1
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Ataei A, Amini A, Ghazizadeh A. Robust memory of face moral values is encoded in the human caudate tail: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12629. [PMID: 38824168 PMCID: PMC11144224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Moral judgements about people based on their actions is a key component that guides social decision making. It is currently unknown how positive or negative moral judgments associated with a person's face are processed and stored in the brain for a long time. Here, we investigate the long-term memory of moral values associated with human faces using simultaneous EEG-fMRI data acquisition. Results show that only a few exposures to morally charged stories of people are enough to form long-term memories a day later for a relatively large number of new faces. Event related potentials (ERPs) showed a significant differentiation of remembered good vs bad faces over centerofrontal electrode sites (value ERP). EEG-informed fMRI analysis revealed a subcortical cluster centered on the left caudate tail (CDt) as a correlate of the face value ERP. Importantly neither this analysis nor a conventional whole-brain analysis revealed any significant coding of face values in cortical areas, in particular the fusiform face area (FFA). Conversely an fMRI-informed EEG source localization using accurate subject-specific EEG head models also revealed activation in the left caudate tail. Nevertheless, the detected caudate tail region was found to be functionally connected to the FFA, suggesting FFA to be the source of face-specific information to CDt. A further psycho-physiological interaction analysis also revealed task-dependent coupling between CDt and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), a region previously identified as retaining emotional working memories. These results identify CDt as a main site for encoding the long-term value memories of faces in humans suggesting that moral value of faces activates the same subcortical basal ganglia circuitry involved in processing reward value memory for objects in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ataei
- EE Department, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 1458889694, Iran
- Sharif Brain Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Amini
- EE Department, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 1458889694, Iran
| | - Ali Ghazizadeh
- EE Department, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 1458889694, Iran.
- Sharif Brain Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Sharma Y, Persson LM, Golubickis M, Jalalian P, Falbén JK, Macrae CN. Facial first impressions are not mandatory: A priming investigation. Cognition 2023; 241:105620. [PMID: 37741097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
A common assertion is that, based around prominent character traits, first impressions are spontaneously extracted from faces. Specifically, mere exposure to a person is sufficient to trigger the involuntary extraction of core personality characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness, dominance, competence), an outcome that supports a range of significant judgments (e.g., hiring, investing, electing). But is this in fact the case? Noting ambiguities in the extant literature, here we used a repetition priming procedure to probe the extent to which impressions of dominance are extracted from faces absent the instruction to evaluate the stimuli in this way. Across five experiments in which either the character trait of interest was made increasingly obvious to participants (Expts. 1-3) or attention was explicitly directed toward the faces to generate low-level/high-level judgments (Expts. 4 & 5), no evidence for the spontaneous extraction of first impressions was observed. Instead, priming only emerged when judgments of dominance were an explicit requirement of the task at hand. Thus, at least using a priming methodology, the current findings contest the notion that first impressions are a mandatory product of person perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvi Sharma
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Linn M Persson
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Johanna K Falbén
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Neil Macrae
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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3
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Zhu J, Yao Y, Jiang S. Vulnerability or resilience? Examining trust asymmetry from the perspective of risk sources under descriptive versus experiential decision. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1207453. [PMID: 37614493 PMCID: PMC10442566 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1207453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The investigation of trust vulnerability is important to the understanding of the potential mechanisms of trust formation and erosion. However, more effective exploration of trust vulnerability has been hindered due to the lack of consideration of risk sources and types of information. Methods This study extended the investigation of asymmetry to both social and natural risk under experiential and descriptive decisions. Using the trust game as the decision-making paradigm and money as the subject matter, the research employed experimental methods to examine how people perceive and make decisions after being positively and negatively affected by natural and social risks. A total of 286 college students were participated in our study. Study 1 (n = 138) and Study 2 (n = 148) explored asymmetry in experiential and descriptive decision separately. Results The findings indicated that when considering experiential information, negative information had a greater effect in reducing trust compared to the enhancing effect of positive information (t = -1.95, p = 0.050). Moreover, the study revealed that negative information had a stronger negative impact in the context of social risks rather than natural risks (t = -3.26, p = 0.002), suggesting that trust is vulnerable both internally and externally. Conversely, when considering descriptive information, the effect of both positive and negative information on trust was symmetrical, and the impact of negative information was less significant compared to that of natural risks, indicating that trust has a certain level of resilience (t = 2.25, p = 0.028). Discussion The study emphasizes the importance of refining risk sources and information characteristics in complex scenarios in order to improve understanding of trust enhancement and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingying Yao
- Counseling and Education Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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4
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Paz EV, Leis M, Garcia Basalo MJ, Giacchino M, Agosta G. Cuteness and the Power of Emotion. Neurol India 2023; 71:737-741. [PMID: 37635507 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.383846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background There is an agreement among individuals from different cultures in how they judge the cuteness of a face. There are observations suggesting that some preferences may be neurobiological rather than cultural. Most of the studies conducted use adult faces with a neutral expression; however, the mechanisms involved in rating cuteness are not exactly the same as those involved in the perception of attractiveness. Furthermore, it is not always taken into account that emotional expressions influence the impression on the beauty of a face. The objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of the different emotions on the perception of cuteness of children's faces. Materials and Methods We included 60 adults and 21 children who observed 150 photographs of children's faces expressing the six basic emotions and had to rate facial cuteness. Results Participants gave the highest cuteness score to faces with happy emotions (mean [M] = 6.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.48-7.30) and the lowest to those that expressed negative emotions (M = 5.32, 95% CI 4.87-5.78, t(160) = 5.08, P <.001). This was evidenced in adults and children of both genders, regardless of the gender of the stimulus. Conclusions In our study, we found that facial expression generates an impact on the perception that a subject has on the cuteness of the face. The faces that show happiness were scored as more cute compared to those that expressed anger, disgust, or sadness. We suggest that expression of positive emotions, like a smile, could increase the conducts associated with caring, placing the child in a more favorable situation for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Leis
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariana Giacchino
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Agosta
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Mattavelli S, Masi M, Brambilla M. Not Just About Faces in Context: Face-Context Relation Moderates the Impact of Contextual Threat on Facial Trustworthiness. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:376-390. [PMID: 34967235 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211065933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent work showed that the attribution of facial trustworthiness can be influenced by the surrounding context in which a face is embedded: contexts that convey threat make faces less trustworthy. In four studies (N = 388, three preregistered) we tested whether face-context integration is influenced by how faces and contexts are encoded relationally. In Experiments 1a to 1c, face-context integration was stronger when threatening stimuli were attributable to the human action. Faces were judged less trustworthy when shown in threatening contexts that were ascribable (vs. non-ascribable) to the human action. In Experiment 2, we manipulated face-context relations using instructions. When instructions presented facial stimuli as belonging to the "perpetrators" of the threatening contexts, no difference with the control (no-instructions) condition was found in face-context integration. Instead, the effect was reduced when faces were presented as "victims." We discussed the importance of considering relational reasoning when studying face-context integration.
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6
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Schwyck ME, Du M, Natarajan P, Chwe JA, Parkinson C. Neural encoding of novel social networks: evidence that perceivers prioritize others' centrality. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6771398. [PMID: 36281998 PMCID: PMC9949589 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of someone's friendships can powerfully impact how one interacts with them. Previous research suggests that information about others' real-world social network positions-e.g. how well-connected they are (centrality), 'degrees of separation' (relative social distance)-is spontaneously encoded when encountering familiar individuals. However, many types of information covary with where someone sits in a social network. For instance, strangers' face-based trait impressions are associated with their social network centrality, and social distance and centrality are inherently intertwined with familiarity, interpersonal similarity and memories. To disentangle the encoding of the social network position from other social information, participants learned a novel social network in which the social network position was decoupled from other factors and then saw each person's image during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Using representational similarity analysis, we found that social network centrality was robustly encoded in regions associated with visual attention and mentalizing. Thus, even when considering a social network in which one is not included and where centrality is unlinked from perceptual and experience-based features to which it is inextricably tied in naturalistic contexts, the brain encodes information about others' importance in that network, likely shaping future perceptions of and interactions with those individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Schwyck
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meng Du
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - John Andrew Chwe
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Carolyn Parkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Azevedo RT, von Mohr M, Tsakiris M. From the Viscera to First Impressions: Phase-Dependent Cardio-Visual Signals Bias the Perceived Trustworthiness of Faces. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:120-131. [PMID: 36322944 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221131519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When we see new people, we rapidly form first impressions. Whereas past research has focused on the role of morphological or emotional cues, we asked whether transient visceral states bias the impressions we form. Across three studies (N = 94 university students), we investigated how fluctuations of bodily states, driven by the interoceptive impact of cardiac signals, influence the perceived trustworthiness of faces. Participants less often chose faces presented in synchrony with their own cardiac systole as more trustworthy than faces presented out of synchrony. Participants also explicitly judged faces presented in synchrony with their cardiac systole as less trustworthy. Finally, the presentation of faces in synchrony with participants' cardiac diastole did not modulate participants' perceptions of the faces' trustworthiness, suggesting that the systolic phase is necessary for such interoceptive effects. These findings highlight the role of phasic interoceptive information in the processing of social information and provide a mechanistic account of the role of visceroception for social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana von Mohr
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London.,Centre for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London.,Centre for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London
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8
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Minemoto K, Ueda Y. Face identity and facial expression representations with adaptation paradigms: New directions for potential applications. Front Psychol 2022; 13:988497. [PMID: 36600709 PMCID: PMC9806277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.988497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation and aftereffect are well-known procedures for exploring our neural representation of visual stimuli. It has been reported that they occur in face identity, facial expressions, and low-level visual features. This method has two primary advantages. One is to reveal the common or shared process of faces, that is, the overlapped or discrete representation of face identities or facial expressions. The other is to investigate the coding system or theory of face processing that underlies the ability to recognize faces. This study aims to organize recent research to guide the reader into the field of face adaptation and its aftereffect and to suggest possible future expansions in the use of this paradigm. To achieve this, we reviewed the behavioral short-term aftereffect studies on face identity (i.e., who it is) and facial expressions (i.e., what expressions such as happiness and anger are expressed), and summarized their findings about the neural representation of faces. First, we summarize the basic characteristics of face aftereffects compared to simple visual features to clarify that facial aftereffects occur at a different stage and are not inherited or combinations of low-level visual features. Next, we introduce the norm-based coding hypothesis, which is one of the theories used to represent face identity and facial expressions, and adaptation is a commonly used procedure to examine this. Subsequently, we reviewed studies that applied this paradigm to immature or impaired face recognition (i.e., children and individuals with autism spectrum disorder or prosopagnosia) and examined the relationships between their poor recognition performance and representations. Moreover, we reviewed studies dealing with the representation of non-presented faces and social signals conveyed via faces and discussed that the face adaptation paradigm is also appropriate for these types of examinations. Finally, we summarize the research conducted to date and propose a new direction for the face adaptation paradigm.
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9
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Zablocki-Thomas PB, Rogers FD, Bales KL. Neuroimaging of human and non-human animal emotion and affect in the context of social relationships. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:994504. [PMID: 36338883 PMCID: PMC9633678 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.994504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term relationships are essential for the psychological wellbeing of humans and many animals. Positive emotions and affective experiences (e.g., romantic or platonic love) seem to be closely related to the creation and maintenance of social bonds. When relationships are threatened or terminated, other emotions generally considered to be negative can arise (e.g., jealousy or loneliness). Because humans and animals share (to varying degrees) common evolutionary histories, researchers have attempted to explain the evolution of affect and emotion through the comparative approach. Now brain imaging techniques allow the comparison of the neurobiological substrates of affective states and emotion in human and animal brains using a common methodology. Here, we review brain imaging studies that feature emotions characterized by the context of social bonding. We compare imaging findings associated with affective and emotional states elicited by similar social situations between humans and animal models. We also highlight the role of key neurohormones (i.e., oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine) that jointly support the occurrence of socially contextualized emotions and affect across species. In doing so, we seek to explore and clarify if and how humans and animals might similarly experience social emotion and affect in the context of social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas,
| | - Forrest D. Rogers
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Psychology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen L. Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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10
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The neuroanatomy of social trust predicts depression vulnerability. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16724. [PMID: 36202831 PMCID: PMC9537537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Trust attitude is a social personality trait linked with the estimation of others’ trustworthiness. Trusting others, however, can have substantial negative effects on mental health, such as the development of depression. Despite significant progress in understanding the neurobiology of trust, whether the neuroanatomy of trust is linked with depression vulnerability remains unknown. To investigate a link between the neuroanatomy of trust and depression vulnerability, we assessed trust and depressive symptoms and employed neuroimaging to acquire brain structure data of healthy participants. A high depressive symptom score was used as an indicator of depression vulnerability. The neuroanatomical results observed with the healthy sample were validated in a sample of clinically diagnosed depressive patients. We found significantly higher depressive symptoms among low trusters than among high trusters. Neuroanatomically, low trusters and depressive patients showed similar volume reduction in brain regions implicated in social cognition, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial PFC, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and angular gyrus. Furthermore, the reduced volume of the DLPFC and precuneus mediated the relationship between trust and depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to understanding social- and neural-markers of depression vulnerability and may inform the development of social interventions to prevent pathological depression.
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11
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Swe DC, Palermo R, Gwinn OS, Bell J, Nakanishi A, Collova J, Sutherland CAM. Trustworthiness perception is mandatory: Task instructions do not modulate fast periodic visual stimulation trustworthiness responses. J Vis 2022; 22:17. [PMID: 36315159 PMCID: PMC9631496 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is often assumed that humans spontaneously respond to the trustworthiness of others’ faces, it is still unclear whether responses to facial trust are mandatory or can be modulated by instructions. Considerable scientific interest lies in understanding whether trust processing is mandatory, given the societal consequences of biased trusting behavior. We tested whether neural responses indexing trustworthiness discrimination depended on whether the task involved focusing on facial trustworthiness or not, using a fast periodic visual stimulation electroencephalography oddball paradigm with a neural marker of trustworthiness discrimination at 1 Hz. Participants judged faces on size without any reference to trust, explicitly formed impressions of facial trust, or were given a financial lending context that primed trust, without explicit trust judgement instructions. Significant trustworthiness discrimination responses at 1 Hz were found in all three conditions, demonstrating the robust nature of trustworthiness discrimination at the neural level. Moreover, no effect of task instruction was observed, with Bayesian analyses providing moderate to decisive evidence that task instruction did not affect trustworthiness discrimination. Our finding that visual trustworthiness discrimination is mandatory points to the remarkable spontaneity of trustworthiness processing, providing clues regarding why these often unreliable impressions are ubiquitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Swe
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,
| | - O Scott Gwinn
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,
| | - Anju Nakanishi
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,
| | - Jemma Collova
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,
| | - Clare A M Sutherland
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland.,
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12
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Sindermann L, Leehr EJ, Redlich R, Meinert S, Böhnlein J, Grotegerd D, Pollack D, Reepen M, Thiel K, Winter A, Waltemate L, Lemke H, Enneking V, Borgers T, Opel N, Repple J, Goltermann J, Brosch K, Meller T, Pfarr JK, Ringwald KG, Schmitt S, Stein F, Jansen A, Krug A, Nenadić I, Kircher T, Dannlowski U. Emotion processing in depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 314:133-142. [PMID: 35803393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent and associated with emotional dysfunctions linked to activity alterations in the brain, mainly in prefrontal regions, the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala. However, this evidence is heterogeneous, perhaps because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on MDD tend to neglect comorbid anxiety (COM-A). METHODS To address this, here a sample of age- and sex-matched patients, nMDD = 90 and nCOM-A = 85, underwent functional MRI to assess neurofunctional group differences during a negative emotional face-matching task using a hypothesis-driven region of interest approach (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala) and an explorative whole-brain approach. We also assessed these relationships with state-trait anxiety measures, a state depression measure, general functioning and medication load. RESULTS During face processing, COM-A (compared to MDD) had significantly increased bilateral insula activity. No activity differences were found in the anterior cingulate cortex or the amygdala. Whole-brain analyses revealed increased inferior temporal activation and frontal activation (comprising the inferior and middle frontal gyrus) in COM-A that was positively linked to state anxiety as well as general functioning across groups. LIMITATIONS Still, the lack of a healthy control and small effects mean this study should be replicated to further interpret the results. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight a discriminative activation pattern between MDD and COM-A regarding emotion processing and may present a correlate of potentially anxiety-related psychopathology. In future, further investigations in potential discriminative activity patterns could help to elucidate the origin, development and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sindermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Leehr
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Martin-Luther University of Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Joscha Böhnlein
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Pollack
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Marieke Reepen
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Thiel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandra Winter
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Waltemate
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah Lemke
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Enneking
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Tiana Borgers
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Simon Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany.
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13
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Chen C, Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhang X. Age differences in facial trustworthiness perception are diminished by affective processing. Eur J Ageing 2022; 19:413-422. [PMID: 36052182 PMCID: PMC9424422 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While perceptions of facial trustworthiness usually serve as our first references for social interactions, these impressions may ultimately turn out to be inaccurate or unreliable. Compared with younger adults, older adults generally face a higher risk of fraudulent exploitation; the characteristics of older adults' facial trustworthiness perception may play an important role in revealing the underlying mechanism of their being cheated. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in comparison with their younger counterparts, older adults tend to overestimate strangers' facial trustworthiness. In the present study, two experiments were conducted, aiming at testing (1) the age-related differences in facial trustworthiness perceptions (Experiment 1) and (2) whether any interventions (e.g., encouraging more deliberative processing or more affective processing) could be applied to help older adults reduce their tendency to overestimate trustworthiness, thus reducing their facial trustworthiness ratings to a lower level (Experiment 2). The results indicated that (1) consistent with previous studies, older adults provided higher trustworthiness ratings for unfamiliar faces than did younger adults (Experiment 1) and (2) more importantly, affective processing instead of deliberative processing could benefit older adults in their assessments of facial trustworthiness, leading them toward demonstrating similar-not significantly higher-levels of trust toward strange faces as younger adults (Experiment 2). A possible mechanism was offered, suggesting that affective processing might help older adults to detect negative cues in unfamiliar faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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14
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D’Onofrio P, Norman LJ, Sudre G, White T, Shaw P. The Anatomy of Friendship: Neuroanatomic Homophily of the Social Brain among Classroom Friends. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3031-3041. [PMID: 35848863 PMCID: PMC9290566 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Homophily refers to the tendency to like similar others. Here, we ask if homophily extends to brain structure. Specifically: do children who like one another have more similar brain structures? We hypothesized that neuroanatomic similarity tied to friendship is most likely to pertain to brain regions that support social cognition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed friendship network data from 1186 children in 49 classrooms. Within each classroom, we identified "friendship distance"-mutual friends, friends-of-friends, and more distantly connected or unconnected children. In total, 125 children (mean age = 7.57 years, 65 females) also had good quality neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging scans from which we extracted properties of the "social brain." We found that similarity of the social brain varied by friendship distance: mutual friends showed greater similarity in social brain networks compared with friends-of-friends (β = 0.65, t = 2.03, P = 0.045) and even more remotely connected peers (β = 0.77, t = 2.83, P = 0.006); friends-of-friends did not differ from more distantly connected peers (β = -0.13, t = -0.53, P = 0.6). We report that mutual friends have similar "social brain" networks, adding a neuroanatomic dimension to the adage that "birds of a feather flock together."
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D’Onofrio
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luke J Norman
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children’s Hospital Kamer, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Shaw
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Lin T, Pehlivanoglu D, Ziaei M, Liu P, Woods AJ, Feifel D, Fischer H, Ebner NC. Age-Related Differences in Amygdala Activation Associated With Face Trustworthiness but No Evidence of Oxytocin Modulation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:838642. [PMID: 35814062 PMCID: PMC9262048 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala has been shown to be responsive to face trustworthiness. While older adults typically give higher face trustworthiness ratings than young adults, a direct link between amygdala response and age-related differences in face trustworthiness evaluation has not yet been confirmed. Additionally, there is a possible modulatory role of the neuropeptide oxytocin in face trustworthiness evaluation, but the results are mixed and effects unexplored in aging. To address these research gaps, young, and older adults were randomly assigned to oxytocin or placebo self-administration via a nasal spray before rating faces on trustworthiness while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. There was no overall age-group difference in face trustworthiness ratings, but older compared to young participants gave higher trustworthiness ratings to ambivalently untrustworthy-looking faces. In both age groups, lower face trustworthiness ratings were associated with higher left amygdala activity. A comparable negative linear association was observed in right amygdala but only among young participants. Also, in the right amygdala, lower and higher, compared to moderate, face trustworthiness ratings were associated with greater right amygdala activity (i.e., positive quadratic (U-shaped) association) for both age groups. Neither the behavioral nor the brain effects were modulated by a single dose of intranasal oxytocin administration, however. These results suggest dampened response to faces with lower trustworthiness among older compared to young adults, supporting the notion of reduced sensitivity to cues of untrustworthiness in aging. The findings also extend evidence of an age-related positivity effect to the evaluation of face trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Didem Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maryam Ziaei
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam J. Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David Feifel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre (SUBIC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie C. Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Neil L, Viding E, Armbruster-Genc D, Lisi M, Mareschal I, Rankin G, Sharp M, Phillips H, Rapley J, Martin P, McCrory E. Trust and childhood maltreatment: evidence of bias in appraisal of unfamiliar faces. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:655-662. [PMID: 34500497 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is associated with poorer social functioning and increased risk of mental health problems in adolescence and adulthood, but the processes underlying these associations remain unclear. Although crucial for establishing and maintaining relationships, trust judgements have not been experimentally investigated in children who have experienced abuse and neglect. METHODS A community-based sample of 75 children aged 8-16 years with maltreatment documented on the basis of social services records, and a group of 70 peers matched on age, gender, cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity took part in the study. Children completed a trustworthiness face-judgement task in which they appraised the trustworthiness of unfamiliar facial stimuli varying along a computationally modelled trustworthiness dimension. RESULTS In line with clinical observations that childhood maltreatment is associated with an atypical pattern of trust processing, children with maltreatment experience were significantly less likely than their peers to rate unfamiliar faces as trustworthy. Moreover, they were more variable in their trust attributions than their peers. CONCLUSIONS The study provides compelling experimental evidence that children with documented maltreatment perceive others as less trustworthy than their peers and are less consistent in their estimates of trustworthiness in others. Over time, alterations in trust processing may disrupt the development of social bonds and contribute to 'social thinning' (a reduction in the extent and quality of social relationships), leaving children more vulnerable to environmental stressors, increasing risk of mental health difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Neil
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Matteo Lisi
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Georgia Rankin
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Molly Sharp
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harriet Phillips
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - Jessica Rapley
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Martin
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eamon McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
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17
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Yu ACL. Perceptual Cue Weighting Is Influenced by the Listener's Gender and Subjective Evaluations of the Speaker: The Case of English Stop Voicing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:840291. [PMID: 35529558 PMCID: PMC9067435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech categories are defined by multiple acoustic dimensions and their boundaries are generally fuzzy and ambiguous in part because listeners often give differential weighting to these cue dimensions during phonetic categorization. This study explored how a listener's perception of a speaker's socio-indexical and personality characteristics influences the listener's perceptual cue weighting. In a matched-guise study, three groups of listeners classified a series of gender-neutral /b/-/p/ continua that vary in VOT and F0 at the onset of the following vowel. Listeners were assigned to one of three prompt conditions (i.e., a visually male talker, a visually female talker, or audio-only) and rated the talker in terms of vocal (and facial, in the visual prompt conditions) gender prototypicality, attractiveness, friendliness, confidence, trustworthiness, and gayness. Male listeners and listeners who saw a male face showed less reliance on VOT compared to listeners in the other conditions. Listeners' visual evaluation of the talker also affected their weighting of VOT and onset F0 cues, although the effects of facial impressions differ depending on the gender of the listener. The results demonstrate that individual differences in perceptual cue weighting are modulated by the listener's gender and his/her subjective evaluation of the talker. These findings lend support for exemplar-based models of speech perception and production where socio-indexical features are encoded as a part of the episodic traces in the listeners' mental lexicon. This study also shed light on the relationship between individual variation in cue weighting and community-level sound change by demonstrating that VOT and onset F0 co-variation in North American English has acquired a certain degree of socio-indexical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C L Yu
- Chicago Phonology Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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18
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Chen ZW, Li YN, Wang KX, Qi Y, Liu X. The Effect of Trustor Age and Trustee Age on Trustworthiness Judgments: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:815482. [PMID: 35370611 PMCID: PMC8965570 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.815482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived trustworthiness based on facial appearance plays an important role in interpersonal trust and cooperative behavior. Interpersonal trust behaviors involve both trustors and trustees. However, there is no clear conclusion on how the age of the two individuals affects interpersonal trust behaviors. Therefore, this study used the trust game task to explore the differences in trust behaviors between two different age groups in response to faces of different ages and analyzed whether such differences were apparent in the face processing stage. The behavioral results showed that only younger adults invested more money with older partners than younger ones; that is, younger adults trusted older faces more. The event-related potential (ERP) analyses showed that in the early stage of face processing, younger faces elicited more negative N170 than older faces; at the same time, older faces elicited more positive VPP than younger faces, and younger adults had more positive VPP than older adults. In the middle and late stages of face processing, younger faces elicited more negative FRN than older faces in younger adults but not in older adults. In addition, older faces elicited more positive LPP than younger faces in older adults but not in younger adults. The neural analyses suggested that age-related differences in facial trustworthiness judgments might occur in the later stages of face processing. Combining the behavioral and neural results, we found a dissociation between trustworthiness perceptions and trust behaviors in both younger and older adults, which may provide insight into how to prevent older adults from being deceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-na Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- The Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-xin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- The Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- The Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Qi,
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Pick CM, Neuberg SL. Beyond Observation: Manipulating Circumstances to Detect Affordances and Infer Traits. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:160-179. [PMID: 35227155 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221076688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Social perceivers seek to understand the opportunities and threats others potentially afford-for example, whether a teammate will behave tenaciously or a romantic partner, faithfully. We typically detect affordances and draw trait inferences by observing behaviors that reveal or predict others' likely intentions and characteristics. However, detection and inference from simple observation are often difficult (e.g., even dishonest people are frequently honest, people often mask unpopular beliefs). In such cases, we propose that people test, actively manipulating others' circumstances to reveal hard-to-observe affordances and characteristics. The Observation-Testing Model is a framework predicting circumstances under which testing is more likely to happen, which affordances and characteristics are more likely to be tested for, and which people are more likely to test and be tested. We identify preliminary support for the model from a range of literatures (e.g., employment assessment, coming-of-age rituals, dating processes) and identify areas needing further research.
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20
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Li X, Jorgensen NA, McElwain NL, Telzer EH. Toddler-Mother Attachment Moderates Adolescents' Behavioral and Neural Evaluation of Trustworthiness. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:828-836. [PMID: 35104885 PMCID: PMC9433849 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined the prospective association between toddler–mother attachment to adolescents’ (n = 52; 34 boys; Mage = 13.22 years; 90% White) behavioral and neural responses during the evaluation of trustworthiness from unfamiliar, emotionally neutral faces. At 33 months, toddler–mother attachment status (secure vs insecure classification) was assessed using a modified Strange Situation procedure. Results revealed that attachment moderated the processing of trustworthiness facial cues. As faces became less trustworthy, adolescents with a secure (vs insecure) attachment history rated the faces as correspondingly less trustworthy and showed increasing (vs overall blunted) activation in brain regions involved in trustworthiness perception (i.e. bilateral amygdala, bilateral fusiform, right anterior insula and right posterior superior temporal sulcus). Findings suggest that a secure compared with insecure child–mother attachment in toddlerhood may be associated with greater capacity for, or openness to, processing potentially negative social information at both the behavioral and neural levels during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaomei Li, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2027 Christopher Hall, MC-018, 904 West Nevada Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail:
| | - Nathan A Jorgensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA
| | - Nancy L McElwain
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA
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21
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Roghanizad MM, Bohns VK. Should I Ask Over Zoom, Phone, Email, or In-Person? Communication Channel and Predicted Versus Actual Compliance. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211063259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research has found that people are much more likely to agree to help requests made in-person than those made via text-based media, but that help-seekers underestimate the relative advantage of asking for help face-to-face. It remains unknown what help-seekers’ intuitions about the effectiveness of richer media channels incorporating audio and video features might be, or how these intuitions would compare with the actual effectiveness of face-to-face or email versus rich media requests. In two behavioral and two supplemental vignette experiments, participants expected differences in the effectiveness of seeking help through various communication channels to be quite small, or nonexistent. However, when participants actually made requests, the differences were substantial. Ultimately, help-seekers underestimated the relative advantage of asking for help face-to-face compared with asking through any mediated channel. Help-seekers also underestimated the relative advantage of asking through richer media channels compared with email.
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22
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Better living through understanding the insula: Why subregions can make all the difference. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108765. [PMID: 34461066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insula function is considered critical for many motivated behaviors, with proposed functions ranging from attention, behavioral control, emotional regulation, goal-directed and aversion-resistant responding. Further, the insula is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions including substance abuse. More recently, multiple insula subregions have been distinguished based on anatomy, connectivity, and functional contributions. Generally, posterior insula is thought to encode more somatosensory inputs, which integrate with limbic/emotional information in middle insula, that in turn integrate with cognitive processes in anterior insula. Together, these regions provide rapid interoceptive information about the current or predicted situation, facilitating autonomic recruitment and quick, flexible action. Here, we seek to create a robust foundation from which to understand potential subregion differences, and provide direction for future studies. We address subregion differences across humans and rodents, so that the latter's mechanistic interventions can best mesh with clinical relevance of human conditions. We first consider the insula's suggested roles in humans, then compare subregional studies, and finally describe rodent work. One primary goal is to encourage precision in describing insula subregions, since imprecision (e.g. including both posterior and anterior studies when describing insula work) does a disservice to a larger understanding of insula contributions. Additionally, we note that specific task details can greatly impact recruitment of various subregions, requiring care and nuance in design and interpretation of studies. Nonetheless, the central ethological importance of the insula makes continued research to uncover mechanistic, mood, and behavioral contributions of paramount importance and interest. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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23
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Jaeger B, Noor M, Paladino P. Consensual and idiosyncratic trustworthiness perceptions independently influence social decision‐making. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Jaeger
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
- Tilburg University Tilburg Netherlands
| | - Masi Noor
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
- Tilburg University Tilburg Netherlands
| | - Paola Paladino
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
- Tilburg University Tilburg Netherlands
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24
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Riadh O, Naoufel O, Ben Rejeb MR, Le Gall D. Impaired social perception from eyes and face visual cues: evidence from prefrontal cortex damage. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:607-626. [PMID: 34544320 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1983458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the key role that decoding of social-perceptual cues from faces plays in interpersonal communication, it is only recently that the potential of prefrontal cortex damage to disrupt this ability has been recognized. In fact, few studies to date had assessed whether the ability to identify the state of mind of others from the whole or part of the face is disrupted after prefrontal cortex damage and whether these two abilities are associated and share overlapped neural systems. In the present study, 30 patients with focal prefrontal lesions and 30 matched control subjects were assessed on their ability to recognize six basic emotions from facial expressions of the whole face and to identify states of mind of others from photographs of only the eyes using the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task". Results showed that frontal patients were significantly impaired compared with control subjects on both tasks. Moreover, regression analyses showed that these two abilities are associated and reciprocally predictive of one another. Finally, using voxel-based lesion analysis; we identified a partially common bilaterally distributed prefrontal network in the decoding of both emotional cues from both the whole face and eyes centered within the dorsomedial and ventral regions with extension to the lateral frontal pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouerchefani Riadh
- University of Tunis El Manar, High Institute of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, 26 Boulevard Darghouth Pacha, Tunis, Tunisia.,Univ Angers, Université De Nantes, LPPL, SFR CONFLUENCES, F-49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Mohamed Riadh Ben Rejeb
- , University Tunis I, Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunisia, Department of Psychology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Didier Le Gall
- Univ Angers, Université De Nantes, LPPL, SFR CONFLUENCES, F-49000 Angers, France
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25
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Luther T, Lewis CA, Grahlow M, Hüpen P, Habel U, Foster C, Bülthoff I, Derntl B. Male or Female? - Influence of Gender Role and Sexual Attraction on Sex Categorization of Faces. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718004. [PMID: 34621218 PMCID: PMC8490621 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The categorization of dominant facial features, such as sex, is a highly relevant function for social interaction. It has been found that attributes of the perceiver, such as their biological sex, influence the perception of sexually dimorphic facial features with women showing higher recognition performance for female faces than men. However, evidence on how aspects closely related to biological sex influence face sex categorization are scarce. Using a previously validated set of sex-morphed facial images (morphed from male to female and vice versa), we aimed to investigate the influence of the participant's gender role identification and sexual orientation on face sex categorization, besides their biological sex. Image ratings, questionnaire data on gender role identification and sexual orientation were collected from 67 adults (34 females). Contrary to previous literature, biological sex per se was not significantly associated with image ratings. However, an influence of participant sexual attraction and gender role identity became apparent: participants identifying with male gender attributes and showing attraction toward females perceived masculinized female faces as more male and femininized male faces as more female when compared to participants identifying with female gender attributes and attraction toward males. Considering that we found these effects in a predominantly cisgender and heterosexual sample, investigation of face sex perception in individuals identifying with a gender different from their assigned sex (i.e., transgender people) might provide further insights into how assigned sex and gender identity are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Luther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Emotion Neuroimaging Lab, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melina Grahlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philippa Hüpen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Celia Foster
- Biopsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bülthoff
- Department of Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Neuro Campus, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Cook R, Over H. Why is the literature on first impressions so focused on White faces? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211146. [PMID: 34567592 PMCID: PMC8456137 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We spontaneously attribute to strangers a wide variety of character traits based on their facial appearance. While these first impressions have little or no basis in reality, they exert a strong influence over our behaviour. Cognitive scientists have revealed a great deal about first impressions from faces including their factor structure, the cues on which they are based, the neurocognitive mechanisms responsible, and their developmental trajectory. In this field, authors frequently strive to remove as much ethnic variability from stimulus sets as possible. Typically, this convention means that participants are asked to judge the likely traits of White faces only. In the present article, we consider four possible reasons for the lack of facial diversity in this literature and find that it is unjustified. Next, we illustrate how the focus on White faces has undermined scientific efforts to understand first impressions from faces and argue that it reinforces socially regressive ideas about 'race' and status. We go on to articulate our concern that opportunities may be lost to leverage the knowledge derived from the study of first impressions against the dire consequences of prejudice and discrimination. Finally, we highlight some promising developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cook
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Harriet Over
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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27
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Shen J, Han S, Shen X, White KRG, Guo Z, Xu Q, Zhang L, Yang Y. Group membership moderates the process of making trust judgments based on facial cues. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 162:595-606. [PMID: 34399657 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1939249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trust is a foundation of interpersonal communication. Faces have a significant impact on trust judgments, and separate research demonstrates that group membership also influences trust judgments. However, it remains unclear whether and how group membership moderates the effect of face trustworthiness on trust judgments and investment decisions. In the present research, two experiments were conducted to explore the moderating effect of group membership (i.e., in-group vs. out-group) on perceptions of facial trustworthiness and trust judgments. Results showed that participants invested significantly more money on trials with trustworthy faces than trials with untrustworthy faces. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between group membership and facial trustworthiness; the investment difference between trustworthy faces and untrustworthy faces was greater for trials with in-group member faces than out-group member faces. These findings indicate that top-down and bottom-up cues jointly influence behavioral decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shangfeng Han
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R G White
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, Georgia State, USA
| | - Zhibin Guo
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
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28
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Yagi S, Nakata Y, Nakamura Y, Ishiguro H. Can an android's posture and movement discriminate against the ambiguous emotion perceived from its facial expressions? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254905. [PMID: 34375327 PMCID: PMC8354482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressing emotions through various modalities is a crucial function not only for humans but also for robots. The mapping method from facial expressions to the basic emotions is widely used in research on robot emotional expressions. This method claims that there are specific facial muscle activation patterns for each emotional expression and people can perceive these emotions by reading these patterns. However, recent research on human behavior reveals that some emotional expressions, such as the emotion "intense", are difficult to judge as positive or negative by just looking at the facial expression alone. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated whether robots can also express ambiguous facial expressions with no clear valence and whether the addition of body expressions can make the facial valence clearer to humans. This paper shows that an ambiguous facial expression of an android can be perceived more clearly by viewers when body postures and movements are added. We conducted three experiments and online surveys among North American residents with 94, 114 and 114 participants, respectively. In Experiment 1, by calculating the entropy, we found that the facial expression "intense" was difficult to judge as positive or negative when they were only shown the facial expression. In Experiments 2 and 3, by analyzing ANOVA, we confirmed that participants were better at judging the facial valence when they were shown the whole body of the android, even though the facial expression was the same as in Experiment 1. These results suggest that facial and body expressions by robots should be designed jointly to achieve better communication with humans. In order to achieve smoother cooperative human-robot interaction, such as education by robots, emotion expressions conveyed through a combination of both the face and the body of the robot is necessary to convey the robot's intentions or desires to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yagi
- Department of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- JST ERATO, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- JST ERATO, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Department of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- JST ERATO, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Department of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- JST ERATO, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Molapour T, Hagan CC, Silston B, Wu H, Ramstead M, Friston K, Mobbs D. Seven computations of the social brain. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:745-760. [PMID: 33629102 PMCID: PMC8343565 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The social environment presents the human brain with the most complex information processing demands. The computations that the brain must perform occur in parallel, combine social and nonsocial cues, produce verbal and nonverbal signals and involve multiple cognitive systems, including memory, attention, emotion and learning. This occurs dynamically and at timescales ranging from milliseconds to years. Here, we propose that during social interactions, seven core operations interact to underwrite coherent social functioning; these operations accumulate evidence efficiently-from multiple modalities-when inferring what to do next. We deconstruct the social brain and outline the key components entailed for successful human-social interaction. These include (i) social perception; (ii) social inferences, such as mentalizing; (iii) social learning; (iv) social signaling through verbal and nonverbal cues; (v) social drives (e.g. how to increase one's status); (vi) determining the social identity of agents, including oneself and (vii) minimizing uncertainty within the current social context by integrating sensory signals and inferences. We argue that while it is important to examine these distinct aspects of social inference, to understand the true nature of the human social brain, we must also explain how the brain integrates information from the social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaz Molapour
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cindy C Hagan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brian Silston
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10010, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10010 China
| | - Maxwell Ramstead
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada
- Culture, Mind, and Brain Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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30
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Terenzi D, Liu L, Bellucci G, Park SQ. Determinants and modulators of human social decisions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:383-393. [PMID: 34216653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Social decision making is a highly complex process that involves diverse cognitive mechanisms, and it is driven by the precise processing of information from both the environment and from the internal state. On the one hand, successful social decisions require close monitoring of others' behavior, in order to track their intentions; this can guide not only decisions involving other people, but also one's own choices and preferences. On the other hand, internal states such as own reward or changes in hormonal and neurotransmitter states shape social decisions and their underlying neural function. Here, we review the current literature on modulators and determinants of human social decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Terenzi
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gabriele Bellucci
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen, Germany
| | - Soyoung Q Park
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany
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31
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Brambilla M, Masi M, Mattavelli S, Biella M. Faces and Sounds Becoming One: Cross-Modal Integration of Facial and Auditory Cues in Judging Trustworthiness. SOCIAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Face processing has mainly been investigated by presenting facial expressions without any contextual information. However, in everyday interactions with others, the sight of a face is often accompanied by contextual cues that are processed either visually or under different sensory modalities. Here, we tested whether the perceived trustworthiness of a face is influenced by the auditory context in which that face is embedded. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated trustworthiness from faces that were surrounded by either threatening or non-threatening auditory contexts. Results showed that faces were judged more untrustworthy when accompanied by threatening auditory information. Experiment 2 replicated the effect in a design that disentangled the effects of threatening contexts from negative contexts in general. Thus, perceiving facial trustworthiness involves a cross-modal integration of the face and the level of threat posed by the surrounding context.
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32
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Wood A. A nonverbal signal of trustworthiness: An evolutionarily relevant model. JOURNAL OF TRUST RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21515581.2021.1922912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wood
- College of Business, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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33
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Borissova A, Ferguson B, Wall MB, Morgan CJA, Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Bloomfield MAP, Williams TM, Feilding A, Murphy K, Tyacke RJ, Erritzoe D, Stewart L, Wolff K, Nutt D, Curran HV, Lawn W. Acute effects of MDMA on trust, cooperative behaviour and empathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:547-555. [PMID: 32538252 PMCID: PMC8155732 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120926673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is being actively researched as an adjunct to psychotherapy. It may be beneficial to trust, empathy and cooperative behaviour due to its acute prosocial effects. AIM To test (a) the acute effects of MDMA on measures of empathy, trust and cooperative behaviour, and (b) subacute changes in mood three days after MDMA administration. METHODS Twenty-five participants (n=7 female), participated in this double-blind, repeated-measures, placebo-controlled experiment. Participants attended two acute sessions, one week apart. Each acute session was followed by a subacute session three days later. Participants received placebo (100 mg ascorbic acid) during one acute session, and MDMA (100 mg MDMA-HCl) at the other, with order counterbalanced. Participants completed the following tasks assessing prosocial behaviour: a trust investment task, a trustworthy face rating task, an empathic stories task, a public project game, a dictator game and an ultimatum game. Participants reported subjective effects. Blood was taken pre-drug, 2 and 4 hours post-drug, and tested for plasma MDMA levels. RESULTS MDMA acutely increased self-reported 'closeness to others' and 'euphoria' and increased plasma concentrations of MDMA. MDMA did not significantly change task-based empathy, trust or cooperative behaviour. Using Bayesian analyses, we found evidence that MDMA and placebo did not differ in their effects on empathy and cooperative behaviour. MDMA did not significantly change subacute mood and this was supported by our Bayesian analyses. CONCLUSION Despite augmentation in plasma MDMA levels and subjective drug effects, we found no increase in prosocial behaviour in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borissova
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit,
UCL, London, UK,NIHR University College London
Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London,
UK,Anna Borissova, UCL Clinical
Psychopharmacology Unit, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6HB, UK
| | - Bart Ferguson
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center,
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit,
UCL, London, UK,Invicro London, London, UK,Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Celia JA Morgan
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction
Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin L Carhart-Harris
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK,Centre for Psychedelic Research,
Department of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Bolstridge
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael AP Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit,
UCL, London, UK,NIHR University College London
Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London,
UK,Translational Psychiatry Research
Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of
Psychiatry University College London, London, UK,The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St
Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London,
UK,National Hospital for Neurology
and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Tim M Williams
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain
Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robin J Tyacke
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK,Centre for Psychedelic Research,
Department of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kim Wolff
- School of Biomedical Sciences,
King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit,
Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit,
UCL, London, UK
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34
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Frisina R, De Biasi CS, Tozzi L, Gius I, Londei D, Gambato C, Midena E. Reper intraocular lens with artificial iris: implantation techniques and outcomes. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31:1469-1474. [PMID: 33779347 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211005693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe the surgical techniques to implant a novel intraocular lens with artificial iris (Reper) in patients affected by traumatic aphakia and aniridia. Two surgical approaches are proposed: implantation by suture-loaded cartridge and "open sky" implantation combined with penetrating keratoplasty. The method of establishing the exact position of the scleral fixation points and the pre-assembly of the suture of Reper before its implantation are the main novel proposed surgical procedures. The rationale is to minimize surgical procedures in the anterior chamber and to prevent knot loosening and lens tilting. The simultaneous treatment of aphakia and aniridia with a single prosthesis, the stability of the Reper and the functional, anatomical and aesthetic outcomes obtained are the highlighted advantages in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Frisina
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Tozzi
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Gius
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Londei
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Gambato
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology of University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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35
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Kroneisen M, Bott FM, Mayer M. Remembering the bad ones: Does the source memory advantage for cheaters influence our later actions positively? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:1669-1685. [PMID: 33765882 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211007822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that people remember information that is (emotionally) incongruent to their expectations, but it has left open the question if this memory enhancement has also an influence on our later actions. We investigated this question in one pilot study and two experiments. In all studies, participants first interacted with trustworthy and untrustworthy looking partners in an investment game. Facial trustworthiness was manipulated to stimulate social expectations about the behaviour of the partners. In a later second investment game, participants played against old opponents from the first game and new opponents. Overall, willingness to cooperate in the second game was influenced by the formerly behaviour of the opponent. However, facial trustworthiness affected economic decisions, too. Furthermore, we analysed source memory data that indicated no differences in memory between cheaters and cooperators. Instead, source guessing was related to cooperation: The more participants guessed that an untrustworthy looking face belonged to a cheater, the less they cooperated with untrustworthy looking opponents. Interestingly, in Experiment 2, we found a positive correlation between old-new recognition and later cooperation. In sum, the results demonstrate that memory and guessing processes can influence later decisions. However, economic decisions are also heavily affected by other social expectations like facial trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Kroneisen
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.,School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska M Bott
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Mayer
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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36
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Carragher DJ, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. The dissociable influence of social context on judgements of facial attractiveness and trustworthiness. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:902-933. [PMID: 33742452 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cheerleader effect occurs when the same face is rated to be more attractive when it is seen in a group compared to when seen alone. We investigated whether this phenomenon also occurs for trustworthiness judgements, and examined how these effects are influenced by the characteristics of the individual being evaluated and those of the group they are seen in. Across three experiments, we reliably replicated the cheerleader effect. Most faces became more attractive in a group. Yet, the size of the cheerleader effect that each face experienced was not related to its own attractiveness, nor to the attractiveness of the group or the group's digitally averaged face. We discuss the implications of our findings for the hierarchical encoding and contrast mechanisms that have previously been used to explain the cheerleader effect. Surprisingly, judgements of facial trustworthiness did not experience a 'cheerleader effect'. Instead, we found that untrustworthy faces became significantly more trustworthy in all groups, while there was no change for faces that were already trustworthy alone. Taken together, our results demonstrate that social context can have a dissociable influence on our first impressions, depending on the trait being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carragher
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael E R Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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37
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The impact of facemasks on emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5577. [PMID: 33692417 PMCID: PMC7970937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemics has fostered a pervasive use of facemasks all around the world. While they help in preventing infection, there are concerns related to the possible impact of facemasks on social communication. The present study investigates how emotion recognition, trust attribution and re-identification of faces differ when faces are seen without mask, with a standard medical facemask, and with a transparent facemask restoring visual access to the mouth region. Our results show that, in contrast to standard medical facemasks, transparent masks significantly spare the capability to recognize emotional expressions. Moreover, transparent masks spare the capability to infer trustworthiness from faces with respect to standard medical facemasks which, in turn, dampen the perceived untrustworthiness of faces. Remarkably, while transparent masks (unlike standard masks) do not impair emotion recognition and trust attribution, they seemingly do impair the subsequent re-identification of the same, unmasked, face (like standard masks). Taken together, this evidence supports a dissociation between mechanisms sustaining emotion and identity processing. This study represents a pivotal step in the much-needed analysis of face reading when the lower portion of the face is occluded by a facemask.
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38
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Sharif L, Marusak HA, Peters C, Elrahal F, Rabinak CA. Trustworthiness and electrocortical processing of emotionally ambiguous faces in student police officers. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111237. [PMID: 33338977 PMCID: PMC7819151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perceptions of emotional facial expressions and trustworthiness of others guides behavior and has considerable implications for individuals who work in fields that require rapid decision making, such as law enforcement. This is particularly complicated for more ambiguous expressions, such as 'neutral' faces. We examined behavioral and electrocortical responses to facial expressions in 22 student police officers (18 males; 23.2 ± 3.63 years). Participants completed an emotional face appraisal task that involved viewing three expressions (fearful, neutral, happy) and were asked to identify the emotion and rate the trustworthiness of each face. The late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential that tracks emotional intensity and/or salience of a stimulus, was measured during the task. Overall, participants rated neutral faces similarly to fearful faces and responded fastest to these expressions. Neutral faces also elicited a robust late LPP response that did not differ from LPP to fearful or happy faces, and there was substantial individual variation in trustworthiness ratings for neutral faces. Together, 'neutral' facial expressions elicited similar trustworthiness ratings to negatively-valenced stimuli. Brain and behavioral responses to neutral faces also varied across student officers; thus, encounters with ambiguous faces in the field may promote increased perceived threat in some officers, which may have real-world consequences (e.g., decision to shoot, risk of psychopathology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Limi Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Craig Peters
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Farrah Elrahal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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39
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Sugimoto H, Dolcos F, Tsukiura T. Memory of my victory and your defeat: Contributions of reward- and memory-related regions to the encoding of winning events in competitions with others. Neuropsychologia 2020; 152:107733. [PMID: 33347912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social interactions enhance human memories, but little is known about how the neural mechanisms underlying episodic memories are modulated by rewarding outcomes in social interactions. To investigate this, fMRI data were recorded while healthy young adults encoded unfamiliar faces in either a competition or a control task. In the competition task, participants encoded opponents' faces in the rock-paper-scissors game, where trial-by-trial outcomes of Win, Draw, and Lose for participants were shown by facial expressions of opponents (Angry, Neutral, and Happy). In the control task, participants encoded faces by assessing facial expressions. After encoding, participants recognized faces previously learned. Behavioral data showed that emotional valence for opponents' Angry faces as the Win outcome was rated positively in the competition task, whereas the rating for Angry faces was rated negatively in the control task, and that Angry faces were remembered more accurately than Neutral or Happy faces in both tasks. fMRI data showed that activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) paralleled the pattern of valence ratings, with greater activation for the Win than Draw or Lose conditions of the competition task, and the Angry condition of the control task. Moreover, functional connectivity between the mOFC and hippocampus was increased in Win compared to Angry, and the mOFC-hippocampus functional connectivity predicted individual differences in subsequent memory performance only in Win of the competition task, but not in any other conditions of the two tasks. These results demonstrate that the memory enhancement by context-dependent social rewards involves interactions between reward- and memory-related regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Florin Dolcos
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Takashi Tsukiura
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Weissberger GH, Mosqueda L, Nguyen AL, Axelrod J, Nguyen CP, Boyle PA, Spreng N, Han SD. Functional Connectivity Correlates of Perceived Financial Exploitation in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:583433. [PMID: 33304266 PMCID: PMC7693621 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.583433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Financial exploitation (FE) in old age is devastating and common; however, the neural correlates of FE are poorly understood. Previous studies of FE in older adults have implicated declines in decision making and social cognition as two risk factors for FE in later life. Here we examined whether functional connectivity among brain regions implicated in decision making and social cognition differed for those with an experience of FE vs. those without. Participants included 16 older adults without cognitive impairment who reported FE (Mean age = 70.5, 62.5% female, Mean education = 16.0 years) and 16 demographically and cognitively matched adults who denied a history of FE (Mean age = 65.1, 37.5% female, Mean education = 15.1 years). Measures of whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity in the hippocampus, insula, and medial frontal cortex were derived for each group. Compared to the non-FE group, FE was associated with greater functional connectivity between the right hippocampus and bilateral temporal regions, and less functional connectivity between the right hippocampus and the right cerebellum and bilateral lingual gyri. The FE group showed less connectivity between the right and left insula and cingulate cortex, and between the right insula and regions of the left lateral temporal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, the FE group showed greater functional connectivity between the medial frontal cortex and the right lateral temporal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, and less functional connectivity with the right pre- and postcentral gyri. Results suggest that perceived FE in old age is associated with whole-brain functional connectivity differences involving the hippocampus, insula, and medial frontal cortex, consistent with models implicating age-associated changes in decision making and social cognition in FE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali H Weissberger
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Laura Mosqueda
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States.,USC School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
| | - Jenna Axelrod
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
| | - Caroline P Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Duke Han
- Department of Family Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, United States.,USC School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychology, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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41
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Wang J, Lin W, Fang X, Mo L. The Influence of Emotional Visual Context on the Judgment of Face Trustworthiness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:963-976. [PMID: 33204189 PMCID: PMC7667160 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s269543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of face trustworthiness have often examined isolated face stimulus, ignoring the role of context. Purpose The current study used mouse-tracking technique and the seven-point Likert scale to examine the effect of emotional visual context on face trustworthiness judgment at the levels of the early evaluation process and final evaluation result. Methods Experiment 1 used mouse-tracking technique to study the impact of different contexts on the judgment of face trustworthiness at the early evaluation process. Experiment 2 used the seven-point Likert scale to study the effect of different contexts on the judgment of face trustworthiness at the final evaluation result. Results Experiment 1 found that when faces are embedded in threatening negative contexts, the mouse trajectories are more tortuous for trustworthy responses and straighter for untrustworthy responses than in neutral contexts. When faces are embedded in non-threatening negative contexts, the mouse trajectories are more tortuous for trustworthy responses but did not significantly differ for untrustworthy responses than in neutral contexts. When faces are embedded in positive contexts, the mouse trajectories are straighter for trustworthy responses and more tortuous for untrustworthy responses than in neutral contexts. Experiment 2 found that faces embedded in threatening and non-threatening negative contexts have lower scores and faces embedded in positive contexts have higher scores than in neutral contexts. Conclusion The results show that the emotional visual context significantly influences the judgment of face trustworthiness both at the levels of the early evaluation process and final evaluation result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuji Lin
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Fang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Mo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
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42
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Mcdonald S. New Frontiers in Neuropsychological Assessment: Assessing Social Perception Using a Standardised Instrument, The Awareness of Social Inference Test. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Leng H, Liu Y, Li Q, Wu Q, Li D, Jiang Z. Outcome Evaluation Affects Facial Trustworthiness: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:514142. [PMID: 33240058 PMCID: PMC7683520 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.514142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial trustworthiness and feedback information of trustees can influence trustors’ investment behavior in trust games. This study investigated the temporal features of outcome evaluation (evaluation of feedback) and how they influence the processing of facial trustworthiness. A total of 25 college students participated in a decision-making task in which feedback was presented prior to a face stimulus. The decision of participants to continue investing was evaluated. We observed that trustors were more inclined to keep investing in trustworthy trustees or those appearing after positive feedback (gains). Event-related potential (ERP) results revealed that in the face presentation stage, trustworthy faces with losses induced more negative feedback-related negativity (FRN) than did trustworthy faces with gains and untrustworthy faces with losses. Further, faces that did not meet expectations induced more negative FRN. Trustworthy faces with gains induced more positive late positive component (LPC) than did trustworthy faces with losses and generated more motivated attention. Bottom–up and top–down processes were integrated for facial trustworthiness perception at different stages. In sum, top–down processing exerted a greater impact during the early stage of facial trustworthiness perception, both top–down and bottom–up processing were involved in the medium term, and bottom–up processing exerted a greater impact in the later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Leng
- Element Education Department, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Li
- Xingtai Special Education School, Xingtai, China
| | - Qi Wu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongqing Jiang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqing Jiang
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44
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Kozunov VV, West TO, Nikolaeva AY, Stroganova TA, Friston KJ. Object recognition is enabled by an experience-dependent appraisal of visual features in the brain's value system. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117143. [PMID: 32650054 PMCID: PMC7762843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses perceptual synthesis by comparing responses evoked by visual stimuli before and after they are recognized, depending on prior exposure. Using magnetoencephalography, we analyzed distributed patterns of neuronal activity - evoked by Mooney figures - before and after they were recognized as meaningful objects. Recognition induced changes were first seen at 100-120 ms, for both faces and tools. These early effects - in right inferior and middle occipital regions - were characterized by an increase in power in the absence of any changes in spatial patterns of activity. Within a later 210-230 ms window, a quite different type of recognition effect appeared. Regions of the brain's value system (insula, entorhinal cortex and cingulate of the right hemisphere for faces and right orbitofrontal cortex for tools) evinced a reorganization of their neuronal activity without an overall power increase in the region. Finally, we found that during the perception of disambiguated face stimuli, a face-specific response in the right fusiform gyrus emerged at 240-290 ms, with a much greater latency than the well-known N170m component, and, crucially, followed the recognition effect in the value system regions. These results can clarify one of the most intriguing issues of perceptual synthesis, namely, how a limited set of high-level predictions, which is required to reduce the uncertainty when resolving the ill-posed inverse problem of perception, can be available before category-specific processing in visual cortex. We suggest that a subset of local spatial features serves as partial cues for a fast re-activation of object-specific appraisal by the value system. The ensuing top-down feedback from value system to visual cortex, in particular, the fusiform gyrus enables high levels of processing to form category-specific predictions. This descending influence of the value system was more prominent for faces than for tools, the fact that reflects different dependence of these categories on value-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Kozunov
- MEG Centre, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, 29 Sretenka, Russia.
| | - Timothy O West
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, 12 Queen Square, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - Anastasia Y Nikolaeva
- MEG Centre, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, 29 Sretenka, Russia.
| | - Tatiana A Stroganova
- MEG Centre, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, 29 Sretenka, Russia.
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, 12 Queen Square, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
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45
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Kakegawa Y, Isono O, Hanada K, Nishikawa T. Incidence and lesions causative of delusional misidentification syndrome after stroke. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01829. [PMID: 32893993 PMCID: PMC7667346 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better elucidate the symptomatology and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying delusional misidentification syndrome (DMS), we investigated the incidence rate and symptomatic features of DMS following stroke and relationships among DMS, other neuropsychological symptoms, and lesion locations. METHODS The present study included 874 consecutive patients (371 women; mean age ± standard deviation = 72.2 ± 11.7 years) who were admitted to the rehabilitation wards at two hospitals within 2 months of their first stroke. We examined the clinical features and lesion sites of patients with DMS and compared them with those of a control group of patients with hemi-spatial neglect without DMS using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM). RESULTS Among the 874 patients who experienced a stroke, we observed 10 cases of Fregoli syndrome. No other DMS subtypes were observed; however, eight patients exhibited somatoparaphrenia (five of them also had Fregoli syndrome) and one also exhibited reduplicative paramnesia. Right hemispheric lesions were found in all 10 cases. VLSM revealed statistically significant overlapping lesion sites specifically related to Fregoli syndrome when compared with the control group. The sites included the insula, inferior frontal lobe, anterior temporal lobe, and subcortical limbic system in the right hemisphere (i.e., areas connected by the uncinate fasciculus). CONCLUSION The DMS incidence was 1.1% among patients after stroke. All patients had Fregoli syndrome and half had somatoparaphrenia, suggesting that the two syndromes share an underlying pathology. Lesions found with Fregoli syndrome were concentrated around the right uncinate fasciculus; this has not been reported in previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuro Kakegawa
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino-City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Min-iren Asukai Hospital, Kyoto-City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
| | - Osamu Isono
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Min-iren Asukai Hospital, Kyoto-City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hanada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Suishokai Murata Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikawa
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino-City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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Gomez A, Costa M, Lio G, Sirigu A, Demily C. Face first impression of trustworthiness in Williams Syndrome: Dissociating automatic vs decision based perception. Cortex 2020; 132:99-112. [PMID: 32971481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans make rapid decisions of trustworthiness based on facial appearance. Williams Syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder associated with hypersociability toward strangers, suggesting a disruption in trust assessment. We recorded eye-movements in neurotypically-developed (TD) participants (N = 21) and in patients with WS (N = 22) as we presented pairs of computer-generated faces, pre-rated as trustworthy or untrustworthy. In a spontaneous visual preference task, TD participants gazed significantly longer at trustworthy faces while patients with WS showed no preferences for either face-type. Next, in a decision task, participants selected the face that they judged consistent with one of three social descriptions relating to high levels of trust. Both groups gazed longer at trustworthy faces and made correct matches with the corresponding social descriptions. Improvements by patients with WS in the decision task were contingent on outcomes measured on the emotional NEPSY scale. We conclude that while spontaneous representation of trustworthiness is impaired in WS, top-down mechanisms of trust recognition appear partially preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gomez
- Univ Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, F-69500, Lyon, France.
| | - Manuela Costa
- Univ Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, F-69500, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Lio
- Univ Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, F-69500, Lyon, France
| | - Angela Sirigu
- Univ Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, F-69500, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Demily
- Univ Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, F-69500, Lyon, France; Reference Center for Rare Diseases with Psychiatric Phenotype Génopsy, le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France.
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47
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Cassidy BS, Hughes C, Krendl AC. A stronger relationship between reward responsivity and trustworthiness evaluations emerges in healthy aging. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:669-686. [PMID: 32815772 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1809630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Older adults (OA) evaluate faces to be more trustworthy than do younger adults (YA), yet the processes supporting these more positive evaluations are unclear. This study identified neural mechanisms spontaneously engaged during face perception that differentially relate to OA' and YA' later trustworthiness evaluations. We examined two mechanisms: salience (reflected by amygdala activation) and reward (reflected by caudate activation) - both of which are implicated in evaluating trustworthiness. We emphasized the salience and reward value of specific faces by having OA and YA evaluate ingroup male White and outgroup Black and Asian faces. Participants perceived faces during fMRI and made trustworthiness evaluations after the scan. OA rated White and Black faces as more trustworthy than YA. OA had a stronger positive relationship between caudate activity and trustworthiness than YA when perceiving ingroup, but not outgroup, faces. Ingroup cues might intensify how trustworthiness is rewarding to OA, potentially reinforcing their overall positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Colleen Hughes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Anne C Krendl
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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48
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Yildirim TM, Khoramnia R, Masyk M, Son HS, Auffarth GU, Mayer CS. Aesthetics of iris reconstruction with a custom-made artificial iris prosthesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237616. [PMID: 32790803 PMCID: PMC7425955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with large iris defects not only suffer from functional disadvantages but also from aesthetic limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aesthetic outcome of iris reconstruction using an artificial iris (AI). In this study, 82 eyes of 79 consecutive patients with mostly traumatic partial or total aniridia that underwent iris reconstruction surgery using a custom-made silicone AI (HumanOptics, Erlangen, Germany). Pre- and postoperative photographs of 66 patients were analysed subjectively and objectively. Subjective evaluation was based questionnaires. Objective evaluation included measurement of pupil centration and iris colour analysis. Averaged hues from iris areas were transferred to numerical values using the LAB-colour-system. Single parameters and overall difference value (ΔE) were compared between AI and remaining iris (RI), as well as AI and fellow eye iris (FI). Patients, eye doctors and laymen rated the overall aesthetic outcome with 8.9 ±1.4, 7.7 ±1.1 and 7.3 ±1.1 out of 10 points, respectively. Mean AI decentration was 0.35 ±0.24 mm. Better pupil centration correlated with a higher overall score for aesthetic outcome (p<0.05). The AI was on average 4.65 ±10 points brighter than RI and FI. Aniridia treatment using a custom-made artificial iris prosthesis offers a good aesthetic outcome. Pupil centration was a key factor that correlated with the amount of aesthetic satisfaction. The AI was on average slightly brighter than the RI and FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M. Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramin Khoramnia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Masyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hyeck-Soo Son
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd U. Auffarth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian S. Mayer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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49
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Fernández D, Ros L, Sánchez-Reolid R, Ricarte JJ, Latorre JM. Effectiveness of the level of personal relevance of visual autobiographical stimuli in the induction of positive emotions in young and older adults: pilot study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:663. [PMID: 32690050 PMCID: PMC7370414 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to retrieve specific memories is a cognitive and emotional protective factor. Among the most effective techniques to generate autobiographical memories is the use of audio-visual stimuli, particularly images. Developing and improving techniques that facilitate the generation of such memories could be highly effective in the prevention of depressive symptoms, especially in the elderly population. The aim of the present study is to examine how the level of personal relevance of pictures as autobiographical memory cues to induce positive emotions may affect an individual's emotion regulation. METHODS The participants, 120 older adults aged 65 and over and 120 young adults aged between 18 and 35, of both sexes and without depressive symptoms, will be induced to a negative mood state by means of viewing a film clip. Following the negative mood induction, the participants will be shown positive images according to experimental group to which they were randomly assigned (high personal relevance: personal autobiographical photographs; medium personal relevance: pictures of favourite locations associated with specific positive autobiographical memories; and low personal relevance: positive images from the International Affective Picture System). We will analyse the differences in subjective (responses to questionnaires) and objectives measures (EEG signal, heart rate variability and electrodermal activity) between the groups before and after the induction of negative affect and following the recall of positive memories. DISCUSSION The use of images associated with specific positive autobiographical memories may be an effective input for inducing positive mood states, which has potentially important implications for their use as a cognitive behavioural technique to treat emotional disorders, such as depression, which are highly prevalent among older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04251104 . Registered on 30 January 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Fernández
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Reolid
- Computer Research Institute, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain.,IT Systems Department, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Javier Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Miguel Latorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
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50
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Verosky SC, Zoner KA, Marble CW, Sammon MM, Babarinsa CO. Implicit responses to face trustworthiness measured with fast periodic visual stimulation. J Vis 2020; 20:29. [PMID: 32725173 PMCID: PMC7424118 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.7.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People rapidly and spontaneously form trustworthiness impressions based on facial appearance. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging find that activity in the amygdala and other brain regions tracks with face trustworthiness, even when participants are not explicitly asked to judge face trustworthiness. The current study investigated whether it would be possible to detect implicit responses using another method: fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS). While scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, participants viewed sequences of faces in which a single base face was presented at a rate of 6 Hz and oddball faces with different identities were presented every fifth face (6 Hz/5 = 1.2 Hz). Within a given sequence, the oddball faces were all either less trustworthy-looking or trustworthy-looking. The base face either matched the oddball faces on trustworthiness or did not match, so that the experiment had a 2 (trustworthiness of oddball) × 2 (match between base/oddball faces) design. Although participants’ task was unrelated to the faces, the trustworthiness of the oddball faces had a strong influence on the response at 1.2 Hz and its harmonics. There was a stronger response for sequences with less trustworthy- versus trustworthy-looking oddball faces over bilateral occipitotemporal sites, medial occipital sites, and beyond. In contrast, the match in trustworthiness between the base face and the oddball faces had only a minimal effect. The effect of oddball type was observed after a short recording time, suggesting that FPVS offers an efficient means of capturing implicit neural responses to face trustworthiness.
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