying epithelial cells resembling luminal progenitors and immune cells, contributing insights into this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia-Jane Twigger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. .,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, England. .,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Lisa K Engelbrecht
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Bach
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, England
| | | | - Sara Pensa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, England
| | - Jack Stenning
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, England
| | - Stefania Petricca
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina H Scheel
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. .,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, England.
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16
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De novo and cell line models of human mammary cell transformation reveal an essential role for Yb-1 in multiple stages of human breast cancer. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:54-64. [PMID: 34294889 PMCID: PMC8738742 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer heterogeneity has made it challenging to identify mechanisms critical to the initial stages of their genesis in vivo. Here, we sought to interrogate the role of YB-1 in newly arising human breast cancers as well as in established cell lines. In a first series of experiments, we found that short-hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of YB-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells blocked both their local tumour-forming and lung-colonising activity in immunodeficient mice. Conversely, upregulated expression of YB-1 enhanced the poor in vivo tumorigenicity of T47D cells. We then found that YB-1 knockdown also inhibits the initial generation in mice of invasive ductal carcinomas and ductal carcinomas in situ from freshly isolated human mammary cells transduced, respectively, with KRASG12D or myristoylated-AKT1. Interestingly, increased expression of HIF1α and G3BP1, two YB-1 translational targets and elements of a stress-adaptive programme, mirrored the levels of YB-1 in both transformed primary and established MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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17
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Tordonato C, Marzi MJ, Di Fiore PP, Nicassio F. microRNAs transcriptional profiling of mammary stem cells isolated by PKH26 staining and FACS sorting. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 170:59-79. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Ma D, Hernandez GA, Lefebvre AEYT, Alshetaiwi H, Blake K, Dave KR, Rauf M, Williams JW, Davis RT, Evans KT, Longworth A, Masoud MYG, Lee R, Edwards RA, Digman MA, Kessenbrock K, Lawson DA. Patient-derived xenograft culture-transplant system for investigation of human breast cancer metastasis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1268. [PMID: 34741115 PMCID: PMC8571269 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a fatal disease where research progress has been hindered by a lack of authentic experimental models. Here, we develop a 3D tumor sphere culture-transplant system that facilitates the growth and engineering of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor cells for functional metastasis assays in vivo. Orthotopic transplantation and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses show that PDX tumor spheres maintain tumorigenic potential, and the molecular marker and global transcriptome signatures of native tumor cells. Tumor spheres display robust capacity for lentiviral engineering and dissemination in spontaneous and experimental metastasis assays in vivo. Inhibition of pathways previously reported to attenuate metastasis also inhibit metastasis after sphere culture, validating our approach for authentic investigations of metastasis. Finally, we demonstrate a new role for the metabolic enzyme NME1 in promoting breast cancer metastasis, providing proof-of-principle that our culture-transplant system can be used for authentic propagation and engineering of patient tumor cells for functional studies of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Grace A Hernandez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Hamad Alshetaiwi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kerrigan Blake
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kushal R Dave
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maha Rauf
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Justice W Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katrina T Evans
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Longworth
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Madona Y G Masoud
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Regis Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Devon A Lawson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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19
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Ganz HM, Buchmann B, Engelbrecht LK, Jesinghaus M, Eichelberger L, Gabka CJ, Schmidt GP, Muckenhuber A, Weichert W, Bausch AR, Scheel CH. Generation of ductal organoids from normal mammary luminal cells reveals invasive potential. J Pathol 2021; 255:451-463. [PMID: 34467523 DOI: 10.1002/path.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we present an experimental model for human luminal progenitor cells that enables single, primary cells isolated from normal tissue to generate complex branched structures resembling the ductal morphology of low-grade carcinoma of no special type. Thereby, we find that ductal structures are generated through invasive branching morphogenesis via matrix remodeling and identify reduced actomyosin contractility as a prerequisite for invasion. In addition, we show that knockout of E-cadherin causes a dissolution of duct formation as observed in invasive lobular carcinoma, a subtype of invasive carcinomas where E-cadherin function is frequently lost. Thus, our model shows that invasive capacity can be elicited from normal luminal cells in specific environments, which results in low-grade no special type morphology. This assay offers a platform to investigate the dynamics of luminal cell invasion and unravel the impact of genetic and non-genetic aberrations on invasive morphology. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Ganz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environmental Research Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Buchmann
- Chair of Cellular Biophysics E27, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Lisa K Engelbrecht
- Chair of Cellular Biophysics E27, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Eichelberger
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Gabka
- Nymphenburg Clinic for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg P Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas R Bausch
- Chair of Cellular Biophysics E27, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Christina H Scheel
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environmental Research Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Fanni D, Gerosa C, Loddo C, Castagnola M, Fanos V, Zaffanello M, Faa G. Stem/progenitor cells in fetuses and newborns: overview of immunohistochemical markers. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:22. [PMID: 34219203 PMCID: PMC8255250 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microanatomy of the vast majority of human organs at birth is characterized by marked differences as compared to adult organs, regarding their architecture and the cell types detectable at histology. In preterm neonates, these differences are even more evident, due to the lower level of organ maturation and to ongoing cell differentiation. One of the most remarkable finding in preterm tissues is the presence of huge amounts of stem/progenitor cells in multiple organs, including kidney, brain, heart, adrenals, and lungs. In other organs, such as liver, the completely different burden of cell types in preterm infants is mainly related to the different function of the liver during gestation, mainly focused on hematopoiesis, a function that is taken by bone marrow after birth. Our preliminary studies showed that the antigens expressed by stem/progenitors differ significantly from one organ to the next. Moreover, within each developing human tissue, reactivity for different stem cell markers also changes during gestation, according with the multiple differentiation steps encountered by each progenitor during development. A better knowledge of stem/progenitor cells of preterms will allow neonatologists to boost preterm organ maturation, favoring the differentiation of the multiple cells types that characterize each organ in at term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fanni
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital San Giovanni Di Dio, via Ospedale, 54, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Phidelphia, USA
| | - C Gerosa
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital San Giovanni Di Dio, via Ospedale, 54, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Phidelphia, USA
| | - C Loddo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Castagnola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - V Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Zaffanello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Piazzale Stefani, 1, I-37126, Verona, Italy.
| | - G Faa
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital San Giovanni Di Dio, via Ospedale, 54, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Phidelphia, USA
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21
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Pal B, Chen Y, Vaillant F, Capaldo BD, Joyce R, Song X, Bryant VL, Penington JS, Di Stefano L, Tubau Ribera N, Wilcox S, Mann GB, Papenfuss AT, Lindeman GJ, Smyth GK, Visvader JE. A single-cell RNA expression atlas of normal, preneoplastic and tumorigenic states in the human breast. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107333. [PMID: 33950524 PMCID: PMC8167363 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine global changes in breast heterogeneity across different states, we determined the single-cell transcriptomes of > 340,000 cells encompassing normal breast, preneoplastic BRCA1+/- tissue, the major breast cancer subtypes, and pairs of tumors and involved lymph nodes. Elucidation of the normal breast microenvironment revealed striking changes in the stroma of post-menopausal women. Single-cell profiling of 34 treatment-naive primary tumors, including estrogen receptor (ER)+ , HER2+ , and triple-negative breast cancers, revealed comparable diversity among cancer cells and a discrete subset of cycling cells. The transcriptomes of preneoplastic BRCA1+/- tissue versus tumors highlighted global changes in the immune microenvironment. Within the tumor immune landscape, proliferative CD8+ T cells characterized triple-negative and HER2+ cancers but not ER+ tumors, while all subtypes comprised cycling tumor-associated macrophages, thus invoking potentially different immunotherapy targets. Copy number analysis of paired ER+ tumors and lymph nodes indicated seeding by genetically distinct clones or mass migration of primary tumor cells into axillary lymph nodes. This large-scale integration of patient samples provides a high-resolution map of cell diversity in normal and cancerous human breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Pal
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVicAustralia
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVicAustralia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - François Vaillant
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Bianca D Capaldo
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Rachel Joyce
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
- Immunology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Jocelyn S Penington
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Leon Di Stefano
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Nina Tubau Ribera
- Centre for Dynamic ImagingParkvilleVicAustralia
- Advanced Technology and Biology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Stephen Wilcox
- Advanced Technology and Biology DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Gregory B Mann
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVicAustralia
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVicAustralia
- The Royal Women’s HospitalParkvilleVicAustralia
- The Department of SurgeryThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - kConFab
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVicAustralia
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVicAustralia
- Department of MedicineThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVicAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
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22
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Timaxian C, Vogel CFA, Orcel C, Vetter D, Durochat C, Chinal C, NGuyen P, Aknin ML, Mercier-Nomé F, Davy M, Raymond-Letron I, Van TNN, Diermeier SD, Godefroy A, Gary-Bobo M, Molina F, Balabanian K, Lazennec G. Pivotal Role for Cxcr2 in Regulating Tumor-Associated Neutrophil in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112584. [PMID: 34070438 PMCID: PMC8197482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines present in the tumor microenvironment are essential for the control of tumor progression. We show here that several ligands of the chemokine receptor Cxcr2 were up-regulated in the PyMT (polyoma middle T oncogene) model of breast cancer. Interestingly, the knock-down of Cxcr2 in PyMT animals led to an increased growth of the primary tumor and lung metastasis. The analysis of tumor content of PyMT-Cxcr2-/- animals highlighted an increased infiltration of tumor associated neutrophils (TANs), mirrored by a decreased recruitment of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) compared to PyMT animals. Analysis of PyMT-Cxcr2-/- TANs revealed that they lost their killing ability compared to PyMT-Cxcr2+/+ TANs. The transcriptomic analysis of PyMT-Cxcr2-/- TANs showed that they had a more pronounced pro-tumor TAN2 profile compared to PyMT TANs. In particular, PyMT-Cxcr2-/- TANs displayed an up-regulation of the pathways involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and angiogenesis and factors favoring metastasis, but reduced apoptosis. In summary, our data reveal that a lack of Cxcr2 provides TANs with pro-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Timaxian
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
- CNRS, GDR 3697 Microenvironment of Tumor Niches, Micronit, France;
| | - Christoph F. A. Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Charlotte Orcel
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Diana Vetter
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Camille Durochat
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Clarisse Chinal
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Phuong NGuyen
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Marie-Laure Aknin
- CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (M.-L.A.); (F.M.-N.)
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (M.-L.A.); (F.M.-N.)
| | - Martin Davy
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Isabelle Raymond-Letron
- Department of Histopathology, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France;
- Platform of Experimental and Compared Histopathology, STROMALab, UMR UPS/CNRS 5223, EFS, Inserm U1031, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Thi-Nhu-Ngoc Van
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Sarah D. Diermeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Anastasia Godefroy
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Franck Molina
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Karl Balabanian
- CNRS, GDR 3697 Microenvironment of Tumor Niches, Micronit, France;
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Gwendal Lazennec
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG-ALCEDIAG, Cap Delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier, France; (C.T.); (C.O.); (D.V.); (C.D.); (C.C.); (P.N.); (M.D.); (T.-N.-N.V.); (F.M.)
- CNRS, GDR 3697 Microenvironment of Tumor Niches, Micronit, France;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Deckwirth V, Rajakylä EK, Cattavarayane S, Acheva A, Schaible N, Krishnan R, Valle-Delgado JJ, Österberg M, Björkenheim P, Sukura A, Tojkander S. Cytokeratin 5 determines maturation of the mammary myoepithelium. iScience 2021; 24:102413. [PMID: 34007958 PMCID: PMC8111680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At invasion, transformed mammary epithelial cells expand into the stroma through a disrupted myoepithelial (ME) cell layer and basement membrane (BM). The intact ME cell layer has thus been suggested to act as a barrier against invasion. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the disruption of ME cell layer. We show that the expression of basal/ME proteins CK5, CK14, and α-SMA altered along increasing grade of malignancy, and their loss affected the maintenance of organotypic 3D mammary architecture. Furthermore, our data suggests that loss of CK5 prior to invasive stage causes decreased levels of Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SLUG), a key regulator of the mammary epithelial cell lineage determination. Consequently, a differentiation bias toward luminal epithelial cell type was detected with loss of mature, α-SMA-expressing ME cells and reduced deposition of basement membrane protein laminin-5. Therefore, our data discloses the central role of CK5 in mammary epithelial differentiation and maintenance of normal ME layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Deckwirth
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Eeva Kaisa Rajakylä
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sandhanakrishnan Cattavarayane
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anna Acheva
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Niccole Schaible
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Pia Björkenheim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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24
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Henry S, Trousdell MC, Cyrill SL, Zhao Y, Feigman MJ, Bouhuis JM, Aylard DA, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Characterization of Gene Expression Signatures for the Identification of Cellular Heterogeneity in the Developing Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:43-66. [PMID: 33988830 PMCID: PMC8217035 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing mammary gland depends on several transcription-dependent networks to define cellular identities and differentiation trajectories. Recent technological advancements that allow for single-cell profiling of gene expression have provided an initial picture into the epithelial cellular heterogeneity across the diverse stages of gland maturation. Still, a deeper dive into expanded molecular signatures would improve our understanding of the diversity of mammary epithelial and non-epithelial cellular populations across different tissue developmental stages, mouse strains and mammalian species. Here, we combined differential mammary gland fractionation approaches and transcriptional profiles obtained from FACS-isolated mammary cells to improve our definitions of mammary-resident, cellular identities at the single-cell level. Our approach yielded a series of expression signatures that illustrate the heterogeneity of mammary epithelial cells, specifically those of the luminal fate, and uncovered transcriptional changes to their lineage-defined, cellular states that are induced during gland development. Our analysis also provided molecular signatures that identified non-epithelial mammary cells, including adipocytes, fibroblasts and rare immune cells. Lastly, we extended our study to elucidate expression signatures of human, breast-resident cells, a strategy that allowed for the cross-species comparison of mammary epithelial identities. Collectively, our approach improved the existing signatures of normal mammary epithelial cells, as well as elucidated the diversity of non-epithelial cells in murine and human breast tissue. Our study provides a useful resource for future studies that use single-cell molecular profiling strategies to understand normal and malignant breast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Henry
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, US
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, NY, 11794, US
| | | | | | - Yixin Zhao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, US
| | - Mary J Feigman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, US
| | | | - Dominik A Aylard
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, US
| | - Adam Siepel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, US
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25
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The Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model: A New In Vivo Tool to Evaluate Breast Cancer Stem Cell Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010334. [PMID: 33396951 PMCID: PMC7795925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high plasticity of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) allows them to differentiate and proliferate, specifically when xenotransplanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. CSCs are highly tumorigenic, even when inoculated in small numbers. Thus, in vivo limiting dilution assays (LDA) in mice are the current gold standard method to evaluate CSC enrichment and activity. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a low cost, naturally immune-incompetent and reproducible model widely used to evaluate the spontaneous growth of human tumor cells. Here, we established a CAM-LDA assay able to rapidly reproduce tumor specificities—in particular, the ability of the small population of CSCs to form tumors. We used a panel of organotropic metastatic breast cancer cells, which show an enrichment in a stem cell gene signature, enhanced CD44+/CD24−/low cell surface expression and increased mammosphere-forming efficiency (MFE). The size of CAM-xenografted tumors correlate with the number of inoculated cancer cells, following mice xenograft growth pattern. CAM and mice tumors are histologically comparable, displaying both breast CSC markers CD44 and CD49f. Therefore, we propose a new tool for studying CSC prevalence and function—the chick CAM-LDA—a model with easy handling, accessibility, rapid growth and the absence of ethical and regulatory constraints.
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26
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Taurin S, Alkhalifa H. Breast cancers, mammary stem cells, and cancer stem cells, characteristics, and hypotheses. Neoplasia 2020; 22:663-678. [PMID: 33142233 PMCID: PMC7586061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity of breast cancers still represents a major therapeutic challenge. The latest genomic studies have classified breast cancers in distinct clusters to inform the therapeutic approaches and predict clinical outcomes. The mammary epithelium is composed of luminal and basal cells, and this seemingly hierarchical organization is dependent on various stem cells and progenitors populating the mammary gland. Some cancer cells are conceptually similar to the stem cells as they can self-renew and generate bulk populations of nontumorigenic cells. Two models have been proposed to explain the cell of origin of breast cancer and involve either the reprogramming of differentiated mammary cells or the dysregulation of mammary stem cells or progenitors. Both hypotheses are not exclusive and imply the accumulation of independent mutational events. Cancer stem cells have been isolated from breast tumors and implicated in the development, metastasis, and recurrence of breast cancers. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing help deciphering the clonal evolution within each breast tumor. Still, few clinical trials have been focused on these specific cancer cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Haifa Alkhalifa
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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27
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Martin Carli JF, Trahan GD, Jones KL, Hirsch N, Rolloff KP, Dunn EZ, Friedman JE, Barbour LA, Hernandez TL, MacLean PS, Monks J, McManaman JL, Rudolph MC. Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Human Milk-Derived Cells Reveals Sub-Populations of Mammary Epithelial Cells with Molecular Signatures of Progenitor and Mature States: a Novel, Non-invasive Framework for Investigating Human Lactation Physiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:367-387. [PMID: 33216249 PMCID: PMC8016415 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in human milk are an untapped source, as potential "liquid breast biopsies", of material for investigating lactation physiology in a non-invasive manner. We used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify milk-derived mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and their transcriptional signatures in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes (GDM) with normal lactation. Methodology is described for coordinating milk collections with single cell capture and library preparation via cryopreservation, in addition to scRNA-seq data processing and analyses of MEC transcriptional signatures. We comprehensively characterized 3740 cells from milk samples from two mothers at two weeks postpartum. Most cells (>90%) were luminal MECs (luMECs) expressing lactalbumin alpha and casein beta and positive for keratin 8 and keratin 18. Few cells were keratin 14+ basal MECs and a small immune cell population was present (<10%). Analysis of differential gene expression among clusters identified six potentially distinct luMEC subpopulation signatures, suggesting the potential for subtle functional differences among luMECs, and included one cluster that was positive for both progenitor markers and mature milk transcripts. No expression of pluripotency markers POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1, encoding OCT4) SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) or nanog homeobox (NANOG), was observed. These observations were supported by flow cytometric analysis of MECs from mature milk samples from three women with diet-controlled GDM (2-8 mo postpartum), indicating a negligible basal/stem cell population (epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM)-/integrin subunit alpha 6 (CD49f)+, 0.07%) and a small progenitor population (EPCAM+/CD49f+, 1.1%). We provide a computational framework for others and future studies, as well as report the first milk-derived cells to be analyzed by scRNA-seq. We discuss the clinical potential and current limitations of using milk-derived cells as material for characterizing human mammary physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F Martin Carli
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - G Devon Trahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristy P Rolloff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily Z Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Linda A Barbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenifer Monks
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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28
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Ghosh A. Breast Milk Stem Cell Survival in Neonate's Gut, Entery into Neonate Circulation and Adaption by the Body. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:98-101. [PMID: 31702516 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666191107095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell exchange during pregnancy is thought to remain chimeras for life. Few studies recently revealed that maternal transfer of viable stem cells to the offspring continues even after birth during breastfeeding. Some of these stem cells are likely to be integrated into different organs (brain, blood, kidneys, and pancreas) including neurons and insulin-producing cells in the pancreas to become functional cells. This finding opens a new avenue for research on therapeutic uses of breast milk- derived stem cells. Recently Dr. Foteini Hassiotou used glowing mice, which were genetically modified to express a gene called tdTomato that causes cells to appear red under fluorescence light. These mice were mated, and their babies were swapped with the pups of another, unmodified mother mouse. The new pups suckled the modified mouse and, as a result, obtained glowing red stem cells from breast milk. The study has never been replicated in humans, so it is not clear yet if the findings apply to humans as in the case of mice. However, the results of the study are the jumping-off points for future research on human breast milk stem cells and their possible application in stem cell therapies. Additional studies are necessary to understand the passage of human breast milk stem cells through the neonate's GI tract, and passage to the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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29
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Lefort S, Balani S, Pellacani D, Guyot B, Gorski SM, Maguer-Satta V, Eaves CJ. Single-cell analysis of autophagy activity in normal and de novo transformed human mammary cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20266. [PMID: 33219251 PMCID: PMC7679376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of autophagy activity has historically been limited to investigations of fixed tissue or bulk cell populations. To address questions of heterogeneity and relate measurements to functional properties of viable cells isolated from primary tissue, we created a lentiviral (RFP-GFP-MAP1LC3B) vector that allows the autophagosome and autolysosome content of transduced cells to be monitored at the single-cell level. Use of this strategy to analyze purified subsets of normal human mammary cells showed that both the luminal progenitor-containing (LP) subset and the basal cells (BCs) display highly variable but overall similar autophagic flux activity despite differences suggested by measurements of the proteins responsible (i.e., LC3B, ATG7 and BECLIN1) in bulk lysates. Autophagosome content was also highly variable in the clonogenic cells within both the LPs and BCs, but the proliferative response of the BCs was more sensitive to autophagy inhibition. In addition, use of this vector showed cells with the lowest autophagosome content elicited the fastest tumor growth in 2 different models of human mammary tumorigenesis. These results illustrate the utility of this vector to define differences in the autophagy properties of individual cells in primary tissue and couple these with their responses to proliferative and oncogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lefort
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonInserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Sneha Balani
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Davide Pellacani
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Boris Guyot
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonInserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Véronique Maguer-Satta
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonInserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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30
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Dionísio MR, Vieira AF, Carvalho R, Conde I, Oliveira M, Gomes M, Pinto MT, Pereira P, Pimentel J, Souza C, Marques MMC, Duval da Silva V, Barroso A, Preto D, Cameselle-Teijeiro JF, Schmitt F, Ribeiro AS, Paredes J. BR-BCSC Signature: The Cancer Stem Cell Profile Enriched in Brain Metastases that Predicts a Worse Prognosis in Lymph Node-Positive Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112442. [PMID: 33182375 PMCID: PMC7695320 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases remain an unmet clinical need in breast oncology, being frequently found in HER2-overexpressing and triple-negative carcinomas. These tumors were reported to be highly cancer stem-like cell-enriched, suggesting that brain metastases probably arise by the seeding of cancer cells with stem features. Accordingly, we found that brain-tropic breast cancer cells show increased stem cell activity and tumorigenic capacity in the chick embryo choriallantoic membrane when compared to the parental cell line. These observations were supported by a significant increase in their stem cell frequency and by the enrichment for the breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype CD44+CD24−/low. Based on this data, the expression of BCSC markers (CD44, CD49f, P-cadherin, EpCAM, and ALDH1) was determined and found to be significantly enriched in breast cancer brain metastases when compared to primary tumors. Therefore, a brain (BR)-BCSC signature was defined (3–5 BCSC markers), which showed to be associated with decreased brain metastases-free and overall survival. Interestingly, this signature significantly predicted a worse prognosis in lymph node-positive patients, acting as an independent prognostic factor. Thus, an enrichment of a BCSC signature was found in brain metastases, which can be used as a new prognostic factor in clinically challenging breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Dionísio
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - André F. Vieira
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Carvalho
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Conde
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Oliveira
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Gomes
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta T. Pinto
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- In vivo CAM assays, i3S - Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pereira
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - José Pimentel
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Cristiano Souza
- Department of Breast and Gynecologic Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos-SP 14784-400, Brazil; (C.S.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Márcia M. C. Marques
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos-SP 14784-400, Brazil;
- Barretos School of Health Sciences - FACISB, Barretos-SP 14784-400, Brazil
| | | | - Alison Barroso
- Department of Breast and Gynecologic Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos-SP 14784-400, Brazil; (C.S.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniel Preto
- Department of Breast and Gynecologic Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos-SP 14784-400, Brazil; (C.S.); (A.B.); (D.P.)
| | | | - Fernando Schmitt
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University (FMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Paredes
- Epithelial Interactions in Cancer (EPIC) group, i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.R.D.); (A.F.V.); (R.C.); (I.C.); (M.O.); (M.G.); (M.T.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.R.)
- IPATIMUP- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University (FMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-12-2557-0700
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Engelsen AST, Wnuk-Lipinska K, Bougnaud S, Pelissier Vatter FA, Tiron C, Villadsen R, Miyano M, Lotsberg ML, Madeleine N, Panahandeh P, Dhakal S, Tan TZ, Peters SD, Grøndal S, Aziz SM, Nord S, Herfindal L, Stampfer MR, Sørlie T, Brekken RA, Straume O, Halberg N, Gausdal G, Thiery JP, Akslen LA, Petersen OW, LaBarge MA, Lorens JB. AXL Is a Driver of Stemness in Normal Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer. iScience 2020; 23:101649. [PMID: 33103086 PMCID: PMC7578759 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is associated with epithelial plasticity in several solid tumors including breast cancer and AXL-targeting agents are currently in clinical trials. We hypothesized that AXL is a driver of stemness traits in cancer by co-option of a regulatory function normally reserved for stem cells. AXL-expressing cells in human mammary epithelial ducts co-expressed markers associated with multipotency, and AXL inhibition abolished colony formation and self-maintenance activities while promoting terminal differentiation in vitro. Axl-null mice did not exhibit a strong developmental phenotype, but enrichment of Axl + cells was required for mouse mammary gland reconstitution upon transplantation, and Axl-null mice had reduced incidence of Wnt1-driven mammary tumors. An AXL-dependent gene signature is a feature of transcriptomes in basal breast cancers and reduced patient survival irrespective of subtype. Our interpretation is that AXL regulates access to epithelial plasticity programs in MaSCs and, when co-opted, maintains acquired stemness in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete S T Engelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Sebastien Bougnaud
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Fanny A Pelissier Vatter
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Crina Tiron
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Biolgical Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91910, USA
| | - Maria L Lotsberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Noëlly Madeleine
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Pouda Panahandeh
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sushil Dhakal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Sturla Grøndal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sura M Aziz
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Nord
- Department of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Biolgical Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Oddbjørn Straume
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Halberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro Gausdal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, 94800 Villejuif, France.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A-STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Bio-island, Guangzhou, 510320, China
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole W Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Biolgical Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91910, USA
| | - James B Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Morsing M, Kim J, Villadsen R, Goldhammer N, Jafari A, Kassem M, Petersen OW, Rønnov-Jessen L. Fibroblasts direct differentiation of human breast epithelial progenitors. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:102. [PMID: 32993755 PMCID: PMC7526135 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer arises within specific regions in the human breast referred to as the terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). These are relatively dynamic structures characterized by sex hormone driven cyclic epithelial turnover. TDLUs consist of unique parenchymal entities embedded within a fibroblast-rich lobular stroma. Here, we established and characterized a new human breast lobular fibroblast cell line against its interlobular counterpart with a view to assessing the role of region-specific stromal cues in the control of TDLU dynamics. METHODS Primary lobular and interlobular fibroblasts were transduced to express human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Differentiation of the established cell lines along lobular and interlobular pathways was determined by immunocytochemical staining and genome-wide RNA sequencing. Their functional properties were further characterized by analysis of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation repertoire in culture and in vivo. The cells' physiological relevance for parenchymal differentiation was examined in heterotypic co-culture with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-purified normal breast primary luminal or myoepithelial progenitors. The co-cultures were immunostained for quantitative assessment of epithelial branching morphogenesis, polarization, growth, and luminal epithelial maturation. In extension, myoepithelial progenitors were tested for luminal differentiation capacity in culture and in mouse xenografts. To unravel the significance of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-mediated crosstalk in TDLU-like morphogenesis and differentiation, fibroblasts were incubated with the TGF-β signaling inhibitor, SB431542, prior to heterotypic co-culture with luminal cells. RESULTS hTERT immortalized fibroblast cell lines retained critical phenotypic traits in culture and linked to primary fibroblasts. Cell culture assays and transplantation to mice showed that the origin of fibroblasts determines TDLU-like and ductal-like differentiation of epithelial progenitors. Whereas lobular fibroblasts supported a high level of branching morphogenesis by luminal cells, interlobular fibroblasts supported ductal-like myoepithelial characteristics. TDLU-like morphogenesis, at least in part, relied on intact TGF-β signaling. CONCLUSIONS The significance of the most prominent cell type in normal breast stroma, the fibroblast, in directing epithelial differentiation is largely unknown. Through establishment of lobular and interlobular fibroblast cell lines, we here demonstrate that epithelial progenitors are submitted to stromal cues for site-specific differentiation. Our findings lend credence to considering stromal subtleties of crucial importance in the development of normal breast and, in turn, breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Morsing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Present Address: Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadine Goldhammer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole William Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Rønnov-Jessen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Jung Y, Kim JK, Lee E, Cackowski FC, Decker AM, Krebsbach PH, Taichman RS. CXCL12γ induces human prostate and mammary gland development. Prostate 2020; 80:1145-1156. [PMID: 32659025 PMCID: PMC7491592 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial stem cells (ESCs) demonstrate a capacity to maintain normal tissues homeostasis and ESCs with a deregulated behavior can contribute to cancer development. The ability to reprogram normal tissue epithelial cells into prostate or mammary stem-like cells holds great promise to help understand cell of origin and lineage plasticity in prostate and breast cancers in addition to understanding normal gland development. We previously showed that an intracellular chemokine, CXCL12γ induced cancer stem cells and neuroendocrine characteristics in both prostate and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. However, its role in normal prostate or mammary epithelial cell fate and development remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the functional role of CXCL12γ in the regulation of ESCs and tissue development. METHODS Prostate epithelial cells (PNT2) or mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) with overexpressed CXCL12γ was characterized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blots, and immunofluorescence for lineage marker expression, and fluorescence activated cell sorting analyses and sphere formation assays to examine stem cell surface phenotype and function. Xenotransplantation animal models were used to evaluate gland or acini formation in vivo. RESULTS Overexpression of CXCL12γ promotes the reprogramming of cells with a differentiated luminal phenotype to a nonluminal phenotype in both prostate (PNT2) and mammary (MCF10A) epithelial cells. The CXCL12γ-mediated nonluminal type cells results in an increase of epithelial stem-like phenotype including the subpopulation of EPCAMLo /CD49fHi /CD24Lo /CD44Hi cells capable of sphere formation. Critically, overexpression of CXCL12γ promotes the generation of robust gland-like structures from both prostate and mammary epithelial cells in in vivo xenograft animal models. CONCLUSIONS CXCL12γ supports the reprogramming of epithelial cells into nonluminal cell-derived stem cells, which facilitates gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Co-senior authors
| | - Jin Koo Kim
- Section of Periodontics, University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eunsohl Lee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Frank C. Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paul H. Krebsbach
- Section of Periodontics, University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Russell S. Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Co-senior authors
- Corresponding Author Russell S. Taichman D.M.D., D.M.Sc., School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, Phone: 205-934-4720,
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34
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Martignani E, Ala U, Sheehy PA, Thomson PC, Baratta M. Whole transcriptome analysis of bovine mammary progenitor cells by P-Cadherin enrichment as a marker in the mammary cell hierarchy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14183. [PMID: 32843665 PMCID: PMC7447765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult bovine mammary stem cells possess the ability to regenerate in vivo clonal outgrowths that mimic functional alveoli. Commonly available techniques that involve immunophenotype-based cell sorting yield cell fractions that are moderately enriched, far from being highly purified. Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells segregated in four different populations according to the expression of P-Cadherin and CD49f. Sorted cells from each fraction were tested for the presence of lineage-restricted progenitors and stem cells. Only cells from the CD49fhigh/P-Cadherinneg subpopulation were able to give rise to both luminal- and myoepithelial-restricted colonies in vitro and generate organized outgrowths in vivo, which are hallmarks of stem cell activity. After whole transcriptome analysis, we found gene clusters to be differentially enriched that relate to cell-to-cell communication, metabolic processes, proliferation, migration and morphogenesis. When we analyzed only the genes that were differentially expressed in the stem cell enriched fraction, clusters of downregulated genes were related to proliferation, while among the upregulated expression, cluster of genes related to cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton organization were observed. Our results show that P-Cadherin separates mammary subpopulations differentially in progenitor cells or mammary stem cells. Further we provide a comprehensive observation of the gene expression differences among these cell populations which reinforces the assumption that bovine mammary stem cells are typically quiescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - U Ala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - P A Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - M Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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35
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Seachrist DD, Hannigan MM, Ingles NN, Webb BM, Weber-Bonk KL, Yu P, Bebek G, Singh S, Sizemore ST, Varadan V, Licatalosi DD, Keri RA. The transcriptional repressor BCL11A promotes breast cancer metastasis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11707-11719. [PMID: 32576660 PMCID: PMC7450125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypes of each breast cancer subtype are defined by their transcriptomes. However, the transcription factors that regulate differential patterns of gene expression that contribute to specific disease outcomes are not well understood. Here, using gene silencing and overexpression approaches, RNA-Seq, and splicing analysis, we report that the transcription factor B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 11A (BCL11A) is highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and drives metastatic disease. Moreover, BCL11A promotes cancer cell invasion by suppressing the expression of muscleblind-like splicing regulator 1 (MBNL1), a splicing regulator that suppresses metastasis. This ultimately increases the levels of an alternatively spliced isoform of integrin-α6 (ITGA6), which is associated with worse patient outcomes. These results suggest that BCL11A sustains TNBC cell invasion and metastatic growth by repressing MBNL1-directed splicing of ITGA6 Our findings also indicate that BCL11A lies at the interface of transcription and splicing and promotes aggressive TNBC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie D Seachrist
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Molly M Hannigan
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Natasha N Ingles
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryan M Webb
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristen L Weber-Bonk
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gurkan Bebek
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Salendra Singh
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven T Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Donny D Licatalosi
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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36
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Lu C, Ma Z, Cheng X, Wu H, Tuo B, Liu X, Li T. Pathological role of ion channels and transporters in the development and progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:377. [PMID: 32782435 PMCID: PMC7409684 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common malignancy in women. Among breast cancer types, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tends to affect younger women, is prone to axillary lymph node, lung, and bone metastases; and has a high recurrence rate. Due to a lack of classic biomarkers, the currently available treatments are surgery and chemotherapy; no targeted standard treatment options are available. Therefore, it is urgent to find a novel and effective therapeutic target. As alteration of ion channels and transporters in normal mammary cells may affect cell growth, resulting in the development and progression of TNBC, ion channels and transporters may be promising new therapeutic targets for TNBC. This review summarizes ion channels and transporters related to TNBC and may provide new tumor biomarkers and help in the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Lu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou Province China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou Province China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou Province China
| | - Huichao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou Province China.,Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 Guizhou Province China
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37
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Liu Q, Hodge J, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang L, Singh UP, Li Y, Yao Y, Wang D, Ai W, Nagarkatti P, Chen H, Xu P, Murphy EA, Fan D. Emodin reduces Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis by suppressing Macrophage-induced Breast Cancer Cell Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Cancer Stem Cell formation. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:8365-8381. [PMID: 32724475 PMCID: PMC7381725 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that the natural compound emodin blocks the tumor-promoting feedforward interactions between cancer cells and macrophages, and thus ameliorates the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment. Since tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) also affect epithelial mesenchymal-transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) formation, here we aimed to test if emodin as a neoadjuvant therapy halts breast cancer metastasis by attenuating TAM-induced EMT and CSC formation of breast cancer cells. Methods: Bioinformatical analysis was performed to examine the correlation between macrophage abundance and EMT/CSC markers in human breast tumors. Cell culture and co-culture studies were performed to test if emodin suppresses TGF-β1 or macrophage-induced EMT and CSC formation of breast cancer cells, and if it inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Using mouse models, we tested if short-term administration of emodin before surgical removal of breast tumors halts breast cancer post-surgery metastatic recurrence in the lungs. The effects of emodin on TGF-β1 signaling pathways in breast cancer cells were examined by western blots and immunofluorescent imaging. Results: Macrophage abundance positively correlates with EMT and CSC markers in human breast tumors. Emodin suppressed TGF-β1 production in breast cancer cells and macrophages and attenuated TGF-β1 or macrophage-induced EMT and CSC formation of breast cancer cells. Short-term administration of emodin before surgery halted breast cancer post-surgery metastatic recurrence in the lungs by reducing tumor-promoting macrophages and suppressing EMT and CSC formation in the primary tumors. Mechanistic studies revealed that emodin inhibited both canonical and noncanonical TGF-β1 signaling pathways in breast cancer cells and suppressed transcription factors key to EMT and CSC. Conclusion: Natural compound emodin suppresses EMT and CSC formation of breast cancer cells by blocking TGF-β1-mediated crosstalk between TAMs and breast cancer cells. Our study provides evidence suggesting that emodin harbors the potential for clinical development as a new effective and safe agent to halt metastatic recurrence of breast cancer.
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Kudo KI, Takabatake M, Nagata K, Nishimura Y, Daino K, Iizuka D, Nishimura M, Suzuki K, Kakinuma S, Imaoka T. Flow Cytometry Definition of Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Populations and Their Distinct Radiation Responses. Radiat Res 2020; 194:22-37. [PMID: 32352870 DOI: 10.1667/rr15566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Breast tissue is very susceptible to radiation-induced carcinogenesis, and mammary stem/progenitor cells are potentially important targets of this. The mammary epithelium is maintained as two mostly independent lineages of luminal and basal cells. To elucidate their immediate radiation responses, we analyzed the mammary glands of female Sprague-Dawley rats, a radiation carcinogenesis model, using colony formation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The results revealed that flow cytometry successfully fractionates rat mammary cells into CD49fhi CD24lo basal, CD49fmed CD24hi luminal progenitor, and CD49flo CD24hi mature luminal populations, resembling human breast, rather than mouse tissues. The colony-forming ability of the basal cells was more radiosensitive than the luminal progenitor cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed more efficient cell cycle arrest, γ-H2AX responses, and apoptosis in the irradiated luminal progenitor cells, than in the basal cells. These results provide important insights into the early phase of radiation-induced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kudo
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Takabatake
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Berberich A, Bartels F, Tang Z, Knoll M, Pusch S, Hucke N, Kessler T, Dong Z, Wiestler B, Winkler F, Platten M, Wick W, Abdollahi A, Lemke D. LAPTM5-CD40 Crosstalk in Glioblastoma Invasion and Temozolomide Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:747. [PMID: 32582531 PMCID: PMC7289993 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioma therapy is challenged by the diffuse and invasive growth of glioma. Lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) was identified as an invasion inhibitor by an in vivo screen for invasion-associated genes. The aim of this study was to decipher the function of LAPTM5 in glioblastoma and its interaction with the CD40 receptor which is intensively evaluated as a target in the therapy of diverse cancers including glioma. Methods: Knockdown of LAPTM5 was performed in different glioma cell lines to analyze the impact on clonogenicity, invasiveness, sensitivity to temozolomide chemotherapy, and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. An expression array was used to elucidate the underlying pathways. CD40 knockdown and overexpression were induced to investigate a potential crosstalk of LAPTM5 and CD40. LAPTM5 and CD40 were correlated with the clinical outcome of glioma patients. Results: Knockdown of LAPTM5 unleashed CD40-mediated NFκB activation, resulting in enhanced invasiveness, clonogenicity, and temozolomide resistance that was overcome by NFκB inhibition. LAPTM5 expression correlated with better overall survival in glioblastoma patients depending on CD40 expression status. Conclusion: We conclude that LAPTM5 conveyed tumor suppression and temozolomide sensitation in CD40-positive glioblastoma through the inhibition of CD40-mediated NFκB activation. Hence, LAPTM5 may provide a potential biomarker for sensitivity to temozolomide in CD40-positive glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berberich
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Bartels
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zili Tang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Pusch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nanina Hucke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kessler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Lemke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Kuang XW, Liu JH, Sun ZH, Sukumar S, Sun SR, Chen C. Intraductal Therapy in Breast Cancer: Current Status and Future Prospective. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:133-143. [PMID: 32577880 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With our improved understanding of the biological behavior of breast cancer, minimally invasive intervention is urgently needed for personalized treatment of early disease. Intraductal therapy is one such minimally invasive approach. With the help of appropriate tools, technologies using the intraductal means of entering the ducts may be used both to diagnose and treat lesions in the mammary duct system with less trauma and at the same time avoid systemic toxicity. Traditional agents such as those targeting pathways, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, or gene therapy can be used alone or combined with other new technologies, such as nanomaterials, through the intraductal route. Additionally, relevant mammary tumor models in rodents which reflect changes in the tumor microenvironment will help deepen our understanding of their biological behavior and heterogeneity. This article reviews the current status and future prospects of intraductal therapy in breast cancer, with emphasis on ductal carcinoma in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Kuang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sheng-Rong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Rosenbluth JM, Schackmann RCJ, Gray GK, Selfors LM, Li CMC, Boedicker M, Kuiken HJ, Richardson A, Brock J, Garber J, Dillon D, Sachs N, Clevers H, Brugge JS. Organoid cultures from normal and cancer-prone human breast tissues preserve complex epithelial lineages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1711. [PMID: 32249764 PMCID: PMC7136203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, organoid technology has been used to generate a large repository of breast cancer organoids. Here we present an extensive evaluation of the ability of organoid culture technology to preserve complex stem/progenitor and differentiated cell types via long-term propagation of normal human mammary tissues. Basal/stem and luminal progenitor cells can differentiate in culture to generate mature basal and luminal cell types, including ER+ cells that have been challenging to maintain in culture. Cells associated with increased cancer risk can also be propagated. Single-cell analyses of matched organoid cultures and native tissues by mass cytometry for 38 markers provide a higher resolution representation of the multiple mammary epithelial cell types in the organoids, and demonstrate that protein expression patterns of the tissue of origin can be preserved in culture. These studies indicate that organoid cultures provide a valuable platform for studies of mammary differentiation, transformation, and breast cancer risk. Organoid technology has enabled the generation of several breast cancer organoids. Here, the authors combine propagation of normal human mammary tissues with mass cytometry to evaluate the ability of organoid culture technologies to preserve stem cells and differentiated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rosenbluth
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ron C J Schackmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carman Man-Chung Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mackenzie Boedicker
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hendrik J Kuiken
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jane Brock
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Judy Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deborah Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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42
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Trabert B, Sherman ME, Kannan N, Stanczyk FZ. Progesterone and Breast Cancer. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5568276. [PMID: 31512725 PMCID: PMC7156851 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic progestogens (progestins) have been linked to increased breast cancer risk; however, the role of endogenous progesterone in breast physiology and carcinogenesis is less clearly defined. Mechanistic studies using cell culture, tissue culture, and preclinical models implicate progesterone in breast carcinogenesis. In contrast, limited epidemiologic data generally do not show an association of circulating progesterone levels with risk, and it is unclear whether this reflects methodologic limitations or a truly null relationship. Challenges related to defining the role of progesterone in breast physiology and neoplasia include: complex interactions with estrogens and other hormones (eg, androgens, prolactin, etc.), accounting for timing of blood collections for hormone measurements among cycling women, and limitations of assays to measure progesterone metabolites in blood and progesterone receptor isotypes (PRs) in tissues. Separating the individual effects of estrogens and progesterone is further complicated by the partial dependence of PR transcription on estrogen receptor (ER)α-mediated transcriptional events; indeed, interpreting the integrated interaction of the hormones may be more essential than isolating independent effects. Further, many of the actions of both estrogens and progesterone, particularly in "normal" breast tissues, are driven by paracrine mechanisms in which ligand binding to receptor-positive cells evokes secretion of factors that influence cell division of neighboring receptor-negative cells. Accordingly, blood and tissue levels may differ, and the latter are challenging to measure. Given conflicting data related to the potential role of progesterone in breast cancer etiology and interest in blocking progesterone action to prevent or treat breast cancer, we provide a review of the evidence that links progesterone to breast cancer risk and suggest future directions for filling current gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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43
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments. Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:E18. [PMID: 32210163 PMCID: PMC7151639 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women. There were over two-million new cases in world in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death from cancer in western countries. At the molecular level, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which is characterized by high genomic instability evidenced by somatic gene mutations, copy number alterations, and chromosome structural rearrangements. The genomic instability is caused by defects in DNA damage repair, transcription, DNA replication, telomere maintenance and mitotic chromosome segregation. According to molecular features, breast cancers are subdivided in subtypes, according to activation of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor), of human epidermal growth factors receptor 2 (HER2), and or BRCA mutations. In-depth analyses of the molecular features of primary and metastatic breast cancer have shown the great heterogeneity of genetic alterations and their clonal evolution during disease development. These studies have contributed to identify a repertoire of numerous disease-causing genes that are altered through different mutational processes. While early-stage breast cancer is a curable disease in about 70% of patients, advanced breast cancer is largely incurable. However, molecular studies have contributed to develop new therapeutic approaches targeting HER2, CDK4/6, PI3K, or involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for BRCA mutation carriers and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (E.P.)
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44
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Initiation of human mammary cell tumorigenesis by mutant KRAS requires YAP inactivation. Oncogene 2019; 39:1957-1968. [PMID: 31772328 PMCID: PMC7044112 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High YAP activity is associated with poor prognosis human breast cancers, but its role during the initial stage of mammary cell transformation is unknown. To address this question, we designed experiments that exploit the ability of KRASG12D-transduced subsets of freshly isolated normal human mammary cells to form invasive tumors rapidly and efficiently when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Initial examination of the newly developing tumors thus generated revealed a consistent marked loss of nuclear YAP, independent of the initial primary human mammary cell type transduced. Conversely, co-transduction of the same subsets of primary human mammary cells with KRASG12D plus the constitutively active YAPS127A prevented tumor formation. These findings contrast with the enhanced display of transformed properties obtained when the immortalized, but non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells are transduced just with YAPS127A. In addition, we show that YAPS127A-transduction of the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line (that carry a similar KRAS mutation) enhances their metastatic activity in vivo. We also discover that the KRASG12D-induced early loss of YAP in primary human mammary cells is associated with their induced secretion of amphiregulin. Collectively, these findings suggest that YAP can differentially affect the acquisition of malignant properties by human mammary cells at different stages of their transformation.
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45
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A CD146 FACS Protocol Enriches for Luminal Keratin 14/19 Double Positive Human Breast Progenitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14843. [PMID: 31619692 PMCID: PMC6795797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer is believed to arise in luminal progenitors within the normal breast. A subset of these are double positive (DP) for basal and luminal keratins and localizes to a putative stem cell zone within ducts. We here present a new protocol based on a combination of CD146 with CD117 and CD326 which provides an up to thirty fold enrichment of the DP cells. We show by expression profiling, colony formation, and morphogenesis that CD146high/CD117high/CD326high DP cells belong to a luminal progenitor compartment. While these DP cells are located quite uniformly in ducts, with age a variant type of DP (vDP) cells, which is mainly CD146-negative, accumulates in lobules. Intriguingly, in specimens with BRCA1 mutations known to predispose for cancer, higher frequencies of lobular vDP cells are observed. We propose that vDP cells are strong candidates for tracing the cellular origin of breast cancer.
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46
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Basal-like Breast Cancers: From Pathology to Biology and Back Again. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 10:1676-1686. [PMID: 29874626 PMCID: PMC6117459 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancers referred to as "basal-like" are of interest because they lack effective therapies and their biology is poorly understood. The term basal-like derives from studies demonstrating tumor gene expression profiles that include some transcripts characteristic of the basal cells of the normal adult human mammary gland and others associated with a subset of normal luminal cells. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the profiles of basal-like tumors is an active area of investigation. More refined molecular analysis of patients' samples and genetic strategies to produce breast cancers de novo from defined populations of normal mouse mammary cells have served as complementary approaches to identify relevant pathway alterations. However, both also have limitations. Here, we review some of the underlying reasons, including the unifying concept that some normal luminal cells have both luminal and basal features, as well as some emerging new avenues of investigation.
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47
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Fu NY, Nolan E, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Stem Cells and the Differentiation Hierarchy in Mammary Gland Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:489-523. [PMID: 31539305 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by dedicated stem and progenitor cells. Both short- and long-lived lineage-restricted progenitors have been identified in adult tissue as well as a small pool of multipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs), reflecting intrinsic complexity within the epithelial hierarchy. While unipotent progenitor cells predominantly execute day-to-day homeostasis and postnatal morphogenesis during puberty and pregnancy, multipotent MaSCs have been implicated in coordinating alveologenesis and long-term ductal maintenance. Nonetheless, the multipotency of stem cells in the adult remains controversial. The advent of large-scale single-cell molecular profiling has revealed striking changes in the gene expression landscape through ontogeny and the presence of transient intermediate populations. An increasing number of lineage cell-fate determination factors and potential niche regulators have now been mapped along the hierarchy, with many implicated in breast carcinogenesis. The emerging diversity among stem and progenitor populations of the mammary epithelium is likely to underpin the heterogeneity that characterizes breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Yang Fu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Nolan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ding L, Su Y, Fassl A, Hinohara K, Qiu X, Harper NW, Huh SJ, Bloushtain-Qimron N, Jovanović B, Ekram M, Zi X, Hines WC, Alečković M, Gil Del Alcazar C, Caulfield RJ, Bonal DM, Nguyen QD, Merino VF, Choudhury S, Ethington G, Panos L, Grant M, Herlihy W, Au A, Rosson GD, Argani P, Richardson AL, Dillon D, Allred DC, Babski K, Kim EMH, McDonnell CH, Wagner J, Rowberry R, Bobolis K, Kleer CG, Hwang ES, Blum JL, Cristea S, Sicinski P, Fan R, Long HW, Sukumar S, Park SY, Garber JE, Bissell M, Yao J, Polyak K. Perturbed myoepithelial cell differentiation in BRCA mutation carriers and in ductal carcinoma in situ. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4182. [PMID: 31519911 PMCID: PMC6744561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells play key roles in normal mammary gland development and in limiting pre-invasive to invasive breast tumor progression, yet their differentiation and perturbation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated myoepithelial cells in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation carriers and in non-carrier controls, and in sporadic DCIS. We found that in the normal breast of non-carriers, myoepithelial cells frequently co-express the p63 and TCF7 transcription factors and that p63 and TCF7 show overlapping chromatin peaks associated with differentiated myoepithelium-specific genes. In contrast, in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 mutation carriers the frequency of p63+TCF7+ myoepithelial cells is significantly decreased and p63 and TCF7 chromatin peaks do not overlap. These myoepithelial perturbations in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 germline mutation carriers may play a role in their higher risk of breast cancer. The fraction of p63+TCF7+ myoepithelial cells is also significantly decreased in DCIS, which may be associated with invasive progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sung Jin Huh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- ImmunoGen, Inc, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Noga Bloushtain-Qimron
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- EMEA Site Intelligence and Activation, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bojana Jovanović
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Muhammad Ekram
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- WuXi NextCODE, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Zi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - William C Hines
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Maša Alečković
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Gil Del Alcazar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ryan J Caulfield
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dennis M Bonal
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vanessa F Merino
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sibgat Choudhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura Panos
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Michael Grant
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - William Herlihy
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Alfred Au
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gedge D Rosson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Pedram Argani
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - D Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kirsten Babski
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | - Elizabeth Min Hui Kim
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jon Wagner
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | - Ron Rowberry
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | | | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - E Shelley Hwang
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joanne L Blum
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Simona Cristea
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mina Bissell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Wang QA, Scherer PE. Remodeling of Murine Mammary Adipose Tissue during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:207-212. [PMID: 31512027 PMCID: PMC6790178 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes in the mammary gland stroma comprise the majority of the mammary gland mass. White adipocytes regulate numerous hormonal and metabolic processes and exhibit compositional and phenotypic plasticity. This plasticity is exemplified by the ability of mammary adipocytes to regress during lactation, when mammary epithelial cells expand to establish sufficient milk-producing alveoli. Upon weaning, the process reverses through mammary involution, during which adipocytes extensively regenerate, and alveolar epithelial cells disappear through cell death, returning the mammary gland to the non-lactating state. Despite intensive studies on the development and involution of the mammary alveolar epithelium, the fate of mammary adipocytes during pregnancy and lactation, and the origins of mammary adipocytes regenerated during mammary involution, is poorly understood. Here, we discuss the recent discoveries of the fate of mammary adipocytes during pregnancy and lactation in a number of different mouse models, and the lineage origin of mammary adipocytes regenerated during involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Role of the Microenvironment in Regulating Normal and Cancer Stem Cell Activity: Implications for Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091240. [PMID: 31450577 PMCID: PMC6770706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cells in an adult woman’s breast tissue are continuously replaced throughout their reproductive life during pregnancy and estrus cycles. Such extensive epithelial cell turnover is governed by the primitive mammary stem cells (MaSCs) that proliferate and differentiate into bipotential and lineage-restricted progenitors that ultimately generate the mature breast epithelial cells. These cellular processes are orchestrated by tightly-regulated paracrine signals and crosstalk between breast epithelial cells and their tissue microenvironment. However, current evidence suggests that alterations to the communication between MaSCs, epithelial progenitors and their microenvironment plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the role of the breast tissue microenvironment in regulating the special functions of normal and cancer stem cells. Understanding the crosstalk between MaSCs and their microenvironment will provide new insights into how an altered breast tissue microenvironment could contribute to breast cancer development, progression and therapy response and the implications of this for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target cancer stem cells.
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