1
|
Han M, Zhu H, Chen X, Luo X. 6-O-endosulfatases in tumor metastasis: heparan sulfate proteoglycans modification and potential therapeutic targets. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:897-916. [PMID: 38455409 PMCID: PMC10915330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Although advances in the targeted treatment and immunotherapy have improved the management of some cancers, the prognosis of metastatic cancers remains unsatisfied. Therefore, the specific mechanisms in tumor metastasis need further investigation. 6-O-endosulfatases (SULFs), comprising sulfatase1 (SULF1) and sulfatase 2 (SULF2), play pivotal roles in the post-synthetic modifications of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Consequently, these extracellular enzymes can regulate a variety of downstream pathways by modulating HSPGs function. During the past decades, researchers have detected the expression of SULF1 and SULF2 in most cancers and revealed their roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein we reviewed the metastasis steps which SULFs participated in, elucidated the specific roles and mechanisms of SULFs in metastasis process, and discussed the effects of SULFs in different types of cancers. Moreover, we summarized the role of targeting SULFs in combination therapy to treat metastatic cancers, which provided some novel strategies for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Han
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - He Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benicky J, Sanda M, Panigrahi A, Liu J, Wang Z, Pagadala V, Su G, Goldman R. A 6-O-endosulfatase activity assay based on synthetic heparan sulfate oligomers. Glycobiology 2023; 33:384-395. [PMID: 37052463 PMCID: PMC10243761 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulf-2 is an extracellular heparan 6-O-endosulfatase involved in the postsynthetic editing of heparan sulfate (HS), which regulates many important biological processes. The activity of the Sulf-2 and its substrate specificity remain insufficiently characterized in spite of more than two decades of studies of this enzyme. This is due, in part, to the difficulties in the production and isolation of this highly modified protein and due to the lack of well-characterized synthetic substrates for the probing of its catalytic activity. We introduce synthetic HS oligosaccharides to fill this gap, and we use our recombinant Sulf-2 protein to show that a paranitrophenol (pNP)-labeled synthetic oligosaccharide allows a reliable quantification of its enzymatic activity. The substrate and products of the desulfation reaction are separated by ion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography and quantified by UV absorbance. This simple assay allows the detection of the Sulf-2 activity at high sensitivity (nanograms of the enzyme) and specificity. The method also allowed us to measure the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity in biological samples as complex as the secretome of cancer cell lines. Our in vitro measurements show that the N-glycosylation of the Sulf-2 enzyme affects the activity of the enzyme and that phosphate ions substantially decrease the Sulf-2 enzymatic activity. This assay offers an efficient, sensitive, and specific measurement of the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity that could open avenues to in vivo activity measurements and improve our understanding of the enzymatic editing of the sulfation of heparan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Herz- und Lungenforschung, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Aswini Panigrahi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khilji SK, Op 't Hoog C, Warschkau D, Lühle J, Goerdeler F, Freitag A, Seeberger PH, Moscovitz O. Smaller size packs a stronger punch - Recent advances in small antibody fragments targeting tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens. Theranostics 2023; 13:3041-3063. [PMID: 37284439 PMCID: PMC10240822 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attached to proteins, lipids, or forming long, complex chains, glycans represent the most versatile post-translational modification in nature and surround all human cells. Unique glycan structures are monitored by the immune system and differentiate self from non-self and healthy from malignant cells. Aberrant glycosylations, termed tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), are a hallmark of cancer and are correlated with all aspects of cancer biology. Therefore, TACAs represent attractive targets for monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, due to the thick and dense glycocalyx as well as the tumour micro-environment, conventional antibodies often suffer from restricted access and limited effectiveness in vivo. To overcome this issue, many small antibody fragments have come forth, showing similar affinity with better efficiency than their full-length counterparts. Here we review small antibody fragments against specific glycans on tumour cells and highlight their advantages over conventional antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan Khilji
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Op 't Hoog
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Warschkau
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Lühle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Freitag
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiang MH, Jiang ZY, Zhao WL, Zhang E, Xia L, Kong RM, Zhao Y, Kong W, Liu X, Qu F, Tan W. Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Dual-Modal Probe for Highly Sensitive Imaging of Sulfatase In Vivo. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2021-2029. [PMID: 37167101 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatase is an important biomarker closely associated with various diseases. However, the state-of-the-art sulfatase probes are plagued with a short absorption/emission wavelength and limited sensitivity. Developing highly sensitive fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging of sulfatase remains a grand challenge. Herein, for the first time, an activatable near-infrared fluorescence/photoacoustic (NIRF/PA) dual-modal probe (Hcy-SA) for visualizing sulfatase activity in living cells and animals is developed. Hcy-SA is composed of a sulfate ester moiety as the recognition unit and a NIR fluorophore hemicyanine (Hcy-OH) as the NIRF/PA reporter. The designed probe exhibits a rapid response, excellent sensitivity, and high specificity for sulfatase detection in vitro. More importantly, cells and in vivo experiments confirm that Hcy-SA can be successfully applied for PA/NIRF dual-modal imaging of sulfatase activity in living sulfatase-overexpressed tumor cells and tumor-bearing animals. This probe can serve as a promising tool for sulfatase-related pathological research and cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hao Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ensheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Mei Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Weiheng Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Fengli Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
- Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alam M, Hasan GM, Eldin SM, Adnan M, Riaz MB, Islam A, Khan I, Hassan MI. Investigating regulated signaling pathways in therapeutic targeting of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114452. [PMID: 36878052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy worldwide. The signaling cascades are stimulated via genetic modifications in upstream signaling molecules, which affect apoptotic, proliferative, and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling cascades causes cancer-initiating cell proliferation, cancer development, and drug resistance. Numerous efforts in the treatment of NSCLC have been undertaken in the past few decades, enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development and moving forward to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Modifications of transcription factors and connected pathways are utilized to develop new treatment options for NSCLC. Developing designed inhibitors targeting specific cellular signaling pathways in tumor progression has been recommended for the therapeutic management of NSCLC. This comprehensive review provided deeper mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of action of various signaling molecules and their targeting in the clinical management of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal Riaz
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdnask, Poland; Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan J, Xie X, Li Q, Liang P, Zhang J, Xu G. The prognostic value and immunological role of SULF2 in adrenocortical carcinoma. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13613. [PMID: 36852051 PMCID: PMC9957709 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) represents the rare urological epithelial cancer of urinary tract, which has a large mass and is usually diagnosed at the advanced stage, thus inducing the poor prognosis. As a result, early detection and diagnosis are more important for the prognosis rather than the treatment of ACC. There is evidence supporting the association of Sulfatase2 (SULF2) with bladder cancer. However, the relationships of SULF2 with the clinical features and immune infiltration of ACC remain unclear. Methods This work comprehensively investigated the different expression levels of SULF2 within ACC and its prognostic significance through various databases including Gene Expression Profiling Interaction Analysis (GEPIA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter and UALCAN. Besides, SULF2 levels within different tumor and paraneoplastic tissues were examined based on Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and TIMER. Afterwards, this study identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in high-compared with low-SULF2-expression groups. To predict the possible interaction between SULF2 and its targets, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on relevant data collected in STRING database. Besides, the SULF2 functional annotation was carried out, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and GSEA. In addition, gene mutation analysis was also performed based on the cBioPortal database. The relation of SULF2 with immune infiltration was analyzed from various aspects by using the resources of various databases including TIMER, TISIDB, and GEPIA, which was first reported in this work. Finally, R package was utilized to plot the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of diagnosis, time-dependent survival, and the association of SULF2 with cancer stage and the nomogram model. Finally, CellMiner dataset was adopted for SULF2 correlation as well as drug sensitivity analysis. Results Relative to healthy people, SULF2 level markedly elevated within ACC tissues. Besides, SULF2 up-regulation significantly predicted the dismal prognostic outcome, which may be an important prognostic factor. Afterwards, the PPI network was constructed, and the possible link of SULF2 with the corresponding targets was predicted. Besides, up-regulated SULF2 expression was tightly related to immune regulation and tumor-infiltration immune cell (TIICs), including CD8+, CD4+ and mast cells. Finally, SULF2 expression was speculated to help determine the sensitivity of certain drugs. Conclusions SULF2 may offer a new therapeutic target for ACC patients and become an important potential prognostic biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiusong Yan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xiaodu Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Qinke Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Peihe Liang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Junyong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Guangyong Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marmesin and Marmelosin Interact with the Heparan Sulfatase-2 Active Site: Potential Mechanism for Phytochemicals from Bael Fruit Extract as Antitumor Therapeutics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9982194. [PMID: 36644581 PMCID: PMC9836799 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9982194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human heparan sulfatase-2 (HSULF-2) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in the surface of all types of tumor cells and its activity plays a critical role in cancer survival and progression. Our previous studies have shown that bael fruit extract, containing marmesin and marmelosin, inhibits the HSULF-2 activity and kills breast tumor cells, but the mechanism of these processes remains fairly known mainly because the HSULF-2's 3D structure is partially known. Herein, we aimed at providing an in silico molecular mechanism of the inhibition of human HSULF-2 by phytochemicals from bael fruit extract. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the main phytochemicals contained in the bael fruit extract, sequence-based 3D structure of human HSULF-2, and the interaction of bael fruit's phytochemicals with the enzyme active site was modeled, evaluated, and verified. Docking studies revealed marmesin and marmelosin as potential inhibitors with binding score -8.5 and -7.7 Kcal/mol; these results were validated using molecular dynamics simulations, which exhibited higher stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Taking together, with our earlier in vitro data, our computational analyses suggest that marmesin and marmelosin interact at the active site of HSULF-2 providing a potential mechanism for its inhibition and consequent antitumor activity by phytochemicals contained in the bael fruit extract.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang P, Qiao Y, Liao H, Huang Y, Meng M, Chen Y, Zhou Q. The Cancer/Testis Antigen CT45A1 Promotes Transcription of Oncogenic Sulfatase-2 Gene in Breast Cancer Cells and Is Sensible Targets for Cancer Therapy. J Breast Cancer 2023; 26:168-185. [PMID: 37095619 PMCID: PMC10139848 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2023.26.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive breast carcinomas (BRCAs) are highly lethal. The molecular mechanisms underlying progression of invasive BRCAs are unclear, and effective therapies are highly desired. The cancer-testis antigen CT45A1 promotes overexpression of pro-metastatic sulfatase-2 (SULF2) and breast cancer metastasis to the lungs, but its mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of CT45A1-induced SULF2 overexpression and provide evidence for targeting CT45A1 and SULF2 for breast cancer therapy. METHODS The effect of CT45A1 on SULF2 expression was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The mechanism of CT45A1-induced SULF2 gene transcription was studied using protein-DNA binding assay and a luciferase activity reporter system. The interaction between CT45A1 and SP1 proteins was assessed using immunoprecipitation and western blot. Additionally, the suppression of breast cancer cell motility by SP1 and SULF2 inhibitors was measured using cell migration and invasion assays. RESULTS CT45A1 and SULF2 are aberrantly overexpressed in patients with BRCA; importantly, overexpression of CT45A1 is closely associated with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, gene promoter demethylation results in overexpression of both CT45A1 and SULF2. CT45A1 binds directly to the core sequence GCCCCC in the promoter region of SULF2 gene and activates the promoter. Additionally, CT45A1 interacts with the oncogenic master transcription factor SP1 to drive SULF2 gene transcription. Interestingly, SP1 and SULF2 inhibitors suppress breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity. CONCLUSION Overexpression of CT45A1 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with BRCA. CT45A1 promotes SULF2 overexpression by activating the promoter and interacting with SP1. Additionally, SP1 and SULF2 inhibitors suppress breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis and highlight CT45A1 and SULF2 as sensible targets for developing novel therapeutics against metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Qiao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaidong Liao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yizheng Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Mei Meng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mouhoubi N, Bamba-Funck J, Sutton A, Blaise L, Seror O, Ganne-Carrié N, Ziol M, N’Kontchou G, Charnaux N, Nahon P, Nault JC, Guyot E. Sulfatase 2 Along with Syndecan 1 and Glypican 3 Serum Levels are Associated with a Prognostic Value in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis-Related Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1369-1383. [PMID: 36597436 PMCID: PMC9805748 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s382226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) is an enzyme related to heparan sulfate modifications. Its expression, as for some heparan sulfate proteoglycans expression, has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at mRNA level and immunohistochemistry staining on biopsy samples. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of serum levels of SULF2 in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis with or without HCC. Patients and Methods Two hundred and eighty-seven patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were enrolled in this study: 164 without HCC, 57 with early HCC, and 66 with advanced HCC at inclusion. We analyzed the association between SULF2 serum levels and prognosis using Kaplan-Meier method and univariate and multivariate analysis using a Cox model. Results Child-Pugh C Patients have higher serum levels of SULF2 than Child-Pugh A patients. Serum levels of SULF2 were also higher in patients with advanced HCC compared with the other groups. In patients with advanced HCC, high serum levels of SULF2 were associated with less favorable overall survival. Combination of SULF2 with Glypican 3 (GPC3) and Syndecan 1 (SDC1) serum levels enhanced the ability to discriminate worst prognostic in advanced HCC. Conclusion SULF2 along with GPC3 and SDC1 serum levels have been shown to be associated with a prognostic value in advanced HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Mouhoubi
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for VascularTranslational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148, Bobigny, F- 93000, France
| | - Jessica Bamba-Funck
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for VascularTranslational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148, Bobigny, F- 93000, France,Service de biochimie, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France
| | - Angela Sutton
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for VascularTranslational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148, Bobigny, F- 93000, France,Service de biochimie, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France
| | - Lorraine Blaise
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, F-93143, France
| | - Olivier Seror
- Service de radiologie, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France
| | - Nathalie Ganne-Carrié
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, F-93143, France,Inserm, UMR 1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeUrs solides, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Marianne Ziol
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques BB-0033-00027, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France,Service d’anatomie et cytologie pathologique, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France
| | - Gisèle N’Kontchou
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, F-93143, France
| | - Nathalie Charnaux
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for VascularTranslational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148, Bobigny, F- 93000, France,Service de biochimie, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France
| | - Pierre Nahon
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, F-93143, France,Inserm, UMR 1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeUrs solides, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, F-93143, France,Inserm, UMR 1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeUrs solides, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Erwan Guyot
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for VascularTranslational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148, Bobigny, F- 93000, France,Service de biochimie, Hôpital Avicenne, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, F-93000, France,Correspondence: Erwan Guyot, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Laboratoire Biochimie-Pharmacologie et Biologie Moléculaire, 125 Rue de Stalingrad, Bobigny, 93000, France, Tel +33 1 48 95 56 29, Fax +33 1 48 95 56 27, Email
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Ahn J, Edwards NJ, Benicky J, Rozeboom AM, Davidson B, Karamboulas C, Nixon KCJ, Ailles L, Goldman R. Extracellular Heparan 6- O-Endosulfatases SULF1 and SULF2 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Other Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225553. [PMID: 36428645 PMCID: PMC9688903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pan-cancer analysis of TCGA and CPTAC (proteomics) data shows that SULF1 and SULF2 are oncogenic in a number of human malignancies and associated with poor survival outcomes. Our studies document a consistent upregulation of SULF1 and SULF2 in HNSC which is associated with poor survival outcomes. These heparan sulfate editing enzymes were considered largely functional redundant but single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) shows that SULF1 is secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts in contrast to the SULF2 derived from tumor cells. Our RNAScope and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) analysis of the HNSC tissues fully confirm the stromal source of SULF1 and explain the uniform impact of this enzyme on the biology of multiple malignancies. In summary, SULF2 expression increases in multiple malignancies but less consistently than SULF1, which uniformly increases in the tumor tissues and negatively impacts survival in several types of cancer even though its expression in cancer cells is low. This paradigm is common to multiple malignancies and suggests a potential for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of the heparan sulfatases in cancer diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nathan J. Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Julius Benicky
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Aaron M. Rozeboom
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bruce Davidson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christina Karamboulas
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Kevin C. J. Nixon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-687-9868
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Variant Enrichment Analysis to Explore Pathways Disruption in a Necropsy Series of Asbestos-Exposed Shipyard Workers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113628. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The variant enrichment analysis (VEA), a recently developed bioinformatic workflow, has been shown to be a valuable tool for whole-exome sequencing data analysis, allowing finding differences between the number of genetic variants in a given pathway compared to a reference dataset. In a previous study, using VEA, we identified different pathway signatures associated with the development of pulmonary toxicities in mesothelioma patients treated with radical hemithoracic radiation therapy. Here, we used VEA to discover novel pathways altered in individuals exposed to asbestos who developed or not asbestos-related diseases (lung cancer or mesothelioma). A population-based autopsy study was designed in which asbestos exposure was evaluated and quantitated by investigating objective signs of exposure. We selected patients with similar exposure to asbestos. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were used as a source of DNA and whole-exome sequencing analysis was performed, running VEA to identify potentially disrupted pathways in individuals who developed thoracic cancers induced by asbestos exposure. By using VEA analysis, we confirmed the involvement of pathways considered as the main culprits for asbestos-induced carcinogenesis: oxidative stress and chromosome instability. Furthermore, we identified protective genetic assets preserving genome stability and susceptibility assets predisposing to a worst outcome.
Collapse
|
12
|
Basu A, Patel NG, Nicholson ED, Weiss RJ. Spatiotemporal diversity and regulation of glycosaminoglycans in cell homeostasis and human disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C849-C864. [PMID: 35294848 PMCID: PMC9037703 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00085.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These complex carbohydrates play important roles in many cellular processes and have been implicated in many disease states, including cancer, inflammation, and genetic disorders. GAGs are among the most complex molecules in biology with enormous information content and extensive structural and functional heterogeneity. GAG biosynthesis is a nontemplate-driven process facilitated by a large group of biosynthetic enzymes that have been extensively characterized over the past few decades. Interestingly, the expression of the enzymes and the consequent structure and function of the polysaccharide chains can vary temporally and spatially during development and under certain pathophysiological conditions, suggesting their assembly is tightly regulated in cells. Due to their many key roles in cell homeostasis and disease, there is much interest in targeting the assembly and function of GAGs as a therapeutic approach. Recent advances in genomics and GAG analytical techniques have pushed the field and generated new perspectives on the regulation of mammalian glycosylation. This review highlights the spatiotemporal diversity of GAGs and the mechanisms guiding their assembly and function in human biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Neil G. Patel
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elijah D. Nicholson
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). GAGs can interact with a variety of binding partners and thereby influence cancer progression on multiple levels. GAGs can modulate growth factor and chemokine signaling, invasion and metastasis formation. Moreover, GAGs are able to change the physical property of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Abnormalities in GAG abundance and structure (e.g., sulfation patterns and molecular weight) are found across various cancer types and show biomarker potential. Targeting GAGs, as well as the usage of GAGs and their mimetics, are promising approaches to interfere with cancer progression. In addition, GAGs can be used as drug and cytokine carriers to induce an anti-tumor response. In this review, we summarize the role of GAGs in cancer and the potential use of GAGs and GAG derivatives to target cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Wieboldt
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, Department of Theragnostics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
El Masri R, Seffouh A, Roelants C, Seffouh I, Gout E, Pérard J, Dalonneau F, Nishitsuji K, Noborn F, Nikpour M, Larson G, Crétinon Y, Friedel-Arboleas M, Uchimura K, Daniel R, Lortat-Jacob H, Filhol O, Vivès RR. Extracellular endosulfatase Sulf-2 harbors a chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain that modulates its enzyme activity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110516. [PMID: 35294879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfs represent a class of unconventional sulfatases which provide an original post-synthetic regulatory mechanism for heparan sulfate polysaccharides and are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including cancer. However, Sulfs remain poorly characterized enzymes, with major discrepancies regarding their in vivo functions. Here we show that human Sulf-2 (HSulf-2) harbors a chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain, attached to the enzyme substrate-binding domain. We demonstrate that this GAG chain affects enzyme/substrate recognition and tunes HSulf-2 activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we show that mammalian hyaluronidase acts as a promoter of HSulf-2 activity by digesting its GAG chain. In conclusion, our results highlight HSulf-2 as a proteoglycan-related enzyme and its GAG chain as a critical non-catalytic modulator of the enzyme activity. These findings contribute to clarifying the conflicting data on the activities of the Sulfs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana El Masri
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Amal Seffouh
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Roelants
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG-Biosanté, UMR 1292, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ilham Seffouh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Evelyne Gout
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Pérard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRIG - DIESE - CBM, CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yoann Crétinon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Kenji Uchimura
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | - Odile Filhol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG-Biosanté, UMR 1292, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Romain R Vivès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Antitumor activity of adiponectin in mice model of skin cancer via modulation of sulfatase-2 and MMP9 activity on HSPGs. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Huang J, Li C, Zhang W, Yang F, Wang R, Zhang J, Li W, Yao X. SULF2 is a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker for high-grade bladder cancer with lymphatic metastasis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1439. [PMID: 34733991 PMCID: PMC8506778 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) is a member of the sulfatase family, and its expression and clinical significance in bladder cancer (BCa) are not currently known. In this study, we attempted to evaluate SULF2 expression in BCa patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) and the relationship between SULF2 expression and clinical-pathological characteristics. Methods Data on SULF2 expression in BCa tissues was obtained from the Oncomine database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The expression of SULF2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) in BCa was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissues from 203 patients who had undergone RC. We also explored the value of the measurement of SULF2 and VEGF-D expression for diagnosis and prognosis in BCa patients with lymphatic metastasis. Results We found an increase in SULF2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and gene amplification in BCa tissues from the Oncomine database. High expression of SULF2 was detected in 91/203 (44.8%) of BCa patients. Among these patients, 27 of 42 (64.3%) with lymphatic metastasis showed high SULF2 expression. Univariate analysis showed that tumor size, pathological stage, lymphatic metastasis, vascular infiltration, perineural infiltration, hydronephrosis, and VEGF-D and SULF2 expression were related to prognosis in BCa patients, and multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that SULF2 expression was an independent prognostic indicator. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that SULF2 expression resulted in an increased area under the curve (AUC) of 0.707, with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 61.5%. Conclusions The upregulation of SULF2 is associated with poor prognosis in high-grade BCa patients. It might be a novel diagnostic marker for BCa patients with lymphatic metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiliang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Urinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Measuring Sulfatase Expression and Invasion in Glioblastoma. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2303:415-425. [PMID: 34626397 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular sulfatases (SULF1 and SULF2) selectively remove 6-O-sulfate groups (6OS) from heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and by this process control important interactions of HSPGs with extracellular factors including morphogens, growth factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The expression of SULF1 and SULF2 is dynamically regulated during development and is altered in pathological states such as glioblastoma (GBM), a highly malignant and highly invasive brain cancer. SULF2 protein is increased in an important subset of human GBM and it helps regulate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and tumor growth in a murine model of the disease. By altering ligand binding to HSPGs SULF2 has the potential to modify the extracellular availability of factors important in a number of cell processes including proliferation, chemotaxis, and migration. Diffuse invasion of malignant tumor cells into surrounding healthy brain is a characteristic feature of GBM that makes therapy challenging. Here, we describe methods to assess SULF2 expression in human tumor tissue and cell lines and how to relate this to tumor cell invasion.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim HJ, Kim HS, Hong YH. Sulfatase 1 and sulfatase 2 as novel regulators of macrophage antigen presentation and phagocytosis. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2021; 38:326-336. [PMID: 34157797 PMCID: PMC8688788 DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2021.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is critical for the binding and signaling of ligands that mediate inflammation. Extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases regulate posttranslational sulfation levels and patterns of HSPGs. In this study, extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases, sulfatase (Sulf)-1 and Sulf-2, were evaluated for their expression and function in inflammatory cells and tissues. Methods Harvested human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, and murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β for the evaluation of Sulf-1 and Sulf-2 expression. Sulf expression in inflammatory cells was examined in the human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium by immunofluorescence staining. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were compared according to the expression state of Sulfs. Sulfs-knockdown macrophages and Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages were generated using small interfering RNAs and pcDNA3.1 plasmids for Sulf-1 and Sulf-2, respectively. Results Lymphocytes and monocytes showed weak Sulf expression, which remained unaffected by IL-1β. However, peritoneal macrophages showed increased expression of Sulfs upon stimulation with IL-1β. In human RA synovium, two-colored double immunofluorescent staining of Sulfs and CD68 revealed active upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages of inflamed tissues, but not in lymphocytes of lymphoid follicles. Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were dependent on the level of Sulf expression, suppressed in Sulfs-knockdown macrophages, and enhanced in Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages. Conclusion The results demonstrate that upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages occurs in response to inflammation, and Sulfs actively regulate the antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages as novel immune regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Je Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA University, CHA Gumi Medical Center, Gumi, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang YW, Jablons DM, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H. Extracellular sulfatases as potential blood-based biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:261-279. [PMID: 33908819 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.1885525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small lung (NSCLC) is the deadliest cancer, with survival measured in months. Earlier diagnosis using a robust biomarker would likely improve survival. This study aims to determine whether blood levels of the extracellular sulfatases (SULF1 and SULF2) and their bio-activity can serve as novel biomarkers for NSCLC early detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using human plasma specimens from NSCLC patients, nonmalignant COPD patients, and healthy individuals, we determined the association between plasma SULF levels and the presence of NSCLC. We assessed the plasma SULF levels as a function of sex and age. We also evaluated the plasma levels of heparin-binding factors potentially mobilized by the SULFs. To increase test specificity of blood SULF2 as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC, we investigated the presence of a tumor-specific SULF2 isoform released in the blood, which could be used as a biomarker alone or in multiplex assays. RESULTS The median level of plasma SULF2 was significantly elevated in NSCLC patients than in healthy controls (∼2 fold). However, these data were confounded by age. Surprisingly, COPD patients also showed a dramatically increased SULF2 plasma level. We showed a significant increase in the median plasma levels of several HSPG-binding factors in early-stage NSCLC patients compared to controls. Furthermore, we revealed a significant positive correlation of the SULF2 protein level with the plasma levels of two HSPG-binding factors IL6 and IL8. We demonstrated that NSCLC cancer cells and tissues overexpress a SULF2 splice variant. We determined the presence of a SULF2 splice variant form in NSCLC plasma, which was not detectable in COPD and control plasmas. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the potential for the plasma levels of SULF2 protein and its bio-activity as novel blood biomarkers for early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Byrne DP, London JA, Eyers PA, Yates EA, Cartmell A. Mobility shift-based electrophoresis coupled with fluorescent detection enables real-time enzyme analysis of carbohydrate sulfatase activity. Biochem J 2021; 478:735-748. [PMID: 33480417 PMCID: PMC7897442 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental process, which occurs in all domains of life. Carbohydrate sulfatases are enzymes that remove sulfate groups from carbohydrates and are essential to the depolymerisation of complex polysaccharides. Despite their biological importance, carbohydrate sulfatases are poorly studied and challenges remain in accurately assessing the enzymatic activity, specificity and kinetic parameters. Most notably, the separation of desulfated products from sulfated substrates is currently a time-consuming process. In this paper, we describe the development of rapid capillary electrophoresis coupled to substrate fluorescence detection as a high-throughput and facile means of analysing carbohydrate sulfatase activity. The approach has utility for the determination of both kinetic and inhibition parameters and is based on existing microfluidic technology coupled to a new synthetic fluorescent 6S-GlcNAc carbohydrate substrate. Furthermore, we compare this technique, in terms of both time and resources, to high-performance anion exchange chromatography and NMR-based methods, which are the two current 'gold standards' for enzymatic carbohydrate sulfation analysis. Our study clearly demonstrates the advantages of mobility shift assays for the quantification of near real-time carbohydrate desulfation by purified sulfatases, and will support the search for small molecule inhibitors of these disease-associated enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P. Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - James A. London
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Patrick A. Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Alan Cartmell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang YW, Phillips JJ, Jablons DM, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H. Development of novel monoclonal antibodies and immunoassays for sensitive and specific detection of SULF1 endosulfatase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129802. [PMID: 33276062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) function as receptors or co-receptors for ligand binding and mediate the transmission of critical extracellular signals into cells. The complex and dynamic modifications of heparan sulfates on the core proteins are highly regulated to achieve precise signaling transduction. Extracellular endosulfatase Sulf1 catalyzes the removal of 6-O sulfation from HSPGs and thus regulates signaling mediated by 6-O sulfation on HSPGs. The expression of Sulf1 is altered in many cancers. Further studies are needed to clarify Sulf1 role in tumorigenesis, and new tools that can expand our knowledge in this field are required. METHODS We have developed and validated novel SULF1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The isotype and subclass for each of these antibodies were determined. These antibodies provide invaluable reagents to assess SULF1- tissue and blood levels by immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays, respectively. RESULTS This study reports novel mAbs and immunoassays developed for sensitive and specific human Sulf1 protein detection. Using these SULF1 mAbs, we developed an ELISA assay to investigate whether blood-derived SULF1 may be a useful biomarker for detecting cancer early. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the utility of these antibodies for Sulf1 protein detection, localization, and quantification in biospecimens using various immunoassays. CONCLUSIONS This study describes novel Sulf1 mAbs suitable for various immunoassays, including Western blot analysis, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry, which can help understand Sulf1 pathophysiological role. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE New tools to assess and clarify SULF1 role in tumorigenesis are needed. Our novel Sulf1 mAbs and immunoassays assay may have utility for such application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Yang
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Emerging role of phytochemicals in targeting predictive, prognostic, and diagnostic biomarkers of lung cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111592. [PMID: 32702507 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung-cancer is the foremost cause of cancer in humans worldwide, of which 80-85% cases are composed of non-small cell lung carcinoma. All treatment decisions depend on the pattern of biomarkers selection to enhance the response to the targeted therapies. Although advanced treatments are available for lung-cancer, the disease treatment remains not adequate. There are several synthetic chemotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of lung cancer. However, due to their toxic effect, survival rate is still 15-18%. Besides, medicinal plants are a huge reservoir of natural products that provide protective effects against lung cancer. Likewise, successful studies of potential phytochemicals in targeting lung-cancer biomarkers have created a novel paradigm for the discovery of potent drugs against lung-cancer. Hence, to defeat severe toxicity and resistance towards the synthetic drugs, detailed studies are required regarding the available phytochemicals and targets responsible for the treatment of lung-cancer. The present review provides a comprehensive information about the lung-cancer biomarkers under the classification of predictive, prognostic, and diagnostic type. Moreover, it discusses and enlists the phytochemicals with mode of action against different biomarkers, effective doses in in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, the limitations associated with usage of phytochemicals as a drug to prevent/cure lung-cancer and the latest techniques employed to overcome such issues.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiang T, Chen ZH, Chen Z, Tan D. SULF2 promotes tumorigenesis and inhibits apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through the ERK/AKT signaling pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8901. [PMID: 32049100 PMCID: PMC7006129 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the role of the SULF2-mediated ERK/AKT signaling pathway in cervical cancer. SULF2 expression was detected in tumor tissues and tumor-adjacent normal tissues from cervical cancer patients. HeLa cells were divided into six groups: control group, NC group, SULF2 siRNA group, SULF2 group, SULF2 + LY294002 group, and SULF2 + U0125 group. In each group, HeLa cells received the corresponding treatment, followed by measurement of the cellular biological characteristics and expression of the ERK/AKT signaling pathway. We also confirmed the effect of SULF2 in vivo using a xenograft model in nude mice. SULF2 was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues, which was specifically associated with the clinical stage, histological differentiation, and lymphatic metastasis. Compared to the control group, the SULF2 siRNA group displayed decreased expression of SULF2, concomitant with reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion, but there was an increase in the apoptosis rate of HeLa cells, as well as downregulation of the p-Akt/Akt, p-ERK/ERK, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios and cyclin D1. Additionally, tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the xenograft model of nude mice. The results in the SULF2 group were quite the opposite in which SULF2 facilitated the growth of cervical cancer cells, which was reversed by LY294002 or U0126. SULF2 is highly expressed in cervical cancer, and thus, downregulation of SULF2 can inhibit the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways to suppress the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cervical cancer cells while facilitating apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First People's Hospital of Jingzhou City, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Chen
- Department of Women's Tumor, Jingzhou Cancer Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second People's Hospital of Jingzhou City, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dan Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First People's Hospital of Jingzhou City, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Challenge of Modulating Heparan Sulfate Turnover by Multitarget Heparin Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020390. [PMID: 31963505 PMCID: PMC7024324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review comes as a part of the special issue "Emerging frontiers in GAGs and mimetics". Our interest is in the manipulation of heparan sulfate (HS) turnover by employing HS mimetics/heparin derivatives that exert pleiotropic effects and are interesting for interfering at multiple levels with pathways in which HS is implicated. Due to the important role of heparanase in HS post-biosynthetic modification and catabolism, we focus on the possibility to target heparanase, at both extracellular and intracellular levels, a strategy that can be applied to many conditions, from inflammation to cancer and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cruz LA, Tellman TV, Farach-Carson MC. Flipping the Molecular Switch: Influence of Perlecan and Its Modifiers in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:133-146. [PMID: 32266656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is rich in matrix components, growth factors, cytokines, and enzymatic modifiers that respond to changing conditions, to alter the fundamental properties of the tumor bed. Perlecan/HSPG2, a large, multi-domain heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is concentrated in the reactive stroma that surrounds tumors. Depending on its state in the TME, perlecan can either prevent or promote the progression of cancers to metastatic disease. Breast, prostate, lung, and renal cancers all preferentially metastasize to bone, a dense, perlecan-rich environment that is initially a "hostile" niche for cancer cells. Driven by inflammation, production of perlecan and its enzyme modifiers, which include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), sulfatases (SULFs), and heparanase (HPSE), increases in the reactive stroma surrounding growing and invading tumors. MMPs act upon the perlecan core protein, releasing bioactive fragments of the protein, primarily from C-terminal domains IV and V. These fragments influence cell adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Sulfatases and heparanases act directly upon the heparan sulfate chains, releasing growth factors from reservoirs to reach receptors on the cancer cell surface. We propose that perlecan modifiers, by promoting the degradation of the perlecan-rich stroma, "flip the molecular switch" and convert the "hostile" stroma into a welcoming one that supports cancer dissemination and metastasis. Targeted therapies that prevent this molecular conversion of the TME should be considered as potential new therapeutics to limit metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lissette A Cruz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tristen V Tellman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Changes in heparan sulfate sulfotransferases and cell-surface heparan sulfate during SKM-1 cells granulocytic differentiation and A549 cells epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:151-164. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
27
|
Targeting acquired oncogenic burden in resilient pancreatic cancer: a novel benefit from marine polyphenols. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 460:175-193. [PMID: 31367889 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The upsurge of marine-derived therapeutics for cancer treatment is evident, with many drugs in clinical use and in clinical trials. Seaweeds harbor large amounts of polyphenols and their anti-cancer benefit is linear to their anti-oxidant activity. Our studies identified three superlative anti-cancer seaweed polyphenol drug candidates (SW-PD). We investigated the acquisition of oncogenic burden in radiation-resilient pancreatic cancer (PC) that could drive tumor relapse, and elucidated the efficacy of SW-PD candidates as adjuvants in genetically diverse in vitro systems and a mouse model of radiation-residual disease. QPCR profiling of 88 oncogenes in therapy-resilient PC cells identified a 'shared' activation of 40 oncogenes. SW-PD pretreatment inflicted a significant mitigation of acquired (shared) oncogenic burden, in addition to drug- and cell-line-specific repression signatures. Tissue microarray with IHC of radiation-residual tumors in mice signified acquired cellular localization of key oncoproteins and other critical architects. Conversely, SW-PD treatment inhibited the acquisition of these critical drivers of tumor genesis, dissemination, and evolution. Heightened death of resilient PC cells with SW-PD treatment validated the translation aspects. The results defined the acquisition of oncogenic burden in resilient PC and demonstrated that the marine polyphenols effectively target the acquired oncogenic burden and could serve as adjuvant(s) for PC treatment.
Collapse
|
28
|
Morla S. Glycosaminoglycans and Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics in Cancer and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081963. [PMID: 31013618 PMCID: PMC6514582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biomolecules expressed virtually on all mammalian cells and usually covalently attached to proteins, forming proteoglycans. They are present not only on the cell surface, but also in the intracellular milieu and extracellular matrix. GAGs interact with multiple ligands, both soluble and insoluble, and modulate an important role in various physiological and pathological processes including cancer, bacterial and viral infections, inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, and many more. Considering their involvement in multiple diseases, their use in the development of drugs has been of significant interest in both academia and industry. Many GAG-based drugs are being developed with encouraging results in animal models and clinical trials, showcasing their potential for development as therapeutics. In this review, the role GAGs play in both the development and inhibition of cancer and inflammation is presented. Further, advancements in the development of GAGs and their mimetics as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Morla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biomolecules expressed virtually on all mammalian cells and usually covalently attached to proteins, forming proteoglycans. They are present not only on the cell surface, but also in the intracellular milieu and extracellular matrix. GAGs interact with multiple ligands, both soluble and insoluble, and modulate an important role in various physiological and pathological processes including cancer, bacterial and viral infections, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and many more. Considering their involvement in multiple diseases, their use in the development of drugs has been of significant interest in both academia and industry. Many GAG-based drugs are being developed with encouraging results in animal models and clinical trials, showcasing their potential for development as therapeutics. In this review, the role GAGs play in both the development and inhibition of cancer and inflammation is presented. Further, advancements in the development of GAGs and their mimetics as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents are discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu L, Tang L, Zhang L. Proteoglycans as miscommunication biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 162:59-92. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
31
|
Alyoussef A, Taha M. Antitumor activity of sulforaphane in mice model of skin cancer via blocking sulfatase-2. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:28-34. [PMID: 30315662 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many treatment options for skin cancer, the chemotherapeutic agents for skin cancer are linked with many adverse effects as well as the development of multidrug resistance. Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate, which is found in cruciferous vegetables. Consumption of sulforaphane-rich diet has been linked to inhibition of UV-exposed skin carcinogenesis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the ability of sulforaphane to reduce skin cancer in mice through inhibition of sulfatase-2 enzyme. Epicutaneous application of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene was performed on the shaved dorsal skin of mice followed by croton oil. Sulforaphane (9 μmol/mouse/day) was administered to mice orally. Skin was removed from the dorsal area for assessment of sulfatase-2, glypican-3, heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), nuclear factor (NF)κB, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β and caspase-3. In addition, skin sections were stained with haematoxylin/eosin, Mallory and cytokeratin immunostaining. We found that, sulforaphane blocked sulfatase-2 activity, leading to significant elevation in HSPGs as well as significant reduction in glypican-3. In addition, sulforaphane significantly activated Nrf2 and reduced both the gene and protein expression of NFκB, TNF-α, IL-1β and caspase-3. In parallel, stained sections obtained from skin cancer mice treated with sulforaphane showed significant reduction in hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and epithelial dysplasia. The collective results indicate that sulforaphane suppresses skin cancer via blocking sulfatase-2 with subsequent elevation in HSPGs and reduction in glypican-3. Moreover, sulforaphane attenuated skin cancer-induced activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alyoussef
- Department of Internal Medicine (Dermatology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat Taha
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lyu Y, Cheng Y, Wang B, Chen L, Zhao S. Sulfatase 1 expression in pancreatic cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological features and postoperative prognosis. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:701-707. [PMID: 29843217 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that Sulfatase 1 (SULF1) plays a crucial role in the genesis, development, and progression of tumors. However, there have been few studies on the role of SULF1 in pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE The present study examined the differences in SULF1 expression levels between pancreatic cancer and normal tissues, and their correlation with the clinicopathological features and prognosis. METHODS A total of 65 pancreatic cancer samples were enrolled in this study. An immunohistochemical assay were used in this study. The relationship between SULF1 expression and clinicopathological features were tested using χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative survival rates of the patients. RESULTS The study showed that the SULF1 expression level was higher in pancreatic cancer tissues than in normal tissues. Analysis of the clinical and pathological data of patients revealed that high SULF1 expression was associated with later T, N, and TNM stages, higher CA19-9 levels, smaller tumor size, and poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that SULF1 could be an indicator of the clinicopathological features and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kang H, Wu Q, Sun A, Liu X, Fan Y, Deng X. Cancer Cell Glycocalyx and Its Significance in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092484. [PMID: 30135409 PMCID: PMC6163906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a malignant tumor that threatens the health of human beings, and has become the leading cause of death in urban and rural residents in China. The glycocalyx is a layer of multifunctional glycans that covers the surfaces of a variety of cells, including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, stem cells, epithelial, osteocytes, as well as cancer cells. The glycosylation and syndecan of cancer cell glycocalyx are unique. However, heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and syndecan are all closely associated with the processes of cancer progression, including cell migration and metastasis, tumor cell adhesion, tumorigenesis, and tumor growth. The possible underlying mechanisms may be the interruption of its barrier function, its radical role in growth factor storage, signaling, and mechanotransduction. In the later sections, we discuss glycocalyx targeting therapeutic approaches reported in animal and clinical experiments. The study concludes that cancer cells’ glycocalyx and its role in cancer progression are beginning to be known by more groups, and future studies should pay more attention to its mechanotransduction of interstitial flow-induced shear stress, seeking promising therapeutic targets with less toxicity but more specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Human Colorectal Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:8389595. [PMID: 30027065 PMCID: PMC6031075 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8389595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for more than 610,000 mortalities every year. Prognosis of patients is highly dependent on the disease stage at diagnosis. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate molecules involved in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, with possible use as tumor markers. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are complex molecules present in the cell membrane and extracellular matrix, which play vital roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and signaling pathways. In colorectal cancer, the cell surface proteoglycan syndecan-2 is upregulated and increases cell migration. Moreover, expression of syndecan-1 and syndecan-4, generally antitumor molecules, is reduced. Levels of glypicans and perlecan are also altered in colorectal cancer; however, their role in tumor progression is not fully understood. In addition, studies have reported increased heparan sulfate remodeling enzymes, as the endosulfatases. Therefore, heparan sulfate proteoglycans are candidate molecules to clarify colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, as well as important targets to therapy and diagnosis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Leung AWY, Backstrom I, Bally MB. Sulfonation, an underexploited area: from skeletal development to infectious diseases and cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55811-55827. [PMID: 27322429 PMCID: PMC5342455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonation is one of the most abundant cellular reactions modifying a wide range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules which regulate important biological processes including blood clotting, formation of connective tissues, and functionality of secreted proteins, hormones, and signaling molecules. Sulfonation is ubiquitous in all tissues and widespread in nature (plants, animals, and microorganisms). Although sulfoconjugates were discovered over a century ago when, in 1875, Baumann isolated phenyl sulfate in the urine of a patient given phenol as an antiseptic, the significance of sulfonation and its roles in human diseases have been underappreciated until recent years. Here, we provide a current overview of the significance of sulfonation reactions in a variety of biological functions and medical conditions (with emphasis on cancer). We also discuss research areas that warrant further attention if we are to fully understand how deficiencies in sulfonation could impact human health which, in turn, could help define treatments to effect improvements in health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Backstrom
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jung CH, Ho JN, Park JK, Kim EM, Hwang SG, Um HD. Involvement of SULF2 in y-irradiation-induced invasion and resistance of cancer cells by inducing IL-6 expression. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16090-103. [PMID: 26895473 PMCID: PMC4941299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells that survive radiotherapy often display enhanced invasiveness and resistance to death stimuli. Previous findings have suggested that ionizing radiation (IR) induces such undesirable effects by stimulating the STAT3/Bcl-XL pathway. To identify novel cellular components that mediate these actions of IR, we irradiated lung cancer cells with sublethal doses of y-rays and screened for the induction of IR-responsive genes by microarray analysis. The genes encoding 2 extracellular proteins, SULF2 and IL-6, were found to be upregulated, and these results were confirmed by polymerase chain reactions and western blot analyses. Because the IR-mediated induction of SULF2 was a novel finding, we also confirmed the phenomenon in vivo using xenograft tumors in mice. Analyses of signaling processes revealed that IR induced SULF2 expression via p53, which then promoted IL-6 expression by stabilizing β-catenin, followed by stimulation of the STAT3/Bcl-XL pathway. Consistently, both SULF2 and IL-6 mediated IR-induced invasion and resistance to death stimuli. To investigate whether SULF2 contributes to IR-induced tumor metastasis, we irradiated tumors in mice with sublethal doses of IR. This treatment promoted the entry of tumor cells into the blood stream (intravasation), which was abolished by downregulating SULF2 expression in tumor cells. These results demonstrated that SULF2 can mediate the detrimental effects of IR in vivo. Therefore, SULF2 may be potentially used as a therapeutic and diagnostic target to predict and overcome the malignant effects of IR, particularly in tumors expressing p53 wild-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hun Jung
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.,Present address: Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sulfatase-2 promotes the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer by activating Akt and Erk1/2 pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1370-1377. [PMID: 28320104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. Sulfatase-2 (SULF2) was found to play critical roles in human cancers. Recent study reported that SULF1/2 overexpression resulted in increased viability and proliferation, and augmented cell migration in CRC cells. However, the expression of SULF2 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in CRC remain unknown. In this study, we found that the expressions of SULF2 in CRC tissues and cell lines were significantly increased compared to control groups. Increased expression of SULF2 was associated with malignant clinical features and poor prognosis of CRC patients. Loss of SULF2 significantly prohibited the proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion of HT29 cells, while restoration of SULF2 significantly promoted these cellular functions of SW480 cells. In vivo tumorigenicity and liver metastasis assays confirmed that SULF2 knockdown significantly reduced the growth and metastatic abilities of HT29 cells in nude mice. Furthermore, SULF2 knockdown reduced the levels of p-Akt and p-Erk1/2 in HT29 cells, while SULF2 overexpression showed opposite effects on the expressions of these proteins in SW480 cells. In all, SULF2 promotes the growth and metastasis of CRC probably by activating Akt and Erk1/2 pathways. SULF2 potentially serves as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in CRC.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kumagai S, Ishibashi K, Kataoka M, Oguro T, Kiko Y, Yanagida T, Aikawa K, Kojima Y. Impact of Sulfatase-2 on cancer progression and prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2017; 107:1632-1641. [PMID: 27589337 PMCID: PMC5132274 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate‐specific endosulfatase‐2 (SULF‐2) can modulate the signaling of heparan sulfate proteoglycan‐binding proteins. The involvement of SULF‐2 in cancer growth varies by cancer type. The roles of SULF‐2 expression in the progression and prognosis of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) have not yet been fully clarified. In the present study, the expression levels of SULF‐2 mRNA and protein in 49 clinical RCC samples were determined by RT‐PCR and immunostaining. The existence of RCC with higher SULF‐2 expression and lower SULF‐2 expression compared to the adjacent normal kidney tissues was suggested. High SULF‐2 expression was correlated with an early clinical stage and less invasive pathological factors. Low SULF‐2 expression was correlated with an advanced stage and higher invasive factors. Three‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) for high SULF‐2 RCC and low SULF‐2 RCC were 100% and 71.4%, respectively (log‐rank P = 0.0019), with a significantly shorter CSS observed in low SULF‐2 RCC patients. The influence of SULF‐2 expression level on Wnt/VEGF/FGF signaling, cell viability and invasive properties was examined in three RCC cell lines, Caki‐2, ACHN and 786‐O, using a SULF‐2 suppression model involving siRNA or a SULF‐2 overexpression model involving a plasmid vector. High SULF‐2 expression enhanced Wnt signaling and Wnt‐induced cell viability, but not cell invasion. In contrast, low levels of SULF‐2 expression significantly enhanced both cell invasion and viability through the activation of VEGF/FGF pathways. RCC with lower SULF‐2 expression might have a higher potential for cell invasion and proliferation, leading to a poorer prognosis via the activation of VEGF and/or FGF signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kumagai
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masao Kataoka
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Oguro
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Kiko
- Department of Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yanagida
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yu Y, Li H, Yang Y, Ding Y, Wang Z, Li G. Evaluating Tumor-Associated Activity of Extracellular Sulfatase by Analyzing Naturally Occurring Substrate in Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12287-12293. [PMID: 28193024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Nanjing
Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hao Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yucai Yang
- Department
of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China
| | - Yitao Ding
- Nanjing
Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department
of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China
| | - Genxi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Center
for
Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Takemura M, Nakato H. Drosophila Sulf1 is required for the termination of intestinal stem cell division during regeneration. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:332-343. [PMID: 27888216 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell division is activated to trigger regeneration in response to tissue damage. The molecular mechanisms by which this stem cell mitotic activity is properly repressed at the end of regeneration are poorly understood. Here, we show that a specific modification of heparan sulfate is crucial for regulating Drosophila intestinal stem cell (ISC) division during normal midgut homeostasis and regeneration. Loss of the extracellular heparan sulfate endosulfatase Sulf1 resulted in increased ISC division during normal homeostasis, which was caused by upregulation of mitogenic signaling including the JAK-STAT, EGFR and Hedgehog pathways. Using a regeneration model, we found that ISCs failed to properly halt division at the termination stage in Sulf1 mutants, showing that Sulf1 is required for terminating ISC division at the end of regeneration. We propose that post-transcriptional regulation of mitogen signaling by heparan sulfate structural modifications provides a new regulatory step for precise temporal control of stem cell activity during regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
High Energy Particle Radiation-associated Oncogenic Transformation in Normal Mice: Insight into the Connection between Activation of Oncotargets and Oncogene Addiction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37623. [PMID: 27876887 PMCID: PMC5120307 DOI: 10.1038/srep37623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns on high-energy particle radiation-induced tumorigenic transformation of normal tissue in astronauts, and in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, emphasizes the significance of elucidating the mechanisms involved in radiogenic transformation processes. Mostly used genetically modified or tumor-prone models are less reliable in determining human health risk in space or protracted post-treatment normal tissue toxicity. Here, in wild type C57BL/6 mice, we related the deregulation of distinctive set of tissue-specific oncotargets in major organs upon 56Fe (600 MeV/amu; 0.5 Gy/min; 0.8 Gy) particle radiation and compared the response with low LET γ-radiation (137Cs; 0.5 Gy/min; 2 Gy). One of the novel findings is the ‘tissue-independent’ activation of TAL2 upon high-energy radiation, and thus qualifies TAL2 as a potential biomarker for particle and other qualities of radiation. Heightened expression of TAL2 gene transcript, which sustained over four weeks post-irradiation foster the concept of oncogene addiction signaling in radiogenic transformation. The positive/negative expression of other selected oncotargets that expresses tissue-dependent manner indicated their role as a secondary driving force that addresses the diversity of tissue-dependent characteristics of tumorigenesis. This study, while reporting novel findings on radiogenic transformation of normal tissue when exposed to particle radiation, it also provides a platform for further investigation into different radiation quality, LET and dose/dose rate effect in healthy organs.
Collapse
|
42
|
The "in and out" of glucosamine 6-O-sulfation: the 6th sense of heparan sulfate. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:285-298. [PMID: 27812771 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides essentially rely on their ability to bind and modulate a multitude of protein ligands. These interactions involve internal oligosaccharide sequences defined by their sulfation patterns. Amongst these, the 6-O-sulfation of HS contributes significantly to the polysaccharide structural diversity and is critically involved in the binding of many proteins. HS 6-O-sulfation is catalyzed by 6-O-sulfotransferases (6OSTs) during biosynthesis, and it is further modified by the post-synthetic action of 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs), two enzyme families that remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present review is to summarize the contribution of 6-O-sulfates in HS structure/function relationships and to discuss the present knowledge on the complex mechanisms regulating HS 6-O-sulfation.
Collapse
|
43
|
Alhasan SF, Haugk B, Ogle LF, Beale GS, Long A, Burt AD, Tiniakos D, Televantou D, Coxon F, Newell DR, Charnley R, Reeves HL. Sulfatase-2: a prognostic biomarker and candidate therapeutic target in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:797-804. [PMID: 27560551 PMCID: PMC5046211 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in the UK. Its poor prognosis is attributed to late detection and limited therapeutic options. Expression of SULF2, an endosulfatase that modulates heparan sulfate proteoglycan 6-O-sulfation and is reportedly tumourigenic in different types of cancer, was investigated. METHODS SULF2 expression was determined immunohistochemically in archival surgical resection tissue sections from 93 patients with a confirmed histological diagnosis of PDAC between 2002 and 2008 followed for a median of 9 years. Relationships with clinico-pathological parameters and patient survival were explored. RESULTS The majority of PDACs showed positive SULF2 staining in tumour cells and intratumoural or tumour-adjacent stroma. Greater than 25% SULF2-positive tumour cells was present in 60% of cancers and correlated with tumour stage (P=0.002) and perineural invasion (P=0.024). SULF2 intensity was scored moderate or strong in 81% of cancers and positively correlated with vascular invasion (P=0.015). High SULF2 expression, defined as >50% SULF2-positive tumour cells and strong SULF2 staining, was associated with shorter time to radiological progression (P=0.018, HR 1.98, CI 1.13-3.47). Similarly, by multivariate analysis, high SULF2 expression was independently associated with poorer survival (P=0.004, HR 2.10, CI 1.26-3.54), with a median survival of 11 months vs 21 months for lower PDAC SULF2. CONCLUSIONS Elevated SULF2 in PDAC was associated with advanced tumour stage, vascular invasion, shorter interval to radiological progression and shorter overall survival. SULF2 may have roles as a prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for patients with PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari F Alhasan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Beate Haugk
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Laura F Ogle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gary S Beale
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anna Long
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Alastair D Burt
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
- School of Medicine, Eleanor Harrald Building, Frome Road, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000 South Australia, Australia
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Despina Televantou
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Fareeda Coxon
- Hepatopancreatobiliary multidisciplinary team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - David R Newell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Richard Charnley
- Hepatopancreatobiliary multidisciplinary team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary multidisciplinary team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Flowers SA, Zhou X, Wu J, Wang Y, Makambi K, Kallakury BV, Singer MS, Rosen SD, Davidson B, Goldman R. Expression of the extracellular sulfatase SULF2 is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oncotarget 2016; 7:43177-43187. [PMID: 27223083 PMCID: PMC5190016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatase 2 (SULF2), an extracellular sulfatase that alters sulfation on heparan sulfate proteoglycans, is involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of several carcinomas. SULF2 expression has not been evaluated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). Here we report results of IHC of SULF2 expression in HNSCC tissue. SULF2 was detected in 57% of tumors (n = 40) with a significant increase in intensity and number of stained cells compared to adjacent cancer-free tissue (p-value < 0.01), increasing with cancer stage when comparing stages 1 and 2 to stages 3 and 4 (p-value 0.01). SULF2 was not detected in epithelial cells of cancer-free controls, and expression was independent of patient demographics, tumor location and etiological factors, smoking and HPV infection by p16 IHC analysis. Sandwich ELISA was performed on serum of HNSCC patients (n = 28) and controls (n = 35), and although SULF2 was detectable, no change was observed in HNSCC. Saliva, collected by mouthwash, from HNSCC patients (n = 8) and controls (n = 8) was also tested by ELISA in a preliminary investigation and an increase in SULF2 was observed in HNSCC (p-value 0.041). Overall, this study shows that SULF2 is increased in HNSCC independent of tissue location (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx), patient demographics and etiology. Although no change in SULF2 was detected in HNSCC serum, its detection in saliva makes it worthy of further investigation as a potential HNSCC biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Flowers
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bhaskar V. Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Mark S. Singer
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven D. Rosen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bruce Davidson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gill RM, Mehra V, Milford E, Dhoot GK. Short SULF1/SULF2 splice variants predominate in mammary tumours with a potential to facilitate receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated cell signalling. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:431-44. [PMID: 27294358 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The relative roles of SULF1 and SULF2 enzymes in tumour growth are controversial, but short SULF1/SULF2 splice variants predominate in human mammary tumours despite their non-detectable levels in normal mammary tissue. Compared with the normal, the level of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity was markedly increased in triple-positive mammary tumours during later stages of tumour progression showing increased p-EGFR, p-FGFR1 and p-cMet activity in triple-positive but not in triple-negative tumours. The abundance of catalytically inactive short SULF1/SULF2 variants permits high levels of HS sulphation and thus growth driving RTK cell signalling in primary mammary tumours. Also observed in this study, however, was increased N-sulphation detected by antibody 10E4 indicating that not only 6-O sulphation but also N-sulphation may contribute to increased RTK cell signalling in mammary tumours. The levels of such increases in not only SULF1/SULF2 but also in pEGFR, pFGFR1, p-cMet and Smad1/5/8 signalling were further enhanced following lymph node metastasis. The over-expression of Sulf1 and Sulf2 variants in mammary tumour-derived MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cell lines by transfection further confirms Sulf1-/Sulf2-mediated differential modulation of growth. The short variants of both Sulf1 and Sulf2 promoted FGF2-induced MDA-MB231 and MCF7 in vitro growth while full-length Sulf1 inhibited growth supporting in vivo mammary tumour cell signalling patterns of growth. Since a number of mammary tumours become drug resistant to hormonal therapy, Sulf1/Sulf2 inhibition could be an alternative therapeutic approach to target such tumours by down-regulating RTK-mediated cell signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roop Ms Gill
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - Vedika Mehra
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - Emma Milford
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - Gurtej K Dhoot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 OTU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Perkins TN, Dentener MA, Stassen FR, Rohde GG, Mossman BT, Wouters EF, Reynaert NL. Alteration of canonical and non-canonical WNT-signaling by crystalline silica in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 301:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
47
|
Graham K, Murphy JI, Dhoot GK. SULF1/SULF2 reactivation during liver damage and tumour growth. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:85-97. [PMID: 27013228 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both SULF1 and SULF2 enzymes are undetectable in normal adult liver tissue despite their high level expression during foetal development. Most hepatocellular carcinomas unlike the normal adult liver, however, express variable levels of these enzymes with a small proportion not expressing either SULF1 or SULF2. SULF1 expression, however, is not restricted to only foetal and tumour tissues but is also abundant in liver tissues undergoing injury-induced tissue regeneration as we observed during fatty liver degeneration, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Unlike SULF1, the level of SULF2 activation during injury-induced regeneration, however, is much lower when compared to foetal or tumour growth. Although a small fraction of liver tumours and some liver tumour cell lines can grow in the absence of Sulf1 and/or Sulf2, the in vitro overexpression of these genes further confirms their growth-promoting effect while transient reduction in their levels by neutralisation antibodies reduces growth. Hedgehog signalling appeared to regulate the growth of both Hep3B and PRF5 cell lines since cyclopamine demonstrated a marked inhibitory effect while sonic hedgehog (SHH) overexpression promoted growth. All Sulf isoforms promoted SHH-induced growth although the level of increase in PRF5 cell line was higher with both Sulf2 variants than Sulf1. In addition to promoting growth, the Sulf variants, particularly the shorter Sulf2 variant, markedly promoted PRF5 cell migration in a scratch assay. The SULF1/SULF2 activation thus does not only promote regulated foetal growth and injury-induced liver regeneration but also dysregulated tumour growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Graham
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Joshua I Murphy
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gurtej K Dhoot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lui NS, Yang YW, van Zante A, Buchanan P, Jablons DM, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H. SULF2 Expression Is a Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148911. [PMID: 26882224 PMCID: PMC4755530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lung cancer is one of the most deadly cancers; median survival from diagnosis is less than one year in those with advanced disease. Novel lung cancer biomarkers are desperately needed. In this study, we evaluated SULF2 expression by immunohistochemistry and its association with overall survival in a cohort of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We also looked for the presence of SULF2 protein in plasma to evaluate its potential as an early detection biomarker for NSCLC. METHODS We identified patients who underwent surgical resection for pulmonary adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma at our institution. A section from each paraffin-embedded specimen was stained with a SULF2 antibody. A pathologist determined the percentage and intensity of tumor cell staining. Survival analysis was performed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Using a novel SULF2 ELISA assay, we analyzed plasma levels of SULF2 in a small cohort of healthy donors and patients with early stage NSCLC. RESULTS SULF2 staining was present in 82% of the lung cancer samples. Squamous cell carcinomas had a higher mean percentage of staining than adenocarcinomas (100% vs. 60%; p<0.0005). After adjusting for age, sex, race, histologic type, stage, and neoadjuvant therapy, there was a non-significant (31%; p = 0.65) increase in the risk of death for patients with adenocarcinoma with SULF2 staining in tumor cells. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the risk of death (89%; p = 0.02) for patients with squamous cell carcinoma with SULF2 staining in tumor cells. SULF2 protein was present in plasma of patients with early stage NSCLC, and soluble SULF2 levels increased with age. Finally, plasma SULF2 levels were significantly elevated in early stage NSCLC patients, compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Tumor expression of SULF2 may affect prognosis in NSCLC, while blood SULF2 levels may have a significant role in the diagnosis of this fatal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Lui
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yi-Wei Yang
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Annemieke van Zante
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Petra Buchanan
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhu C, He L, Zhou X, Nie X, Gu Y. Sulfatase 2 promotes breast cancer progression through regulating some tumor-related factors. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1318-28. [PMID: 26708018 PMCID: PMC4750748 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies Sulf2 has been evidenced to play an important role in tumor progression through editing sulfate moieties on heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and modulating heparin binding growth factors. However, the role of Sulf2 in breast cancer progression is still poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that Sulf2 promoted breast cancer progression. Two different breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, were chosen for this study because of high and low Sulf2 expression levels. We also altered their Sulf2 expression by establishing Sulf2 knockdown and overexpressing breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 shSulf2 and MDA-MB-231 Sulf2. To evaluate the functions of Sulf2, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, mobility and adhesion of these cell lines were measured in vitro, and xenograft formation, invasion and metastasis ability were examined in vivo. Furthermore, expression of related genes were screened and were certified in these cell lines. We found that Sulf2 increased breast cancer proliferation, invasion, mobility and adhesion both in vitro and in vivo. Sulf2 also decreased cisplatin inducing breast cancer apoptosis without affecting the cell cycle. Sulf2 upregulated c-fos induced growth factor (FIGF) and nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3) expression and downregulated the cluster of differentiation 82 (CD82) and platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) expression in breast cancer. Our data confirmed that Sulf2 promoted breast cancer progression and regulated the expression of tumor-related genes in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Liu He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lemjabbar-Alaoui H, Hassan OU, Yang YW, Buchanan P. Lung cancer: Biology and treatment options. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1856:189-210. [PMID: 26297204 PMCID: PMC4663145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in men and women in the U.S. and worldwide. About 90% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking and the use of tobacco products. However, other factors such as radon gas, asbestos, air pollution exposures, and chronic infections can contribute to lung carcinogenesis. In addition, multiple inherited and acquired mechanisms of susceptibility to lung cancer have been proposed. Lung cancer is divided into two broad histologic classes, which grow and spread differently: small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) and non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). Treatment options for lung cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Therapeutic-modalities recommendations depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer. Despite the improvements in diagnosis and therapy made during the past 25 years, the prognosis for patients with lung cancer is still unsatisfactory. The responses to current standard therapies are poor except for the most localized cancers. However, a better understanding of the biology pertinent to these challenging malignancies, might lead to the development of more efficacious and perhaps more specific drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent developments in lung cancer biology and its therapeutic strategies, and discuss the latest treatment advances including therapies currently under clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Division, University of CA, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Omer Ui Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Division, University of CA, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Division, University of CA, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Petra Buchanan
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Division, University of CA, San Francisco 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|