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Khani F, Pourmotabbed A, Hosseinmardi N, Alaee E, Fathollahi Y, Azizi H. Acute adolescent morphine exposure improves dark avoidance memory and enhances long-term potentiation of ventral hippocampal CA1 during adulthood in rats. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13308. [PMID: 37500490 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence represents a distinctive vulnerable period when exposure to stressful situations including opioid exposure can entail lasting effects on brain and can change neural mechanisms involved in memory formation for drug-associated cues, possibly increasing vulnerability of adolescents to addiction. Herein, the effects of acute adolescent morphine exposure (AAME, two injections of 2.5 mg/kg SC morphine on PND 31) were therefore investigated 6 weeks later (adulthood) on avoidance memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in transvers slices from the ventral hippocampus in adult male rats using field recordings technique. Animal body weight was measured from PND 31 throughout PND 40 and also in four time points with 1 week intervals from adolescence to adulthood (PNDs 48, 55, 62 and 69) to evaluate the effect of AAME on the weight gain. We showed that there were no effects on body weight, anxiety-like behaviour and locomotor activity, even until adulthood. There was an improved dark avoidance memory during adulthood. Finally, AAME had no effects on baseline synaptic responses and resulted in a decrease in the mean values of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential slopes required to evoke the half-maximal population spike amplitude and an enhancement of LTP magnitude (%) in the ventral CA1 during adulthood. Briefly, our results suggest long-lasting effects of acute adolescent morphine exposure on the ventral hippocampus, which begin the enhancing of synaptic plasticity and the improving of emotional memory in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pourmotabbed
- Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Alaee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathollahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Smith MT, Kong D, Kuo A, Imam MZ, Williams CM. Multitargeted Opioid Ligand Discovery as a Strategy to Retain Analgesia and Reduce Opioid-Related Adverse Effects. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3746-3784. [PMID: 36856340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The global "opioid crisis" has placed enormous pressure on the opioid ligand discovery community to produce novel opioid analgesics with superior opioid-related adverse-effect profiles compared with morphine. In this Perspective, the multitargeted opioid ligand strategy for the discovery of opioid analgesics with superior preclinical therapeutic indices relative to morphine is reviewed and discussed. Dual-targeted μ-opioid (MOP)/δ-opioid (DOP) ligands in which the in vitro DOP antagonist potency at least equals that of the MOP agonist activity, and are devoid of DOP or κ-opioid (KOP) agonist activity, are sufficiently promising candidates to warrant further investigation. Dual-targeted MOP/NOP partial agonists have superior preclinical therapeutic indices to morphine and/or fentanyl in nonhuman primates and are also considered promising. Based on the poor preclinical and clinical therapeutic indices of cebranopadol, which is a full agonist at MOP, DOP, and NOP receptors and a partial agonist at the KOP receptor, this pharmacologic template should be avoided.
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3
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Lapierre J, Karuppan MKM, Perry M, Rodriguez M, El-Hage N. Different Roles of Beclin1 in the Interaction Between Glia and Neurons after Exposure to Morphine and the HIV- Trans-Activator of Transcription (Tat) Protein. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:470-486. [PMID: 34741242 PMCID: PMC9068829 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously we showed that Beclin1 has a regulatory role in the secretion of inflammatory molecules in glia after exposure to morphine and Tat (an HIV protein). Here we show increased secretion of neuronal growth factors and increased neuronal survival in Beclin1-deficient glia. However, without glia co-culture, neurons deficient in Beclin1 showed greater death and enhanced dendritic beading when compared to wild-type neurons, suggesting that glial-secreted growth factors compensate for the damage reduced autophagy causes neurons. To assess if our ex vivo results correlated with in vivo studies, we used a wild-type (Becn1+/+) and Beclin1-deficient (Becn1+/+) mouse model and intracranially infused the mice with Tat and subcutaneously administered morphine pellets. After morphine implantation, significantly impaired locomotor activities were detected in both Becn1+/+ and Becn1+/- mice, irrespective of Tat infusion. After induction of pain, morphine-induced antinociception was detected. Interestingly, co-exposure to morphine and Tat increased sensitivity to pain in Becn1+/+ mice, but not in similarly treated Becn1+/- mice. Brain homogenates from Becn1+/+ mice exposed to Tat, alone and in combination with morphine, showed increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced expression of growth factors when compared to similarly treated Becn1+/- mice. Likewise, increased neuronal loss was detected when both Tat and morphine were administered to Becn1+/+ mice, but not in similarly treated Becn1+/- mice. Overall, our findings show that there is a Beclin1-driven interaction between Tat and morphine in glia and neurons. Moreover, reduced glial-Beclin1 may provide a layer of protection to neurons under stressful conditions, such as when exposed to morphine and Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Mohan K M Karuppan
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Marissa Perry
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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4
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Higginbotham JA, Markovic T, Massaly N, Morón JA. Endogenous opioid systems alterations in pain and opioid use disorder. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:1014768. [PMID: 36341476 PMCID: PMC9628214 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1014768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory, gastrointestinal function, and pain relief. Endogenous opioid systems are present ubiquitously throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. They are composed of four families, namely the μ (MOPR), κ (KOPR), δ (DOPR), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOPR) opioid receptors systems. These receptors signal through the action of their endogenous opioid peptides β-endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins, and nociceptins, respectfully, to maintain homeostasis under normal physiological states. Due to their prominent role in pain regulation, exogenous opioids-primarily targeting the MOPR, have been historically used in medicine as analgesics, but their ability to produce euphoric effects also present high risks for abuse. The ability of pain and opioid use to perturb endogenous opioid system function, particularly within the central nervous system, may increase the likelihood of developing opioid use disorder (OUD). Today, the opioid crisis represents a major social, economic, and public health concern. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature on the function, expression, pharmacology, and regulation of endogenous opioid systems in pain. Additionally, we discuss the adaptations in the endogenous opioid systems upon use of exogenous opioids which contribute to the development of OUD. Finally, we describe the intricate relationship between pain, endogenous opioid systems, and the proclivity for opioid misuse, as well as potential advances in generating safer and more efficient pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Higginbotham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Jessica A. Higginbotham,
| | - Tamara Markovic
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jose A. Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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The development of behavioral sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110456. [PMID: 34662694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggest that behavioral sensitization is involved in the process of drug addiction. Zebrafish are sensitive to a variety of addictive drugs and are thus suitable for the study of behavioral sensitization. However, in contrast to mature rodent models of behavioral sensitization, how this phenomenon manifests in aquatic organisms, especially zebrafish, is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a morphine-induced behavioral sensitization adult zebrafish model and performed a preliminary investigation of the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Behavioral sensitization was established in zebrafish by observing their behavior after treatment and challenge with morphine. The effect of morphine was evaluated by a behavioral locomotor test. Different doses of morphine and withdrawal times were used to evaluate the establishment of the behavioral sensitization model. RESULTS Hyperlocomotion was induced after administration of morphine in adult zebrafish. After withdrawing the drug for a period, challenge with low-dose morphine evoked behavioral sensitization in zebrafish acutely pre-treated with morphine. Low-dose morphine failed to induce behavioral sensitization in zebrafish if the withdrawal time was less than 5 days or more than 7 days. Morphine induced behavioral sensitization in zebrafish may involve dopaminergic, glutamatergic and opioid systems. CONCLUSION A single low-dose of morphine could induce behavioral sensitization in zebrafish acutely pre-treated with morphine, and this phenomenon was highly correlated with drug dose and withdrawal time. These findings suggest that zebrafish is a suitable model for the study of behavioral sensitization.
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McGregor R, Wu MF, Holmes B, Lam HA, Maidment NT, Gera J, Yamanaka A, Siegel JM. Hypocretin/Orexin Interactions with Norepinephrine Contribute to the Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome. J Neurosci 2022; 42:255-263. [PMID: 34853083 PMCID: PMC8802943 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1557-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that human heroin addicts and mice chronically exposed to morphine exhibit a significant increase in the number of detected hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt)-producing neurons. However, it remains unknown how this increase affects target areas of the hypocretin system involved in opioid withdrawal, including norepinephrine containing structures locus coeruleus (LC) and A1/A2 medullary regions. Using a combination of immunohistochemical, biochemical, imaging, and behavioral techniques, we now show that the increase in detected hypocretin cell number translates into a significant increase in hypocretin innervation and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels in the LC without affecting norepinephrine-containing neuronal cell number. We show that the increase in TH is completely dependent on Hcrt innervation. The A1/A2 regions were unaffected by morphine treatment. Manipulation of the Hcrt system may affect opioid addiction and withdrawal.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previously, we have shown that the hypothalamic hypocretin system undergoes profound anatomic changes in human heroin addicts and in mice exposed to morphine, suggesting a role of this system in the development of addictive behaviors. The locus coeruleus plays a key role in opioid addiction. Here we report that the hypothalamic hypocretin innervation of the locus coeruleus increases dramatically with morphine administration to mice. This increase is correlated with a massive increase in tyrosine hydroxylase expression in locus coeruleus. Elimination of hypocretin neurons prevents the tyrosine hydroxylase increase in locus coeruleus and dampens the somatic and affective components of opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Ming-Fung Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angeles, California 91343
| | - Brent Holmes
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angeles, California 91343
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095
| | - Hoa Anh Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joseph Gera
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angeles, California 91343
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095
- Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angeles, California 91343
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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7
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Barker KE, Lecznar AJ, Schumacher JM, Morris JS, Gutstein HB. Subanalgesic morphine doses augment fentanyl analgesia by interacting with delta opioid receptors in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:149-164. [PMID: 34520585 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are commonly used for the treatment of postoperative and post-traumatic pain; however, their therapeutic effectiveness is limited by undesirable and life-threatening side effects. Researchers have long attempted to develop opioid co-administration therapies that enhance analgesia, but the complexity of opioid analgesia and our incomplete mechanistic understanding has made this a daunting task. We discovered that subanalgesic morphine doses (100 ng/kg-10 µg/kg) augmented the acute analgesic effect of fentanyl (20 µg/kg) following subcutaneous drug co-administration to male rats. In addition, administration of equivalent drug ratios to naïve rat spinal cord membranes induced a twofold increase in G protein activation. The rate of GTP hydrolysis remained unchanged. We demonstrated that these behavioral and biochemical effects were mediated by the delta opioid receptor (DOP). Subanalgesic doses of the DOP-selective agonist SNC80 also augmented the acute analgesic effect of fentanyl. Furthermore, co-administration of the DOP antagonist naltrindole with both fentanyl-morphine and fentanyl-SNC80 combinations prevented augmentation of both analgesia and G protein activation. The mu opioid receptor (MOP) antagonist cyprodime did not block augmentation. Confocal microscopy of the substantia gelatinosa of rats treated with fentanyl, subanalgesic morphine, or this combination showed that changes in MOP internalization did not account for augmentation effects. Together, these findings suggest that augmentation of fentanyl analgesia by subanalgesic morphine is mediated by increased G protein activation resulting from a synergistic interaction between or heterodimerization of MOPs and DOPs. This finding is of great therapeutic significance because it suggests a strategy for the development of DOP-selective ligands that can enhance the therapeutic index of clinically used MOP drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Barker
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alynn J Lecznar
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jill M Schumacher
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Morris
- Biostatistics Division, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Howard B Gutstein
- Anesthesiology Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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O'Brien JB, Roman DL. Novel treatments for chronic pain: moving beyond opioids. Transl Res 2021; 234:1-19. [PMID: 33727192 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is essential that safe and effective treatment options be available to patients suffering from chronic pain. The emergence of an opioid epidemic has shaped public opinions and created stigmas surrounding the use of opioids for the management of pain. This reality, coupled with high risk of adverse effects from chronic opioid use, has led chronic pain patients and their healthcare providers to utilize nonopioid treatment approaches. In this review, we will explore a number of cellular reorganizations that are associated with the development and progression of chronic pain. We will also discuss the safety and efficacy of opioid and nonopioid treatment options for chronic pain. Finally, we will review the evidence for adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) as a novel target for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B O'Brien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David L Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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9
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Zhou J, Ma R, Jin Y, Fang J, Du J, Shao X, Liang Y, Fang J. Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1004. [PMID: 34345286 PMCID: PMC8311239 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in its effectiveness, addiction and abuse. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance may provide insights into this phenomenon and aid in the development of novel methods to combat the side effects of opioid tolerance. The present review focused on two major contributors to tolerance, opioid receptors and inflammatory mediators. The molecular mechanisms involved in the desensitization of the opioid receptors were briefly described, including their phosphorylation, internalisation and recycling. Subsequently, the effects of Toll like receptor 4/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3-mediated proinflammatory responses in opioid tolerance were discussed, aiming in supporting the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Junfan Fang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Junying Du
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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10
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Marks WD, Paris JJ, Barbour AJ, Moon J, Carpenter VJ, McLane VD, Lark ARS, Nass SR, Zhang J, Yarotskyy V, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and Morphine Differentially Disrupt Pyramidal Cell Structure and Function and Spatial Learning in Hippocampal Area CA1: Continuous versus Interrupted Morphine Exposure. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0547-20.2021. [PMID: 33782102 PMCID: PMC8146490 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0547-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About half the people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have neurocognitive deficits that often include memory impairment and hippocampal deficits, which can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. To explore the effects of opioids and HIV on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron structure and function, we induced HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) expression in transgenic mice for 14 d and co-administered time-release morphine or vehicle subcutaneous implants during the final 5 d (days 9-14) to establish steady-state morphine levels. Morphine was withheld from some ex vivo slices during recordings to begin to assess the initial pharmacokinetic consequences of opioid withdrawal. Tat expression reduced hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability at lower stimulating currents. Pyramidal cell firing rates were unaffected by continuous morphine exposure. Behaviorally, exposure to Tat or high dosages of morphine impaired spatial memory Exposure to Tat and steady-state levels of morphine appeared to have largely independent effects on pyramidal neuron structure and function, a response that is distinct from other vulnerable brain regions such as the striatum. By contrast, acutely withholding morphine (from morphine-tolerant ex vivo slices) revealed unique and selective neuroadaptive shifts in CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability and dendritic plasticity, including some interactions with Tat. Collectively, the results show that opioid-HIV interactions in hippocampal area CA1 are more nuanced than previously assumed, and appear to vary depending on the outcome assessed and on the pharmacokinetics of morphine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848
| | - Aaron J Barbour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Valerie J Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
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11
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Barzegari AA, Shahabi K. Effects of Isoniazid on Tolerance and Sensitization to the Rewarding Properties of Morphine: A Conditioned Place Preference Procedure Investigation in Mice. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 11:481-490. [PMID: 33613886 PMCID: PMC7878033 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.4.1940.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The GABAergic system of the brain plays a key role in morphine tolerance and sensitization. As isoniazid is a modulator of the GABAergic system, the present study aims to understand whether isoniazid can influence the induction of tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of morphine. Methods: The rewarding effects of morphine and isoniazid were assessed using a Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) procedure in female mice. Tolerance to the rewarding effects of morphine was induced with high-dose morphine (25 mg/kg, SC), twice a day, for four days. Also, the sensitization was induced with an effective dose of morphine (5 mg/kg, SC), once a day, for three days. During the induction of tolerance or sensitization, the different groups of mice received saline or isoniazid (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, IP) one hour before each morphine injection. Results: Morphine (0.5–10 mg/kg, SC) produced a significant CPP, but isoniazid (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, IP) did not induce place preference or place aversion in mice. Although an effective dose of morphine (5 mg/kg, SC) did not induce CPP in morphine tolerated mice, an ineffective dose (0.5 mg/kg, SC) could produce a significant CPP in morphine-sensitized animals. The administration of isoniazid before morphine (on the days of tolerance or sensitization induction) inhibited the development of tolerance or sensitization to the rewarding effect of morphine in the CPP paradigm. Conclusion: Isoniazid can be a useful drug for the prevention of tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Barzegari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Kamran Shahabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
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12
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Jiang C, Wang X, Le Q, Liu P, Liu C, Wang Z, He G, Zheng P, Wang F, Ma L. Morphine coordinates SST and PV interneurons in the prelimbic cortex to disinhibit pyramidal neurons and enhance reward. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1178-1193. [PMID: 31413370 PMCID: PMC7985023 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioids, such as morphine, are clinic analgesics which induce euphoria. Morphine exposure modifies the excitability and functional interactions between neurons, while the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, especially how morphine assembles heterogeneous interneurons (INs) in prelimbic cortex (PrL) to mediate disinhibition and reward, are not clear. Using approaches of optogenetics, electrophysiology, and cell type-specific RNA-seq, we show that morphine attenuates the inhibitory synaptic transmission from parvalbumin+ (PV)-INs onto pyramidal neurons in PrL via μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in PV-INs. Meanwhile, morphine enhances the inhibitory inputs from somatostatin+ (SST)-INs onto PV-INs, and thus disinhibits pyramidal neurons via δ-opioid receptor (DOR)-dependent Rac1 upregulation in SST-INs. We show that MOR in PV-INs is required for morphine-induced behavioral sensitization, while DOR as well as Rac1 activity in SST-INs is required for morphine-induced conditioned place preference and hyper-locomotion. These results reveal that SST- and PV-INs, functioning in PrL as a disinhibitory architecture, are coordinated by morphine via different opioid receptors to disinhibit pyramidal neurons and enhance reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Jiang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiumin Le
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Cao Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Guanhong He
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Mohammadkhani A, Borgland SL. Cellular and behavioral basis of cannabinioid and opioid interactions: Implications for opioid dependence and withdrawal. J Neurosci Res 2020; 100:278-296. [PMID: 33352618 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The brain's endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid systems are neuromodulatory of synaptic transmission, and play key roles in pain, memory, reward, and addiction. Recent clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggests that opioid use may be reduced with cannabinoid intake. This suggests the presence of a functional interaction between these two systems. Emerging research indicates that cannabinoids and opioids can functionally interact at different levels. At the cellular level, opioid and cannabinoids can have direct receptor associations, alterations in endogenous opioid peptide or cannabinoid release, or post-receptor activation interactions via shared signal transduction pathways. At the systems level, the nature of cannabinoid and opioid interaction might differ in brain circuits underlying different behavioral phenomenon, including reward-seeking or antinociception. Given the rising use of opioid and cannabinoid drugs, a better understanding of how these endogenous signaling systems interact in the brain is of significant interest. This review focuses on the potential relationship of these neural systems in addiction-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mohammadkhani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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Robinson SA, Jones AD, Brynildsen JK, Ehrlich ME, Blendy JA. Neurobehavioral effects of neonatal opioid exposure in mice: Influence of the OPRM1 SNP. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12806. [PMID: 31267641 PMCID: PMC8450766 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use among pregnant women is a growing public health concern in the United States. Infants exposed to opioids in utero are at risk of exhibiting neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). The biological mechanisms underlying short and long-term consequences of in utero opioid exposure and NOWS are unknown. A potential genetic factor is a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1 A118G). Opioid exposed infants with the G-allele spend less time in hospitals after birth. To determine whether this SNP modulates the neurobehavioral effects of neonatal opioid exposure and withdrawal, we used mice possessing the equivalent Oprm1 SNP (A112G). Pups were treated chronically with saline or morphine from postnatal days (PNDs) 1 to 14, a developmental period equivalent to the third trimester of a human pregnancy and a sensitive period for opioid exposure in rodents. Morphine treatment produced significant developmental delays regardless of genotype and increased total ultrasonic vocalizations in males during spontaneous withdrawal. Animals were aged and tested for anxiety and drug response during adolescence and adulthood, respectively. AA morphine-treated animals showed reduced activity in the marble burying task compared with saline controls; however, this effect was absent in AG and GG animals. As adults, AA males exposed to morphine from PNDs 1 to 14 exhibited enhanced development of locomotor sensitization to morphine, whereas females showed reduced locomotor sensitization. These data suggest the involvement of the Oprm1 SNP for certain outcomes of neonatal opioid exposure and highlight the importance of considering sex and genetic variability for the prognosis of NOWS.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Opioid-Related Disorders/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/drug effects
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivon A. Robinson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Alonzo D. Jones
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Julia K. Brynildsen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, 10029
| | - Julie A. Blendy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104
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15
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Ramos J, Hardin EJ, Grant AH, Flores-Robles G, Gonzalez AT, Cruz B, Martinez AK, Beltran NM, Serafine KM. The Effects of Eating a High Fat Diet on Sensitivity of Male and Female Rats to Methamphetamine and Dopamine D 1 Receptor Agonist SKF 82958. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:6-15. [PMID: 32265322 PMCID: PMC7288732 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats eating high fat chow are more sensitive to the behavioral effects of dopaminergic drugs, including methamphetamine and the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole, than rats eating standard chow. However, limited work has explored possible sex differences regarding the impact of diet on drug sensitivity. It is also unknown whether eating high fat chow enhances sensitivity of rats to other dopamine (e.g., D1) receptor agonists. To explore these possibilities, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats eating standard laboratory chow (17% kcal from fat) or high fat chow (60% kcal from fat) were tested once per week for 6 weeks with dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958 (0.01-3.2 mg/kg) or methamphetamine (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) using cumulative dosing procedures. Eating high fat chow increased sensitivity of male and female rats to methamphetamine-induced locomotion; however, only female rats eating high fat chow were more sensitive to SKF 82958-induced locomotion. SKF 82958-induced eye blinking was also marginally, although not significantly, enhanced among female rats eating high fat chow, but not males. Further, although dopamine D2 receptor expression was significantly increased for SKF 82958-treated rats eating high fat chow regardless of sex, no differences were observed in dopamine D1 receptor expression. Taken together, the present study suggests that although eating high fat chow enhances sensitivity of both sexes to dopaminergic drugs, the mechanism driving this effect might be different for males versus females. These data further demonstrate the importance of studying both sexes simultaneously when investigating factors that influence drug sensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although it is known that diet can impact sensitivity to some dopaminergic drugs, sex differences regarding this effect are not well characterized. This report demonstrates that eating a high fat diet enhances sensitivity to methamphetamine, regardless of sex; however, sensitivity to dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958 is increased only among females eating high fat chow, but not males. This suggests that the mechanism(s) driving diet-induced changes in drug sensitivity might be different between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Ramos
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Ethan J Hardin
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Alice H Grant
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Grace Flores-Robles
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Adrian T Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Bryan Cruz
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Arantxa K Martinez
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Nina M Beltran
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Katherine M Serafine
- Department of Psychology (J.R., E.J.H., G.F.-R., A.T.G., B.C., A.K.M, N.M.B., K.M.S.), Department of Biological Sciences (A.H.G.), and the Border Biomedical Research Center (K.M.S.), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
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16
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Agonist-induced phosphorylation bar code and differential post-activation signaling of the delta opioid receptor revealed by phosphosite-specific antibodies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8585. [PMID: 32444688 PMCID: PMC7244497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The δ-opioid receptor (DOP) is an attractive pharmacological target due to its potent analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity in chronic pain models. However, some but not all selective DOP agonists also produce severe adverse effects such as seizures. Thus, the development of novel agonists requires a profound understanding of their effects on DOP phosphorylation, post-activation signaling and dephosphorylation. Here we show that agonist-induced DOP phosphorylation at threonine 361 (T361) and serine 363 (S363) proceeds with a temporal hierarchy, with S363 as primary site of phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 and 3 (GRK2/3) followed by DOP endocytosis and desensitization. DOP dephosphorylation occurs within minutes and is predominantly mediated by protein phosphatases (PP) 1α and 1β. A comparison of structurally diverse DOP agonists and clinically used opioids demonstrated high correlation between G protein-dependent signaling efficacies and receptor internalization. In vivo, DOP agonists induce receptor phosphorylation in a dose-dependent and agonist-selective manner that could be blocked by naltrexone in DOP-eGFP mice. Together, our studies provide novel tools and insights for ligand-activated DOP signaling in vitro and in vivo and suggest that DOP agonist efficacies may determine receptor post-activation signaling.
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17
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Synergistic effect between citalopram and citicoline on anxiolytic effect in non-sensitized and morphine-sensitized mice: An isobologram analysis. Brain Res 2020; 1734:146701. [PMID: 32070686 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of citalopram and citicoline on morphine-induced anxiolytic effects were investigated in non-sensitized and morphine-sensitized mice using elevated plus-maze (EPM). Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration morphine (5 mg/kg) increased the percentage of open arm time (%OAT, in morphine-sensitized mice), and open arm entries (%OAE, in non-sensitized mice), but not a locomotor activity, indicating an anxiolytic response to morphine. On the other hand, i.p. administration of naloxone decreased %OAT (morphine-sensitized mice), and %OAE (non-sensitized and morphine-sensitized mice), but not a locomotor activity, showing an anxiogenic effect to naloxone. Moreover, i.p.co-administration of citalopram (5 and 10 mg/kg) and citicoline (75 mg/kg) induced the anxiolytic effect. Interestingly, i.p. co-administration of low doses of citalopram (0.5, 1 and 2.5 mg/kg) and citicoline (25 mg/kg) significantly increased %OAT and %OAE in non-sensitized as well as %OAT in morphine-sensitized mice, indicating an anxiolytic effect. An isobolographic analysis of data was performed, presenting a synergistic interaction between citalopram and citicoline upon the production of anxiolytic effect in non-sensitized and morphine-sensitized mice. In conclusion, it seems that (1) morphine sensitization affects the anxiety behavior in the EPM, (2) μ-opioid receptors play an important role in morphine anxiolytic effect, (3) citalopram and citicoline induced anti-anxiety effect, (4) a synergistic effect of citalopram and citicoline upon induction of anti-anxiety behavior in non-sensitized and morphine-sensitized mice.
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18
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Skupio U, Tertil M, Bilecki W, Barut J, Korostynski M, Golda S, Kudla L, Wiktorowska L, Sowa JE, Siwiec M, Bobula B, Pels K, Tokarski K, Hess G, Ruszczycki B, Wilczynski G, Przewlocki R. Astrocytes determine conditioned response to morphine via glucocorticoid receptor-dependent regulation of lactate release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:404-415. [PMID: 31254970 PMCID: PMC6901448 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, neurons have been the primary focus of research on the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of brain function and pathological behaviors, such as addiction. Astrocytes, which are also glucocorticoid-responsive, have been recently implicated in the development of drug abuse, albeit through as yet undefined mechanisms. Here, using a spectrum of tools (whole-transcriptome profiling, viral-mediated RNA interference in vitro and in vivo, behavioral pharmacology and electrophysiology), we demonstrate that astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are an important locus of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent transcriptional changes that regulate rewarding effects of morphine. Specifically, we show that targeted knockdown of the GR in the NAc astrocytes enhanced conditioned responses to morphine, with a concomitant inhibition of morphine-induced neuronal excitability and plasticity. Interestingly, GR knockdown did not influence sensitivity to cocaine. Further analyses revealed GR-dependent regulation of astroglial metabolism. Notably, GR knockdown inhibited induced by glucocorticoids lactate release in astrocytes. Finally, lactate administration outbalanced conditioned responses to morphine in astroglial GR knockdown mice. These findings demonstrate a role of GR-dependent regulation of astrocytic metabolism in the NAc and a key role of GR-expressing astrocytes in opioid reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Skupio
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tertil
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bilecki
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Barut
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Golda
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Kudla
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Wiktorowska
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna E. Sowa
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pels
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland ,0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Blazej Ruszczycki
- 0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- 0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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19
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Abijo T, Blum K, Gondré-Lewis MC. Neuropharmacological and Neurogenetic Correlates of Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) As a Function of Ethnicity: Relevance to Precision Addiction Medicine. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:578-595. [PMID: 31744450 PMCID: PMC7457418 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191118125702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 100 people die daily from opioid overdose and $78.5B per year is spent on treatment efforts, however, the real societal cost is multifold greater. Alternative strategies to eradicate/manage drug misuse and addiction need consideration. The perception of opioid addiction as a social/criminal problem has evolved to evidence-based considerations of them as clinical disorders with a genetic basis. We present evaluations of the genetics of addiction with ancestryspecific risk profiles for consideration. OBJECTIVE Studies of gene variants associated with predisposition to substance use disorders (SUDs) are monolithic, and exclude many ethnic groups, especially Hispanics and African Americans. We evaluate gene polymorphisms that impact brain reward and predispose individuals to opioid addictions, with a focus on the disparity of research which includes individuals of African and Hispanic descent. METHODOLOGY PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for: Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), Genome- wide association studies (GWAS); genetic variants; polymorphisms, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP); genomics, epigenetics, race, ethnic group, ethnicity, ancestry, Caucasian/ White, African American/Black, Hispanic, Asian, addictive behaviors, reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), mutation, insertion/deletion, and promotor region. RESULTS Many studies exclude non-White individuals. Studies that include diverse populations report ethnicity-specific frequencies of risk genes, with certain polymorphisms specifically associated with Caucasian and not African-American or Hispanic susceptibility to OUD or SUDs, and vice versa. CONCLUSION To adapt precision medicine-based addiction management in a blended society, we propose that ethnicity/ancestry-informed genetic variations must be analyzed to provide real precision- guided therapeutics with the intent to attenuate this uncontrollable fatal epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marjorie C. Gondré-Lewis
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington DC 20059 USA; Tel/Fax: +1-202-806-5274; E-mail:
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20
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Jones AM, Masuda QN, Halquist MS, Kim WK, Knapp PE, Kashuba ADM, Hauser KF, McRae M. HIV-1 Tat and opioids act independently to limit antiretroviral brain concentrations and reduce blood-brain barrier integrity. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:560-577. [PMID: 31102185 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poor antiretroviral penetration may contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence within the brain and to neurocognitive deficits in opiate abusers. To investigate this problem, HIV-1 Tat protein and morphine effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and drug brain penetration were explored using a conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mouse model. Tat and morphine effects on the leakage of fluorescently labeled dextrans (10-, 40-, and 70-kDa) into the brain were assessed. To evaluate effects on antiretroviral brain penetration, Tat+ and Tat- mice received three antiretroviral drugs (dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine) with or without concurrent morphine exposure. Antiretroviral and morphine brain and plasma concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Morphine exposure, and, to a lesser extent, Tat, significantly increased tracer leakage from the vasculature into the brain. Despite enhanced BBB breakdown evidenced by increased tracer leakiness, morphine exposure led to significantly lower abacavir concentrations within the striatum and significantly less dolutegravir within the hippocampus and striatum (normalized to plasma). P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter for which these drugs are substrates, expression and function were significantly increased in the brains of morphine-exposed mice compared to mice not exposed to morphine. These findings were consistent with lower antiretroviral concentrations in brain tissues examined. Lamivudine concentrations were unaffected by Tat or morphine exposure. Collectively, our investigations indicate that Tat and morphine differentially alter BBB integrity. Morphine decreased brain concentrations of specific antiretroviral drugs, perhaps via increased expression of the drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Quamrun N Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7569, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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21
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Qu L, Wang Y, Ge SN, Li N, Fu J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Jing JP, Li Y, Wang Q, Gao GD, He SM, Wang XL. Altered Activity of SK Channel Underpins Morphine Withdrawal Relevant Psychiatric Deficiency in Infralimbic to Accumbens Shell Pathway. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:240. [PMID: 31031665 PMCID: PMC6470400 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction can be viewed as a chronic psychiatric disorder that is related to dysfunction of neural circuits, including reward deficits, stress surfeits, craving changes, and compromised executive function. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a crucial role in regulating craving and relapse, while the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) represents a higher cortex projecting into the NAc that is active in the management of executive function. In this study, we investigated the role of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels) in NAc and mPFC after morphine withdrawal. Action potential (AP) firing of neurons in the NAc shell was enhanced via the downregulations of the SK channels after morphine withdrawal. Furthermore, the expression of SK2 and SK3 subunits in the NAc was significantly reduced after 3 weeks of morphine withdrawal, but was not altered in the dorsal striatum. In mPFC, the SK channel subunits were differentially expressed. To be specific, the expression of SK3 was upregulated, while the expression of SK2 was unchanged. Furthermore, the AP firing in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the infralimbic (IL) cortex was decreased via the upregulations of the SK channel-related tail current after 3 weeks of morphine withdrawal. These results suggest that the SK channel plays a specific role in reward circuits following morphine exposure and a period of drug withdrawal, making it a potential target for the prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shun-Nan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiang-Peng Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Ming He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Wang D, Tawfik VL, Corder G, Low SA, François A, Basbaum AI, Scherrer G. Functional Divergence of Delta and Mu Opioid Receptor Organization in CNS Pain Circuits. Neuron 2018; 98:90-108.e5. [PMID: 29576387 PMCID: PMC5896237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular interactions between delta and mu opioid receptors (DORs and MORs), including heteromerization, are thought to regulate opioid analgesia. However, the identity of the nociceptive neurons in which such interactions could occur in vivo remains elusive. Here we show that DOR-MOR co-expression is limited to small populations of excitatory interneurons and projection neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn and unexpectedly predominates in ventral horn motor circuits. Similarly, DOR-MOR co-expression is rare in parabrachial, amygdalar, and cortical brain regions processing nociceptive information. We further demonstrate that in the discrete DOR-MOR co-expressing nociceptive neurons, the two receptors internalize and function independently. Finally, conditional knockout experiments revealed that DORs selectively regulate mechanical pain by controlling the excitability of somatostatin-positive dorsal horn interneurons. Collectively, our results illuminate the functional organization of DORs and MORs in CNS pain circuits and reappraise the importance of DOR-MOR cellular interactions for developing novel opioid analgesics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anterior Horn Cells/chemistry
- Anterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Anterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Central Nervous System/chemistry
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Net/chemistry
- Nerve Net/metabolism
- Nerve Net/pathology
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/pathology
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Posterior Horn Cells/chemistry
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Posterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Gregory Corder
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sarah A Low
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amaury François
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; New York Stem Cell Foundation - Robertson Investigator, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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24
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Bao F, Li CL, Chen XQ, Lu YJ, Bao L, Zhang X. Clinical opioids differentially induce co-internalization of μ- and δ-opioid receptors. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918769492. [PMID: 29587571 PMCID: PMC5898661 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918769492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors play an important role in mediating the spinal analgesia. The μ-opioid receptor is the major target of opioid drugs widely used in clinics. However, the regulatory mechanisms of analgesic effect and tolerance for clinical μ-opioid receptor-targeting opioids remain to be fully investigated. Previous studies showed the interaction of δ-opioid receptor with μ-opioid receptor to form the μ-opioid receptor/δ-opioid receptor heteromers that could be processed in the degradation pathway after δ-opioid receptor agonist treatment. Here, we showed that clinical μ-opioid receptor-targeting opioids, morphine, fentanyl, and methadone, but not tramadol, caused μ-opioid receptor co-internalization with δ-opioid receptors in both transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells and primary sensory neurons. Prolonged treatment of morphine led to μ-opioid receptor co-degradation with δ-opioid receptors. Furthermore, fentanyl and methadone, but not tramadol, induced the drug tolerance similar to morphine. Thus, the clinical μ-opioid receptor-targeting opioids including morphine, fentanyl, and methadone induce μ-opioid receptor co-internalization with δ-opioid receptors, which may be involved in the analgesic tolerance of these opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Bao
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Lin Li
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,3 Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences/XuHui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Qiao Chen
- 4 State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jin Lu
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,3 Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences/XuHui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Bao
- 4 State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,5 School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,5 School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Fujita M, Ide S, Ikeda K. Opioid and nondopamine reward circuitry and state-dependent mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018. [PMID: 29512887 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A common notion is that essentially all addictive drugs, including opioids, activate dopaminergic pathways in the brain reward system, and the inappropriate use of such drugs induces drug dependence. However, an opioid reward response is reportedly still observed in several models of dopamine depletion, including in animals that are treated with dopamine blockers, animals that are subjected to dopaminergic neuron lesions, and dopamine-deficient mice. The intracranial self-stimulation response is enhanced by stimulants but reduced by morphine. These findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission may not always be required for opioid reward responses. Previous findings also indicate the possibility that dopamine-independent opioid reward may be observed in opioid-naive states but not in opioid-dependent states. Therefore, a history of opioid use should be considered when evaluating the dopamine dependency of opioid reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Fujita
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Opioid receptors are the sites of action for morphine and most other clinically used opioid drugs. Abundant evidence now demonstrates that different opioid receptor types can physically associate to form heteromers. Owing to their constituent monomers' involvement in analgesia, mu/delta opioid receptor (M/DOR) heteromers have been a particular focus of attention. Understandings of the physiological relevance and indisputable proof of M/DOR formation in vivo are still evolving. This aspect of the field has been slow to progress in large part by the limitations of most available experimental models; recently however, promising progress is being made. As a result, the long-repeated promise of opioid receptor heteromers as selective therapeutic targets is now being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Edmund Ong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Abstract
The opioid receptor system plays a major role in the regulation of mood, reward, and pain. The opioid receptors therefore make attractive targets for the treatment of many different conditions, including pain, depression, and addiction. However, stimulation or blockade of any one opioid receptor type often leads to on-target adverse effects that limit the clinical utility of a selective opioid agonist or antagonist. Literature precedent suggests that the opioid receptors do not act in isolation and that interactions among the opioid receptors and between the opioid receptors and other proteins may produce clinically useful targets. Multifunctional ligands have the potential to elicit desired outcomes with reduced adverse effects by allowing for the activation of specific receptor conformations and/or signaling pathways promoted as a result of receptor oligomerization or crosstalk. In this chapter, we describe several classes of multifunctional ligands that interact with at least one opioid receptor. These ligands have been designed for biochemical exploration and the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including multiple kinds of pain, depression, anxiety, addiction, and gastrointestinal disorders. The structures, pharmacological utility, and therapeutic drawbacks of these classes of ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School and the Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Deanna Montgomery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Noble F, Marie N. Management of Opioid Addiction With Opioid Substitution Treatments: Beyond Methadone and Buprenorphine. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:742. [PMID: 30713510 PMCID: PMC6345716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the opioid crisis in North America, opioid addiction has come in the spotlight and reveals the weakness of the current treatments. Two main opioid substitution therapies (OST) exist: buprenorphine and methadone. These two molecules are mu opioid receptor agonists but with different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. In this review, we will go through these properties and see how they could explain why these medications are recognized for their efficacy in treating opioid addiction but also if they could account for the side effects especially for a long-term use. From this critical analysis, we will try to delineate some guidelines for the design of future OST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Noble
- CNRS ERL 3649, "Neuroplasticité et thérapies des addictions", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- CNRS ERL 3649, "Neuroplasticité et thérapies des addictions", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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29
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Fang M, Li J, Zhu D, Luo C, Li C, Zhu C, Fan M, Yung KKL, Mo Z. Effect of Sinomenine on the Morphine-Dependence and Related Neural Mechanisms in Mice. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3587-3596. [PMID: 29116553 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the dopamine receptor rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the glutamate receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B), contribute to morphine dependence. Previous studies show that chronic exposure to morphine changes the expression of opioid receptors. In this study, we focus on the effects of sinomenine on morphine-dependent mice and its related neural mechanisms. Conditioned place preference (CPP) mouse model was established using morphine (9 mg/kg, s.c.), and their expression levels of TH and NR2B were observed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, their mu opioid receptor (MOR) and delta opioid receptor (DOR) contents were assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that high sinomenine dose (80 mg/kg) effectively attenuated the behavior of CPP mice and reversed increased expression levels of TH and NR2B induced by morphine. Moreover, compared with the morphine group, sinomenine up-regulated the content of MOR to a normal level but did not significantly affect the DOR expression. In summary, these data indicate that sinomenine can inhibit morphine dependence by increasing the expression levels of TH, NR2B, and MOR in the mouse brain; however, DOR may not contribute to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Junkui Li
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Daoqi Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaohua Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Chan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Menglin Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Zhixian Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1063 Shatai Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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30
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Morphine activation of mu opioid receptors causes disinhibition of neurons in the ventral tegmental area mediated by β-arrestin2 and c-Src. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9969. [PMID: 28855588 PMCID: PMC5577270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase, c-Src, participates in mu opioid receptor (MOP) mediated inhibition in sensory neurons in which β-arrestin2 (β-arr2) is implicated in its recruitment. Mice lacking β-arr2 exhibit increased sensitivity to morphine reinforcement; however, whether β-arr2 and/or c-Src participate in the actions of opioids in neurons within the reward pathway is unknown. It is also unclear whether morphine acts exclusively through MOPs, or involves delta opioid receptors (DOPs). We examined the involvement of MOPs, DOPs, β-arr2 and c-Src in the inhibition by morphine of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded from neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area. Morphine inhibited spontaneous IPSC frequency, mainly through MOPs, with only a negligible effect remaining in MOP−/− neurons. However, a reduction in the inhibition by morphine for DOP−/− c.f. WT neurons and a DPDPE-induced decrease of IPSC frequency revealed a role for DOPs. The application of the c-Src inhibitor, PP2, to WT neurons also reduced inhibition by morphine, while the inactive PP3, and the MEK inhibitor, SL327, had no effect. Inhibition of IPSC frequency by morphine was also reduced in β-arr2−/− neurons in which PP2 caused no further reduction. These data suggest that inhibition of IPSCs by morphine involves a β-arr2/c-Src mediated mechanism.
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31
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Kim J, Ham S, Hong H, Moon C, Im HI. Brain Reward Circuits in Morphine Addiction. Mol Cells 2016; 39:645-53. [PMID: 27506251 PMCID: PMC5050528 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is the most potent analgesic for chronic pain, but its clinical use has been limited by the opiate's innate tendency to produce tolerance, severe withdrawal symptoms and rewarding properties with a high risk of relapse. To understand the addictive properties of morphine, past studies have focused on relevant molecular and cellular changes in the brain, highlighting the functional roles of reward-related brain regions. Given the accumulated findings, a recent, emerging trend in morphine research is that of examining the dynamics of neuronal interactions in brain reward circuits under the influence of morphine action. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the roles of several reward circuits involved in morphine addiction based on pharmacological, molecular and physiological evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Suji Ham
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Heeok Hong
- Department of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113,
Korea
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32
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Pellissier LP, Pujol CN, Becker JAJ, Le Merrer J. Delta Opioid Receptors: Learning and Motivation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 247:227-260. [PMID: 28035528 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Delta opioid receptor (DOR) displays a unique, highly conserved, structure and an original pattern of distribution in the central nervous system, pointing to a distinct and specific functional role among opioid peptide receptors. Over the last 15 years, in vivo pharmacology and genetic models have allowed significant advances in the understanding of this role. In this review, we will focus on the involvement of DOR in modulating different types of hippocampal- and striatal-dependent learning processes as well as motor function, motivation, and reward. Remarkably, DOR seems to play a key role in balancing hippocampal and striatal functions, with major implications for the control of cognitive performance and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Pellissier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, INSERM, Université François Rabelais, IFCE, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - C N Pujol
- Département de Neurosciences, Institut de Génomique fonctionnelle, INSERM U-661, CNRS UMR-5203, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - J A J Becker
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, INSERM, Université François Rabelais, IFCE, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - J Le Merrer
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, INSERM, Université François Rabelais, IFCE, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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33
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Chronic Morphine Reduces Surface Expression of δ-Opioid Receptors in Subregions of Rostral Striatum. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:500-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Beaudry H, Gendron L, Morón JA. Implication of delta opioid receptor subtype 2 but not delta opioid receptor subtype 1 in the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:901--7. [PMID: 25639561 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are well known for their robust analgesic effects. Chronic activation of mu opioid receptors (MOPs) is, however, accompanied by various unwanted effects such as analgesic tolerance. Among other mechanisms, interactions between MOPs and delta opioid receptors (DOPs) are thought to play an important role in morphine-induced behavioral adaptations. Interestingly, certain conditions such as inflammation enhance the function of the DOP through a MOP-dependent mechanism. Here, we investigated the role of DOPs during the development of morphine tolerance in an animal model of chronic inflammatory pain. Using behavioral approaches, we first established that repeated systemic morphine treatment induced morphine analgesic tolerance in rats coping with chronic inflammatory pain. We then observed that blockade of DOPs with subcutaneous naltrindole (NTI), a selective DOP antagonist, significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed that this effect was DOP mediated by showing that an acute injection of NTI had no effect on morphine-induced analgesia in naive animals. Previous pharmacological characterizations revealed the existence of DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2. As opposed to NTI, 7-benzylidenenaltrexone and naltriben were reported to be selective DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2 antagonists, respectively. Interestingly, naltriben but not 7-benzylidenenaltrexone was able to attenuate the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in inflamed rats. Altogether, our results suggest that targeting of DOP subtype 2 with antagonists provides a valuable strategy to attenuate the analgesic tolerance that develops after repeated morphine administration in the setting of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beaudry
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, P&S Box 46, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
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Fattore L, Fadda P, Antinori S, Fratta W. Role of opioid receptors in the reinstatement of opioid-seeking behavior: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1230:281-293. [PMID: 25293335 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1708-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Opioid abuse in humans is characterized by discontinuous periods of drug use and abstinence. With time, the probability of falling into renewed drug consumption becomes particularly high and constitutes a considerable problem in the management of heroin addicts. The major problem in the treatment of opioid dependence still remains the occurrence of relapse, to which stressful life events, renewed use of heroin, and exposure to drug-associated environmental cues are all positively correlated. To study the neurobiology of relapse, many research groups currently use the reinstatement animal model, which greatly contributed to disentangle the mechanisms underlying relapse to drug-seeking in laboratory animals. The use of this model is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, and new versions have been recently developed to better appreciate the differential contribution of each opioid receptor subtype to the relapse phenomenon. In this chapter we review the state of the art of our knowledge on the specific role of the opioid receptors as unrevealed by the reinstatement animal model of opioid-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- CNR National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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36
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Klenowski P, Morgan M, Bartlett SE. The role of δ-opioid receptors in learning and memory underlying the development of addiction. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:297-310. [PMID: 24641428 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Opioids are important endogenous ligands that exist in both invertebrates and vertebrates and signal by activation of opioid receptors to produce analgesia and reward or pleasure. The μ-opioid receptor is the best known of the opioid receptors and mediates the acute analgesic effects of opiates, while the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) has been less well studied and has been linked to effects that follow from chronic use of opiates such as stress, inflammation and anxiety. Recently, DORs have been shown to play an essential role in emotions and increasing evidence points to a role in learning actions and outcomes. The process of learning and memory in addiction has been proposed to involve strengthening of specific brain circuits when a drug is paired with a context or environment. The DOR is highly expressed in the hippocampus, amygdala, striatum and other basal ganglia structures known to participate in learning and memory. In this review, we will focus on the role of the DOR and its potential role in learning and memory underlying the development of addiction. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klenowski
- Translational Research Institute, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Gendron L, Mittal N, Beaudry H, Walwyn W. Recent advances on the δ opioid receptor: from trafficking to function. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:403-19. [PMID: 24665909 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Within the opioid family of receptors, δ (DOPrs) and μ opioid receptors (MOPrs) are typical GPCRs that activate canonical second-messenger signalling cascades to influence diverse cellular functions in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. These receptors activate well-known pathways to influence ion channel function and pathways such as the map kinase cascade, AC and PI3K. In addition new information regarding opioid receptor-interacting proteins, downstream signalling pathways and resultant functional effects has recently come to light. In this review, we will examine these novel findings focusing on the DOPr and, in doing so, will contrast and compare DOPrs with MOPrs in terms of differences and similarities in function, signalling pathways, distribution and interactions. We will also discuss and clarify issues that have recently surfaced regarding the expression and function of DOPrs in different cell types and analgesia. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de physiologie et biophysique, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Wu Q, Xia S, Lin J, Cao D, Chen W, Liu L, Fu Y, Liang J, Cao M. Effects of the altered activity of δ-opioid receptor on the expression of glutamate transporter type 3 induced by chronic exposure to morphine. J Neurol Sci 2013; 335:174-81. [PMID: 24120272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Altered δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activity can affect the activity and function of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), but the effects of DOR on EAAT3 expression in morphine relapse remain unknown. In this study, a C6δ cell line and SD rats in a conditioned place preference (CPP) reinstatement model were used. Here, we show that EAAT3 protein levels in C6δ cells decreased significantly after chronic exposure to morphine (10 μM) for 48 h and returned to normal 12 h after drug withdrawal. When C6δ cells were re-exposed to 5 μM morphine for 4 h, EAAT3 protein levels again decreased significantly. The selective μ opioid receptor (MOR) specific agonist DAMGO had a similar effect as morphine, and CTOP, a specific MOR blocker, reversed the declined expression of EAAT3 protein triggered by morphine exposure. The selective DOR agonist [d-pen2, 5] enkephalin (DPDPE) significantly increased EAAT3 expression in C6δ cells and even reversed the decreased EAAT3 expression caused by chronic morphine exposure. The non specific antagonist naloxone, but not the DOR inhibitor Naltrindole (NTI), reversed the decreased EAAT3 expression in C6δ cells caused by chronic morphine exposure. In vivo, EAAT3 levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats with morphine-induced CPP reinstatement significantly decreased. Naloxone completely suppressed reinstatement and reversed the decrease in EAAT3 expression induced by morphine re-exposure. In contrast, NTI only weakened CPP reinstatement and exerted no influence on EAAT3 expression. These findings suggest that DOR can affect the expression of EAAT3. However, the morphine-induced down-regulation of EAAT3 in C6δ cells and in the prefrontal cortex of rats may not be mediated by DOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, PR China
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Healy JR, Bezawada P, Shim J, Jones JW, Kane MA, MacKerell AD, Coop A, Matsumoto RR. Synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological evaluation of UMB 425, a mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist opioid analgesic with reduced tolerance liabilities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1256-66. [PMID: 23713721 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid narcotics are used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain and primarily exert their analgesic effects through μ receptors. Although traditional μ agonists can cause undesired side effects, including tolerance, addition of δ antagonists can attenuate said side effects. Herein, we report 4a,9-dihydroxy-7a-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-7(7aH)-one (UMB 425) a 5,14-bridged morphinan-based orvinol precursor synthesized from thebaine. Although UMB 425 lacks δ-specific motifs, conformationally sampled pharmacophore models for μ and δ receptors predict it to have efficacy similar to morphine at μ receptors and similar to naltrexone at δ receptors, due to the compound sampling conformations in which the hydroxyl moiety interacts with the receptors similar to orvinols. As predicted, UMB 425 exhibits a mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist profile as determined in receptor binding and [(35)S]GTPγS functional assays in CHO cells. In vivo studies in mice show that UMB 425 displays potent antinociception in the hot plate and tail-flick assays. The antinociceptive effects of UMB 425 are blocked by naloxone, but not by the κ-selective antagonist norbinaltorphimine. During a 6-day tolerance paradigm, UMB 425 maintains significantly greater antinociception compared to morphine. These studies thus indicate that, even in the absence of δ-specific motifs fused to the C-ring, UMB 425 has mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist properties in vitro that translate to reduced tolerance liabilities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Healy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United
States
| | - Padmavani Bezawada
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jihyun Shim
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Rae R. Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United
States
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Charbogne P, Kieffer BL, Befort K. 15 years of genetic approaches in vivo for addiction research: Opioid receptor and peptide gene knockout in mouse models of drug abuse. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:204-17. [PMID: 24035914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system is expressed throughout the brain reinforcement circuitry, and plays a major role in reward processing, mood control and the development of addiction. This neuromodulator system is composed of three receptors, mu, delta and kappa, interacting with a family of opioid peptides derived from POMC (β-endorphin), preproenkephalin (pEnk) and preprodynorphin (pDyn) precursors. Knockout mice targeting each gene of the opioid system have been created almost two decades ago. Extending classical pharmacology, these mutant mice represent unique tools to tease apart the specific role of each opioid receptor and peptide in vivo, and a powerful approach to understand how the opioid system modulates behavioral effects of drugs of abuse. The present review summarizes these studies, with a focus on major drugs of abuse including morphine/heroin, cannabinoids, psychostimulants, nicotine or alcohol. Genetic data, altogether, set the mu receptor as the primary target for morphine and heroin. In addition, this receptor is essential to mediate rewarding properties of non-opioid drugs of abuse, with a demonstrated implication of β-endorphin for cocaine and nicotine. Delta receptor activity reduces levels of anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, and facilitates morphine-context association. pEnk is involved in these processes and delta/pEnk signaling likely regulates alcohol intake. The kappa receptor mainly interacts with pDyn peptides to limit drug reward, and mediate dysphoric effects of cannabinoids and nicotine. Kappa/dynorphin activity also increases sensitivity to cocaine reward under stressful conditions. The opioid system remains a prime candidate to develop successful therapies in addicted individuals, and understanding opioid-mediated processes at systems level, through emerging genetic and imaging technologies, represents the next challenging goal and a promising avenue in addiction research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Charbogne
- IGBMC Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U964, Illkirch F-67404, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch F-67404, France; UdS Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U964, Illkirch F-67404, France; Inserm U964, Illkirch F-67404, France
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Pharmacological traits of delta opioid receptors: pitfalls or opportunities? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:1-18. [PMID: 23649885 PMCID: PMC3679311 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Delta opioid receptors (DORs) have been considered as a potential target to relieve pain as well as treat depression and anxiety disorders and are known to modulate other physiological responses, including ethanol and food consumption. A small number of DOR-selective drugs are in clinical trials, but no DOR-selective drugs have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration and some candidates have failed in phase II clinical trials, highlighting current difficulties producing effective delta opioid-based therapies. Recent studies have provided new insights into the pharmacology of the DOR, which is often complex and at times paradoxical. OBJECTIVE This review will discuss the existing literature focusing on four aspects: (1) Two DOR subtypes have been postulated based on differences in pharmacological effects of existing DOR-selective ligands. (2) DORs are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body and central nervous system and are, thus, positioned to play a role in a multitude of diseases. (3) DOR expression is often dynamic, with many reports of increased expression during exposure to chronic stimuli, such as stress, inflammation, neuropathy, morphine, or changes in endogenous opioid tone. (4) A large structural variety in DOR ligands implies potential different mechanisms of activating the receptor. CONCLUSION The reviewed features of DOR pharmacology illustrate the potential benefit of designing tailored or biased DOR ligands.
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Chu Sin Chung P, Kieffer BL. Delta opioid receptors in brain function and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:112-20. [PMID: 23764370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that the delta opioid receptor (DOR) is an attractive target for the treatment of brain disorders has strengthened in recent years. This receptor is broadly expressed in the brain, binds endogenous opioid peptides, and shows as functional profile highly distinct from those of mu and kappa opioid receptors. Our knowledge of DOR function has enormously progressed from in vivo studies using pharmacological tools and genetic approaches. The important role of this receptor in reducing chronic pain has been extensively overviewed; therefore this review focuses on facets of delta receptor activity relevant to psychiatric and other neurological disorders. Beneficial effects of DOR agonists are now well established in the context of emotional responses and mood disorders. DOR activation also regulates drug reward, inhibitory controls and learning processes, but whether delta compounds may represent useful drugs in the treatment of drug abuse remains open. Epileptogenic and locomotor-stimulating effects of delta agonists appear drug-dependent, and the possibility of biased agonism at DOR for these effects is worthwhile further investigations to increase benefit/risk ratio of delta therapies. Neuroprotective effects of DOR activity represent a forthcoming research area. Future developments in DOR research will benefit from in-depth investigations of DOR function at cellular and circuit levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chu Sin Chung
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7104 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, U964 INSERM, Illkirch, France
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Impaired hippocampus-dependent and facilitated striatum-dependent behaviors in mice lacking the δ opioid receptor. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1050-9. [PMID: 23303070 PMCID: PMC3629400 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological data suggest that delta opioid receptors modulate learning and memory processes. In the present study, we investigated whether inactivation of the delta opioid receptor modifies hippocampus (HPC)- and striatum-dependent behaviors. We first assessed HPC-dependent learning in mice lacking the receptor (Oprd1(-/-) mice) or wild-type (WT) mice treated with the delta opioid antagonist naltrindole using novel object recognition, and a dual-solution cross-maze task. Second, we subjected mutant animals to memory tests addressing striatum-dependent learning using a single-solution response cross-maze task and a motor skill-learning task. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of delta opioid receptors reduced performance in HPC-dependent object place recognition. Place learning was also altered in Oprd1(-/-) animals, whereas striatum-dependent response and procedural learning were facilitated. Third, we investigated the expression levels for a large set of genes involved in neurotransmission in both HPC and striatum of Oprd1(-/-) mice. Gene expression was modified for several key genes that may contribute to alter hippocampal and striatal functions, and bias striatal output towards striatonigral activity. To test this hypothesis, we finally examined locomotor effects of dopamine receptor agonists. We found that Oprd1(-/-) and naltrindole-treated WT mice were more sensitive to the stimulant locomotor effect of SKF-81297 (D1/D5), supporting the hypothesis of facilitated striatonigral output. These data suggest, for the first time, that delta receptor activity tonically inhibits striatal function, and demonstrate that delta opioid receptors modulate learning and memory performance by regulating the HPC/striatum balance.
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44
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Law PY, Reggio PH, Loh HH. Opioid receptors: toward separation of analgesic from undesirable effects. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:275-82. [PMID: 23598157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of opioid analgesics for pain has always been hampered by their many side effects; in particular, the addictive liability associated with chronic use. Recently, attempts to develop analgesic agents with reduced side effects have targeted either the putative opioid receptor splice variants or the receptor hetero-oligomers. This review discusses the potential for receptor splice variant- and the hetero-oligomer-based discovery of new opioid analgesics. We also examine an alternative approach of using receptor mutants for pain management. Finally, we discuss the role of the biased agonism observed and the recently reported opioid receptor crystal structures in guiding the future development of opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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45
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Allouche S, Le Marec T, Noble F, Marie N. Different patterns of administration modulate propensity of methadone and buprenorphine to promote locomotor sensitization in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:286-91. [PMID: 23103550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Following chronic administration of morphine a locomotor sensitization is usually observed. This behavioral sensitization is influenced by numerous factors including the administration pattern. While methadone and buprenorphine are the two main treatments for opioid dependence, literature about their ability to promote long-term sensitization after chronic exposure/withdrawal are scarce considering the long-term treatments used in patients. In this study we investigated the propensity of these two opioids to promote behavioral sensitization using different patterns of administration. Mice were treated with escalating doses of methadone or buprenorphine during 5 days given either once (binge) or three times a day (TTD). After 1-, 7-, 14- and 35-days washout period, animals were challenged with either morphine or the opioid used for the chronic treatment to evaluate heterologous or homologous sensitization, respectively. While methadone produced homologous and heterologous sensitization either with the binge or the TTD regimen over the whole period studied, buprenorphine induced a transient heterologous locomotor sensitization on day 14 only with the binge administration. Our data evidenced a different ability of methadone and buprenorphine to produce behavioral sensitization and that the pattern of drug exposure determined the expression of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Allouche
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8206, France
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46
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Lutz PE, Kieffer BL. Opioid receptors: distinct roles in mood disorders. Trends Neurosci 2012; 36:195-206. [PMID: 23219016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The roles of opioid receptors in pain and addiction have been extensively studied, but their function in mood disorders has received less attention. Accumulating evidence from animal research reveals that mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors (MORs, DORs and KORs, respectively) exert highly distinct controls over mood-related processes. DOR agonists and KOR antagonists have promising antidepressant potential, whereas the risk-benefit ratio of currently available MOR agonists as antidepressants remains difficult to evaluate, in addition to their inherent abuse liability. To date, both human and animal studies have mainly examined MORs in the etiology of depressive disorders, and future studies will address DOR and KOR function in established and emerging neurobiological aspects of depression, including neurogenesis, neurodevelopment, and social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Eric Lutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France
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47
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Bie B, Wang Y, Cai YQ, Zhang Z, Hou YY, Pan ZZ. Upregulation of nerve growth factor in central amygdala increases sensitivity to opioid reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2780-8. [PMID: 22871918 PMCID: PMC3499709 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The rewarding properties of opioids are essential driving force for compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors in the development of opioid-mediated drug addiction. Prior drug use enhances sensitivity to the rewarding effects of subsequently used drugs, increasing vulnerability to relapse. The molecular mechanisms underlying this reward sensitization are still unclear. We report here that morphine that induced reward sensitization, as demonstrated by reinstatement of the behavior of conditioned place preference (CPP) with sub-threshold priming morphine, epigenetically upregulated the output activity of Ngf encoding the nerve growth factor (NGF) by increasing histone H4 acetylation in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). NGF locally infused into the CeA mimicked the morphine effect in inducing new functional delta-opioid receptor (DOR) that was required for the reward sensitization, and morphine-induced reward sensitization was inhibited by blocking NGF receptor signaling in the CeA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors that increased the acetylation level at the Ngf promoter and NGF expression in the CeA also induced reward sensitization in a CeA NGF signaling- and DOR-dependent manner. Furthermore, CeA-applied NGF substituted prior morphine to induce reward sensitization in naive rats and also substituted priming morphine to reinstate the CPP induced by prior morphine. Thus, epigenetic upregulation of NGF activity in the CeA may promote the behavior of opioid reward and increase the sensitivity to the rewarding effect of subsequent opioids, a potentially important mechanism in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - You-Qing Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhizhong Z Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Unit 110, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Tel: +1 713 792 5559, Fax: +1 713 745 3040, E-mail:
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48
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Niu H, Zheng Y, Huma T, Rizak JD, Li L, Wang G, Ren H, Xu L, Yang J, Ma Y, Lei H. Lesion of olfactory epithelium attenuates expression of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and reinstatement of drug-primed conditioned place preference in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:526-34. [PMID: 23103203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that olfactory impairment by disrupting the olfactory epithelium prior to morphine administration attenuated the development addiction-related behaviors. However, it is unclear whether olfactory impairment will affect the expression of already established addiction-related behaviors. To address this issue, mice were conditioned with morphine to induce behavioral sensitization and condition placed preference (CPP). After an abstinence period, the animals were subjected to either an intranasal ZnSO(4) effusion (ZnE) or sham treatment with saline. Behavioral sensitization and CPP reinstatement were evaluated 24h later, as well as the expression of c-Fos protein, a marker of activated neural sites, in brain regions of interest. It was found that ZnE treatment attenuated morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and reinstatement of CPP. Compared to the saline-treated ones, the ZnE-treated animals showed reduced c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) associated with behavioral sensitization, and in the NAc, cingulate cortex, dentate gyrus, amygdala, lateral hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area associated with CPP reinstatement. Together, these results demonstrated that acute olfactory impairment could attenuate already established addiction-related behaviors and expression of c-Fos in drug addiction related brain regions, perhaps by affecting the coordination between reward and motivational systems in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichen Niu
- Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 43007, PR China
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Le Merrer J, Faget L, Matifas A, Kieffer BL. Cues predicting drug or food reward restore morphine-induced place conditioning in mice lacking delta opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:99-106. [PMID: 22526530 PMCID: PMC5632531 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The exact role of delta opioid receptors in drug-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) remains debated. Under classical experimental conditions, morphine-induced CPP is decreased in mice lacking delta opioid receptors (Oprd1 (-/-)). Morphine self-administration, however, is maintained, suggesting that drug-context association rather than drug reward is deficient in these animals. OBJECTIVES This study further examined the role of delta opioid receptors in mediating drug-cue associations, which are necessary for the expression of morphine-induced CPP. METHODS We first identified experimental conditions under which Oprd1 (-/-) mice are able to express CPP to morphine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) in a drug-free state and observed that, in this paradigm, CPP was dependent on circadian time conditions. We then took advantage of this particularity to assess the ability of various cues (internal or discrete), predicting either drug or food reward, to restore CPP induced by morphine (10 mg/kg) in Oprd1 (-/-) mice in conditions under which they normally fail to express CPP. RESULTS We found that presentation of circadian, drug or auditory cues, predicting morphine or food reward, restored morphine CPP in Oprd1 (-/-) mice, which then performed as well as control mice. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that, in contrast to spatial cues, internal or discrete morphine-predicting stimuli permit full expression of morphine CPP in Oprd1 (-/-) mice. Delta receptors, therefore, appear to play a crucial role in modulating spatial contextual cue-related responses. This activity may be critical when context gains control over behavior, as is the case for context-induced relapse in drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Merrer
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67 404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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Harvey JH, Long DH, England PM, Whistler JL. Tuned-Affinity Bivalent Ligands for the Characterization of Opioid Receptor Heteromers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:640-644. [PMID: 23585918 DOI: 10.1021/ml300083p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors, including the mu and delta opioid receptors (MOR and DOR) are important targets for the treatment of pain. Although there is mounting evidence that these receptors form heteromers, the functional role of the MOR/DOR heteromer remains unresolved. We have designed and synthesized bivalent ligands as tools to elucidate the functional role of the MOR/DOR heteromer. Our ligands (L2 and L4) are comprised of a compound with low affinity at the DOR tethered to a compound with high affinity at the MOR, with the goal of producing ligands with "tuned affinity" at MOR/DOR heteromers compared to DOR homomers. Here we show that both L2 and L4 demonstrate enhanced affinity at MOR/DOR heteromers compared to DOR homomers, thereby providing unique pharmacological tools to dissect the role of the MOR/DOR heteromer in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Harvey
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200,
Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Darcie H. Long
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200,
Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Pamela M. England
- University of California, San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Whistler
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200,
Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
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