1
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Mitra A, Ahmed MA, Krishna R, Sun K, Gibbons FD, Campagne O, Rayad N, Roman YM, Albusaysi S, Burian M, Younis IR. Model-Informed Approaches and Innovative Clinical Trial Design for Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy Product Development: A White Paper. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:515-529. [PMID: 37313953 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The promise of viral vector-based gene therapy (GT) as a transformative paradigm for treating severely debilitating and life-threatening diseases is slowly coming to fruition with the recent approval of several drug products. However, they have a unique mechanism of action often necessitating a tortuous clinical development plan. Expertise in such complex therapeutic modality is still fairly limited in this emerging class of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based gene therapies. Because of the irreversible mode of action and incomplete understanding of genotype-phenotype relationship and disease progression in rare diseases careful considerations should be given to GT product's benefit-risk profile. In particular, special attention needs to be paid to safe dose selection, reliable dose exposure response (including clinically relevant endpoints), or creative approaches in study design targeting small patient populations during clinical development. We believe that quantitative tools encompassed within model-informed drug development (MIDD) framework fits quite well in the development of such novel therapies, as they enable us to benefit from the totality of data approach in order to support dose selection as well as optimize clinical trial designs, end point selection, and patient enrichment. In this thought leadership paper, we provide our collective experiences, identify challenges, and suggest areas of improvement in applications of modeling and innovative trial design in development of AAV-based GT products and reflect on the challenges and opportunities for incorporating MIDD tools and more in rational development of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology, Kura Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mariam A Ahmed
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajesh Krishna
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara USA, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kefeng Sun
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francis D Gibbons
- Quantitative Solutions, Preclinical and Translational Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Campagne
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noha Rayad
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Parexel International (MA) Corporation, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youssef M Roman
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Salwa Albusaysi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Burian
- Translational Medicine Neuroscience and Gene Therapy, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Islam R Younis
- Clinical Pharmacology Sciences, Gilead Science, Inc, Foster City, California, USA
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2
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Matthews RJ, Hollinshead D, Morrison D, van der Graaf PH, Kierzek AM. QSP Designer: Quantitative systems pharmacology modeling with modular biological process map notation and multiple language code generation. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:889-903. [PMID: 37452454 PMCID: PMC10349184 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) workflows involve discussion of biology, supported by graphical diagrams, followed by construction of large Ordinary Differential Equation models. QSP Designer facilitates this process by providing enhanced graphical notation, which enables hierarchical presentation with modules and handling of combinatorial complexity with diagram node arrays. Whereas the software includes a simulation engine, a major feature is full model code generation in MATLAB, R, C, and Julia to support multiple modeling communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piet H. van der Graaf
- Certara UKSheffieldUK
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchUniversiteit LeidenLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Andrzej M. Kierzek
- Certara UKSheffieldUK
- School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
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3
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Singh FA, Afzal N, Smithline SJ, Thalhauser CJ. Assessing the performance of QSP models: biology as the driver for validation. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2023:10.1007/s10928-023-09871-x. [PMID: 37386340 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Validation of a quantitative model is a critical step in establishing confidence in the model's suitability for whatever analysis it was designed. While processes for validation are well-established in the statistical sciences, the field of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) has taken a more piecemeal approach to defining and demonstrating validation. Although classical statistical methods can be used in a QSP context, proper validation of a mechanistic systems model requires a more nuanced approach to what precisely is being validated, and what role said validation plays in the larger context of the analysis. In this review, we summarize current thoughts of QSP validation in the scientific community, contrast the aims of statistical validation from several contexts (including inference, pharmacometrics analysis, and machine learning) with the challenges faced in QSP analysis, and use examples from published QSP models to define different stages or levels of validation, any of which may be sufficient depending on the context at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Akpinar Singh
- Genmab US, Inc., 777 Scudders Mill Rd Bldg 2 4th Floor, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Nasrin Afzal
- Genmab US, Inc., 777 Scudders Mill Rd Bldg 2 4th Floor, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Shepard J Smithline
- Genmab US, Inc., 777 Scudders Mill Rd Bldg 2 4th Floor, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Craig J Thalhauser
- Genmab US, Inc., 777 Scudders Mill Rd Bldg 2 4th Floor, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA.
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4
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Liu S, Shah DK. Mathematical Models to Characterize the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Protein Therapeutics. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:867-878. [PMID: 35197311 PMCID: PMC11022906 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) have ranked among the most important and fastest-growing classes of drugs in the clinic, yet the development of successful TPs is often limited by unsatisfactory efficacy. Understanding pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of TPs is key to achieving sufficient and prolonged exposure at the site of action, which is a prerequisite for eliciting desired pharmacological effects. PK modeling represents a powerful tool to investigate factors governing in vivo disposition of TPs. In this mini-review, we discuss many state-of-the-art models that recapitulate critical processes in each of the absorption, distribution, metabolism/catabolism, and excretion pathways of TPs, which can be integrated into the physiologically-based pharmacokinetic framework. Additionally, we provide our perspectives on current opportunities and challenges for evolving the PK models to accelerate the discovery and development of safe and efficacious TPs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This minireview provides an overview of mechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK) models developed to characterize absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties of therapeutic proteins (TPs), which can support model-informed discovery and development of TPs. As the next-generation of TPs with diverse physicochemical properties and mechanism-of-action are being developed rapidly, there is an urgent need to better understand the determinants for the ADME of TPs and evolve existing platform PK models to facilitate successful bench-to-bedside translation of these promising drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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5
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Giorgi M, Desikan R, van der Graaf PH, Kierzek AM. Application of quantitative systems pharmacology to guide the optimal dosing of COVID-19 vaccines. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2021; 10:1130-1133. [PMID: 34331834 PMCID: PMC8420530 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal use and distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines involves adjustments of dosing. Due to the rapidly evolving pandemic, such adjustments often need to be introduced before full efficacy data are available. As demonstrated in other areas of drug development, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is well placed to guide such extrapolation in a rational and timely manner. Here, we propose for the first time how QSP can be applied in the context of COVID-19 vaccine development.
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6
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Hwang W, Lei W, Katritsis NM, MacMahon M, Chapman K, Han N. Current and prospective computational approaches and challenges for developing COVID-19 vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:249-274. [PMID: 33561453 PMCID: PMC7871111 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, was first identified in humans in late 2019 and is a coronavirus which is zoonotic in origin. As it spread around the world there has been an unprecedented effort in developing effective vaccines. Computational methods can be used to speed up the long and costly process of vaccine development. Antigen selection, epitope prediction, and toxicity and allergenicity prediction are areas in which computational tools have already been applied as part of reverse vaccinology for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. However, there is potential for computational methods to assist further. We review approaches which have been used and highlight additional bioinformatic approaches and PK modelling as in silico methods which may be useful for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design but remain currently unexplored. As more novel viruses with pandemic potential are expected to arise in future, these techniques are not limited to application to SARS-CoV-2 but also useful to rapidly respond to novel emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woochang Hwang
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Winnie Lei
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas M Katritsis
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Méabh MacMahon
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Stevenage, UK
| | - Kathryn Chapman
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Namshik Han
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Sové RJ, Jafarnejad M, Zhao C, Wang H, Ma H, Popel AS. QSP-IO: A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Toolbox for Mechanistic Multiscale Modeling for Immuno-Oncology Applications. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:484-497. [PMID: 32618119 PMCID: PMC7499194 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown great potential in the treatment of cancer; however, only a fraction of patients respond to treatment, and many experience autoimmune‐related side effects. The pharmaceutical industry has relied on mathematical models to study the behavior of candidate drugs and more recently, complex, whole‐body, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models have become increasingly popular for discovery and development. QSP modeling has the potential to discover novel predictive biomarkers as well as test the efficacy of treatment plans and combination therapies through virtual clinical trials. In this work, we present a QSP modeling platform for immuno‐oncology (IO) that incorporates detailed mechanisms for important immune interactions. This modular platform allows for the construction of QSP models of IO with varying degrees of complexity based on the research questions. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the platform through two example applications of immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Sové
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanwen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huilin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Kovalova N, Boyles J, Wen Y, Witcher DR, Brown-Augsburger PL, Wroblewski VJ, Chlewicki LK. Validation of a de-immunization strategy for monoclonal antibodies using cynomolgus macaque as a surrogate for human. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:111-125. [PMID: 32080869 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of biotherapeutics presents a major challenge during the clinical development of new protein drugs including monoclonal antibodies. To address this, multiple humanization and de-immunization techniques that employ in silico algorithms and in vitro test systems have been proposed and implemented. However, the success of these approaches has been variable and to date, the ability of these techniques to predict immunogenicity has not been systematically tested in humans or other primates. This study tested whether antibody humanization and de-immunization strategies reduce the risk of anti-drug antibody (ADA) development using cynomolgus macaque as a surrogate for human. First human-cyno chimeric antibodies were constructed by grafting the variable domains of the adalimumab and golimumab monoclonal antibodies onto cynomolgus macaque IgG1 and Igκ constant domains followed by framework germlining to cyno to reduce the xenogenic content. Next, B and T cell epitopes and aggregation-prone regions were identified using common in silico methods to select domains with an ADA risk for additional modification. The resultant engineered antibodies had a comparable affinity for TNFα, demonstrated similar biophysical properties, and exhibited significantly reduced ADA levels in cynomolgus macaque compared with the parental antibodies, with a corresponding improvement in the pharmacokinetic profile. Notably, plasma concentrations of the engineered antibodies were quantifiable through 504 hours (chimeric) and 840 hours (germlined/de-immunized), compared with only 336 hours (adalimumab) or 336-672 hours (golimumab). The results point to the significant value in the investment in these engineering strategies as an important guide for monoclonal antibody optimization that can contribute to improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kovalova
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Boyles
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patricia L Brown-Augsburger
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Lukasz K Chlewicki
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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9
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Hosseini I, Feigelman J, Gajjala A, Susilo M, Ramakrishnan V, Ramanujan S, Gadkar K. gQSPSim: A SimBiology-Based GUI for Standardized QSP Model Development and Application. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2020; 9:165-176. [PMID: 31957304 PMCID: PMC7080534 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models are often implemented using a wide variety of technical workflows and methodologies. To facilitate reproducibility, transparency, portability, and reuse for QSP models, we have developed gQSPSim, a graphical user interface–based MATLAB application that performs key steps in QSP model development and analyses. The capabilities of gQSPSim include (i) model calibration using global and local optimization methods, (ii) development of virtual subjects to explore variability and uncertainty in the represented biology, and (iii) simulations of virtual populations for different interventions. gQSPSim works with SimBiology‐built models using components such as species, doses, variants, and rules. All functionalities are equipped with an interactive visualization interface and the ability to generate presentation‐ready figures. In addition, standardized gQSPSim sessions can be shared and saved for future extension and reuse. In this work, we demonstrate gQSPSim’s capabilities with a standard target‐mediated drug disposition model and a published model of anti‐proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Hosseini
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Anita Gajjala
- Consulting Services, MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Susilo
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Kapil Gadkar
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Lazarou G, Chelliah V, Small BG, Walker M, van der Graaf PH, Kierzek AM. Integration of Omics Data Sources to Inform Mechanistic Modeling of Immune-Oncology Therapies: A Tutorial for Clinical Pharmacologists. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 107:858-870. [PMID: 31955413 PMCID: PMC7158209 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Application of contemporary molecular biology techniques to clinical samples in oncology resulted in the accumulation of unprecedented experimental data. These “omics” data are mined for discovery of therapeutic target combinations and diagnostic biomarkers. It is less appreciated that omics resources could also revolutionize development of the mechanistic models informing clinical pharmacology quantitative decisions about dose amount, timing, and sequence. We discuss the integration of omics data to inform mechanistic models supporting drug development in immuno‐oncology. To illustrate our arguments, we present a minimal clinical model of the Cancer Immunity Cycle (CIC), calibrated for non‐small cell lung carcinoma using tumor microenvironment composition inferred from transcriptomics of clinical samples. We review omics data resources, which can be integrated to parameterize mechanistic models of the CIC. We propose that virtual trial simulations with clinical Quantitative Systems Pharmacology platforms informed by omics data will be making increasing impact in the development of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben G Small
- Certara QSP, Certara UK Limited, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Shakhnovich V, Meibohm B, Rosenberg A, Kierzek AM, Hasenkamp R, Funk RS, Thalhauser CJ, van der Graaf PH, Wang YMC, Hamuro L. Immunogenicity in Clinical Practice and Drug Development: When is it Significant? Clin Transl Sci 2019; 13:219-223. [PMID: 31762152 PMCID: PMC7070797 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Shakhnovich
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy Rosenberg
- FDA Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, CDER/FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan S Funk
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, The University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Craig J Thalhauser
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Yow-Ming C Wang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, OTS/CDER/FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lora Hamuro
- Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Bradshaw EL, Spilker ME, Zang R, Bansal L, He H, Jones RDO, Le K, Penney M, Schuck E, Topp B, Tsai A, Xu C, Nijsen MJMA, Chan JR. Applications of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology in Model-Informed Drug Discovery: Perspective on Impact and Opportunities. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:777-791. [PMID: 31535440 PMCID: PMC6875708 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) approaches have been increasingly applied in the pharmaceutical since the landmark white paper published in 2011 by a National Institutes of Health working group brought attention to the discipline. In this perspective, we discuss QSP in the context of other modeling approaches and highlight the impact of QSP across various stages of drug development and therapeutic areas. We discuss challenges to the field as well as future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Richard Zang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Handan He
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Kha Le
- Agios, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Topp
- Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jason R Chan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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Kierzek AM, Hickling TP, Figueroa I, Kalvass JC, Nijsen M, Mohan K, Veldman GM, Yamada A, Sayama H, Yokoo S, Gulati A, Dhanikula RS, Gokemeijer J, Leil TA, Thalhauser CJ, Giorgi M, Swat MJ, Chelliah V, Small BG, Benson N, Walker M, Gadkar K, Quarmby V, Deng R, Ferrante A, Dickinson GL, Van Der Walt JS, Zhou L, Chen X, Jones HM, Narula J, Tourdot S, Lavé T, Ribba B, van der Graaf PH. A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Consortium Approach to Managing Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:773-776. [PMID: 31529677 PMCID: PMC6875700 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akihiro Yamada
- Pharmacometrics JP, Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sayama
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yokoo
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Abhishek Gulati
- Pharmacometrics US, Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Tarek A Leil
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben G Small
- Certara QSP, Certara UK Limited, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil Benson
- Certara QSP, Certara UK Limited, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Kapil Gadkar
- Development Sciences, Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Valerie Quarmby
- Development Sciences, Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rong Deng
- Development Sciences, Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea Ferrante
- AME Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | - Lian Zhou
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah M Jones
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jatin Narula
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thierry Lavé
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Ribba
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Yogurtcu ON, Sauna ZE, McGill JR, Tegenge MA, Yang H. TCPro: an In Silico Risk Assessment Tool for Biotherapeutic Protein Immunogenicity. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:96. [PMID: 31376048 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most immune responses to biotherapeutic proteins involve the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). New drugs must undergo immunogenicity assessments to identify potential risks at early stages in the drug development process. This immune response is T cell-dependent. Ex vivo assays that monitor T cell proliferation often are used to assess immunogenicity risk. Such assays can be expensive and time-consuming to carry out. Furthermore, T cell proliferation requires presentation of the immunogenic epitope by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) proteins on antigen-presenting cells. The MHC proteins are the most diverse in the human genome. Thus, obtaining cells from subjects that reflect the distribution of the different MHCII proteins in the human population can be challenging. The allelic frequencies of MHCII proteins differ among subpopulations, and understanding the potential immunogenicity risks would thus require generation of datasets for specific subpopulations involving complex subject recruitment. We developed TCPro, a computational tool that predicts the temporal dynamics of T cell counts in common ex vivo assays for drug immunogenicity. Using TCPro, we can test virtual pools of subjects based on MHCII frequencies and estimate immunogenicity risks for different populations. It also provides rapid and inexpensive initial screens for new biotherapeutics and can be used to determine the potential immunogenicity risk of new sequences introduced while bioengineering proteins. We validated TCPro using an experimental immunogenicity dataset, making predictions on the population-based immunogenicity risk of 15 protein-based biotherapeutics. Immunogenicity rankings generated using TCPro are consistent with the reported clinical experience with these therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Yogurtcu
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R McGill
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Million A Tegenge
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA.
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15
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Hamuro L, Tirucherai GS, Crawford SM, Nayeem A, Pillutla RC, DeSilva BS, Leil TA, Thalhauser CJ. Evaluating a Multiscale Mechanistic Model of the Immune System to Predict Human Immunogenicity for a Biotherapeutic in Phase 1. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:94. [PMID: 31342199 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic model of the immune response was evaluated for its ability to predict anti-drug antibody (ADA) and their impact on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) for a biotherapeutic in a phase 1 clinical trial. Observed ADA incidence ranged from 33 to 67% after single doses and 27-50% after multiple doses. The model captured the single dose incidence well; however, there was overprediction after multiple dosing. The model was updated to include a T-regulatory (Treg) cell mediated tolerance, which reduced the overprediction (relative decrease in predicted incidence rate of 21.5-59.3% across multidose panels) without compromising the single dose predictions (relative decrease in predicted incidence rate of 0.6-13%). The Treg-adjusted model predicted no ADA impact on PK or PD, consistent with the observed data. A prospective phase 2 trial was simulated, including co-medication effects in the form of corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression. Predicted ADA incidences were 0-10%, depending on co-medication dosage. This work demonstrates the utility in applying an integrated, iterative modeling approach to predict ADA during different stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Hamuro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Giridhar S Tirucherai
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Sean M Crawford
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Akbar Nayeem
- Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Renuka C Pillutla
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Binodh S DeSilva
- Analytical Strategy and Operations, Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Tarek A Leil
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Craig J Thalhauser
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA.
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16
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Jafarnejad M, Gong C, Gabrielson E, Bartelink IH, Vicini P, Wang B, Narwal R, Roskos L, Popel AS. A Computational Model of Neoadjuvant PD-1 Inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:79. [PMID: 31236847 PMCID: PMC6591205 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blocking antibodies such as anti-PD-1 are approved and significantly improve the survival of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but there has been little success in identifying biomarkers capable of separating the responders from non-responders before the onset of the therapy. In this study, we developed a quantitative system pharmacology (QSP) model to represent the anti-tumor immune response in human NSCLC that integrated our knowledge of tumor growth, antigen processing and presentation, T cell activation and distribution, antibody pharmacokinetics, and immune checkpoint dynamics. The model was calibrated with the available data and was used to identify potential biomarkers as well as patient-specific response based on the patient parameters. The model predicted that in addition to tumor mutational burden (TMB), a known biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy in NSCLC, the number of effector T cells and regulatory T cells in the tumor and blood is a predictor of the responders. Furthermore, the model simulated a set of 12 patients with known TMB and MHC/antigen-binding affinity from a recent clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02259621) on neoadjuvant nivolumab therapy in resectable lung cancer and predicted an augmented durable response in patients with adjuvant nivolumab treatment in addition to the clinical trial protocol of neoadjuvant nivolumab treatment followed by resection. Overall, the model provides a valuable framework to model tumor immunity and response to immune checkpoint blockers to enhance biomarker discovery and performing virtual clinical trials to aid in design and interpretation of the current trials with fewer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Chang Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Imke H Bartelink
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics and DMPK (CPD), MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vicini
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics and DMPK, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bing Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics and DMPK (CPD), MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Amador Bioscience Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Abstract
Therapeutic protein drugs have significantly improved the management of many severe and chronic diseases. However, their development and optimal clinical application are complicated by the induction of unwanted immune responses. Therapeutic protein-induced antidrug antibodies can alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics leading to impaired efficacy and occasionally serious safety issues. There has been a growing interest over the past decade in developing methods to assess the risk of unwanted immunogenicity during preclinical drug development, with the aim to mitigate the risk during the molecular design phase, clinical development and when products reach the market. Here, we discuss approaches to therapeutic protein immunogenicity risk assessment, with attention to assays and in vivo models used to mitigate this risk.
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18
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Davda J, Declerck P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Hickling TP, Jacobs IA, Chou J, Salek-Ardakani S, Kraynov E. Immunogenicity of immunomodulatory, antibody-based, oncology therapeutics. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:105. [PMID: 30992085 PMCID: PMC6466770 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of multiple immunomodulatory (IMD) agents for cancer therapies (e.g. antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, bispecific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor [CAR]-T cells), is raising questions on their potential immunogenicity and effects on treatment. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of action (MOA) of approved, antibody-based IMD agents, potentially related to their immunogenicity, and discuss the reported incidence of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) as well as their clinical relevance in patients with cancer. In addition, we discuss the impact of the administration route and potential strategies to reduce the incidence of ADA and manage treated patients. Analysis of published reports indicated that the risk of immunogenicity did not appear to correlate with the MOA of anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 monoclonal antibodies nor to substantially affect treatment with most of these agents in the majority of patients evaluated to date. Treatment with B-cell depleting agents appears associated with a low risk of immunogenicity. No significant difference in ADA incidence was found between the intravenous and subcutaneous administration routes for a panel of non-oncology IMD antibodies. Additionally, while the data suggest a higher likelihood of immunogenicity for antibodies with T-cell or antigen-presenting cell (APC) targets versus B-cell targets, it is possible to have targets expressed on APCs or T cells and still have a low incidence of immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ira A Jacobs
- Pfizer, 219 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017-5755, USA.
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19
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Kirouac DC, Cicali B, Schmidt S. Reproducibility of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Models: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:205-210. [PMID: 30697975 PMCID: PMC6482280 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The provision of model code is required for publication in CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, enabling quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model availability. A searchable repository of published QSP models would enhance model accessibility. We assess the feasibility of establishing such a resource based on 18 QSP models published in this journal. However, because of the diversity of software platforms (nine), file formats, and functionality, such a resource is premature. We evaluated 12 of the models (those coded in R, PK-Sim/MoBi, and MATLAB) for functionality. Of the 12, only 4 were executable in that figures from the associated manuscript could be generated via a "run" script. Many researchers are aware of the challenges involved in repurposing published models. We offer some ideas to enable model sharing going forward, including annotation guidelines, standardized formats, and the inclusion of "run" scripts. If practitioners can agree to some minimum standards for the provision of model code, model reuse and extension would be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Kirouac
- Applied BioMath LLC, Oakland, California, USA.,The American Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Quantitative Pharmacology Network, Systems Pharmacology Community, USA
| | - Brian Cicali
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,The American Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Quantitative Pharmacology Network, Systems Pharmacology Community, USA
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,The American Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Quantitative Pharmacology Network, Systems Pharmacology Community, USA
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20
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Rahman A, Tiwari A, Narula J, Hickling T. Importance of Feedback and Feedforward Loops to Adaptive Immune Response Modeling. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018; 7:621-628. [PMID: 30198637 PMCID: PMC6202469 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adaptive immune system is a very complex network of different types of cells, cytokines, and signaling molecules. This complex network makes it difficult to understand the system level regulations. To properly explain the immune system, it is necessary to explicitly investigate the presence of different feedback and feedforward loops (FFLs) and their crosstalks. Considering that these loops increase the complexity of the system, the mathematical modeling has been proved to be an important tool to explain such complex biological systems. This review focuses on these regulatory loops and discusses their importance on systems modeling of the immune system.
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21
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Quarmby V, Phung QT, Lill JR. MAPPs for the identification of immunogenic hotspots of biotherapeutics; an overview of the technology and its application to the biopharmaceutical arena. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:733-748. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1521279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Quarmby
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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A generic whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for therapeutic proteins in PK-Sim. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 45:235-257. [PMID: 29234936 PMCID: PMC5845054 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are an increasingly important class of drugs used as therapeutic as well as diagnostic agents. A generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed in order to represent at whole body level the fundamental mechanisms driving the distribution and clearance of large molecules like therapeutic proteins. The model was built as an extension of the PK-Sim model for small molecules incorporating (i) the two-pore formalism for drug extravasation from blood plasma to interstitial space, (ii) lymph flow, (iii) endosomal clearance and (iv) protection from endosomal clearance by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediated recycling as especially relevant for antibodies. For model development and evaluation, PK data was used for compounds with a wide range of solute radii. The model supports the integration of knowledge gained during all development phases of therapeutic proteins, enables translation from pre-clinical species to human and allows predictions of tissue concentration profiles which are of relevance for the analysis of on-target pharmacodynamic effects as well as off-target toxicity. The current implementation of the model replaces the generic protein PBPK model available in PK-Sim since version 4.2 and becomes part of the Open Systems Pharmacology Suite.
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23
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Rosenberg AS, Sauna ZE. Immunogenicity assessment during the development of protein therapeutics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:584-594. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Here we provide a critical review of the state of the art with respect to non-clinical assessments of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins.
Key findings
The number of studies on immunogenicity published annually has more than doubled in the last 5 years. The science and technology, which have reached a critical mass, provide multiple of non-clinical approaches (computational, in vitro, ex vivo and animal models) to first predict and then to modify or eliminate T-cell or B-cell epitopes via de-immunization strategies. We discuss how these may be used in the context of drug development in assigning the immunogenicity risk of new and marketed therapeutic proteins.
Summary
Protein therapeutics represents a large share of the pharma market and provide medical interventions for some of the most complex and intractable diseases. Immunogenicity (the development of antibodies to therapeutic proteins) is an important concern for both the safety and efficacy of protein therapeutics as immune responses may neutralize the activity of life-saving and highly effective protein therapeutics and induce hypersensitivity responses including anaphylaxis. The non-clinical computational tools and experimental technologies that offer a comprehensive and increasingly accurate estimation of immunogenic potential are surveyed here. This critical review also discusses technologies which are promising but are not as yet ready for routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Product Review and Research 3, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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24
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Ait-Oudhia S, Ovacik MA, Mager DE. Systems pharmacology and enhanced pharmacodynamic models for understanding antibody-based drug action and toxicity. MAbs 2017; 9:15-28. [PMID: 27661132 PMCID: PMC5240652 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1238995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models seek to describe the temporal pattern of drug exposures and their associated pharmacological effects produced at micro- and macro-scales of organization. Antibody-based drugs have been developed for a large variety of diseases, with effects exhibited through a comprehensive range of mechanisms of action. Mechanism-based PK/PD and systems pharmacology models can play a major role in elucidating and integrating complex antibody pharmacological properties, such as nonlinear disposition and dynamical intracellular signaling pathways triggered by ligation to their cognate targets. Such complexities can be addressed through the use of robust computational modeling techniques that have proven powerful tools for pragmatic characterization of experimental data and for theoretical exploration of antibody efficacy and adverse effects. The primary objectives of such multi-scale mathematical models are to generate and test competing hypotheses and to predict clinical outcomes. In this review, relevant systems pharmacology and enhanced PD (ePD) models that are used as predictive tools for antibody-based drug action are reported. Their common conceptual features are highlighted, along with approaches used for modeling preclinical and clinically available data. Key examples illustrate how systems pharmacology and ePD models codify the interplay among complex biology, drug concentrations, and pharmacological effects. New hybrid modeling concepts that bridge cutting-edge systems pharmacology models with established PK/ePD models will be needed to anticipate antibody effects on disease in subpopulations and individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Ait-Oudhia
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Meric Ayse Ovacik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald E. Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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25
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Kuepfer L, Niederalt C, Wendl T, Schlender JF, Willmann S, Lippert J, Block M, Eissing T, Teutonico D. Applied Concepts in PBPK Modeling: How to Build a PBPK/PD Model. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016; 5:516-531. [PMID: 27653238 PMCID: PMC5080648 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this tutorial is to introduce the fundamental concepts of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling with a special focus on their practical implementation in a typical PBPK model building workflow. To illustrate basic steps in PBPK model building, a PBPK model for ciprofloxacin will be constructed and coupled to a pharmacodynamic model to simulate the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuepfer
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - C Niederalt
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Wendl
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | - J Lippert
- Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Block
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Eissing
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - D Teutonico
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany.
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26
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Blaich G, Baumann A, Kronenberg S, de Haan L, Ulrich P, Richter WF, Tibbitts J, Chivers S, Tarcsa E, Caldwell R, Crameri F. Non-clinical Safety Evaluation of Biotherapeutics - Challenges, Opportunities and new Insights. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80S:S1-S14. [PMID: 27578450 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New challenges and opportunities in nonclinical safety testing of biotherapeutics were presented and discussed at the 5th European BioSafe Annual General Membership meeting in November 2015 in Ludwigshafen. This article summarizes the presentations and discussions from both the main and the breakout sessions. The following topics were covered in six main sessions: The following questions were discussed across 4 breakout sessions (i-iv) and a case-study based general discussion (v).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Flavio Crameri
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Kathman S, Thway TM, Zhou L, Lee S, Yu S, Ma M, Chirmule N, Jawa V. Utility of a Bayesian Mathematical Model to Predict the Impact of Immunogenicity on Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Proteins. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:424-31. [PMID: 26786568 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of an anti-drug antibody (ADA) response on pharmacokinetic (PK) of a therapeutic protein (TP) requires an in-depth understanding of both PK parameters and ADA characteristics. The ADA and PK bioanalytical assays have technical limitations due to high circulating levels of TP and ADA, respectively, hence, significantly hindering the interpretation of this assessment. The goal of this study was to develop a population-based modeling and simulation approach that can identify a more relevant PK parameter associated with ADA-mediated clearance. The concentration-time data from a single dose PK study using five monoclonal antibodies were modeled using a non-compartmental analysis (NCA), one-compartmental, and two-compartmental Michaelis-Menten kinetic model (MMK). A novel PK parameter termed change in clearance time of the TP (α) derived from the MMK model could predict variations in α much earlier than the time points when ADA could be bioanalytically detectable. The model could also identify subjects that might have been potentially identified as false negative due to interference of TP with ADA detection. While NCA and one-compartment models can estimate loss of exposures, and changes in clearance, the two-compartment model provides this additional ability to predict that loss of exposure by means of α. Modeling data from this study showed that the two-compartment model along with the conventional modeling approaches can help predict the impact of ADA response in the absence of relevant ADA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kathman
- Global Biostatistical Science, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Theingi M Thway
- Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Global Biostatistical Science, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Stephanie Lee
- Clinical Immunology, Medical Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Steven Yu
- Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Mark Ma
- Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Naren Chirmule
- Clinical Immunology, Medical Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Clinical Immunology, Medical Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA.
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28
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The Role of Aggregates of Therapeutic Protein Products in Immunogenicity: An Evaluation by Mathematical Modeling. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:401956. [PMID: 26682236 PMCID: PMC4670651 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic protein products (TPP) have been widely used to treat a variety of human diseases, including cancer, hemophilia, and autoimmune diseases. However, TPP can induce unwanted immune responses that can impact both drug efficacy and patient safety. The presence of aggregates is of particular concern as they have been implicated in inducing both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent immune responses. We used mathematical modeling to evaluate several mechanisms through which aggregates of TPP could contribute to the development of immunogenicity. Modeling interactions between aggregates and B cell receptors demonstrated that aggregates are unlikely to induce T cell-independent immune responses by cross-linking B cell receptors because the amount of signal transducing complex that can form under physiologically relevant conditions is limited. We systematically evaluate the role of aggregates in inducing T cell-dependent immune responses using a recently developed multiscale mechanistic mathematical model. Our analysis indicates that aggregates could contribute to T cell-dependent immune response by inducing high affinity epitopes which may not be present in the nonaggregated TPP and/or by enhancing danger signals to break tolerance. In summary, our computational analysis is suggestive of novel insights into the mechanisms underlying aggregate-induced immunogenicity, which could be used to develop mitigation strategies.
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29
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Rup B, Pallardy M, Sikkema D, Albert T, Allez M, Broet P, Carini C, Creeke P, Davidson J, De Vries N, Finco D, Fogdell-Hahn A, Havrdova E, Hincelin-Mery A, C Holland M, H Jensen PE, Jury EC, Kirby H, Kramer D, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Legrand J, Maggi E, Maillère B, Mariette X, Mauri C, Mikol V, Mulleman D, Oldenburg J, Paintaud G, R Pedersen C, Ruperto N, Seitz R, Spindeldreher S, Deisenhammer F. Standardizing terms, definitions and concepts for describing and interpreting unwanted immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals: recommendations of the Innovative Medicines Initiative ABIRISK consortium. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:385-400. [PMID: 25959571 PMCID: PMC4557374 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals (BPs) represent a rapidly growing class of approved and investigational drug therapies that is contributing significantly to advancing treatment in multiple disease areas, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, genetic deficiencies and cancer. Unfortunately, unwanted immunogenic responses to BPs, in particular those affecting clinical safety or efficacy, remain among the most common negative effects associated with this important class of drugs. To manage and reduce risk of unwanted immunogenicity, diverse communities of clinicians, pharmaceutical industry and academic scientists are involved in: interpretation and management of clinical and biological outcomes of BP immunogenicity, improvement of methods for describing, predicting and mitigating immunogenicity risk and elucidation of underlying causes. Collaboration and alignment of efforts across these communities is made difficult due to lack of agreement on concepts, practices and standardized terms and definitions related to immunogenicity. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI; http://www.imi-europe.org), ABIRISK consortium [Anti-Biopharmaceutical (BP) Immunization Prediction and Clinical Relevance to Reduce the Risk; http://www.abirisk.eu] was formed by leading clinicians, academic scientists and EFPIA (European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations) members to elucidate underlying causes, improve methods for immunogenicity prediction and mitigation and establish common definitions around terms and concepts related to immunogenicity. These efforts are expected to facilitate broader collaborations and lead to new guidelines for managing immunogenicity. To support alignment, an overview of concepts behind the set of key terms and definitions adopted to date by ABIRISK is provided herein along with a link to access and download the ABIRISK terms and definitions and provide comments (http://www.abirisk.eu/index_t_and_d.asp).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rup
- Pfizer, Immunogenicity Sciences Disciple, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism
| | - M Pallardy
- INSERM, UMR996, Faculté Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, France
| | - D Sikkema
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Immunology-Biopharm, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - T Albert
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Allez
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Gastroenterology, GETAID, Paris, France
| | - P Broet
- INSERM, UMR669, University of Paris Sud, France
| | - C Carini
- Pfizer, Early Biotech Clinical Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Creeke
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Davidson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Worldwide Epidemiology, Southall, UK
| | - N De Vries
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Finco
- Pfizer, Drug Safety R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - A Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, MS Center, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Hincelin-Mery
- Sanofi-Aventis, Clinical Exploratory and Pharmacology, Chilly-Mazerin, FR
| | - M C Holland
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Immunology-Biopharm R&D, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - P E H Jensen
- Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E C Jury
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - H Kirby
- UCB Pharma, Bioanalytical R&D, Slough, UK
| | - D Kramer
- Merck-Serono, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Grafing, Germany
| | | | - J Legrand
- Ipsen Innovation, Pharmacokinetics Drug Metabolism Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - E Maggi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universita di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - B Maillère
- CEA-Saclay Institute of Biology and Technologies, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - X Mariette
- INSERM, U1012, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Rhumatologie, Paris, France
| | - C Mauri
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - V Mikol
- Sanofi Aventis, Structural Biology, Paris, France
| | - D Mulleman
- University of Tours Francois Rabelais, CNRS UMR 7292, Tours, France
| | - J Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - G Paintaud
- CNRS UMR 7292 'GICC', Faculty of Medicine, Tours, France
| | | | - N Ruperto
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pediatria II, Rheumatology, Genova, Italy
| | - R Seitz
- Division of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - S Spindeldreher
- Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics-Biologics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - F Deisenhammer
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Cappuccio A, Tieri P, Castiglione F. Multiscale modelling in immunology: a review. Brief Bioinform 2015; 17:408-18. [PMID: 25810307 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in biomedicine is to get a unified view of observations made from the molecular up to the organism scale. Towards this goal, multiscale models have been highly instrumental in contexts such as the cardiovascular field, angiogenesis, neurosciences and tumour biology. More recently, such models are becoming an increasingly important resource to address immunological questions as well. Systematic mining of the literature in multiscale modelling led us to identify three main fields of immunological applications: host-virus interactions, inflammatory diseases and their treatment and development of multiscale simulation platforms for immunological research and for educational purposes. Here, we review the current developments in these directions, which illustrate that multiscale models can consistently integrate immunological data generated at several scales, and can be used to describe and optimize therapeutic treatments of complex immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cappuccio
- Laboratory of Integrative biology of human dendritic cells and T cells, U932 Immunity and cancer, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d`Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Tieri
- Institute for Applied Mathematics (IAC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Mathematics (IAC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
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31
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Abstract
Systems biology and synthetic biology are emerging disciplines which are becoming increasingly utilised in several areas of bioscience. Toxicology is beginning to benefit from systems biology and we suggest in the future that is will also benefit from synthetic biology. Thus, a new era is on the horizon. This review illustrates how a suite of innovative techniques and tools can be applied to understanding complex health and toxicology issues. We review limitations confronted by the traditional computational approaches to toxicology and epidemiology research, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their effects on adverse birth outcomes as an illustrative example. We introduce how systems toxicology (and their subdisciplines, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic toxicology) will help to overcome such limitations. In particular, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mathematical frameworks that computationally represent biological systems. Finally, we discuss the nascent discipline of synthetic biology and highlight relevant toxicological centred applications of this technique, including improvements in personalised medicine. We conclude this review by presenting a number of opportunities and challenges that could shape the future of these rapidly evolving disciplines.
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