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Mattocks DAL, Ommi NB, Malloy VL, Nichenametla SN. An antireductant approach ameliorates misfolded proinsulin-induced hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in male Akita mice. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01326-6. [PMID: 39294474 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires a high ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione (GSSG/rGSH). Since the GSSG/rGSH depends on total glutathione (tGSH = GSSG + rGSH) levels, we hypothesized that limiting GSH biosynthesis will ameliorate protein misfolding by enhancing the ER oxidative milieu. As a proof-of-concept, we used DL-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit GSH biosynthesis in Akita mice, which are prone to proinsulin misfolding. We conducted a 2-week intervention to investigate if BSO was safe and a 6-week intervention to find its effect on glucose intolerance. In both cohorts, male heterozygous Akita (AK) and wild-type (WT) mice were continuously administered 15 mM BSO. No adverse effects were observed on body weight, food intake, and water intake in either cohort. Unaltered levels of plasma aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, and cystatin-C, indicate that BSO was safe. BSO-induced decreases in tGSH were tissue-dependent with maximal effects in the kidneys, where it altered the expression of genes associated with GSH biosynthesis, redox status, and proteostasis. BSO treatment decreased random blood glucose levels to 80% and 67% of levels in untreated mice in short-term and long-term cohorts, respectively, and 6-h fasting blood glucose to 82% and 74% of levels in untreated mice, respectively. BSO also improved glucose tolerance by 37% in AK mice in the long-term cohort, without affecting insulin tolerance. Neither glucose tolerance nor insulin tolerance were affected in WT. Data indicate that BSO might treat misfolded proinsulin-induced glucose intolerance. Future studies should investigate the effect of BSO on proinsulin misfolding and if it improves glucose intolerance in individuals with Mutant Insulin Diabetes of Youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A L Mattocks
- Animal Science Laboratory, Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science Inc., 855, Route 301, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY, 10516, USA
| | - Naidu B Ommi
- Animal Science Laboratory, Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science Inc., 855, Route 301, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY, 10516, USA
| | - Virginia L Malloy
- Animal Science Laboratory, Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science Inc., 855, Route 301, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY, 10516, USA
| | - Sailendra N Nichenametla
- Animal Science Laboratory, Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science Inc., 855, Route 301, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY, 10516, USA.
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Iannone V, Babu AF, Lok J, Gómez-Gallego C, D'Auria G, Vazquez-Uribe R, Vaaben TH, Bongers M, Mikkonen S, Vaittinen M, Tikkanen I, Kettunen M, Klåvus A, Sehgal R, Kaminska D, Pihlajamaki J, Hanhineva K, El-Nezami H, Sommer MOA, Kolehmainen M. Changes in liver metabolic pathways demonstrate efficacy of the combined dietary and microbial therapeutic intervention in MASLD mouse model. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101823. [PMID: 37839774 PMCID: PMC10618820 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most prevalent liver disease globally, yet no therapies are approved. The effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 expressing aldafermin, an engineered analog of the intestinal hormone FGF19, in combination with dietary change were investigated as a potential treatment for MASLD. METHODS MASLD was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by American lifestyle-induced obesity syndrome diet and then switched to a standard chow diet for seven weeks. In addition to the dietary change, the intervention group received genetically engineered E. coli Nissle expressing aldafermin, while control groups received either E. coli Nissle vehicle or no treatment. MASLD-related plasma biomarkers were measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. The liver steatosis was assessed by histology and bioimaging analysis using Fiji (ImageJ) software. The effects of the intervention in the liver were also evaluated by RNA sequencing and liquid-chromatography-based non-targeted metabolomics analysis. Pathway enrichment studies were conducted by integrating the differentially expressed genes from the transcriptomics findings with the metabolites from the metabolomics results using Ingenuity pathway analysis. RESULTS After the intervention, E. coli Nissle expressing aldafermin along with dietary changes reduced body weight, liver steatosis, plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and plasma cholesterol levels compared to the two control groups. The integration of transcriptomics with non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed the downregulation of amino acid metabolism and related receptor signaling pathways potentially implicated in the reduction of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Moreover, the downregulation of pathways linked to lipid metabolism and changes in amino acid-related pathways suggested an overall reduction of oxidative stress in the liver. CONCLUSIONS These data support the potential for using engineered microbial therapeutics in combination with dietary changes for managing MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iannone
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ambrin Farizah Babu
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johnson Lok
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carlos Gómez-Gallego
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Giuseppe D'Auria
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, FISABIO, 46020 Valencia, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Troels Holger Vaaben
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mareike Bongers
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- University Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija Vaittinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ida Tikkanen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anton Klåvus
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ratika Sehgal
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jussi Pihlajamaki
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Life Technologies, Food Sciences Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Area, School of Biological Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Morten Otto Alexander Sommer
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
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3
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Huang PY, Chiang CC, Huang CY, Lin PY, Kuo HC, Kuo CH, Hsieh CC. Lunasin ameliorates glucose utilization in C2C12 myotubes and metabolites profile in diet-induced obese mice benefiting metabolic disorders. Life Sci 2023; 333:122180. [PMID: 37848083 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is the main cause of low-grade inflammation and oxidation, resulting in insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a seed peptide lunasin on glucose utilization in C2C12 myotubes and the metabolite profiles in obese mice. MAIN METHODS C2C12 myotubes were challenged by palmitic acid (PA) to mimic the obese microenvironment and inflammation, cell vitality, and glucose utilization were determined. C57BL6/j mice were divided into low-fat diet (LF), high-fat diet (HF), and HF with intraperitoneally injected lunasin (HFL) groups. Glucose intolerance and metabolite profiles of the tissues were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS In vitro, C2C12 myotubes treated with lunasin showed decreased proinflammatory cytokines and increased cell vitality under palmitic acid conditions. Lunasin improved glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 expression by activating insulin receptor substrate-1 and AKT phosphorylation. Next-generation sequencing revealed that lunasin regulates genes expression by promoting insulin secretion and decreasing oxidative stress. In vivo, HF mice showed increased tricarboxylic acid cycle and uric acid metabolites but decreased bile acids metabolites and specific amino acids. Lunasin intervention improved glucose intolerance and modulated metabolites associated with increased insulin sensitivity and decreased metabolic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to reveal that lunasin is a promising regulator of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and glucose utilization in myotubes and ameliorating glucose uptake and metabolite profiles in obese mice, contributing to glucose homeostasis and benefiting metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science &Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ching Chiang
- School of Life Science, Undergraduate and Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ya Huang
- School of Life Science, Undergraduate and Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yu Lin
- School of Life Science, Undergraduate and Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Biochemical Science &Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Dodson M, Shakya A, Anandhan A, Chen J, Garcia JG, Zhang DD. NRF2 and Diabetes: The Good, the Bad, and the Complex. Diabetes 2022; 71:2463-2476. [PMID: 36409792 PMCID: PMC9750950 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of scientific effort, diabetes continues to represent an incredibly complex and difficult disease to treat. This is due in large part to the multifactorial nature of disease onset and progression and the multiple organ systems affected. An increasing body of scientific evidence indicates that a key mediator of diabetes progression is NRF2, a critical transcription factor that regulates redox, protein, and metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, while experimental studies have confirmed the critical nature of proper NRF2 function in preventing the onset of diabetic outcomes, we have only just begun to scratch the surface of understanding the mechanisms by which NRF2 modulates diabetes progression, particularly across different causative contexts. One reason for this is the contradictory nature of the current literature, which can often be accredited to model discrepancies, as well as whether NRF2 is activated in an acute or chronic manner. Furthermore, despite therapeutic promise, there are no current NRF2 activators in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with diabetes. In this review, we briefly introduce the transcriptional programs regulated by NRF2 as well as how NRF2 itself is regulated. We also review the current literature regarding NRF2 modulation of diabetic phenotypes across the different diabetes subtypes, including a brief discussion of contradictory results, as well as what is needed to progress the NRF2 diabetes field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Aryatara Shakya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Annadurai Anandhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jinjing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Joe G.N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Donna D. Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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5
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Zhu Y, Qi Z, Ding S. Exercise-Induced Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Browning: How to Explain the Conflicting Findings? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13142. [PMID: 36361929 PMCID: PMC9657384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been widely studied in targeting against metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance due to its role in nutrient metabolism and energy regulation. Whether exercise promotes adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning remains controversial. The results from human and rodent studies contradict each other. In our opinion, fat thermogenesis or browning promoted by exercise should not be a biomarker of health benefits, but an adaptation under the stress between body temperature regulation and energy supply and expenditure of multiple organs. In this review, we discuss some factors that may contribute to conflicting experimental results, such as different thermoneutral zones, gender, training experience and the heterogeneity of fat depots. In addition, we explain that a redox state in cells potentially causes thermogenesis heterogeneity and different oxidation states of UCP1, which has led to the discrepancies noted in previous studies. We describe a network by which exercise orchestrates the browning and thermogenesis of adipose tissue with total energy expenditure through multiple organs (muscle, brain, liver and adipose tissue) and multiple pathways (nerve, endocrine and metabolic products), providing a possible interpretation for the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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6
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De Fano M, Bartolini D, Tortoioli C, Vermigli C, Malara M, Galli F, Murdolo G. Adipose Tissue Plasticity in Response to Pathophysiological Cues: A Connecting Link between Obesity and Its Associated Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105511. [PMID: 35628322 PMCID: PMC9141504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a remarkably plastic and active organ with functional pleiotropism and high remodeling capacity. Although the expansion of fat mass, by definition, represents the hallmark of obesity, the dysregulation of the adipose organ emerges as the forefront of the link between adiposity and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The dysfunctional fat displays distinct biological signatures, which include enlarged fat cells, low-grade inflammation, impaired redox homeostasis, and cellular senescence. While these events are orchestrated in a cell-type, context-dependent and temporal manner, the failure of the adipose precursor cells to form new adipocytes appears to be the main instigator of the adipose dysregulation, which, ultimately, poses a deleterious milieu either by promoting ectopic lipid overspill in non-adipose targets (i.e., lipotoxicity) or by inducing an altered secretion of different adipose-derived hormones (i.e., adipokines and lipokines). This “adipocentric view” extends the previous “expandability hypothesis”, which implies a reduced plasticity of the adipose organ at the nexus between unhealthy fat expansion and the development of obesity-associated comorbidities. In this review, we will briefly summarize the potential mechanisms by which adaptive changes to variations of energy balance may impair adipose plasticity and promote fat organ dysfunction. We will also highlight the conundrum with the perturbation of the adipose microenvironment and the development of cardio-metabolic complications by focusing on adipose lipoxidation, inflammation and cellular senescence as a novel triad orchestrating the conspiracy to adipose dysfunction. Finally, we discuss the scientific rationale for proposing adipose organ plasticity as a target to curb/prevent adiposity-linked cardio-metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelatonio De Fano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Desirèe Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Human Anatomy Laboratory, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (D.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Cristina Tortoioli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Cristiana Vermigli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Malara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Human Anatomy Laboratory, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (D.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria Misericordia, Ospedale di Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06081 Perugia, Italy; (M.D.F.); (C.T.); (C.V.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)75-578-3301; Fax: +39-75-573-0855
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7
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Paraiso IL, Mattio LM, Alcázar Magaña A, Choi J, Plagmann LS, Redick MA, Miranda CL, Maier CS, Dallavalle S, Kioussi C, Blakemore PR, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol Pyrazole Derivative Improves Diet-Induced Obesity and Induces Energy Expenditure in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1782-1793. [PMID: 34927010 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The energy intake exceeding energy expenditure (EE) results in a positive energy balance, leading to storage of excess energy and weight gain. Here, we investigate the potential of a newly synthesized compound as an inducer of EE for the management of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid from hops, was used as a precursor for the synthesis of a pyrazole derivative tested for its properties on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic impairments. In a comparative study with XN, we report that 4-(5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzene-1,3-diol (XP) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. In HFD-fed mice, XP improved glucose tolerance and decreased weight gain by increasing EE and locomotor activity. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we assessed the effects of treatment on metabolites and their corresponding biochemical pathways. We found that XP and XN reduced purine metabolites and other energy metabolites in the plasma of HFD-fed mice. The induction of locomotor activity was associated with an increase in inosine monophosphate in the cortex of XP-treated mice. Together, these results suggest that XP, better than XN, affects mitochondrial respiration and cellular energy metabolism to prevent obesity in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines L Paraiso
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Luce M Mattio
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Armando Alcázar Magaña
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Layhna S Plagmann
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Margaret A Redick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Cristobal L Miranda
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Paul R Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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8
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Zheng J, Xiao H, Duan Y, Song B, Zheng C, Guo Q, Li F, Li T. Roles of amino acid derivatives in the regulation of obesity. Food Funct 2021; 12:6214-6225. [PMID: 34105579 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an issue of great concern to people all over the world. It is accompanied by serious complications, leading to reduced quality of life and higher morbidity and mortality. Over the past few years, there has been an explosion in knowledge about the roles of potential therapeutic agents in obesity management. Among them, amino acid (AA) derivatives, such as taurine, glutathione (GSH), betaine, α-ketoglutarate (AKG), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), have recently gained popularity due to their beneficial effects on the promotion of weight loss and improvement in the lipid profile. The mechanisms of action of these derivatives mainly include inhibiting adipogenesis, increasing lipolysis, promoting brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) development, and improving glucose metabolism. Therefore, this review summarizes these AA derivatives and the possible mechanisms responsible for their anti-obesity effects. Based on the current findings, these AA derivatives could be potential therapeutic agents for obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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9
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Kahraman C, Alver A, Bodur A, İnce Akça İ, Us Altay D, Canpolat S. Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance Changes in Adipose Tissues of High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats: Depot-Specific Manner and Ineffectiveness of N-Acetylcysteine. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.498189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Effect of Low-Fat Diet in Obese Mice Lacking Toll-like Receptors. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101464. [PMID: 30304787 PMCID: PMC6213519 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed at assessing the effect of a low-fat diet (LFD) in obese mice lacking toll–like receptors (Tlr) and understanding the expression and regulation of microRNAs during weight reduction. Methods: C57BL/6, Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice were used in this study. A group of mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) (58% kcal) for 12 weeks to induce obesity (diet-induced obesity, DIO). Another group that had been fed with HFD for eight weeks (obese mice) were switched to a low-fat diet (LFD) (10.5% kcal) for the next four weeks to reduce their body weight. The control mice were fed with a standard AIN-76A diet for the entire 12 weeks. The body weight of the mice was measured weekly. At the end of the experiment, epididymal fat weight and adipocyte size were measured. The differentially expressed miRNAs in the fat tissue was determined by next-generation sequencing with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR). Target prediction and functional annotation of miRNAs were performed using miRSystem database. Results: Switching to LFD significantly reduced the body weight and epididymal fat mass in the HFD-fed C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− mice but not in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice. Weight reduction significantly decreased the size of adipocytes in C57BL/6 but not in the Tlr knockout mice. In Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice, feeding with HFD and the subsequent weight reduction resulted in an aberrant miRNA expression in the epididymal fat tissue unlike in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/−. However, target prediction and functional annotation by miRSystem database revealed that all the top 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways of the dysregulated miRNAs during weight reduction in the C57BL/6 mice were also found in the regulated pathways of Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/−, and Tlr4−/− strains. However, among these pathways, gene sets involved in arginine and proline metabolism and glutathione metabolism were mainly involved in the Tlr knockout mice but not in the C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated that feeding of LFD leads to significant body weight reduction in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− mice, but not in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice. Significant reduction in the size of adipocytes of epididymal fat was only found in C57BL/6, but not in Tlr5−/−, Tlr2−/−, and Tlr4−/− mice. The dysregulated miRNAs in Tlr2−/− and Tlr4−/− mice were different from those in C57BL/6 and Tlr5−/− strains. Among those miRNA-regulated pathways, arginine and proline metabolism as well as glutathione metabolism may have important roles in the Tlr knockout mice rather than in C57BL/6 mice.
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11
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Goutzourelas N, Orfanou M, Charizanis I, Leon G, Spandidos DA, Kouretas D. GSH levels affect weight loss in individuals with metabolic syndrome and obesity following dietary therapy. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:635-642. [PMID: 30116319 PMCID: PMC6090313 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of redox status markers on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity before and after dietary intervention and exercise for weight loss. A total of 103 adults suffering from MetS and obesity participated in this study and followed a personalized diet plan for 6 months. Body weight, body fat (BF) percentage (BF%), respiratory quotient (RQ) and the redox status markers, reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARB), were measured twice in each individual, before and after intervention. Dietary intervention resulted in weight loss, a reduction in BF% and a decrease in RQ. The GSH levels were significantly decreased following intervention, while the levels of TBARS and CARB were not affected. Based on the initial GSH levels, the patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: The high GSH group (GSH, >3.5 µmol/g Hb) and the low GSH group (GSH <3.5 µmol/g Hb). Greater weight and BF loss were observed in patients with high GSH levels. It was observed that patients with MetS and obesity with high GSH values responded better to the dietary therapy, exhibiting more significant changes in weight and BF%. This finding underscores the importance of identifying redox status markers, particularly GSH, in obese patients with MetS. Knowing the levels of GSH may aid in developing a better design of an individualized dietary plan for individuals who wish to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Goutzourelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece.,Eatwalk IKE, 15124 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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12
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Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhou K, Li T, Xie C, Zhang Y, Rodriguez J, Wu Y, Hu M, Shao LR, Wang X, Zhu C. Cranial Irradiation Induces Hypothalamic Injury and Late-Onset Metabolic Disturbances in Juvenile Female Rats. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:120-133. [PMID: 29635235 DOI: 10.1159/000487923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy is one of the most effective tools for treating children with brain tumors. However, radiotherapy-induced late-onset side effects have a significant impact on patients' quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation on metabolism and the possible molecular and cellular mechanisms behind such effects. Female Wistar rats were subjected to a single dose of 6-Gy whole-brain irradiation on postnatal day 11. The animals were sacrificed 6 h or 20 weeks after irradiation. Cell death and proliferation, microglial activation, and inflammation were analyzed and RNA sequencing was performed. We found that irradiation led to a significantly increased body weight from 15 weeks (p < 0.05) along with white adipose tissue accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy at 20 weeks, and these changes were accompanied by glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances as indicated by reduced glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, increased serum triglycerides, and an increased leptin/adiponectin ratio. Furthermore, irradiation induced cell death, microglial activation, inflammation, and persistent astrocyte reactivity in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic transcriptome analysis showed that 865 genes were downregulated and 290 genes were upregulated in the irradiated group 20 weeks after irradiation, and further pathway analysis showed that the insulin resistance-related PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the energy expenditure-related adipocytokine signaling pathway were downregulated. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related proteins and effector proteins was significantly different in the irradiation group. This study demonstrates that ionizing radiation to the juvenile female brain induces hypothalamic damage that is likely to be associated with delayed metabolic abnormalities, and this critical vulnerability of the hypothalamus to irradiation should be taken into consideration in the development of future protective strategies for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kai Zhou
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus R Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Glycine Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Glutathione Biosynthesis and Protects against Oxidative Stress in a Model of Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2101562. [PMID: 29675131 PMCID: PMC5841105 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and redox status play a central role in the link between insulin resistance (IR) and lipotoxicity in metabolic syndrome. This mechanistic link may involve alterations in the glutathione redox state. We examined the effect of glycine supplementation to diet on glutathione biosynthesis, oxidative stress, IR, and insulin cell signaling in liver from sucrose-fed (SF) rats characterized by IR and oxidative stress. Our hypothesis is that the correction of glutathione levels by glycine treatment leads to reduced oxidative stress, a mechanism associated with improved insulin signaling and IR. Glycine treatment decreases the levels of oxidative stress markers in liver from SF rats and increases the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine and the amount of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), a key enzyme of GSH biosynthesis in liver from SF rats. In liver from SF rats, glycine also decreases the insulin-induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (ISR-1) in serine residue and increases the phosphorylation of insulin receptor β-subunit (IR-β) in tyrosine residue. Thus, supplementing diets with glycine to correct GSH deficiency and to reduce oxidative stress provides significant metabolic benefits to SF rats by improving insulin sensitivity.
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Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and adipose tissue thermogenesis: Bridging physiology and mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16810-16816. [PMID: 28842500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.789628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues can catabolize stored energy to generate heat, relying on the principal effector of thermogenesis: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This unique capability could be leveraged as a therapy for metabolic disease. Numerous animal and cellular models have now demonstrated that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal to support adipocyte thermogenic identity and function. Herein, we contextualize these findings within the established principles of redox signaling and mechanistic studies of UCP1 function. We provide a framework for understanding the role of mitochondrial ROS signaling in thermogenesis together with testable hypotheses for understanding mechanisms and developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Chouchani
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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15
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Alterations in neuronal control of body weight and anxiety behavior by glutathione peroxidase 4 deficiency. Neuroscience 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Pettit AP, Jonsson WO, Bargoud AR, Mirek ET, Peelor FF, Wang Y, Gettys TW, Kimball SR, Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Wek RC, Anthony TG. Dietary Methionine Restriction Regulates Liver Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression Independently of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Phosphorylation in Mice. J Nutr 2017; 147:1031-1040. [PMID: 28446632 PMCID: PMC5443467 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.246710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (p-eIF2) during dietary amino acid insufficiency reduces protein synthesis and alters gene expression via the integrated stress response (ISR).Objective: We explored whether a Met-restricted (MR) diet activates the ISR to reduce body fat and regulate protein balance.Methods: Male and female mice aged 3-6 mo with either whole-body deletion of general control nonderepressible 2 (Gcn2) or liver-specific deletion of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (Perk) alongside wild-type or floxed control mice were fed an obesogenic diet sufficient in Met (0.86%) or an MR (0.12% Met) diet for ≤5 wk. Ala enrichment with deuterium was measured to calculate protein synthesis rates. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity of eIF2B was measured alongside p-eIF2 and hepatic mRNA expression levels at 2 d and 5 wk. Metabolic phenotyping was conducted at 4 wk, and body composition was measured throughout. Results were evaluated with the use of ANOVA (P < 0.05).Results: Feeding an MR diet for 2 d did not increase hepatic p-eIF2 or reduce eIF2B activity in wild-type or Gcn2-/- mice, yet many genes transcriptionally regulated by the ISR were altered in both strains in the same direction and amplitude. Feeding an MR diet for 5 wk increased p-eIF2 and reduced eIF2B activity in wild-type but not Gcn2-/- mice, yet ISR-regulated genes altered in both strains similarly. Furthermore, the MR diet reduced mixed and cytosolic but not mitochondrial protein synthesis in both the liver and skeletal muscle regardless of Gcn2 status. Despite the similarities between strains, the MR diet did not increase energy expenditure or reduce body fat in Gcn2-/- mice. Finally, feeding the MR diet to mice with Perk deleted in the liver increased hepatic p-eIF2 and altered body composition similar to floxed controls.Conclusions: Hepatic activation of the ISR resulting from an MR diet does not require p-eIF2. Gcn2 status influences body fat loss but not protein balance when Met is restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Pettit
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - William O Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Albert R Bargoud
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Emily T Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Frederick F Peelor
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Yongping Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA; and
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry of Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ;
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17
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Murdolo G, Piroddi M, Tortoioli C, Bartolini D, Schmelz M, Luchetti F, Canonico B, Papa S, Zerbinati C, Iuliano L, Galli F. Free Radical-derived Oxysterols: Novel Adipokines Modulating Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose Precursor Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4974-4983. [PMID: 27710239 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increased oxidative stress in adipose tissue emerges as an inducer of obesity-linked insulin resistance. Here we tested whether free-radical derived oxysterols are formed by, and accumulate in, human adipocytes. Moreover, we asked whether increased accumulation of oxysterols characterizes the adipose cells of obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (OBT2D) compared with lean, nondiabetic controls (CTRLs). Finally, we studied the effects of the free radical-derived oxysterols on adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adipocytes and ASCs were isolated from sc abdominal adipose tissue biopsy in four OBT2D and four CTRL subjects. Oxysterols in adipocytes were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The cellular and molecular effects of oxysterols were then evaluated on primary cultures of ASCs focusing on cell viability, adipogenic differentiation, and "canonical" WNT and MAPK signaling pathways. RESULTS 7-ketocholesterol (7κ-C) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol were unambiguously detected in adipocytes, which showed higher oxysterol accumulation (P < .01) in OBT2D, as compared with CTRL individuals. Notably, the accumulation of oxysterols in adipocytes was predicted by the adipose cell size of the donor (R2 = 0.582; P < .01). Challenging ASCs with free radical-derived type I (7κ-C) and type II (5,6-Secosterol) oxysterols led to a time- and concentration-dependent decrease of cell viability. Meaningfully, at a non-toxic concentration (1μM), these bioactive lipids hampered adipogenic differentiation of ASCs by sequential activation of WNT/β-catenin, p38-MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Free radical-derived oxysterols accumulate in the "diabetic" fat and may act as novel adipokines modulating the adipogenic potential of undifferentiated adipose precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Cristina Tortoioli
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Internal Medicine (G.M.), Assisi Hospital, 06081 Assisi (Perugia), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (G.M., C.T.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.P., D.B., F.G.), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim (M.S.), Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (F.L., B.C., S.P.), University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; and Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Vascular Medicine (C.Z., L.I.), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy
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Villamil-Ramírez H, León-Mimila P, Macias-Kauffer LR, Canizalez-Román A, Villalobos-Comparán M, León-Sicairos N, Vega-Badillo J, Sánchez-Muñoz F, López-Contreras B, Morán-Ramos S, Villarreal-Molina T, Zurita LC, Campos-Pérez F, Huertas-Vazquez A, Bojalil R, Romero-Hidalgo S, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Canizales-Quinteros S. A combined linkage and association strategy identifies a variant near the GSTP1 gene associated with BMI in the Mexican population. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:413-418. [PMID: 27881840 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern in Mexico and worldwide. Although the estimated heritability is high, common variants identified by genome-wide association studies explain only a small proportion of this heritability. A combination of linkage and association strategies could be a more robust and powerful approach to identify other obesity-susceptibility variants. We thus sought to identify novel genetic variants associated with obesity-related traits in the Mexican population by combining these methods. We performed a genome-wide linkage scan for body mass index (BMI) and other obesity-related phenotypes in 16 Mexican families using the Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines Program. Associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for associations in an independent cohort. Two suggestive BMI-linkage peaks (logarithm of odds ⩾1.5) were observed at chromosomal regions 11q13 and 13q22. Only rs614080 in the 11q13 region was significantly associated with BMI and related traits in these families. This association was also significant in an independent cohort of Mexican adults. Moreover, this variant was significantly associated with GSTP1 gene expression levels in adipose tissue. In conclusion, the rs614080 SNP near the GSTP1 gene was significantly associated with BMI and GSTP1 expression levels in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, México.,Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | - Paola León-Mimila
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | - Luis R Macias-Kauffer
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | | | | | | | - Joel Vega-Badillo
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INCICh), México City, México
| | - Blanca López-Contreras
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | - Sofía Morán-Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | | | - Luis C Zurita
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital General 'Dr Rubén Leñero', México City, México
| | - Francisco Campos-Pérez
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital General 'Dr Rubén Leñero', México City, México
| | | | - Rafael Bojalil
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INCICh), México City, México.,Departmento de Atención a la salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México
| | | | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
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Exploring the Lean Phenotype of Glutathione-Depleted Mice: Thiol, Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163214. [PMID: 27788147 PMCID: PMC5082875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although reduced glutathione (rGSH) is decreased in obese mice and humans, block of GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) results in a lean, insulin-sensitive phenotype. Data is lacking about the effect of BSO on GSH precursors, cysteine and glutamate. Plasma total cysteine (tCys) is positively associated with stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity and adiposity in humans and animal models. OBJECTIVE To explore the phenotype, amino acid and fatty acid profiles in BSO-treated mice. DESIGN Male C3H/HeH mice aged 11 weeks were fed a high-fat diet with or without BSO in drinking water (30 mmol/L) for 8 weeks. Amino acid and fatty acid changes were assessed, as well as food consumption, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, body composition and liver vacuolation (steatosis). RESULTS Despite higher food intake, BSO decreased particularly fat mass but also lean mass (both P<0.001), and prevented fatty liver vacuolation. Physical activity increased during the dark phase. BSO decreased plasma free fatty acids and enhanced insulin sensitivity. BSO did not alter liver rGSH, but decreased plasma total GSH (tGSH) and rGSH (by ~70%), and liver tGSH (by 82%). Glutamate accumulated in plasma and liver. Urine excretion of cysteine and its precursors was increased by BSO. tCys, rCys and cystine decreased in plasma (by 23-45%, P<0.001 for all), but were maintained in liver, at the expense of decreased taurine. Free and total plasma concentrations of the SCD products, oleic and palmitoleic acids were decreased (by 27-38%, P <0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Counterintuitively, block of GSH synthesis decreases circulating tCys, raising the question of whether the BSO-induced obesity-resistance is linked to cysteine depletion. Cysteine-supplementation of BSO-treated mice is warranted to dissect the effects of cysteine and GSH depletion on energy metabolism.
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20
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Ghashghaeinia M, Giustarini D, Koralkova P, Köberle M, Alzoubi K, Bissinger R, Hosseinzadeh Z, Dreischer P, Bernhardt I, Lang F, Toulany M, Wieder T, Mojzikova R, Rossi R, Mrowietz U. Pharmacological targeting of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in human erythrocytes by Bay 11-7082, parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28754. [PMID: 27353740 PMCID: PMC4926109 DOI: 10.1038/srep28754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mature erythrocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) yield NADPH, a crucial cofactor of the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) converting glutathione disulfide (GSSG) into its reduced state (GSH). GSH is essential for detoxification processes in and survival of erythrocytes. We explored whether the anti-inflammatory compounds Bay 11–7082, parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) were able to completely deplete a common target (GSH), and to impair the function of upstream enzymes of GSH recycling and replenishment. Treatment of erythrocytes with Bay 11–7082, parthenolide or DMF led to concentration-dependent eryptosis resulting from complete depletion of GSH. GSH depletion was due to strong inhibition of G6PDH activity. Bay 11–7082 and DMF, but not parthenolide, were able to inhibit the GR activity. This approach “Inhibitors, Detection of their common target that is completely depleted or inactivated when pharmacologically relevant concentrations of each single inhibitor are applied, Subsequent functional analysis of upstream enzymes for this target” (IDS), can be applied to a broad range of inhibitors and cell types according to the selected target. The specific G6PDH inhibitory effect of these compounds may be exploited for the treatment of human diseases with high NADPH and GSH consumption rates, including malaria, trypanosomiasis, cancer or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghashghaeinia
- Psoriasis-Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Pavla Koralkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Köberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biedersteinerstr. 29, Technische Universität München, 80802 München, Germany
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Frondsbergstr. 23, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Dreischer
- Institute of Physiology II, Keplerstr. 15, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Bernhardt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Roentgenweg 11, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieder
- Department of Dermatology; Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renata Mojzikova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Psoriasis-Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7, Kiel, 24105, Germany
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21
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Al-Naqeb G, Rousová J, Kubátová A, Picklo MJ. Pulicaria jaubertii E. Gamal-Eldin reduces triacylglyceride content and modifies cellular antioxidant pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 253:48-59. [PMID: 27163856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Levels of obesity in Middle Eastern countries are increasing. Phytochemicals have anti-obesogenic properties as evidenced by prevention of adipocyte differentiation and blocking triacylglyceride (TG) accumulation. In Yemen, Pulicaria jaubertii E. Gamal-Eldin (PJ) is a food additive and a traditional medicine. We tested the hypothesis that phytochemicals present in PJ inhibit adipocytic responses during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. Methanolic extracts of PJ did not block expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) a marker of differentiation but did inhibit TG accumulation. Treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes increased NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a suppressor of TG accumulation. Further fractionation of the methanolic PJ extract with hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) demonstrated that bioactivity towards TG reduction and elevated expression of NQO1 and other antioxidant genes (glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic unit, glutathione disulfide reductase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 4 resided in the DCM fraction. Activity towards depleting GSH and elevating the expression of catalase and GPx3 were found in the DCM and hexane fractions. Analysis by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of catechin-like moieties in the DCM and methanolic fractions and suggest that these components were partially responsible for the bioactivity of these fractions. In summary, our data indicate that fractions derived PJ exhibit anti-adipogenic properties in part through the presence of catechin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanya Al-Naqeb
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Jana Rousová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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22
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Wruck W, Kashofer K, Rehman S, Daskalaki A, Berg D, Gralka E, Jozefczuk J, Drews K, Pandey V, Regenbrecht C, Wierling C, Turano P, Korf U, Zatloukal K, Lehrach H, Westerhoff HV, Adjaye J. Multi-omic profiles of human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease tissue highlight heterogenic phenotypes. Sci Data 2015; 2:150068. [PMID: 26646939 PMCID: PMC4672680 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a consequence of sedentary life style and high fat diets with an estimated prevalence of about 30% in western countries. It is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, glucose intolerance and drug toxicity. Additionally, polymorphisms within, e.g., APOC3, PNPLA3, NCAN, TM6SF2 and PPP1R3B, correlate with NAFLD. Several studies have already investigated later stages of the disease. This study explores the early steatosis stage of NAFLD with the aim of identifying molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of NAFLD. We analyzed liver biopsies and serum samples from patients with high- and low-grade steatosis (also pre-disease states) employing transcriptomics, ELISA-based serum protein analyses and metabolomics. Here, we provide a detailed description of the various related datasets produced in the course of this study. These datasets may help other researchers find new clues for the etiology of NAFLD and the mechanisms underlying its progression to more severe disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasco Wruck
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Samrina Rehman
- The Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andriani Daskalaki
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewa Gralka
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Justyna Jozefczuk
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Katharina Drews
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Vikash Pandey
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Christian Regenbrecht
- Institute for Pathology &Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Stem Cell Group, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Wierling
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Paola Turano
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Ulrike Korf
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- The Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.,Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, VU University Amsterdam, HV NL-1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Adjaye
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin 14195, Germany
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23
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Wang X, Hai C. Redox modulation of adipocyte differentiation: hypothesis of "Redox Chain" and novel insights into intervention of adipogenesis and obesity. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:99-125. [PMID: 26187871 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of the global prevalence of obesity and obesity-associated disorders, it is important to clearly understand how adipose tissue forms. Accumulating data from various laboratories implicate that redox status is closely associated with energy metabolism. Thus, biochemical regulation of the redox system may be an attractive alternative for the treatment of obesity-related disorders. In this work, we will review the current data detailing the role of the redox system in adipocyte differentiation, as well as identifying areas for further research. The redox system affects adipogenic differentiation in an extensive way. We propose that there is a complex and interactive "redox chain," consisting of a "ROS-generating enzyme chain," "combined antioxidant chain," and "transcription factor chain," which contributes to fine-tune the regulation of ROS level and subsequent biological consequences. The roles of the redox system in adipocyte differentiation are paradoxical. The redox system exerts a "tridimensional" mechanism in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation, including transcriptional, epigenetic, and posttranslational modulations. We suggest that redoxomic techniques should be extensively applied to understand the biological effects of redox alterations in a more integrated way. A stable and standardized "redox index" is urgently needed for the evaluation of the general redox status. Therefore, more effort should be made to establish and maintain a general redox balance rather than to conduct simple prooxidant or antioxidant interventions, which have comprehensive implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Chunxu Hai
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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24
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Glutathionyl systems and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:858-68. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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25
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Maria Cannata S, Bernardini S, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR. Glutathione Decrement Drives Thermogenic Program In Adipose Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13091. [PMID: 26260892 PMCID: PMC4531326 DOI: 10.1038/srep13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolically adapts to external stimuli. We demonstrate that the induction of the thermogenic program in white adipocytes, through cold exposure in mice or in vitro adrenergic stimulation, is accompanied by a decrease in the intracellular content of glutathione (GSH). Moreover, the treatment with a GSH depleting agent, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), recapitulates the effect of cold exposure resulting in the induction of thermogenic program. In particular, BSO treatment leads to enhanced uncoupling respiration as demonstrated by increased expression of thermogenic genes (e.g. Ucp1, Ppargc1a), augmented oxygen consumption and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Buffering GSH decrement by pre-treatment with GSH ester prevents the up-regulation of typical markers of uncoupling respiration. We demonstrate that FoxO1 activation is responsible for the conversion of white adipocytes into a brown phenotype as the “browning” effects of BSO are completely abrogated in cells down-regulating FoxO1. In mice, the BSO-mediated up-regulation of uncoupling genes results in weight loss that is at least in part ascribed to adipose tissue mass reduction. The induction of thermogenic program has been largely proposed to counteract obesity-related diseases. Based on these findings, we propose GSH as a novel therapeutic target to increase energy expenditure in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lettieri Barbato
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tatulli
- Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Cannata
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- 1] Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [2] Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- 1] Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [2] Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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26
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Patarrão RS, Lautt WW, Macedo MP. Acute glucagon induces postprandial peripheral insulin resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127221. [PMID: 25961284 PMCID: PMC4427479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon levels are often moderately elevated in diabetes. It is known that glucagon leads to a decrease in hepatic glutathione (GSH) synthesis that in turn is associated with decreased postprandial insulin sensitivity. Given that cAMP pathway controls GSH levels we tested whether insulin sensitivity decreases after intraportal (ipv) administration of a cAMP analog (DBcAMP), and investigated whether glucagon promotes insulin resistance through decreasing hepatic GSH levels.Insulin sensitivity was determined in fed male Sprague-Dawley rats using a modified euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in the postprandial state upon ipv administration of DBcAMP as well as glucagon infusion. Glucagon effects on insulin sensitivity was assessed in the presence or absence of postprandial insulin sensitivity inhibition by administration of L-NMMA. Hepatic GSH and NO content and plasma levels of NO were measured after acute ipv glucagon infusion. Insulin sensitivity was assessed in the fed state and after ipv glucagon infusion in the presence of GSH-E. We founf that DBcAMP and glucagon produce a decrease of insulin sensitivity, in a dose-dependent manner. Glucagon-induced decrease of postprandial insulin sensitivity correlated with decreased hepatic GSH content and was restored by administration of GSH-E. Furthermore, inhibition of postprandial decrease of insulin sensitivity L-NMMA was not overcome by glucagon, but glucagon did not affect hepatic and plasma levels of NO. These results show that glucagon decreases postprandial insulin sensitivity through reducing hepatic GSH levels, an effect that is mimicked by increasing cAMP hepatic levels and requires physiological NO levels. These observations support the hypothesis that glucagon acts via adenylate cyclase to decrease hepatic GSH levels and induce insulin resistance. We suggest that the glucagon-cAMP-GSH axis is a potential therapeutic target to address insulin resistance in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S. Patarrão
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - W. Wayne Lautt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - M. Paula Macedo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
- APDP-ERC Portuguese Diabetes AssociationEducationand Research Center, Rua do Salitre, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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27
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Cheung SH, Kwok WK, To KF, Lau JYW. Anti-atherogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide by over-expression of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113038. [PMID: 25397776 PMCID: PMC4232559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous signaling molecule that functions in physiological and pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. H2S dilates vessels and therefore has been suggested as an anti-atherogenic molecule. Since cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) enzyme is responsible for producing H2S in the cardiovascular system, we hypothesized that up-regulation of CSE expression in vivo with preservation of H2S bioactivity can slow down plaque formation and, can serve as a therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis. In this study, C57BL/6 wild type mice (WT), ApoE knockout mice (KO) and transgenic ApoE knockout mice overexpressing CSE (Tg/KO) at four weeks of age were weaned. They were then fed with either normal or atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. At week 16, serial plasma lipid levels, body weight, and blood pressure were measured prior to euthanization of the mice and the size of atherosclerotic plaques at their aortic roots was measured. Tg/KO mice showed an increase in endogenous H2S production in aortic tissue, reduced atherosclerotic plaque sizes and attenuation in plasma lipid profiles. We also showed an up-regulation in plasma glutathionine peroxidase that could indicate reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, there was an increase in expression of p-p53 and down regulation of inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in aorta. To conclude, alteration of endogenous H2S by CSE gene activation was associated with reduced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Up-regulation of CSE/H2S pathway attenuates atherosclerosis and this would be a potential target for therapeutic intervention against its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Ha Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Kei Kwok
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - James Yun Wong Lau
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Murdolo G, Bartolini D, Tortoioli C, Piroddi M, Iuliano L, Galli F. Lipokines and oxysterols: novel adipose-derived lipid hormones linking adipose dysfunction and insulin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:811-820. [PMID: 23954331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of adipose tissue (AT) is, by definition, a hallmark of obesity. However, not all increases in fat mass are associated with pathophysiological cues. Indeed, whereas a "healthy" fat mass accrual, mainly in the subcutaneous depots, preserves metabolic homeostasis, explaining the occurrence of the metabolically healthy obese phenotype, "unhealthy" AT expansion is importantly associated with insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The development of a dysfunctional adipose organ may find mechanistic explanation in a reduced ability to recruit new and functional (pre)adipocytes from undifferentiated precursor cells. Such a failure of the adipogenic process underlies the "AT expandability" paradigm. The inability of AT to expand further to store excess nutrients, rather than obesity per se, induces a diabetogenic milieu by promoting the overflow and the ectopic deposition of fatty acids in insulin-dependent organs (i.e., lipotoxicity), the secretion of various metabolically detrimental adipose-derived hormones (i.e., adipokines and lipokines), and the occurrence of local and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Hitherto, fatty acids (i.e., lipokines) and the oxidation by-products of cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as nonenzymatic oxysterols and reactive aldehyde species, respectively, emerge as key modulators of (pre)adipocyte signaling through Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK pathways and potential regulators of glucose homeostasis. These and other mechanistic insights linking adipose dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impairment of glucose homeostasis are discussed in this review article, which focuses on adipose peroxidation as a potential instigator of, and a putative therapeutic target for, obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assisi Hospital, I-06081 Assisi, Perugia, Italy; Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine, and Metabolic Sciences, Italy.
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marta Piroddi
- Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Unit of Vascular Medicine, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Section of Applied Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
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Gratas-Delamarche A, Derbré F, Vincent S, Cillard J. Physical inactivity, insulin resistance, and the oxidative-inflammatory loop. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:93-108. [PMID: 24060092 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.847528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that physical inactivity, a main factor of global energetic imbalance, is involved in the worldwide epidemic of obesity and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. Although the complex pathogenesis of insulin resistance is not fully understood, literature data accumulated during the past decades clearly indicate that the activation of the oxidative-inflammatory loop plays a major role. By activating the oxidative-inflammatory loop in insulin-sensitive tissues, fat gain and adipose tissue dysfunction likely contribute to induce insulin resistance during chronic and prolonged physical inactivity. However, in the past years, evidence has emerged showing that early insulin resistance also occurs after very short-term exposure to physical inactivity (1-7 days) without any fat gain or energetic imbalance. The possible role of liver disturbances or endothelial dysfunction is suggested, but further studies are necessary to really conclude. Inactive skeletal muscle probably constitutes the primary triggering tissue for the development of early insulin resistance. In the present review, we discuss on the current knowledge about the effect of physical inactivity on whole-body and peripheral insulin sensitivity, and how local inflammation and oxidative stress arising with physical inactivity could potentially induce insulin resistance. We assume that early muscle insulin resistance allows the excess nutrients to shift in the storage tissues to withstand starvation through energy storage. We also consider when chronic and prolonged, physical inactivity over an extended period of time is an underestimated contributor to pathological insulin resistance and hence indirectly to numerous chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gratas-Delamarche
- University Rennes 2 - ENS Cachan - Antenne de Bretagne, Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" (M2S) , Rennes , France
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Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Redox signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:473-501. [PMID: 23583330 PMCID: PMC3883979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of the activity of a vast array of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) governs normal cardiovascular function. However, data from experimental and animal studies strongly support that dysregulated redox signaling, resulting from hyperactivation of various cellular oxidases or mitochondrial dysfunction, is integral to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we address how redox signaling modulates the protein function, the various sources of increased oxidative stress in CVD, and the labyrinth of redox-sensitive molecular mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Advances in redox biology and pharmacology for inhibiting ROS production in specific cell types and subcellular organelles combined with the development of nanotechnology-based new in vivo imaging systems and targeted drug delivery mechanisms may enable fine-tuning of redox signaling for the treatment and prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Madamanchi
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Marschall S Runge
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Perrone CE, Malloy VL, Orentreich DS, Orentreich N. Metabolic adaptations to methionine restriction that benefit health and lifespan in rodents. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:654-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nguyen D, Samson SL, Reddy VT, Gonzalez EV, Sekhar RV. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and insulin resistance in aging: novel protective role of glutathione. Aging Cell 2013; 12:415-25. [PMID: 23534396 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with impaired fasted oxidation of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) suggesting a mitochondrial defect. Aging is also associated with deficiency of glutathione (GSH), an important mitochondrial antioxidant, and with insulin resistance. This study tested whether GSH deficiency in aging contributes to impaired mitochondrial NEFA oxidation and insulin resistance, and whether GSH restoration reverses these defects. Three studies were conducted: (i) in 82-week-old C57BL/6 mice, the effect of naturally occurring GSH deficiency and its restoration on mitochondrial (13) C1 -palmitate oxidation and glucose metabolism was compared with 22-week-old C57BL/6 mice; (ii) in 20-week C57BL/6 mice, the effect of GSH depletion on mitochondrial oxidation of (13) C1 -palmitate and glucose metabolism was studied; (iii) the effect of GSH deficiency and its restoration on fasted NEFA oxidation and insulin resistance was studied in GSH-deficient elderly humans, and compared with GSH-replete young humans. Chronic GSH deficiency in old mice and elderly humans was associated with decreased fasted mitochondrial NEFA oxidation and insulin resistance, and these defects were reversed with GSH restoration. Acute depletion of GSH in young mice resulted in lower mitochondrial NEFA oxidation, but did not alter glucose metabolism. These data suggest that GSH is a novel regulator of mitochondrial NEFA oxidation and insulin resistance in aging. Chronic GSH deficiency promotes impaired NEFA oxidation and insulin resistance, and GSH restoration reverses these defects. Supplementing diets of elderly humans with cysteine and glycine to correct GSH deficiency could provide significant metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nguyen
- Translational Metabolism Unit Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
- Diabetes Research Center Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Susan L. Samson
- Diabetes Research Center Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Vasumathi T. Reddy
- Diabetes Research Center Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Erica V. Gonzalez
- Diabetes Research Center Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Rajagopal V. Sekhar
- Translational Metabolism Unit Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
- Diabetes Research Center Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
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Kirkwood JS, Legette LL, Miranda CL, Jiang Y, Stevens JF. A metabolomics-driven elucidation of the anti-obesity mechanisms of xanthohumol. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19000-13. [PMID: 23673658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild, mitochondrial uncoupling increases energy expenditure and can reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation of cellular, adaptive stress response pathways can result in an enhanced capacity to reduce oxidative damage. Together, these strategies target energy imbalance and oxidative stress, both underlying factors of obesity and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Here we describe a metabolomics-driven effort to uncover the anti-obesity mechanism(s) of xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid from hops. Metabolomics analysis of fasting plasma from obese, Zucker rats treated with XN revealed decreases in products of dysfunctional fatty acid oxidation and ROS, prompting us to explore the effects of XN on muscle cell bioenergetics. At low micromolar concentrations, XN acutely increased uncoupled respiration in several different cell types, including myocytes. Tetrahydroxanthohumol also increased respiration, suggesting electrophilicity did not play a role. At higher concentrations, XN inhibited respiration in a ROS-dependent manner. In myocytes, time course metabolomics revealed acute activation of glutathione recycling and long term induction of glutathione synthesis as well as several other changes indicative of short term elevated cellular stress and a concerted adaptive response. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that XN may ameliorate metabolic syndrome, at least in part, through mitochondrial uncoupling and stress response induction. In addition, time course metabolomics appears to be an effective strategy for uncovering metabolic events that occur during a stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Kirkwood
- Linus Pauling Institute and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Picklo MJ, Idso JP, Jackson MI. S-Glutathionylation of hepatic and visceral adipose proteins decreases in obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:297-305. [PMID: 23404913 PMCID: PMC3610808 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A number of clinical and biochemical studies demonstrate that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increases in oxidative stress and inflammation. Paradoxically, insulin sensitivity can be enhanced by oxidative inactivation of cysteine residues of phosphatases, and inflammation can be reduced by S-glutathionylation with formation of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides (PSSG). Although oxidation of protein-bound thiols (PSH) is increased in multiple diseases, it is not known whether there are changes in PSH oxidation species in obesity. OBJECTIVE In this work, the hypothesis that obesity is associated with decreased levels of proteins containing oxidized protein thiols was tested. DESIGN AND METHODS The tissue levels of protein sulfenic acids (PSOH) and PSSG in liver, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle derived from glucose intolerant, obese-prone Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. RESULTS The data in this study indicate that decreases in PSSG content occurred in liver (44%) and adipose (26%) but not skeletal muscle in obese rats that were fed a 45% fat-calorie diet versus lean rats that were fed a 10% fat-calorie diet. PSOH content did not change in the tissue between the two groups. The activity of the enzyme glutaredoxin (GLRX) responsible for reversal of PSSG formation did not change in muscle and liver between the two groups. However, levels of GLRX1 were elevated 70% in the adipose tissue of the obese, 45% fat calorie-fed rats. CONCLUSION These are the first data to link changes in S-glutathionylation and GLRX1 to adipose tissue in the obese and demonstrate that redox changes in thiol status occur in adipose tissue as a result of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.
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Murdolo G, Piroddi M, Luchetti F, Tortoioli C, Canonico B, Zerbinati C, Galli F, Iuliano L. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by-products at the crossroad between adipose organ dysregulation and obesity-linked insulin resistance. Biochimie 2012; 95:585-94. [PMID: 23274128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been proposed as an energy balance disorder in which the expansion of adipose tissue (AT) leads to unfavorable health outcomes. Even though adiposity represents the most powerful driving force for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes, mounting evidence points to "adipose dysregulation", rather than fat mass accrual per se, as a key pathophysiological trigger of the obesity-linked metabolic complications. The dysfunctional fat, besides hypertrophic adipose cells and inflammatory cues, displays a reduced ability to form new adipocytes from the undifferentiated precursor cells (ie, the preadipocytes). The failure of adipogenesis poses a "diabetogenic" milieu either by promoting the ectopic overflow/deposition of lipids in non-adipose targets (lipotoxicity) or by inducing a dysregulated secretion of different adipose-derived hormones (ie, adipokines and lipokines). This novel and provocative paradigm ("expandability hypothesis") further extends current "adipocentric view" implicating a reduced adipogenic capacity as a missing link between "unhealthy" fat expansion and impairment of metabolic homeostasis. Hitherto, reactive oxygen species have been implicated in multiple forms of IR. However, the effects of stress on adipogenesis remain controversial. Compelling circumstantial data indicate that lipid peroxidation by-products (ie, oxysterols and 4-hydrononenal) may detrimentally affect adipose homeostasis partly by impairing (pre)adipocyte differentiation. In this scenario, it is tempting to speculate that a fine tuning of the adipose redox status may provide new mechanistic insights at the interface between fat dysregulation and development of metabolic dysfunctions. Yet, in humans, the molecular "signatures" of oxidative stress in the dysregulated fat as well as the pathophysiological effects of adipose (per)oxidation on glucose homeostasis remain poorly investigated. In this review we will summarize the potential mechanisms by which increased oxidative stress in fat may impair (pre)adipocyte differentiation and promote the adipose dysfunction. We will also attempt to highlight the conundrum with the adipose redox changes and the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Finally, we will briefly discuss the scientific rationale for proposing the adipose redox state as a potential target for novel therapeutic strategies to curb/prevent adiposity-linked insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assisi Hospital, Via Valentin Muller 1, Assisi, Perugia, Italy.
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