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Wang S, Tan J, Zhang Q. Cytosolic Escape of Mitochondrial DNA Triggers cGAS-STING Pathway-Dependent Neuronal PANoptosis in Response to Intermittent Hypoxia. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04151-7. [PMID: 38833090 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is the predominant pathophysiological disturbance in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by neuronal cell death and neurocognitive impairment. We focus on the accumulated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cytosol, which acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, a known trigger for immune responses and neuronal death in degenerative diseases. However, the specific role and mechanism of the mtDNA-cGAS-STING axis in IH-induced neural damage remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the involvement of PANoptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death linked to cytosolic mtDNA accumulation and the cGAS-STING pathway activation, in neuronal cell death induced by IH. Our study found that PANoptosis occurred in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and HT22 cell lines exposed to IH. In addition, we discovered that during IH, mtDNA released into the cytoplasm via the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activates the cGAS-STING pathway, exacerbating PANoptosis-associated neuronal death. Pharmacologically inhibiting mPTP opening or depleting mtDNA significantly reduced cGAS-STING pathway activation and PANoptosis in HT22 cells under IH. Moreover, our findings indicated that the cGAS-STING pathway primarily promotes PANoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Inhibiting or silencing the cGAS-STING pathway substantially reduced ER stress-mediated neuronal death and PANoptosis, while lentivirus-mediated STING overexpression exacerbated these effects. In summary, our study elucidates that cytosolic escape of mtDNA triggers cGAS-STING pathway-dependent neuronal PANoptosis in response to IH, mainly through regulating ER stress. The discovery of the novel mechanism provides theoretical support for the prevention and treatment of neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Van Lent J, Prior R, Pérez Siles G, Cutrupi AN, Kennerson ML, Vangansewinkel T, Wolfs E, Mukherjee-Clavin B, Nevin Z, Judge L, Conklin B, Tyynismaa H, Clark AJ, Bennett DL, Van Den Bosch L, Saporta M, Timmerman V. Advances and challenges in modeling inherited peripheral neuropathies using iPSCs. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01250-x. [PMID: 38825644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) are a group of diseases associated with mutations in various genes with fundamental roles in the development and function of peripheral nerves. Over the past 10 years, significant advances in identifying molecular disease mechanisms underlying axonal and myelin degeneration, acquired from cellular biology studies and transgenic fly and rodent models, have facilitated the development of promising treatment strategies. However, no clinical treatment has emerged to date. This lack of treatment highlights the urgent need for more biologically and clinically relevant models recapitulating IPNs. For both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a particularly powerful platform for disease modeling and preclinical studies. In this review, we provide an update on different in vitro human cellular IPN models, including traditional two-dimensional monoculture iPSC derivatives, and recent advances in more complex human iPSC-based systems using microfluidic chips, organoids, and assembloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Robert Prior
- Universitätsklinikum Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Pérez Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony N Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, BIOMED, Laboratory for Functional Imaging and Research on Stem Cells (FIERCE Lab), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, BIOMED, Laboratory for Functional Imaging and Research on Stem Cells (FIERCE Lab), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luke Judge
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex J Clark
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Saporta
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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3
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Chen H, Lu M, Lyu Q, Shi L, Zhou C, Li M, Feng S, Liang X, Zhou X, Ren L. Mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction: Unraveling the hidden link to depression. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116656. [PMID: 38678964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. However, more and more evidence shows that mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction may play an important role in the occurrence and development of depression. Mitochondria are the centre of energy production in cells, and are also involved in important processes such as apoptosis and oxidative stress. Studies have found that there are abnormalities in mitochondrial function in patients with depression, including mitochondrial morphological changes, mitochondrial dynamics disorders, mitochondrial DNA damage, and impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function. These abnormalities may cause excessive free radicals and oxidative stress in mitochondria, which further damage cells and affect the balance of neurotransmitters, causing or aggravating depressive symptoms. Studies have shown that mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction may participate in the occurrence and development of depression by affecting neuroplasticity, inflammation and neurotransmitters. This article reviews the effects of mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction on the pathogenesis of depression and its potential molecular pathway. The restorers for the treatment of depression by regulating the function of mitochondrial dynamics were summarized and the possibility of using mitochondrial dynamics as a biomarker of depression was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
| | - Qin Lyu
- Graduate School, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Liuqing Shi
- Graduate School, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Chuntong Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- Graduate School, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Xicai Liang
- Experimental Animal Center of Liaoning University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China.
| | - Lu Ren
- Graduate School, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China; Mental disorders research laboratory, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China.
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Feng S, Gui J, Qin B, Ye J, Zhao Q, Guo A, Sang M, Sun X. Resveratrol Inhibits VDAC1-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Mitigate Pathological Progression in Parkinson's Disease Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04234-0. [PMID: 38819635 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
An increase in α-synuclein (α-syn) levels and mutations in proteins associated with mitochondria contribute to the development of familial Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the involvement of α-syn and mitochondria in idiopathic PD remains incompletely understood. The voltage-dependent anion channel I (VDAC1) protein, which serves as a crucial regulator of mitochondrial function and a gatekeeper, plays a pivotal role in governing cellular destiny through the control of ion and respiratory metabolite flux. The ability of resveratrol (RES), which is a potent phytoalexin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, to regulate VDAC1 in PD is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of VDAC1 in the pathological process of PD and to explore the mechanism by which resveratrol protects dopaminergic neurons by regulating VDAC1 to maintain the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and calcium ion balance. The effects of RES on the motor and cognitive abilities of A53T mice were evaluated by using small animal behavioral tests. Various techniques, including immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunoadsorption, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blotting, among others, were employed to assess the therapeutic impact of RES on neuropathy associated with PD and its potential in regulating mitochondrial VDAC1. The findings showed that RES significantly improved motor and cognitive dysfunction and restored mitochondrial function, thus reducing oxidative stress levels in A53T mice. A significant positive correlation was observed between the protein expression level of VDAC1 and mitochondrial α-syn expression, as well as disease progression, whereas no such correlation was found in VDAC2 and VDAC3. Administration of RES resulted in a significant decrease in the protein expression of VDAC1 and in the protein expression of α-syn both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we found that RES prevents excessive opening of the mPTP in dopaminergic neurons. This may prevent the abnormal aggregation of α-syn in mitochondria and the release of mitochondrial apoptosis signals. Furthermore, the activation of VDAC1 reversed the resveratrol-induced decrease in the accumulation of α-syn in the mitochondria. These findings highlight the potential of VDAC1 as a therapeutic target for PD and identify the mechanism by which resveratrol alleviates PD-related pathology by modulating mitochondrial VDAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Feng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Jianjun Gui
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Bingqing Qin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Junjie Ye
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Ai Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Ming Sang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinsons Disease at Xiangyang No.1 Peoples Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
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Yang SM, Li YB, Si HX, Wei Y, Ma FJ, Wang J, Chen T, Chen K. C-176 reduces inflammation-induced pain by blocking the cGAS-STING pathway in microglia. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38738512 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2352025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory pain, is caused by lesions or diseases of the somatosensory tissue, is a prevalent chronic condition that profoundly impacts the quality of life. However, clinical treatment for this type of pain remains limited. Traditionally, the stimulation of microglia and subsequent inflammatory reactions are considered crucial elements to promote the worsening of inflammatory pain. Recent research has shown the crucial importance of the cGAS-STING pathway in promoting inflammation. It is still uncertain if the cGAS-STING pathway plays the role in the fundamental cause of inflammatory pain. We aim to explore the treatment of inflammatory pain by interfering with cGAS-STING signaling pathway. METHODS In this study, we established an inflammatory pain model by CFA into the plantar of mice. Activation of microglia, various inflammatory factors and cGAS-STING protein in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the cellular localization of cGAS and STING. The cGAS-STING pathway proteins expression and mRNA expression of indicated microglial M1/M2 phenotypic markers in the BV2 microglia were detected. STING inhibitor C-176 was intrathecal injected into mice with inflammatory pain, and the pain behavior and microglia were observed. RESULTS This research showed that injecting CFA into the left hind paw of mice caused mechanical allodynia and increased inflammation in the spine. Our research results suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway had a function in the inflammation mediated by microglia in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Blocking the cGAS-STING pathway using STING antagonists (C-176) led to reduced release of inflammatory factors and prevented M1 polarization of BV2 microglia in a laboratory setting. Additionally, intrathecal administration of C-176 reduced the allodynia in CFA treated mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that inhibiting microglial polarization through the cGAS-STING pathway represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua-Xing Si
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Juan Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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6
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An C, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang S, Yang F, Hu Y, Xu T, Zhang C, Ge S. The cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases: from basic research to clinical perspectives. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:58. [PMID: 38720328 PMCID: PMC11080250 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway, an important component of the innate immune system, is involved in the development of several diseases. Ectopic DNA-induced inflammatory responses are involved in several pathological processes. Repeated damage to tissues and metabolic organelles releases a large number of damage-associated molecular patterns (mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and exogenous DNA). The DNA fragments released into the cytoplasm are sensed by the sensor cGAS to initiate immune responses through the bridging protein STING. Many recent studies have revealed a regulatory role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and aortic dissection/aneurysm. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway can significantly inhibit myocardial hypertrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, this review is intended to identify risk factors for activating the cGAS-STING pathway to reduce risks and to simultaneously further elucidate the biological function of this pathway in the cardiovascular field, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang B, Duan R, Liu Y. Mitochondrial DNA Leakage and cGas/STING Pathway in Microglia: Crosstalk Between Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2024; 548:1-8. [PMID: 38685462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by abnormal deposition of misfolded proteins, often present with progressive loss of neurons. Chronic neuroinflammation is a striking hallmark of neurodegeneration. Microglia, as the primary immune cells in the brain, is the main type of cells that participate in the formation of inflammatory microenvironment. Cytoplasmic free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a common component of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can activate the cGas/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling, which subsequently produces type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines. There are various sources of free mtDNA in microglial cytoplasm, but mitochondrial oxidative stress accumulation plays the vital role. The upregulation of cGas/STING pathway in microglia contributes to the abnormal and persistent microglial activation, accompanied by excessive secretion of neurotoxic inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which exacerbates the damage of neurons and promotes the development of neurodegeneration. Currently, novel therapeutic approaches need to be found to delay the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, and regulation of the cGas/STING signaling in microglia may be a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Liu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruonan Duan
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yiming Liu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Li Q, Wu P, Du Q, Hanif U, Hu H, Li K. cGAS-STING, an important signaling pathway in diseases and their therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e511. [PMID: 38525112 PMCID: PMC10960729 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway was discovered in 2013, great progress has been made to elucidate the origin, function, and regulating mechanism of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the past decade. Meanwhile, the triggering and transduction mechanisms have been continuously illuminated. cGAS-STING plays a key role in human diseases, particularly DNA-triggered inflammatory diseases, making it a potentially effective therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases. Here, we aim to summarize the ancient origin of the cGAS-STING defense mechanism, as well as the triggers, transduction, and regulating mechanisms of the cGAS-STING. We will also focus on the important roles of cGAS-STING signal under pathological conditions, such as infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, and visceral inflammations, and review the progress in drug development targeting cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The main directions and potential obstacles in the regulating mechanism research and therapeutic drug development of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway for inflammatory diseases and cancers will be discussed. These research advancements expand our understanding of cGAS-STING, provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the roles of cGAS-STING in diseases, and open up new strategies for targeting cGAS-STING as a promising therapeutic intervention in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Occupational DiseasesThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital)ChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qiujing Du
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ullah Hanif
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Center for Immunology and HematologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ka Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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9
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Sato Y, Hayashi MT. Micronucleus is not a potent inducer of the cGAS/STING pathway. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302424. [PMID: 38307626 PMCID: PMC10837050 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN) have been associated with the innate immune response. The abrupt rupture of MN membranes results in the accumulation of cGAS, potentially activating STING and downstream interferon-responsive genes. However, direct evidence connecting MN and cGAS activation has been lacking. We have developed the FuVis2 reporter system, which enables the visualization of the cell nucleus carrying a single sister chromatid fusion and, consequently, MN. Using this FuVis2 reporter equipped with cGAS and STING reporters, we rigorously assessed the potency of cGAS activation by MN in individual living cells. Our findings reveal that cGAS localization to membrane-ruptured MN during interphase is infrequent, with cGAS primarily capturing MN during mitosis and remaining bound to cytosolic chromatin. We found that cGAS accumulation during mitosis neither activates STING in the subsequent interphase nor triggers the interferon response. Gamma-ray irradiation activates STING independently of MN formation and cGAS localization to MN. These results suggest that cGAS accumulation in cytosolic MN is not a robust indicator of its activation and that MN are not the primary trigger of the cGAS/STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- https://ror.org/02kpeqv85 Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- https://ror.org/02kpeqv85 IFOM-KU Joint Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto T Hayashi
- https://ror.org/02kpeqv85 IFOM-KU Joint Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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10
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Hailati J, Liu ZQ, Zhang YF, Zhang L, Midilibieke H, Ma XL, Wulasihan M. Increased Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate and Interleukin-1Beta Is Activated by Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Associated With Heart Failure in Atrial Fibrillation Patients. Cardiol Res 2024; 15:108-116. [PMID: 38645829 PMCID: PMC11027785 DOI: 10.14740/cr1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to identify the association of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase-stimulator interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway with heart failure (HF) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Methods We prospectively enrolled 106 AF patients without evidence of HF. The serum levels of 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP) and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). To determine the underlying mechanism, we supplemented the complex I inhibitor rotenone and the specific cGAS inhibitor RU.521 in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Results During 18-month follow-up, serum concentrations of 2'3'-cGAMP (baseline 51.82 ± 11.34 pg/mL vs. follow-up 124.50 ± 75.83 pg/mL, Ppaired t < 0.01) and IL-1β (baseline 436.07 ± 165.82 vs. follow-up 632.48 ± 119.25 ng/mL, Ppaired t < 0.01) were substantially upregulated in AF patients with HF as compared with those without HF. Furthermore, serum 2'3'-cGAMP and IL-1β levels at 18-month follow-up were independently associated with the occurrence of HF in AF patients. Inhibition of cGAS by RU.521 effectively reversed the upregulation of 2'3'-cGAMP and STING phosphorylation induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, accompanied with inhibition of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Conclusions Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction causes an upregulation of 2'3'-cGAMP and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through cGAS-STING pathway in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juledezi Hailati
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhi Qiang Liu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yun Fei Zhang
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hasidaer Midilibieke
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiang Li Ma
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Muhuyati Wulasihan
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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11
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Ji Y, Ma Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Jin D, Xu L, Ge S. SS-31 inhibits mtDNA-cGAS-STING signaling to improve POCD by activating mitophagy in aged mice. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:641-654. [PMID: 38411634 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is crucial in the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), and microglial activation is an active participant in this process. SS-31, a mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant, is widely regarded as a potential drug for neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we sought to explore whether SS-31 plays a neuroprotective role and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Internal fixation of tibial fracture was performed in 18-month-old mice to induce surgery-associated neurocognitive dysfunction. LPS was administrated to BV2 cells to induce neuroinflammation. Neurobehavioral deficits, hippocampal injury, protein expression, mitophagy level and cell state were evaluated after treatment with SS-31, PHB2 siRNA and an STING agonist. RESULTS Our study revealed that SS-31 interacted with PHB2 to activate mitophagy and improve neural damage in surgically aged mice, which was attributed to the reduced cGAS-STING pathway and M1 microglial polarization by decreased release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) but not nuclear DNA (nDNA). In vitro, knockdown of PHB2 and an STING agonist abolished the protective effect of SS-31. CONCLUSIONS SS-31 conferred neuroprotection against POCD by promoting PHB2-mediated mitophagy activation to inhibit mtDNA release, which in turn suppressed the cGAS-STING pathway and M1 microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelong Ji
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yimei Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xining Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Danfeng Jin
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengjin Ge
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Bondy SC. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as the Major Basis of Brain Aging. Biomolecules 2024; 14:402. [PMID: 38672420 PMCID: PMC11048299 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in the properties of three biological events that occur with cerebral aging are discussed. These adverse changes already begin to develop early in mid-life and gradually become more pronounced with senescence. Essentially, they are reflections of the progressive decline in effectiveness of key processes, resulting in the deviation of essential biochemical trajectories to ineffective and ultimately harmful variants of these programs. The emphasis of this review is the major role played by the mitochondria in the transition of these three important processes toward more deleterious variants as brain aging proceeds. The immune system: the shift away from an efficient immune response to a more unfocused, continuing inflammatory condition. Such a state is both ineffective and harmful. Reactive oxygen species are important intracellular signaling systems. Additionally, microglial phagocytic activity utilizing short lived reactive oxygen species contribute to the removal of aberrant or dead cells and bacteria. These processes are transformed into an excessive, untargeted, and persistent generation of pro-oxidant free radicals (oxidative stress). The normal efficient neural transmission is modified to a state of undirected, chronic low-level excitatory activity. Each of these changes is characterized by the occurrence of continuous activity that is inefficient and diffused. The signal/noise ratio of several critical biological events is thus reduced as beneficial responses are gradually replaced by their impaired and deleterious variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Bondy
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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13
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Huang KT, Wagner LE, Takano T, Lin XX, Bagavant H, Deshmukh U, Yule DI. Dysregulated Ca 2+ signaling, fluid secretion, and mitochondrial function in a mouse model of early Sjögren's syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585719. [PMID: 38562738 PMCID: PMC10983907 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Saliva is essential for oral health. The molecular mechanisms leading to physiological fluid secretion are established, but factors that underlie secretory hypofunction, specifically related to the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are not fully understood. SS-like disease was induced by the treatment with 5,6-Dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), an activator of the stimulator of the interferon gene (STING) pathway. This mouse model mimics exposure to foreign cytoplasmic ribonucleotides occurring following viral and bacterial infection and thought to be an initiating event in SS. Neurotransmitter-stimulated increases in cytoplasmic [Ca2+] are central to stimulating fluid secretion, primarily by increasing the activity of the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel, TMEM16a. Paradoxically, in DMXAA-treated mice in vivo imaging demonstrated that neural-stimulation resulted in greatly enhanced Ca2+ levels when a significant reduction in fluid secretion was observed. Notably, in the disease model, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the Ca2+ signals were altered to result in global rather than largely apically confined Ca2+ rises observed physiologically. Notwithstanding the augmented Ca2+ signals, muscarinic stimulation resulted in reduced activation of TMEM16a, although there were no changes in channel abundance or absolute sensitivity to Ca2+. However, super-resolution microscopy revealed a disruption in the localization of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channels in relation to TMEM16a. Appropriate Ca2+ signaling is also pivotal for mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetics and secretion is an energetically expensive process. Disrupted mitochondrial morphology, a depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced oxygen consumption rate were observed in DMXAA-treated animals compared to control animals. We report that early in SS disease, dysregulated Ca2+ signals lead to decreased fluid secretion and disrupted mitochondrial function contributing to salivary gland hypofunction and likely the progression of SS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY. 14526
| | - Larry E. Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY. 14526
| | - Takahiro Takano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY. 14526
| | - Xiao-Xuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY. 14526
| | - Harini Bagavant
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Umesh Deshmukh
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - David I. Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY. 14526
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14
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Li S, Wan J, Peng Z, Huang Q, He B. New insights of DsbA-L in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04964-8. [PMID: 38430301 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are abnormal conditions that result from disturbances of metabolism. With the improvement of living conditions, the morbidity and mortality rates of metabolic diseases are steadily rising, posing a significant threat to human health worldwide. Therefore, identifying novel effective targets for metabolic diseases is crucial. Accumulating evidence has indicated that disulfide bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L) delays the development of metabolic diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of DsbA-L in metabolic diseases remain unclear. In this review, we will discuss the roles of DsbA-L in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and NAFLD, and highlight the potential mechanisms. These findings suggest that DsbA-L might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jinfa Wan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhenyu Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Baimei He
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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15
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Wang H, Ye J, Peng Y, Ma W, Chen H, Sun H, Feng Z, He W, Li G, Chu S, Zhang Z, Chen N. CKLF induces microglial activation via triggering defective mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Autophagy 2024; 20:590-613. [PMID: 37908119 PMCID: PMC10936627 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2276639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although microglial activation is induced by an increase in chemokines, the role of mitophagy in this process remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of microglial mitophagy in CKLF/CKLF1 (chemokine-like factor 1)-induced microglial activation and neuroinflammation, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms following CKLF treatment. This study determined that CKLF, an inducible chemokine in the brain, leads to an increase in mitophagy markers, such as DNM1L, PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1), PRKN, and OPTN, along with a simultaneous increase in autophagosome formation, as evidenced by elevated levels of BECN1 and MAP1LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta)-II. However, SQSTM1, a substrate of autophagy, was also accumulated by CKLF treatment, suggesting that mitophagy flux was reduced and mitophagosomes accumulated. These findings were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The defective mitophagy observed in our study was caused by impaired lysosomal function, including mitophagosome-lysosome fusion, lysosome generation, and acidification, resulting in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in microglial cells. Further analysis revealed that pharmacological blocking or gene-silencing of mitophagy inhibited CKLF-mediated microglial activation, as evidenced by the expression of the microglial marker AIF1 (allograft inflammatory factor 1) and the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines (Tnf and Il6). Ultimately, defective mitophagy induced by CKLF results in microglial activation, as observed in the brains of adult mice. In summary, CKLF induces defective mitophagy, microglial activation, and inflammation, providing a potential approach for treating neuroinflammatory diseases.Abbreviation: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ANOVA: analysis of variance; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-AMP; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CKLF/CKLF1: chemokine-like factor 1; CNS: central nervous system; DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescence protein; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; IgG: immunoglobulin G; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAPTM4A: lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4A; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; Mdivi-1: mitochondrial division inhibitor 1; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; OPTN: optineurin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PLL: poly-L-lysine; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junrui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenbin He
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Graduate school, Inner Mongolian Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Liu YG, Jin SW, Zhang SS, Xia TJ, Liao YH, Pan RL, Yan MZ, Chang Q. Interferon lambda in respiratory viral infection: immunomodulatory functions and antiviral effects in epithelium. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338096. [PMID: 38495892 PMCID: PMC10940417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Type III interferon (IFN-λ), a new member of the IFN family, was initially considered to possess antiviral functions similar to those of type I interferon, both of which are induced via the JAK/STAT pathway. Nevertheless, recent findings demonstrated that IFN-λ exerts a nonredundant antiviral function at the mucosal surface, preferentially produced in epithelial cells in contrast to type I interferon, and its function cannot be replaced by type I interferon. This review summarizes recent studies showing that IFN-λ inhibits the spread of viruses from the cell surface to the body. Further studies have found that the role of IFN-λ is not only limited to the abovementioned functions, but it can also can exert direct and/or indirect effects on immune cells in virus-induced inflammation. This review focuses on the antiviral activity of IFN-λ in the mucosal epithelial cells and its action on immune cells and summarizes the pathways by which IFN-λ exerts its action and differentiates it from other interferons in terms of mechanism. Finally, we conclude that IFN-λ is a potent epidermal antiviral factor that enhances the respiratory mucosal immune response and has excellent therapeutic potential in combating respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming-Zhu Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Peggion C, Calì T, Brini M. Mitochondria Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration: Who Comes First? Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:240. [PMID: 38397838 PMCID: PMC10885966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) encompass an assorted array of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, each characterised by distinct clinical manifestations and underlying pathological mechanisms. While some cases have a genetic basis, many NDs occur sporadically. Despite their differences, these diseases commonly feature chronic neuroinflammation as a hallmark. Consensus has recently been reached on the possibility that mitochondria dysfunction and protein aggregation can mutually contribute to the activation of neuroinflammatory response and thus to the onset and progression of these disorders. In the present review, we discuss the contribution of mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation to the aetiology and progression of NDs, highlighting the possibility that new potential therapeutic targets can be identified to tackle neurodegenerative processes and alleviate the progression of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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18
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Ding W, Chen J, Zhao L, Wu S, Chen X, Chen H. Mitochondrial DNA leakage triggers inflammation in age-related cardiovascular diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1287447. [PMID: 38425502 PMCID: PMC10902119 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1287447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of cardiovascular aging. The leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is increased in senescent cells, which are resistant to programmed cell death such as apoptosis. Due to its similarity to prokaryotic DNA, mtDNA could be recognized by cellular DNA sensors and trigger innate immune responses, resulting in chronic inflammatory conditions during aging. The mechanisms include cGAS-STING signaling, TLR-9 and inflammasomes activation. Mitochondrial quality controls such as mitophagy could prevent mitochondria from triggering harmful inflammatory responses, but when this homeostasis is out of balance, mtDNA-induced inflammation could become pathogenic and contribute to age-related cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize recent studies on mechanisms by which mtDNA promotes inflammation and aging-related cardiovascular diseases, and discuss the potential value of mtDNA in early screening and as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Ding
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Syndrome Laboratory, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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19
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Korhonen E. Inflammasome activation in response to aberrations of cellular homeostasis in epithelial cells from human cornea and retina. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 281:3-68. [PMID: 38386419 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
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20
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Murphy MP, O'Neill LAJ. A break in mitochondrial endosymbiosis as a basis for inflammatory diseases. Nature 2024; 626:271-279. [PMID: 38326590 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria retain bacterial traits due to their endosymbiotic origin, but host cells do not recognize them as foreign because the organelles are sequestered. However, the regulated release of mitochondrial factors into the cytosol can trigger cell death, innate immunity and inflammation. This selective breakdown in the 2-billion-year-old endosymbiotic relationship enables mitochondria to act as intracellular signalling hubs. Mitochondrial signals include proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, metabolites and reactive oxygen species, which have many modes of release from mitochondria, and of decoding in the cytosol and nucleus. Because these mitochondrial signals probably contribute to the homeostatic role of inflammation, dysregulation of these processes may lead to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. A potential reason for the increased incidence of these diseases may be changes in mitochondrial function and signalling in response to such recent phenomena as obesity, dietary changes and other environmental factors. Focusing on the mixed heritage of mitochondria therefore leads to predictions for future insights, research paths and therapeutic opportunities. Thus, whereas mitochondria can be considered 'the enemy within' the cell, evolution has used this strained relationship in intriguing ways, with increasing evidence pointing to the recent failure of endosymbiosis being critical for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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21
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Jenson JM, Chen ZJ. cGAS goes viral: A conserved immune defense system from bacteria to humans. Mol Cell 2024; 84:120-130. [PMID: 38181755 PMCID: PMC11168419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
To survive, all organisms need the ability to accurately recognize and neutralize pathogens. As a result, many of the fundamental strategies that our innate immune system uses to fight infection have deep evolutionary roots. The innate immune sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), an enzyme that plays a critical role in our bodies by sensing and signaling in response to microbial infection, is broadly conserved and has functional homologs in many vertebrates, invertebrates, and even bacteria. In this review, we will provide an overview of cGAS and cGAS-like signaling in eukaryotes before discussing cGAS-like homologs in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Jenson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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Liu X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Long J, Feng Z, Su J, Gao F, Liu J. Mitochondria as a sensor, a central hub and a biological clock in psychological stress-accelerated aging. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102145. [PMID: 38030089 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The theory that oxidative damage caused by mitochondrial free radicals leads to aging has brought mitochondria into the forefront of aging research. Psychological stress that encompasses many different experiences and exposures across the lifespan has been identified as a catalyst for accelerated aging. Mitochondria, known for their dynamic nature and adaptability, function as a highly sensitive stress sensor and central hub in the process of accelerated aging. In this review, we explore how mitochondria as sensors respond to psychological stress and contribute to the molecular processes in accelerated aging by viewing mitochondria as hormonal, mechanosensitive and immune suborganelles. This understanding of the key role played by mitochondria and their close association with accelerated aging helps us to distinguish normal aging from accelerated aging, correct misconceptions in aging studies, and develop strategies such as exercise and mitochondria-targeted nutrients and drugs for slowing down accelerated aging, and also hold promise for prevention and treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyun Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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23
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Verhoeven J, Jacobs KA, Rizzollo F, Lodi F, Hua Y, Poźniak J, Narayanan Srinivasan A, Houbaert D, Shankar G, More S, Schaaf MB, Dubroja Lakic N, Ganne M, Lamote J, Van Weyenbergh J, Boon L, Bechter O, Bosisio F, Uchiyama Y, Bertrand MJ, Marine JC, Lambrechts D, Bergers G, Agrawal M, Agostinis P. Tumor endothelial cell autophagy is a key vascular-immune checkpoint in melanoma. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18028. [PMID: 38009521 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) actively repress inflammatory responses and maintain an immune-excluded tumor phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms that sustain TEC-mediated immunosuppression remain largely elusive. Here, we show that autophagy ablation in TECs boosts antitumor immunity by supporting infiltration and effector function of T-cells, thereby restricting melanoma growth. In melanoma-bearing mice, loss of TEC autophagy leads to the transcriptional expression of an immunostimulatory/inflammatory TEC phenotype driven by heightened NF-kB and STING signaling. In line, single-cell transcriptomic datasets from melanoma patients disclose an enriched InflammatoryHigh /AutophagyLow TEC phenotype in correlation with clinical responses to immunotherapy, and responders exhibit an increased presence of inflamed vessels interfacing with infiltrating CD8+ T-cells. Mechanistically, STING-dependent immunity in TECs is not critical for the immunomodulatory effects of autophagy ablation, since NF-kB-driven inflammation remains functional in STING/ATG5 double knockout TECs. Hence, our study identifies autophagy as a principal tumor vascular anti-inflammatory mechanism dampening melanoma antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Verhoeven
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn A Jacobs
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Rizzollo
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Lodi
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yichao Hua
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joanna Poźniak
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adhithya Narayanan Srinivasan
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diede Houbaert
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gautam Shankar
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, KULeuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sanket More
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco B Schaaf
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolina Dubroja Lakic
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, KULeuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ganne
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jochen Lamote
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Bechter
- Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Bosisio
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, KULeuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, UZLeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathieu Jm Bertrand
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Resistance Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madhur Agrawal
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Picca A, Faitg J, Auwerx J, Ferrucci L, D'Amico D. Mitophagy in human health, ageing and disease. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2047-2061. [PMID: 38036770 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining optimal mitochondrial function is a feature of health. Mitophagy removes and recycles damaged mitochondria and regulates the biogenesis of new, fully functional ones preserving healthy mitochondrial functions and activities. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that impaired mitophagy negatively affects cellular health and contributes to age-related chronic diseases. Strategies to boost mitophagy have been successfully tested in model organisms, and, recently, some have been translated into clinics. In this Review, we describe the basic mechanisms of mitophagy and how mitophagy can be assessed in human blood, the immune system and tissues, including muscle, brain and liver. We outline mitophagy's role in specific diseases and describe mitophagy-activating approaches successfully tested in humans, including exercise and nutritional and pharmacological interventions. We describe how mitophagy is connected to other features of ageing through general mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress and forecast how strengthening research on mitophagy and mitophagy interventions may strongly support human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Faitg
- Amazentis, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Sturgis J, Singh R, Caron Q, Samuels IS, Shiju TM, Mukkara A, Freedman P, Bonilha VL. Modeling aging and retinal degeneration with mitochondrial DNA mutation burden. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.30.569464. [PMID: 38076962 PMCID: PMC10705408 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.30.569464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation accumulation has been observed in individuals with retinal degenerative disorders. To study the effects of aging and mtDNA mutation accumulation in the retina, a Polymerase gamma (POLG) deficiency model, the POLGD257A mutator mice (PolgD257A), was used. POLG is an enzyme responsible for regulating mtDNA replication and repair. Retinas of young and older mice with this mutation were analyzed in vivo and ex vivo to provide new insights into the contribution of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction due to mtDNA damage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis revealed a decrease in retinal and photoreceptor thickness starting at 6 months of age in mice with the POLGD257A mutation compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Electroretinography (ERG) testing showed a significant decrease in all recorded responses at 6 months of age. Sections labeled with markers of different types of retinal cells, including cones, rods, and bipolar cells, exhibited decreased labeling starting at 6 months. However, electron microscopy analysis revealed differences in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) mitochondria morphology beginning at 3 months. Interestingly, there was no increase in oxidative stress observed in the retina or RPE of POLGD257A mice. Additionally, POLGD257A RPE exhibited an accelerated rate of autofluorescence cytoplasmic granule formation and accumulation. Mitochondrial markers displayed decreased abundance in protein lysates obtained from retina and RPE samples. These findings suggest that the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations leads to impaired mitochondrial function and accelerated aging, resulting in retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sturgis
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rupesh Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Quinn Caron
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ivy S. Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Thomas Micheal Shiju
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aditi Mukkara
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul Freedman
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Vera L. Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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26
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Mutoh T, Kikuchi H, Jitsuishi T, Kitajo K, Yamaguchi A. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of ZBP1 in the brain of mouse experimental stroke model. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 134:102362. [PMID: 37952561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor, functioning as a critical mediator of inflammation and cell death pathways. Since neuroinflammation could occur in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), ZBP1 might be involved in neuroinflammation after stroke. However, the spatiotemporal expression profile of ZBP1 in the post-stroke brain remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the spatiotemporal expression patterns of ZBP1 in the post-stroke brain using a mouse photothrombotic stroke model. Real-time PCR assays showed that ZBP1 is induced on days 3-14 post stroke. ZBP1 immunoreactivity was observed in Iba1-positive microglia/macrophages in peri-infarct regions by immunohistochemistry. ZBP1-positive cells were spread in layers surrounding the infarct core by 7-14 days post stroke. Interestingly, ZBP1 immunoreactivity was also detected in CD206-positive border-associated macrophages (BAMs) in the meninges. Furthermore, ZBP1-expressing cells were positive for antibodies against inflammatory mediators such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). Morphological analysis with confocal microscopy showed that the co-localization signals of ZBP1 and its adaptor, TRIF, are increased by glucose oxidase (GOx) treatment, which has been reported to induce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. These results suggest that ZBP1 is induced in peri-infarct microglia/macrophages and may be involved in DAMPs-mediated neuroinflammation involving mtDNA in the post-infarct brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mutoh
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikuchi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Jitsuishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keiko Kitajo
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamaguchi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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27
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Zhivaki D, Gosselin EA, Sengupta D, Concepcion H, Arinze C, Chow J, Nikiforov A, Komoroski V, MacFarlane C, Sullivan C, Kagan JC. mRNAs encoding self-DNA reactive cGAS enhance the immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticle vaccines. mBio 2023; 14:e0250623. [PMID: 37937842 PMCID: PMC10746235 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02506-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNAs have emerged as effective vaccination tools to stimulate immunity. The most common application of this technology is to deliver mRNAs that encode antigenic proteins to dendritic cells (DCs), which then stimulate antigen-specific lymphocyte responses. It is unclear whether other immunostimulatory DC activities necessary for vaccine efficacy, beyond antigen presentation, can be induced via mRNA-encoded proteins. Herein, we report an mRNA encoding a self-DNA reactive variant of the enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), known as cGAS∆N. cGAS∆N produces the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP upon binding intra-mitochondrial DNA. cGAMP binds the protein STING, which activates innate immune responses that stimulate T cells. We found that when delivered to DCs via LNPs, mRNA-encoded cGAS∆N induced the upregulation of chemokine receptors, T cell costimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons from murine and human DCs. These activities exceeded the immunostimulatory activities of mRNA-encoded antigens delivered via LNPs. Co-immunization of mice with antigen-LNPs and cGAS∆N-LNPs led to the robust production of antigen-specific IFNγ-producing T cells. These T cell responses were durable and circulated through the lymphatics, blood, and lungs. Immunizations with antigen-LNPs alone, akin to what are used in the clinic, stimulated weak and transient T cell responses. Antibody responses to antigen-LNPs were biased towards type I isotypes when co-injected with cGAS∆N-LNPs, as compared to immunizations with antigen-LNPs alone. These findings establish the enzyme cGAS∆N as a catalytic adjuvant, which may prove useful in enhancing the immunogenicity of nucleic acid-based vaccines. IMPORTANCE Nucleic acid-based vaccines hold promise in preventing infections and treating cancer. The most common use of this technology is to encode antigenic proteins on mRNAs that are delivered to cells via lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations. In this study, we discovered that immunostimulatory proteins can also be encoded on mRNAs in LNPs. We found that an active mutant of the enzyme cGAS, referred to as cGAS∆N, acts as a catalytic adjuvant in LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccines. The delivery of cGAS∆N mRNA via LNPs in combination with antigen mRNA-LNPs led to durable antigen-specific IFNγ-producing T cells that exceeded the efficiency of antigen-LNPs similar to those currently used in the clinic. This strategy did not compromise B cell responses; rather it induced Th1-biased antibody isotypes. This work unveils new vaccine design strategies using mRNA-encoded catalytic adjuvants that could be ideal for generating CD8+ T cell and B cell responses for immunotherapies.
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Petcharat K, Munkong N, Thongboontho R, Chartarrayawadee W, Thim-Uam A. Synergistic Effects of Azithromycin and STING Agonist Promote IFN-I Production by Enhancing the Activation of STING-TBK1 Signaling. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:407-421. [PMID: 37933302 PMCID: PMC10625772 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s433181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Azithromycin (AZM) is a macrolide antibiotic that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-viral infection properties by enhancing type-I interferon (IFN-I) responses. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) can directly induce IFN-I production. However, elevated IFN-I induces auto-immune phenotypes such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The effects of AZM and STING on the production of IFN-I are unclear. Objective Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the role of AZM and STING on IFN-I responses in macrophages. Methods RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with AZM with and without a STING-agonist (DMXAA), and the maturation of macrophages was determined using flow cytometry. Gene expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed using qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Moreover, protein expression was investigated using Western blot assays and immunofluorescence. Results Our results show that AZM significantly induced M1 phenotypes, promoting surface molecule expansion of CD80 and MHC-II and production of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines on DMXAA-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, we found that AZM-increased mRNA levels of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) could be due to the high expression of STNG-TBK1 signaling in the presence of DMXAA. Conclusion Our data suggest that AZM enhancement of IFN-I responses was STING dependent in DMXAA-stimulated macrophages. These data underline a novel approach to AZM action-mediated STING-TBK1 signaling for regulating IFN-I responses and may further augment the scientific basis and potential use of AZM in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoktip Petcharat
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Rungthip Thongboontho
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | | | - Arthid Thim-Uam
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Fang X, Li B, Mo C. The role of cGAS-STING signaling in pulmonary fibrosis and its therapeutic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273248. [PMID: 37965345 PMCID: PMC10642193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and ultimately fatal lung disease, exhibiting the excessive production of extracellular matrix and aberrant activation of fibroblast. While Pirfenidone and Nintedanib are FDA-approved drugs that can slow down the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, they are unable to reverse the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop more efficient therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis. The intracellular DNA sensor called cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays a crucial role in detecting DNA and generating cGAMP, a second messenger. Subsequently, cGAMP triggers the activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), initiating a signaling cascade that leads to the stimulation of type I interferons and other signaling molecules involved in immune responses. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of aberrant activation of cGAS-STING contributes to fibrotic lung diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge regarding the role of cGAS-STING pathway in pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, we discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the cGAS-STING pathway, including the utilization of inhibitors of cGAS and STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutian Chen
- The Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunheng Mo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Yang T, Qu X, Wang X, Xu D, Sheng M, Lin Y, Ke M, Song C, Xia Q, Jiang L, Li J, Farmer DG, Ke B. The macrophage STING-YAP axis controls hepatic steatosis by promoting the autophagic degradation of lipid droplets. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00616. [PMID: 37870294 PMCID: PMC11035483 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The hallmark of NAFLD or hepatic steatosis is characterized by lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in hepatocytes. Autophagy may have profound effects on lipid metabolism and innate immune response. However, how innate immune activation may regulate the autophagic degradation of intracellular LDs remains elusive. APPROACH AND RESULTS A mouse model of a high-fat diet-induced NASH was used in the myeloid-specific stimulator of interferon genes (STING) knockout or STING/yes-associated protein (YAP) double knockout mice. Liver injury, lipid accumulation, lipid droplet proteins, autophagic genes, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing, and RNA-Seq were assessed in vivo and in vitro . We found that high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress activates STING and YAP pathways in hepatic macrophages. The acrophage STING deficiency (myeloid-specific STING knockout) enhances nuclear YAP activity, reduces lipid accumulation, and increases autophagy-related proteins ATG5, ATG7, and light chain 3B but diminishes LD protein perilipin 2 expression. However, disruption of STING and YAP (myeloid STING and YAP double knockout) increases serum alanine aminotransferase and triglyceride levels and reduces β-fatty acid oxidation gene expression but augments perilipin 2 levels, exacerbating high-fat diet-induced lipid deposition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing reveals that macrophage YAP targets transmembrane protein 205 and activates AMP-activated protein kinase α, which interacts with hepatocyte mitofusin 2 and induces protein disulfide isomerase activation. Protein disulfide isomerase activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling, increases autophagosome colocalization with LDs, and promotes the degradation of perilipin 2 by interacting with chaperone-mediated autophagy chaperone HSC70. CONCLUSIONS The macrophage STING-YAP axis controls hepatic steatosis by reprogramming lipid metabolism in a transmembrane protein 205/mitofusin 2/protein disulfide isomerase-dependent pathway. These findings highlight the regulatory mechanism of the macrophage STING-driven YAP activity on lipid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoye Qu
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongwei Xu
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingwei Sheng
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuanbang Lin
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Ke
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longfeng Jiang
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Douglas G. Farmer
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bibo Ke
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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31
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Richardson PJ, Smith DP, de Giorgio A, Snetkov X, Almond-Thynne J, Cronin S, Mead RJ, McDermott CJ, Shaw PJ. Janus kinase inhibitors are potential therapeutics for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:47. [PMID: 37828541 PMCID: PMC10568794 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a poorly treated multifactorial neurodegenerative disease associated with multiple cell types and subcellular organelles. As with other multifactorial diseases, it is likely that drugs will need to target multiple disease processes and cell types to be effective. We review here the role of Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling in ALS, confirm the association of this signalling with fundamental ALS disease processes using the BenevolentAI Knowledge Graph, and demonstrate that inhibitors of this pathway could reduce the ALS pathophysiology in neurons, glia, muscle fibres, and blood cells. Specifically, we suggest that inhibition of the JAK enzymes by approved inhibitors known as Jakinibs could reduce STAT3 activation and modify the progress of this disease. Analysis of the Jakinibs highlights baricitinib as a suitable candidate due to its ability to penetrate the central nervous system and exert beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore, we recommend that this drug be tested in appropriately designed clinical trials for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Cronin
- BenevolentAI, 15 MetroTech Centre, 8th FL, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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32
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Ren F, Narita R, Rashidi AS, Fruhwürth S, Gao Z, Bak RO, Thomsen MK, Verjans GMGM, Reinert LS, Paludan SR. ER stress induces caspase-2-tBID-GSDME-dependent cell death in neurons lytically infected with herpes simplex virus type 2. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113118. [PMID: 37646198 PMCID: PMC10548179 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, have the capacity to infect neurons and can cause severe diseases. This is associated with neuronal cell death, which may contribute to morbidity or even mortality if the infection is not controlled. However, the mechanistic details of HSV-induced neuronal cell death remain enigmatic. Here, we report that lytic HSV-2 infection of human neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells and primary human and murine brain cells leads to cell death mediated by gasdermin E (GSDME). HSV-2-induced GSDME-mediated cell death occurs downstream of replication-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress driven by inositol-requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α), leading to activation of caspase-2, cleavage of the pro-apoptotic protein BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID), and mitochondria-dependent activation of caspase-3. Finally, necrotic neurons released alarmins, which activated inflammatory responses in human iPSC-derived microglia. In conclusion, lytic HSV infection in neurons activates an ER stress-driven pathway to execute GSDME-mediated cell death and promote inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Ren
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Ahmad S Rashidi
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Zongliang Gao
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | | | | | - Line S Reinert
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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33
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Varga KZ, Gyurina K, Radványi Á, Pál T, Sasi-Szabó L, Yu H, Felszeghy E, Szabó T, Röszer T. Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Triggers Adipocyte Autophagy. Cells 2023; 12:2345. [PMID: 37830559 PMCID: PMC10572001 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling in adipocytes affects systemic metabolism. Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing has been recently shown to stimulate thermogenic adipocyte differentiation and protect from obesity; however, DNA efflux from adipocyte mitochondria is a potential proinflammatory signal that causes adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. Cytosolic DNA activates the stimulator of interferon response genes (STING), a key signal transducer which triggers type I interferon (IFN-I) expression; hence, STING activation is expected to induce IFN-I response and adipocyte dysfunction. However, we show herein that mouse adipocytes had a diminished IFN-I response to STING stimulation by 2'3'-cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP). We also show that cGAMP triggered autophagy in murine and human adipocytes. In turn, STING inhibition reduced autophagosome number, compromised the mitochondrial network and caused inflammation and fat accumulation in adipocytes. STING hence stimulates a process that removes damaged mitochondria, thereby protecting adipocytes from an excessive IFN-I response to mitochondrial DNA efflux. In summary, STING appears to limit inflammation in adipocytes by promoting mitophagy under non-obesogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Z. Varga
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gyurina
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Radványi
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Pál
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Sasi-Szabó
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Haidong Yu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Enikő Felszeghy
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szabó
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Röszer
- Pediatric Obesity Research Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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34
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Dos Santos FCF, da Costa CS, Graceli JB. Effects of microcystin-LR on mammalian ovaries. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108441. [PMID: 37473929 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The ovaries play critical roles in regulating oocyte maturation and sex steroid hormone production and thus are critical for female reproduction. Ovarian function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways, making the ovaries potential targets for environmental factors, such as microcystins (MCs). MCs are a diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins generally found in eutrophic water or algal blooms. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between MC exposure and ovarian dysfunction, including their effects on ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis, steroid production, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and fertility. This review covers the most recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mammals. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, current evidence indicates that MC exposure causes impairments in ovarian function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which MCs affect ovarian function and other female endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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35
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Luque-Campos N, Riquelme R, Molina L, Canedo-Marroquín G, Vega-Letter AM, Luz-Crawford P, Bustamante-Barrientos FA. Exploring the therapeutic potential of the mitochondrial transfer-associated enzymatic machinery in brain degeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1217815. [PMID: 37576343 PMCID: PMC10416799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central event in the pathogenesis of several degenerative brain disorders. It entails fission and fusion dynamics disruption, progressive decline in mitochondrial clearance, and uncontrolled oxidative stress. Many therapeutic strategies have been formulated to reverse these alterations, including replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy ones. Spontaneous mitochondrial transfer is a naturally occurring process with different biological functions. It comprises mitochondrial donation from one cell to another, carried out through different pathways, such as the formation and stabilization of tunneling nanotubules and Gap junctions and the release of extracellular vesicles with mitochondrial cargoes. Even though many aspects of regulating these mechanisms still need to be discovered, some key enzymatic regulators have been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mitochondrial dysfunction in different neurodegenerative disorders. Besides, we analyzed the usage of mitochondrial transfer as an endogenous revitalization tool, emphasizing the enzyme regulators that govern this mechanism. Going deeper into this matter would be helpful to take advantage of the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noymar Luque-Campos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Riquelme
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Vega-Letter
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A. Bustamante-Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
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36
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Hernández CL. Mitochondrial DNA in Human Diversity and Health: From the Golden Age to the Omics Era. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1534. [PMID: 37628587 PMCID: PMC10453943 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small fraction of our hereditary material. However, this molecule has had an overwhelming presence in scientific research for decades until the arrival of high-throughput studies. Several appealing properties justify the application of mtDNA to understand how human populations are-from a genetic perspective-and how individuals exhibit phenotypes of biomedical importance. Here, I review the basics of mitochondrial studies with a focus on the dawn of the field, analysis methods and the connection between two sides of mitochondrial genetics: anthropological and biomedical. The particularities of mtDNA, with respect to inheritance pattern, evolutionary rate and dependence on the nuclear genome, explain the challenges of associating mtDNA composition and diseases. Finally, I consider the relevance of this single locus in the context of omics research. The present work may serve as a tribute to a tool that has provided important insights into the past and present of humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela L Hernández
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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