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Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
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2
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Vamvoukaki R, Chrysoulaki M, Betsi G, Xekouki P. Pituitary Tumorigenesis-Implications for Management. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040812. [PMID: 37109772 PMCID: PMC10145673 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the third most common intracranial tumor, are mostly benign. However, some of them may display a more aggressive behavior, invading into the surrounding structures. While they may rarely metastasize, they may resist different treatment modalities. Several major advances in molecular biology in the past few years led to the discovery of the possible mechanisms involved in pituitary tumorigenesis with a possible therapeutic implication. The mutations in the different proteins involved in the Gsa/protein kinase A/c AMP signaling pathway are well-known and are responsible for many PitNETS, such as somatotropinomas and, in the context of syndromes, as the McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familiar isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA), and X-linked acrogigantism (XLAG). The other pathways involved are the MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, and the most recently studied HIPPO pathways. Moreover, the mutations in several other tumor suppressor genes, such as menin and CDKN1B, are responsible for the MEN1 and MEN4 syndromes and succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) in the context of the 3PAs syndrome. Furthermore, the pituitary stem cells and miRNAs hold an essential role in pituitary tumorigenesis and may represent new molecular targets for their diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to summarize the different cell signaling pathways and genes involved in pituitary tumorigenesis in an attempt to clarify their implications for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodanthi Vamvoukaki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Chrysoulaki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Grigoria Betsi
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
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3
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Gaspar TB, Lopes JM, Soares P, Vinagre J. An update on genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:R191-R208. [PMID: 36197786 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are rare and clinically challenging entities. At the molecular level, PanNENs' genetic profile is well characterized, but there is limited knowledge regarding the contribution of the newly identified genes to tumor initiation and progression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are the most versatile tool for studying the plethora of genetic variations influencing PanNENs' etiopathogenesis and behavior over time. In this review, we present the state of the art of the most relevant PanNEN GEMMs available and correlate their findings with the human neoplasms' counterparts. We discuss the historic GEMMs as the most used and with higher translational utility models. GEMMs with Men1 and glucagon receptor gene germline alterations stand out as the most faithful models in recapitulating human disease; RIP-Tag models are unique models of early-onset, highly vascularized, invasive carcinomas. We also include a section of the most recent GEMMs that evaluate pathways related to cell cycle and apoptosis, Pi3k/Akt/mTOR, and Atrx/Daxx. For the latter, their tumorigenic effect is heterogeneous. In particular, for Atrx/Daxx, we will require more in-depth studies to evaluate their contribution; even though they are prevalent genetic events in PanNENs, they have low/inexistent tumorigenic capacity per se in GEMMs. Researchers planning to use GEMMs can find a road map of the main clinical features in this review, presented as a guide that summarizes the chief milestones achieved. We identify pitfalls to overcome, concerning the novel designs and standardization of results, so that future models can replicate human disease more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Gulde S, Foscarini A, April-Monn SL, Genio E, Marangelo A, Satam S, Helbling D, Falconi M, Toledo RA, Schrader J, Perren A, Marinoni I, Pellegata NS. Combined Targeting of Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Elicits Synergistic Antitumor Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225481. [PMID: 36428573 PMCID: PMC9688197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are the second most common malignancy of the pancreas. Surgery remains the only curative treatment for localized disease. For patients with inoperable advanced or metastatic disease, few targeted therapies are available, but their efficacy is unpredictable and variable. Exploiting prior knowledge on pathogenetic processes involved in PanNEN tumorigenesis, we tested buparlisib (PI3K inhibitor) and ribociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor), as single agents or in combination, in different preclinical models. First, we used cell lines representative of well-differentiated (INS-1E, NT-3) and poorly differentiated (BON-1) PanNENs. The combination of buparlisib with ribociclib reduced the proliferation of 2D and 3D spheroid cultures more potently than the individual drugs. Buparlisib, but not ribociclib, induced apoptosis. The anti-proliferative activity of the drugs correlated with downstream target inhibition at mRNA and protein levels. We then tested the drugs on primary islet microtissues from a genetic PanNET animal model (Men1-defective mice) and from wild-type mice: the drug combination was effective against the former without altering islet cell physiology. Finally, we treated PanNET patient-derived islet-like 3D tumoroids: the combination of buparlisib with ribociclib was effective in three out of four samples. Combined targeting of PI3K and CDK4/6 is a promising strategy for PanNENs spanning various molecular and histo-pathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gulde
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Foscarini
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Genio
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marangelo
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Swapna Satam
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rodrigo A. Toledo
- CIBERONC, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jörg Schrader
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum Nordfriesland, 25813 Husum, Germany
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia S. Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-089-31872633; Fax: +49-089-31873360
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5
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Spada A, Mantovani G, Lania AG, Treppiedi D, Mangili F, Catalano R, Carosi G, Sala E, Peverelli E. Pituitary Tumors: Genetic and Molecular Factors Underlying Pathogenesis and Clinical Behavior. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:15-33. [PMID: 33524974 DOI: 10.1159/000514862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the most common intracranial neoplasms. Although generally benign, they can show a clinically aggressive course, with local invasion, recurrences, and resistance to medical treatment. No universally accepted biomarkers of aggressiveness are available yet, and predicting clinical behavior of PitNETs remains a challenge. In rare cases, the presence of germline mutations in specific genes predisposes to PitNET formation, as part of syndromic diseases or familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and associates to more aggressive, invasive, and drug-resistant tumors. The vast majority of cases is represented by sporadic PitNETs. Somatic mutations in the α subunit of the stimulatory G protein gene (gsp) and in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) gene have been recognized as pathogenetic factors in sporadic GH- and ACTH-secreting PitNETs, respectively, without an association with a worse clinical phenotype. Other molecular factors have been found to significantly affect PitNET drug responsiveness and invasive behavior. These molecules are cytoskeleton and/or scaffold proteins whose alterations prevent proper functioning of the somatostatin and dopamine receptors, targets of medical therapy, or promote the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the genetic and molecular alterations that can contribute to determine PitNET clinical behavior. Understanding subcellular mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis and PitNET clinical phenotype will hopefully lead to identification of new potential therapeutic targets and new markers predicting the behavior and the response to therapeutic treatments of PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Treppiedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mangili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Carosi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Sala
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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6
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Brandi ML, Agarwal SK, Perrier ND, Lines KE, Valk GD, Thakker RV. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: Latest Insights. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:133-170. [PMID: 33249439 PMCID: PMC7958143 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a rare tumor syndrome that is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, is continuing to raise great interest for endocrinology, gastroenterology, surgery, radiology, genetics, and molecular biology specialists. There have been 2 major clinical practice guidance papers published in the past 2 decades, with the most recent published 8 years ago. Since then, several new insights on the basic biology and clinical features of MEN1 have appeared in the literature, and those data are discussed in this review. The genetic and molecular interactions of the MEN1-encoded protein menin with transcription factors and chromatin-modifying proteins in cell signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein, a few nuclear receptors, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog, and preclinical studies in mouse models have facilitated the understanding of the pathogenesis of MEN1-associated tumors and potential pharmacological interventions. The advancements in genetic diagnosis have offered a chance to recognize MEN1-related conditions in germline MEN1 mutation-negative patients. There is rapidly accumulating knowledge about clinical presentation in children, adolescents, and pregnancy that is translatable into the management of these very fragile patients. The discoveries about the genetic and molecular signatures of sporadic neuroendocrine tumors support the development of clinical trials with novel targeted therapies, along with advancements in diagnostic tools and surgical approaches. Finally, quality of life studies in patients affected by MEN1 and related conditions represent an effort necessary to develop a pharmacoeconomic interpretation of the problem. Because advances are being made both broadly and in focused areas, this timely review presents and discusses those studies collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy D Perrier
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Gerlof D Valk
- University Medical Center Utrecht, CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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7
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Combined Inactivation of Pocket Proteins and APC/C Cdh1 by Cdk4/6 Controls Recovery from DNA Damage in G1 Phase. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030550. [PMID: 33806417 PMCID: PMC7999910 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are redundant for normal cell division. Here we tested whether these redundancies are maintained during cell cycle recovery after a DNA damage-induced arrest in G1. Using non-transformed RPE-1 cells, we find that while Cdk4 and Cdk6 act redundantly during normal S-phase entry, they both become essential for S-phase entry after DNA damage in G1. We show that this is due to a greater overall dependency for Cdk4/6 activity, rather than to independent functions of either kinase. In addition, we show that inactivation of pocket proteins is sufficient to overcome the inhibitory effects of complete Cdk4/6 inhibition in otherwise unperturbed cells, but that this cannot revert the effects of Cdk4/6 inhibition in DNA damaged cultures. Indeed, we could confirm that, in addition to inactivation of pocket proteins, Cdh1-dependent anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/CCdh1) activity needs to be inhibited to promote S-phase entry in damaged cultures. Collectively, our data indicate that DNA damage in G1 creates a unique situation where high levels of Cdk4/6 activity are required to inactivate pocket proteins and APC/CCdh1 to promote the transition from G1 to S phase.
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8
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Lines KE, Javid M, Reed AAC, Walls GV, Stevenson M, Simon M, Kooblall KG, Piret SE, Christie PT, Newey PJ, Mallon AM, Thakker RV. Genetic background influences tumour development in heterozygous Men1 knockout mice. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:426-437. [PMID: 32348957 PMCID: PMC7274560 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), an autosomal dominant disorder caused by MEN1 germline mutations, is characterised by parathyroid, pancreatic and pituitary tumours. MEN1 mutations also cause familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism (FIHP), a milder condition causing hyperparathyroidism only. Identical mutations can cause either MEN1 or FIHP in different families, thereby implicating a role for genetic modifiers in altering phenotypic expression of tumours. We therefore investigated the effects of genetic background and potential for genetic modifiers on tumour development in adult Men1+/- mice, which develop tumours of the parathyroids, pancreatic islets, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex and gonads, that had been backcrossed to generate C57BL/6 and 129S6/SvEv congenic strains. A total of 275 Men1+/- mice, aged 5-26 months were macroscopically studied, and this revealed that genetic background significantly influenced the development of pituitary, adrenal and ovarian tumours, which occurred in mice over 12 months of age and more frequently in C57BL/6 females, 129S6/SvEv males and 129S6/SvEv females, respectively. Moreover, pituitary and adrenal tumours developed earlier, in C57BL/6 males and 129S6/SvEv females, respectively, and pancreatic and testicular tumours developed earlier in 129S6/SvEv males. Furthermore, glucagon-positive staining pancreatic tumours occurred more frequently in 129S6/SvEv Men1+/- mice. Whole genome sequence analysis of 129S6/SvEv and C57BL/6 Men1+/- mice revealed >54,000 different variants in >300 genes. These included, Coq7, Dmpk, Ccne2, Kras, Wnt2b, Il3ra and Tnfrsf10a, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that Kras was significantly higher in pituitaries of male 129S6/SvEv mice. Thus, our results demonstrate that Kras and other genes could represent possible genetic modifiers of Men1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Mahsa Javid
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Anita A C Reed
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerard V Walls
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Kreepa G Kooblall
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Sian E Piret
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul T Christie
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Newey
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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9
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Wu C, Yang P, Liu B, Tang Y. Is there a CDKN2A-centric network in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2551-2562. [PMID: 32273725 PMCID: PMC7108878 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s232464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate and its incidence has risen rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer remain challenging. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, but, currently, no sufficiently effective modalities for its treatment exist. The early diagnosis rate of pancreatic cancer is low and most patients have reached an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. PDAC evolves from precancerous lesions and is highly aggressive and metastatic. It is essential to understand how the disease progresses and metastasizes. CDKN2A mutations are very common in PDAC. Therefore, here, we have performed a literature review and discuss the role of CDKN2A and some related genes in the development of PDAC, as well as the basis of gene targeting with a correlation coefficient of CDKN2A above 0.9 on the STRING website. It is noteworthy that the interaction of CDKN2A with each gene has been reported in the literature. The role of these genes and CDKN2A in PDAC may provide new directions that will advance the current knowledge base and treatment options since cancer progression is realized through interactions among cells. Our findings provide new insights into the treatment of PADC that can, to some extent, improve the diagnosis rate and quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
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10
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Faltermeier CM, Magill ST, Blevins LS, Aghi MK. Molecular Biology of Pituitary Adenomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2019; 30:391-400. [PMID: 31471046 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors, but still cause significant morbidity and in some cases increases in mortality. Surgical resection is not without risks, and approximately 40% of adenomas are incompletely resected. Medical therapies such as dopamine agonists, somatostatin analogues, and growth hormone antagonists are associated with numerous side effects. Understanding the molecular biology of pituitary adenomas may yield new therapeutic approaches. Additional studies are needed to help determine which genes or pathways are "drivers" of tumorigenesis and should be therapeutic targets. Further studies may also enable pituitary adenoma stratification to tailor treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Faltermeier
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue Suite M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Stephen T Magill
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue Suite M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA. https://twitter.com/StephenTMagill1
| | - Lewis S Blevins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue Suite M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue Suite M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA.
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11
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Pepe S, Korbonits M, Iacovazzo D. Germline and mosaic mutations causing pituitary tumours: genetic and molecular aspects. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:R21-R45. [PMID: 30530903 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While 95% of pituitary adenomas arise sporadically without a known inheritable predisposing mutation, in about 5% of the cases they can arise in a familial setting, either isolated (familial isolated pituitary adenoma or FIPA) or as part of a syndrome. FIPA is caused, in 15-30% of all kindreds, by inactivating mutations in the AIP gene, encoding a co-chaperone with a vast array of interacting partners and causing most commonly growth hormone excess. While the mechanisms linking AIP with pituitary tumorigenesis have not been fully understood, they are likely to involve several pathways, including the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway via defective G inhibitory protein signalling or altered interaction with phosphodiesterases. The cAMP pathway is also affected by other conditions predisposing to pituitary tumours, including X-linked acrogigantism caused by duplications of the GPR101 gene, encoding an orphan G stimulatory protein-coupled receptor. Activating mosaic mutations in the GNAS gene, coding for the Gα stimulatory protein, cause McCune-Albright syndrome, while inactivating mutations in the regulatory type 1α subunit of protein kinase A represent the most frequent genetic cause of Carney complex, a syndromic condition with multi-organ manifestations also involving the pituitary gland. In this review, we discuss the genetic and molecular aspects of isolated and syndromic familial pituitary adenomas due to germline or mosaic mutations, including those secondary to AIP and GPR101 mutations, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, Carney complex, McCune-Albright syndrome, DICER1 syndrome and mutations in the SDHx genes underlying the association of familial paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas with pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pepe
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Donato Iacovazzo
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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12
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Petiti JP, Sosa LDV, Picech F, Moyano Crespo GD, Arevalo Rojas JZ, Pérez PA, Guido CB, Leimgruber C, Sabatino ME, García P, Bengio V, Papalini FR, Estario P, Berhard C, Villarreal M, Gutiérrez S, De Paul AL, Mukdsi JH, Torres AI. Trastuzumab inhibits pituitary tumor cell growth modulating the TGFB/SMAD2/3 pathway. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:837-852. [PMID: 29875136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In pituitary adenomas, early recurrences and resistance to conventional pharmacotherapies are common, but the mechanisms involved are still not understood. The high expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signal observed in human pituitary adenomas, together with the low levels of the antimitogenic transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TBR2), encouraged us to evaluate the effect of the specific HER2 inhibition with trastuzumab on experimental pituitary tumor cell growth and its effect on the antiproliferative response to TGFB1. Trastuzumab decreased the pituitary tumor growth as well as the expression of ERK1/2 and the cell cycle regulators CCND1 and CDK4. The HER2/ERK1/2 pathway is an attractive therapeutic target, but its intricate relations with other signaling modulators still need to be unraveled. Thus, we investigated possible cross-talk with TGFB signaling, which has not yet been studied in pituitary tumors. In tumoral GH3 cells, co-incubation with trastuzumab and TGFB1 significantly decreased cell proliferation, an effect accompanied by a reduction in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, an increase of SMAD2/3 activation. In addition, through immunoprecipitation assays, a diminution of SMAD2/3-ERK1/2 and an increase SMAD2/3-TGFBR1 interactions were observed when cells were co-incubated with trastuzumab and TGFB1. These findings indicate that blocking HER2 by trastuzumab inhibited pituitary tumor growth and modulated HER2/ERK1/2 signaling and consequently the anti-mitogenic TGFB1/TBRs/SMADs cascade. The imbalance between HER2 and TGFBRs expression observed in human adenomas and the response to trastuzumab on experimental tumor growth may make the HER2/ERK1/2 pathway an attractive target for future pituitary adenoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Petiti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Picech
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Deisi Moyano Crespo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jean Zander Arevalo Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Anibal Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Beatriz Guido
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Sabatino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro García
- Instituto de RadioterapiaFundación Marie Curie, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Paula Estario
- Servicio de EndocrinologíaHospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Celina Berhard
- Servicio de PatologíaClínica Reina Fabiola, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcos Villarreal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucía De Paul
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Humberto Mukdsi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA)Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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13
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Li JWY, Hua X, Reidy-Lagunes D, Untch BR. MENIN loss as a tissue-specific driver of tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:98-106. [PMID: 28965973 PMCID: PMC8064664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The MEN1 gene encodes MENIN, a tumor suppressor that plays a role in multiple cellular processes. Germline and somatic mutations in MEN1 have been identified in hereditary and sporadic tumors of neuroendocrine origins suggesting context-specific functions. In this review, we focus on the development of mutational Men1 in vivo models, the known cellular activities of MENIN and efforts to identify vulnerabilities in tumors with MENIN loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet W Y Li
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane Reidy-Lagunes
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian R Untch
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Russo I, Carrizzo A, Bochicchio S, Piazza O, Lamberti G, Barba AA, Vecchione C, Zeppa P, Iovino P, Bucci C, Santonicola A, Ciacci C. siRNA Delivery for Control of Cyclin D1 and E2F1 Expression in Crohn's Disease. Transl Med UniSa 2018; 17:25-33. [PMID: 30083520 PMCID: PMC6067069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) supports a connection between inflammation and cancer due to the alteration of the cell cycle with loss of control at the G1/S checkpoint. In this study, we analyze the expression and modulation of CyD1 and E2F1 in colon explants from Crohn's disease (CD) patients. We used ex vivo culture of colon explants from 4 CD patients and 2 healthy controls, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia Coli (EC-LPS). Commercial siRNAs for CyD1 and E2F1 inhibition were encapsulated in Invivofectamine® and in purposely produced nanoliposomal vectors to silencing CyD1 and E2F1 expression. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the effect of siRNA on CyD1, E2F1 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. In CD patients colon explants, CyD1 and E2F1 increased after the inflammatory stimulus but siRNA silencing attenuated their expression and controlled the COX-2 expression too. These data represent a prelimiary exploration of in vitro siRNA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Russo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bochicchio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) – ITALY,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) - ITALY
| | - Ornella Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Gaetano Lamberti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) - ITALY
| | - Anna Angela Barba
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) – ITALY
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Pio Zeppa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Paola Iovino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Cristina Bucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Antonella Santonicola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
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15
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Russo I, Carrizzo A, Bochicchio S, Piazza O, Lamberti G, Barba AA, Vecchione C, Zeppa P, Iovino P, Bucci C, Santonicola A, Ciacci C. siRNA Delivery for Control of Cyclin D1 and E2F1 Expression in Crohn's Disease. Transl Med UniSa 2018; 17:22-30. [PMID: 30050877 PMCID: PMC6056255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) supports a connection between inflammation and cancer due to the alteration of the cell cycle with loss of control at the G1/S checkpoint. In this study, we analyze the expression and modulation of CyD1 and E2F1 in colon explants from Crohn's disease (CD) patients. We used ex vivo culture of colon explants from 4 CD patients and 2 healthy controls, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia Coli (EC-LPS). Commercial siRNAs for CyD1 and E2F1 inhibition were encapsulated in Invivofectamine® and in purposely produced nanoliposomal vectors to silencing CyD1 and E2F1 expression. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the effect of siRNA on CyD1, E2F1 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. In CD patients colon explants, CyD1 and E2F1 increased after the inflammatory stimulus but siRNA silencing attenuated their expression and controlled the COX-2 expression too. These data represent a prelimiary exploration of in vitro siRNA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Russo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bochicchio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) – ITALY,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) - ITALY
| | - Ornella Piazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Gaetano Lamberti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) - ITALY
| | - Anna Angela Barba
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano (SA) – ITALY
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Pio Zeppa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Paola Iovino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Cristina Bucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Antonella Santonicola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi (SA), Italy, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), 86077, Italy
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16
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Non-canonical roles of PFKFB3 in regulation of cell cycle through binding to CDK4. Oncogene 2018; 37:1685-1698. [PMID: 29335521 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying the molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between cancer metabolism and the cell cycle. 6-phosphate fructose-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) is a well-known glycolytic activator that plays an important role in tumorigenesis. We investigated whether PFKFB3 was directly involved in oncogenic signaling networks. Mass Spectrometry showed that PFKFB3 interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, which controls the transition from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle. Further analysis indicated that lysine 147 was a key site for the binding of PFKBFB3 to CDK4. PFKFB3 binding resulted in the accumulation of CDK4 protein by inhibiting ubiquitin proteasome degradation mediated by the heat shock protein 90-Cdc37-CDK4 complex. The proteasome-dependent degradation of CDK4 was accelerated by disrupting the interaction of PFKFB3 with CDK4 by mutating lysine (147) to alanine. Blocking PFKFB3-CDK4 interaction improved the therapeutic effect of FDA-approved CDK4 inhibitor palbociclib on breast cancer. These findings suggest that PFKFB3 is a hub for coordinating cell cycle and glucose metabolism. Combined targeting of PFKFB3 and CDK4 may be new strategy for breast cancer treatment.
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17
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Aristizabal Prada ET, Auernhammer CJ. Targeted therapy of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: preclinical strategies and future targets. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R1-R25. [PMID: 29146887 PMCID: PMC5754510 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy of advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system currently encompasses approved therapy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and the multi-tyrosinkinase inhibitor sunitinib. However, clinical efficacy of these treatment strategies is limited by low objective response rates and limited progression-free survival due to tumour resistance. Further novel strategies for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are needed. This paper reviews preclinical research models and signalling pathways in NETs of the GEP system. Preclinical and early clinical data on putative novel targets for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are discussed, including PI3K, Akt, mTORC1/mTORC2, GSK3, c-Met, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, embryogenic pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta signalling and SMAD proteins), tumour suppressors and cell cycle regulators (p53, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4/6, CDK inhibitor p27, retinoblastoma protein (Rb)), heat shock protein HSP90, Aurora kinase, Src kinase family, focal adhesion kinase and epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Aristizabal Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Agarwal SK. The future: genetics advances in MEN1 therapeutic approaches and management strategies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T119-T134. [PMID: 28899949 PMCID: PMC5679100 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in 1997 has shown that germline heterozygous mutations in the MEN1 gene located on chromosome 11q13 predisposes to the development of tumors in the MEN1 syndrome. Tumor development occurs upon loss of the remaining normal copy of the MEN1 gene in MEN1-target tissues. Therefore, MEN1 is a classic tumor suppressor gene in the context of MEN1. This tumor suppressor role of the protein encoded by the MEN1 gene, menin, holds true in mouse models with germline heterozygous Men1 loss, wherein MEN1-associated tumors develop in adult mice after spontaneous loss of the remaining non-targeted copy of the Men1 gene. The availability of genetic testing for mutations in the MEN1 gene has become an essential part of the diagnosis and management of MEN1. Genetic testing is also helping to exclude mutation-negative cases in MEN1 families from the burden of lifelong clinical screening. In the past 20 years, efforts of various groups world-wide have been directed at mutation analysis, molecular genetic studies, mouse models, gene expression studies, epigenetic regulation analysis, biochemical studies and anti-tumor effects of candidate therapies in mouse models. This review will focus on the findings and advances from these studies to identify MEN1 germline and somatic mutations, the genetics of MEN1-related states, several protein partners of menin, the three-dimensional structure of menin and menin-dependent target genes. The ongoing impact of all these studies on disease prediction, management and outcomes will continue in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita K Agarwal
- Metabolic Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Abstract
Although most of pituitary adenomas are benign, they may cause significant burden to patients. Sporadic adenomas represent the vast majority of the cases, where recognized somatic mutations (eg, GNAS or USP8), as well as altered gene-expression profile often affecting cell cycle proteins have been identified. More rarely, germline mutations predisposing to pituitary adenomas -as part of a syndrome (eg, MEN1 or Carney complex), or isolated to the pituitary (AIP or GPR101) can be identified. These alterations influence the biological behavior, clinical presentations and therapeutic responses, and their full understanding helps to provide appropriate care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled tumour cell proliferation resulting from aberrant activity of various cell cycle proteins. Therefore, cell cycle regulators are considered attractive targets in cancer therapy. Intriguingly, animal models demonstrate that some of these proteins are not essential for proliferation of non-transformed cells and development of most tissues. By contrast, many cancers are uniquely dependent on these proteins and hence are selectively sensitive to their inhibition. After decades of research on the physiological functions of cell cycle proteins and their relevance for cancer, this knowledge recently translated into the first approved cancer therapeutic targeting of a direct regulator of the cell cycle. In this Review, we focus on proteins that directly regulate cell cycle progression (such as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)), as well as checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases and Polo-like kinases (PLKs). We discuss the role of cell cycle proteins in cancer, the rationale for targeting them in cancer treatment and results of clinical trials, as well as the future therapeutic potential of various cell cycle inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Otto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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21
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Gillam MP, Ku CR, Lee YJ, Kim J, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Hwang B, Koo J, Kineman RD, Kiyokawa H, Lee EJ. Somatotroph-Specific Aip-Deficient Mice Display Pretumorigenic Alterations in Cell-Cycle Signaling. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:78-95. [PMID: 29264469 PMCID: PMC5686555 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with familial isolated pituitary adenoma are predisposed to pituitary adenomas, which in a subset of cases is due to germline inactivating mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor–interacting protein (AIP) gene. Using Cre/lox and Flp/Frt technology, a conditional mouse model was generated to examine the loss of the mouse homolog, Aip, in pituitary somatotrophs. By 40 weeks of age, >80% of somatotroph specific Aip knockout mice develop growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas. The formation of adenomas results in physiologic effects recapitulating the human syndrome of acromegaly, including increased body size, elevated serum GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, and glucose intolerance. The pretumorigenic Aip-deficient somatotrophs secrete excess GH and exhibit pathologic hyperplasia associated with cytosolic compartmentalization of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27kip1 and perinuclear accentuation of CDK-4. Following tumor formation, the Aip-deficient somatotrophs display reduced expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 with impaired response to octreotide. The delayed tumor emergence, even with loss of both copies of Aip, implies that additional somatic events are required for adenoma formation. These findings suggest that pituitary hyperplasia precedes adenomatous transformation in somatotroph-specific Aip-deficient mice and reveal potential mechanisms involved in the pretumorigenic state that ultimately contribute to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Gillam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry and
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yang Jong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Jean Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Sue Ji Lee
- Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 03722
| | - Byungjin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 03722
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea 42988; and
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and.,Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry and.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and
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22
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Caimari F, Korbonits M. Novel Genetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5030-5042. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms and factors involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. It provides a comprehensive review on the role of genetic mutations, epigenetics, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle deregulation, and highlights recent findings of altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors. RECENT FINDINGS This article provides a concise summary of our knowledge regarding oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cell cycle deregulation in pituitary tumors. Additionally, it highlights new findings in epigenetics and altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) and candidates implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis may result in the identification of new therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha M Robertson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
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24
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Liu Z, Cheng C, Luo X, Xia Q, Zhang Y, Long X, Jiang Q, Fang W. CDK4 and miR-15a comprise an abnormal automodulatory feedback loop stimulating the pathogenesis and inducing chemotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:238. [PMID: 26993269 PMCID: PMC4797221 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous investigation, we reported that stably knocking down cyclin-dependent kinase 4(CDK4) induced expression of let-7c, which further suppressed cell cycle transition and cell growth by modulating cell cycle signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we further explored the molecular function and mechanism of CDK4 modulating miRNAs to stimulate cell cycle transition, cell growth, and Cisplatin (DDP) -resistance on in NPC. Methods We identified changes in miRNAs by miRNA array and real-time PCR and the effect on DDP after knocking down CDK4 in NPC cells. Further, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which CDK4 modulated miR-15a in NPC. Moreover, we also explored the role of miR-15a and the effect on DDP in NPC. Finally, we analyzed the correlation of miR-15a and CDK4 expression in NPC tissues. Results In addition to let-7 family members, we observed that upregulated expression of miR-15a was significantly induced in CDK4-suppressed NPC cells. Further, we found that knocking down CDK4 suppressed c-Myc expression, and the latter directly suppressed the expression of miR-15a in NPC. Furthermore, miR-15a as a tumor suppressor antagonized CDK4 repressing cell cycle progression and cell growth in vitro and in vivo and induced the sensitivity of cells to DDP by regulating the c-Myc/CCND1/CDK4/E2F1 pathway in NPC. Finally, miR-15a was negatively weak correlated with the expression of CDK4 in NPC. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that CDK4 and miR-15a comprise an abnormal automodulatory feedback loop stimulating the pathogenesis and inducing chemotherapy resistance in NPC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2277-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Qiong Xia
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yejie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Xiaobing Long
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Otorhinolaryngology of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, P.R. China.
| | - Qingping Jiang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, P.R. China.
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China.
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25
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Lines KE, Stevenson M, Thakker RV. Animal models of pituitary neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:68-81. [PMID: 26320859 PMCID: PMC4721536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neoplasias can occur as part of a complex inherited disorder, or more commonly as sporadic (non-familial) disease. Studies of the molecular and genetic mechanisms causing such pituitary tumours have identified dysregulation of >35 genes, with many revealed by studies in mice, rats and zebrafish. Strategies used to generate these animal models have included gene knockout, gene knockin and transgenic over-expression, as well as chemical mutagenesis and drug induction. These animal models provide an important resource for investigation of tissue-specific tumourigenic mechanisms, and evaluations of novel therapies, illustrated by studies into multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a hereditary syndrome in which ∼ 30% of patients develop pituitary adenomas. This review describes animal models of pituitary neoplasia that have been generated, together with some recent advances in gene editing technologies, and an illustration of the use of the Men1 mouse as a pre clinical model for evaluating novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
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26
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FUKUOKA H, TAKAHASHI Y. The role of genetic and epigenetic changes in pituitary tumorigenesis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014; 54:943-57. [PMID: 25446387 PMCID: PMC4533359 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are one of the most common intracranial tumors. Despite their benign nature, dysregulation of hormone secretion causes systemic metabolic deterioration, resulting in high mortality and an impaired quality of life. Tumorigenic pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is mainly investigated by performing genetic analyses of somatic mutations in the tumor or germline mutations in patients. Genetically modified mouse models, which develop pituitary adenomas, are also used. Genetic analysis in rare familial pituitary adenomas, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and type 4, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and succinate dehydrogenases (SDHs)-mediated paraganglioma syndrome, revealed several causal germline mutations and sporadic somatic mutations in these genes. The analysis of genetically modified mouse models exhibiting pituitary adenomas has revealed the underlying mechanisms, where cell cycle regulatory molecules, tumor suppressors, and growth factor signaling are involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic changes, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modification, micro ribonucleic acids (RNAs), and long noncoding RNAs play a pivotal role. The elucidation of precise mechanisms of pituitary tumorigenesis can contribute to the development of novel targeted therapy for pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori FUKUOKA
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo
| | - Yutaka TAKAHASHI
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo
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27
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Agarwal SK. Exploring the tumors of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in mouse models for basic and preclinical studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2014; 1:153-161. [PMID: 25685317 DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most patients (70-90%) with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome possess germline heterozygous mutations in MEN1 that predisposes to tumors of multiple endocrine and nonendocrine tissues. Some endocrine tumors of the kinds seen in MEN1 that occur sporadically in the general population also possess somatic mutations in MEN1. Interestingly, the endocrine tumors of MEN1 are recapitulated in mouse models of Men1 loss that serve as a valuable resource to understand the pathophysiology and molecular basis of tumorigenesis. Exploring these endocrine tumors in mouse models using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro methods can help to follow the process of tumorigenesis, and can be useful for preclinical testing of therapeutics and understanding their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita K Agarwal
- National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Metabolic Diseases Branch, Bldg 10, Room 8C-101, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Tel.: +1 301 402 7834
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28
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Telomere dysfunction suppresses multiple endocrine neoplasia in mice. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:306-19. [PMID: 25352948 PMCID: PMC4209601 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome is typified by the occurrence of tumors in two or more hormonal tissues. Whereas the genetics of MEN syndrome is relatively well understood, the tumorigenic mechanisms for these cancers remain relatively obscure. The Cdk4R24C mouse model develops highly penetrant pituitary tumors and endocrine pancreas adenomas, and, as such, this model is appropriate to gain insight into mechanisms underlying MEN. Using this model, here we provide evidence supporting an important role for telomerase in the pathogenesis of MEN. We observed increased aneuploidy in Cdk4R/R fibroblasts along with significantly elevated telomerase activity and telomere length in Cdk4R/R islets and embryonic fibroblasts. To better understand the role of telomerase, we generated Cdk4R24C mice with inactivation of the mTERC locus, which codes for the essential RNA component of the enzyme telomerase (mTERC−/−Cdk4R/R mice). Embryonic fibroblasts and islets derived from mTERC−/−Cdk4R/R mice exhibit reduced telomere length and proliferative capacity. Further, mTERC−/−Cdk4R/R fibroblasts display reduced transformation potential. Importantly, mTERC−/−Cdk4R/R mice display significantly reduced spontaneous tumorigenesis. Strikingly, we observed dramatic suppression of pituitary tumors and endocrine pancreas adenomas in mTERC−/−Cdk4R/R mice. Telomere dysfunction suppressed tumor initiation and increased latency of tumor development while not affecting the progression of established tumors. In summary, these results are suggestive of an important role for telomerase in tumor development in the Cdk4R24C mouse model, specifically in the genesis of tumors in the pituitary and the endocrine pancreas.
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