An integrated view of lipid metabolism in ferroptosis revisited via lipidomic analysis

Targeting lipid metabolism via nanomedicine: A prospective strategy for cancer therapy

Lipid metabolism has been increasingly recognized to play an influencing role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic drug resistance. Targeting lipid metabolic reprogramming represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Despite their structural complexity and poor targeting efficacy, lipid-metabolizing drugs, either used alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, have been employed in clinical practice. The advent of nanotechnology offers new approaches to enhancing therapeutic effects, includingthe targeted delivery and integration of lipid metabolic reprogramming with chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and immunotherapy. The integrated nanoformulation, nanomedicine, could significantly advance the field of lipid metabolism therapy. In this review, we will briefly introduce the concept of cancer lipid metabolism reprogramming, then elaborate the latest advances in engineered nanomedicine for targeting lipid metabolism during cancer treatment, and finally provide our insights into future perspectives of nanomedicine for interference with lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment.

Targeting ferroptosis: a novel pathway in oral, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers

Malignancies of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx rank as the seventh most prevalent cancers globally, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Despite advancements in conventional therapies, these cancers often demonstrate recurrence and treatment resistance. This review investigates ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated cell death mechanism, as a novel therapeutic target to overcome resistance and recurrence in these cancers. A narrative review study was conducted using online databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search incorporated keywords such as "ferroptosis", "oral squamous cell carcinoma", "oropharyngeal cancer", "hypopharyngeal cancer", "laryngeal cancer", "iron metabolism", and "lipid peroxidation". Studies focusing on molecular mechanisms, ferroptosis regulation, and therapeutic applications were included. Key findings highlighted the involvement of genes like CA9, CAV1, and SLC7 A11 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), contributing to progression and resistance. Ferroptosis inducers such as resveratrol and quercetin effectively promoted ferroptosis in OSCC by targeting pathways like p53/SLC7 A11. In hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers, agents like ascorbic acid and RSL3 enhanced lipid peroxidation, while laryngeal cancers showed resistance through molecules like SLC3 A2 and KPNA2, which could be counteracted with targeted therapies. Nanotechnology-based approaches, including photodynamic therapy and nanofiber membranes, offer potential for localized and effective ferroptosis induction. Ferroptosis holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for treating head and neck cancers by addressing treatment resistance and recurrence. Future research should focus on optimizing combination therapies, understanding molecular heterogeneity, and translating preclinical findings into clinical applications to improve patient outcomes.

Unraveling cell death mechanisms in traumatic brain injury: dynamic roles of ferroptosis and necroptosis

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with ferroptosis and necroptosis emerging as key drivers of secondary neuronal damage. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction, exacerbates oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. In parallel, necroptosis, mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPK1 and RIPK3), amplifies inflammation through membrane rupture and the release of cellular components. Mitochondrial dynamics, involving fission and fusion processes, play a dual role in regulating these pathways. While mitochondrial fusion preserves cellular integrity and reduces oxidative stress, excessive mitochondrial fission driven by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) accelerates necroptotic signaling and neuronal injury. This intricate interplay between ferroptosis, necroptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics highlights potential therapeutic targets. Modulating these pathways through tailored interventions could reduce neuronal damage, mitigate neuroinflammation, and improve functional outcomes in TBI patients. Advancing our understanding of these mechanisms is essential for developing precision therapies that address the complex pathology of traumatic brain injury.

Lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS

Lipid metabolism encompasses the catabolism and anabolism of lipids, and is fundamental for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, particularly within the lipid-rich CNS. Increasing evidence further underscores the importance of lipid remodelling and transfer within and between glial cells and neurons as key orchestrators of CNS lipid homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize and discuss the complex landscape of processes involved in lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS. Highlighted are key pathways, including those mediating lipid (and lipid droplet) biogenesis and breakdown, lipid oxidation and phospholipid metabolism, as well as cell-cell lipid transfer mediated via lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles and tunnelling nanotubes. We further explore how the dysregulation of these pathways contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the homeostatic and pathogenic impacts of environment, diet and lifestyle on CNS lipid metabolism.

Advances in Sonodynamic Therapy: Focus on Ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death discovered in 2012. Noninvasive treatments regulating ferroptosis are important for a wide range of diseases. Among the noninvasive treatments, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has become promising due to its strong tissue penetration and few side effects. In recent years, targeted drug delivery platforms constructed on the basis of SDT have provided an efficient delivery mode for the regulation of ferroptosis. Based on the latest research reports, this Perspective introduces the basic mechanism of SDT and the influencing factors of therapeutic effects, elucidates the significance of ferroptosis-targeted SDT, and summarizes the recent studies on ferroptosis-targeted SDT through different pathways. We also present innovative studies of composite ultrasound-responsive drug delivery platforms. Finally, a brief summary and outlook based on current ferroptosis-targeted SDT are presented.

Gancao Xiexin decoction attenuated experimental colitis through suppressing ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Gancao Xiexin decoction (GCXXD), comprising Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. , Coptis chinensis Franch. , Ziziphus jujuba Mill. , represents a traditional Chinese medicinal formulation utilized for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Nevertheless, the potential mechanism behind GCXXD treatment for UC is not yet fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal system distinguished by intestinal barrier destruction. Previous studies have indicated that excessive ferroptosis activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can worsen damage and focal permeability abnormalities in the colon. One of the main mechanisms of ferroptosis is lipid peroxides, which are dependent on long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) for the synthesis of membrane phospholipids. Recent research findings have provided evidence that GCXXD significantly reduces the symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC) by preserving the intestinal mucosal barrier. So, we aim to demonstrate that the pharmacological mechanism of GCXXD is related to ferroptosis mediated by ACSL4 in this research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this investigation, we evaluated the GSE134025 datasets and established an experimental colitis model caused by DSS and treated with a 20 mg/kg ACSL4 inhibitor (rosiglitazone). Colon pathological alterations and Alcian blue staining were used to confirm ACSL4 inhibition as a possible therapy for UC. We then examined illness symptoms, intestinal mucosa repair, and ferroptosis markers in UC mice after treated with GCXXD (9,12,15 g/kg). Transcriptome study of colon tissues revealed more about the underlying mechanism of GCXXD in the treatment of UC. Finally, we co-administered the ACSL4 upstream agonist with GCXXD in the treatment of UC to show that GCXXD reduced inflammation in UC by modifying ACSL4-induced ferroptosis.

RESULTS

Through GSE134025 dataset analysis, we discovered that ACSL4 was substantially expressed in UC patients and that its inhibitors successfully reduced the clinical signs and symptoms of UC colon. Furthermore, we found that GCXXD improved colon length and body weight while increasing the expression of mucin, occuldin, and Claudin-1. It also lowered colon inflammatory cell infiltration and levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. In the meantime, GCXXD efficiently decreased ferroptosis-related indicators in colitis mice, such as MDA, Fe2+, COX2, and ACSL4, while also upregulated GPX4 expression. Using KEGG analysis of the genes that were differently expressed between the 3% DSS and GCXXD treatment group, we were able to discover important connections between the hippo signaling pathway, Arachidonic acid metabolism with GCXXD treatment. Due to the fact that TEAD4 functions as an upstream transcription factor for ACSL4, we combined GCXXD and Py-60, a YAP agonist in the treatment of UC. It was worth noting that GCXXD's inhibitory effect of on intestinal mucosa damage and ferroptosis was lessened when the ACSL4 upstream pathway was activated.

CONCLUSION

Gancao Xiexin decoction attenuated ferroptosis in UC which might through TEAD4/ACSL4 pathway.

Taurine Attenuates Neuronal Ferroptosis by CSF-Derived Exosomes of GABABR Encephalitis Through GABABR/NF2/P-YAP Pathway

GABAB receptor (GABABR) encephalitis represents a rare subtype of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (LE), characterized by persistent seizures and cognitive impairments. Nevertheless, the precise phenotype and underlying mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction associated with intrathecal lymphocytes in GABABR encephalitis remain inadequately understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that exosomes derived from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with GABABR encephalitis can induce neuronal ferroptosis, oxidative stress, iron accumulation, and lipid hyperoxidation in an in vitro model of anti-GABABR encephalitis. MicroRNA (miRNA) sequencing revealed that miR-92a-3p is a differentially expressed miRNA in CSF exosomes, and its expression was positively correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in GABABR encephalitis patients during a 6-month follow-up period. The NF2/P-YAP signaling pathway was identified as a downstream effector of miR-92a-3p, influencing the expression of ACSL4/GPX4 and IL-6, with the expression of these genes being enhanced following taurine supplementation. Clinically, taurine levels in CSF exhibited a negative correlation with IL-6 levels, CSF cell counts, blood-CSF barrier integrity, and clinical prognosis in GABABR encephalitis. Mechanistically, taurine effectively reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron accumulation, as well as IL-6 production, while modulating the levels of NF2, P-YAP, ACSL4, and GPX4 in neurons treated with CSF-derived exosomes from GABABR encephalitis through GABABR activation. Proliferation assays indicated that extracellular taurine intake activated CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and CD19 + B cells in the CSF of patients with GABABR encephalitis. In summary, our findings reveal for the first time that intrathecal lymphocytes in GABABR encephalitis maintain an activated state by absorbing extracellular taurine and that decreased taurine levels in CSF promote neuronal ferroptosis via the miR-92a-3p-mediated NF2/P-YAP/ACSL4 pathway.

Study on the Mechanism of Formononetin Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Regulating Metabolic Pathways of Ferroptosis and Cell Cycle

Formononetin (FM), an isoflavone with a range of anti-cancer activities, has not been fully elucidated regarding its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of FM using a comprehensive pharmacology model based on computational technologies and omics technology. A network pharmacology approach was applied to detect the components and targets. A mathematical formula was used to evaluate the network contribution index (CI). Bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze clinical data related to HCC targets corresponding to the core component, and molecular docking simulations were conducted to assess binding activity. The results showed that FM induces oxidative DNA damage through ROS generation and triggers G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via the Chk1/Cdc25C/CDK1/CCNB1 signaling pathway. Subsequently, UPLC-MS/MS was applied for the analysis of differential metabolites and the exploration of distinct metabolic pathways. FM limited the synthesis of glutathione, promoted lipid peroxidation, and facilitated the generation of divalent iron. Finally, a colony formation assay, Western blot, and molecular dynamics simulation methods were executed to further validate the metabolomic results. FM exhibited a strong binding affinity for glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In addition, FM induces ferroptosis by inhibiting the p53/xCT/GPX4 signaling pathway. In vivo, FM could inhibit tumor growth. Conclusions: FM could induce DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and may also induce ferroptosis by regulating glutathione metabolism, thereby intervening in the occurrence and development of HCC, making it a promising candidate for HCC treatment.

Cell death crosstalk in respiratory diseases: unveiling the relationship between pyroptosis and ferroptosis in asthma and COPD

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are heterogeneous obstructive diseases characterized by airflow limitations and are recognized as significant contributors to fatality all over the globe. Asthma accounts for about 4, 55,000 deaths, and COPD is the 3rd leading contributor of mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of these two obstructive disorders is complex and involves numerous mechanistic pathways, including inflammation-mediated and non-inflammation-mediated pathways. Among all the pathological categorizations, programmed cell deaths (PCDs) play a dominating role in the progression of these obstructive diseases. The two major PCDs that are involved in structural and functional remodeling in the progression of asthma and COPD are Pyroptosis and Ferroptosis. Pyroptosis is a PCD mechanism mediated by the activation of the Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, leading to the maturation and release of Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-18, whereas ferroptosis is a lipid peroxidation-associated cell death. In this review, the major molecular pathways contributing to these multifaceted cell deaths have been discussed, and crosstalk among them regarding the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD has been highlighted. Further, the possible therapeutic approaches that can be utilized to mitigate both cell deaths at once have also been illustrated.

Tubular CD44 plays a key role in aggravating AKI through NF-κB p65-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is in rapid prevalence nowadays. Of note, the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Several reports showed a cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44), a cell-surface glycoprotein, might be involved in AKI. However, its role in AKI has not been clearly clarified. Herein, we found CD44 increased in renal tubules in AKI mice. Gene ablation of CD44 improved mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) function, further protecting against tubular cell death and kidney injury. Conversely, ectopic CD44 impaired mitochondrial homeostasis and exacerbated tubular cell apoptosis to aggravate AKI progression. From transcriptome sequencing, we found that CD44 induces mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB p65 signaling. Lipidomics also showed that CD44 interfered with multiple aspects of lipid metabolism. We deeply investigated NF-κB p65 inhibited the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. CD44 also facilitated iron intake to assist cell ferroptosis. Hence, our study provided a new mechanism for AKI, and demonstrated that targeted inhibition on CD44 could be a promising therapeutic strategy to resist AKI.

Acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 induces gemcitabine resistance via regulation of lipid metabolism and antiferroptotic activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) comprises a group of highly malignant tumors of the pancreas. Metabolic reprogramming in tumors plays a pivotal role in promoting cancer progression. However, little is known about the metabolic alterations in tumors that drive cancer drug resistance in patients with PDAC. Here, we identified acyl-CoA thioesterase 8 (ACOT8) as a key player in driving PDAC gemcitabine (GEM) resistance. The expression of ACOT8 is significantly upregulated in GEM-resistant PDAC tissues and is closely associated with poor survival in patients with PDAC. Gain- and loss-of-function studies have shown that ACOT8 drives PDAC GEM resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ACOT8 regulates cellular cholesterol ester (CE) levels, decreases the levels of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) that bind to polyunsaturated fatty acids and promote peroxisome activation. The knockdown of ACOT8 promotes ferroptosis and increases the chemosensitivity of tumors to GEM by inducing ferroptosis-associated pathway activation in PDAC cell lines. The combination of orlistat, an ACOT8 inhibitor, and GEM significantly inhibited tumor growth in PDAC organoid and mouse models. This study reveals the biological importance of ACOT8 and provides a potential combination therapy for treating patients with advanced GEM-resistant PDAC.

Intricating connections: the role of ferroptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease with multiple tissue damage. However, the pathology remains elusive, and effective treatments are lacking. Multiple types of programmed cell death (PCD) implicated in SLE progression have recently been identified. Although ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, has numerous pathophysiological features similar to those of SLE, such as intracellular iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorders and concentration of damage associated-molecular patterns (DAMPs), only a few reports have demonstrated that ferroptosis is involved in SLE progression and that the role of ferroptosis in SLE pathogenesis continues to be neglected. Therefore, this review elucidates the potential intricate relationship between SLE and ferroptosis to provide a reliable theoretical basis for further research on ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Taohong siwu decoction ameliorates abnormal uterine bleeding via inhibiting ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSD) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription. It consists of six crude herbs, including Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Cauthamus tinctorius L. It has been used to treat blood stasis syndrome in Chinese clinics for thousands of years. According to recent research, TSD may be useful in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible mechanism of TSD on AUB after drug-induced incomplete abortion.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate whether TSD could be effective in ameliorating AUB through inhibiting acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4)-mediated ferroptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An incomplete medical aborting model was established and Ishikawa cell lines were utilized in vitro. The quantity of uterine bleeding was measured by alkaline hemoglobin photometry. Pathological results were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). Mitochondrial morphology and function were measured by transmission electron microscopy. The related protein and mRNA were detected by western blot, the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We used knockdown and overexpression of ACSL4 to investigate the influence of ferroptosis in Ishikawa cells and the impact of TSD on ferroptosis.

RESULTS

TSD dramatically reduced the amount and duration of bleeding as well as the endometrial inflammation of AUB. TSD improved mitochondrial characteristics, decreased ACSL4 protein and mRNA levels. The ferroptosis marker glutathione (GSH) levels were increased, on the contrary, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron levels decreased when TSD intervened. TSD decreased levels of the inflammatory factors and the oxidative products.

CONCLUSION

TSD alleviated endometrial inflammation by inhibiting ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis and exerts a protective effect of AUB.

Continued attention: The role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs in tumors over the past three years

This review summarizes the research on exosomal lncRNAs in tumors over the past three years. It highlights the significant roles of exosomal lncRNAs in modulating various cellular processes within the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal lncRNAs have been shown to influence the behavior of tumor cells, promoting proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, glycolysis, and contributing to tumor growth and metabolism. Moreover, exosomal lncRNAs have been found to interact with immune cells, such as modulating the functions of macrophages and influencing the overall immune response against tumors. Fibroblasts within the tumor microenvironment are also affected by exosomal lncRNAs, which can alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal composition. Notably, these exosomal lncRNAs hold promise in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for improved clinical outcomes.

Isobicyclogermacrenal ameliorates hippocampal ferroptosis involvement in neurochemical disruptions and neuroinflammation induced by sleep deprivation in rats

BACKGROUND

Sleep deprivation (SLD) is a widespread condition that disrupts physiological functions and may increase mortality risk. Valeriana officinalis, a traditional medicinal herb known for its sedative and hypnotic properties, contains isobicyclogermacrenal (IG), a newly isolated active compound. However, research on the therapeutic potential of IG for treating SLD remains limited.

METHODS

In this study, IG was extracted and characterized from Valeriana officinalis, and an SLD model was established in rats using p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Behavioral tests and pathological studies were conducted to assess the effects of IG on SLD, and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were utilized to investigate its underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

IG administration significantly improved the cognitive performance of SLD rats in behavioral tests and ameliorated histological injuries in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. IG treatment increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT) in SLD rats. Additionally, IG directly targets TFRC, thereby improving iron metabolism in the hippocampus. Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the improvements from IG stemmed from the mitigation of abnormalities in iron metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, and glutathione metabolism, leading to reduced oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus caused by SLD.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these findings suggest that IG has the potential to ameliorate neurological damage and cognitive impairment caused by SLD, offering a novel strategy for protection against the adverse effects of SLD.

Hyperglycemia-triggered lipid peroxidation destabilizes STAT4 and impairs anti-viral Th1 responses in type 2 diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more susceptible to severe respiratory viral infections, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that patients with T2D and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, and influenza-infected T2D mice, exhibit defective T helper 1 (Th1) responses, which are an essential component of anti-viral immunity. This defect stems from intrinsic metabolic perturbations in CD4+ T cells driven by hyperglycemia. Mechanistically, hyperglycemia triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive fatty acid synthesis, leading to elevated oxidative stress and aberrant lipid accumulation within CD4+ T cells. These abnormalities promote lipid peroxidation (LPO), which drives carbonylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), a crucial Th1-lineage-determining factor. Carbonylated STAT4 undergoes rapid degradation, causing reduced T-bet induction and diminished Th1 differentiation. LPO scavenger ameliorates Th1 defects in patients with T2D who have poor glycemic control and restores viral control in T2D mice. Thus, this hyperglycemia-LPO-STAT4 axis underpins reduced Th1 activity in T2D hosts, with important implications for managing T2D-related viral complications.

TET1 displays catalytic and non-catalytic functions in the adult mouse cortex

TET1/2/3 dioxygenases iteratively demethylate 5-methylcytosine, beginning with the formation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). The post-mitotic brain maintains higher levels of 5hmC than most peripheral tissues, and TET1 ablation studies have underscored the critical role of TET1 in brain physiology. However, deletion of Tet1 precludes the disentangling of the catalytic and non-catalytic functions of TET1. Here, we dissect these functions of TET1 by comparing adult cortex of Tet1 wildtype (Tet1 WT), a novel Tet1 catalytically dead mutant (Tet1 HxD), and Tet1 knockout (Tet1 KO) mice. Using DNA methylation array, we uncover that Tet1 HxD and KO mutations perturb the methylation status of distinct subsets of CpG sites. Gene ontology (GO) analysis on specific differential 5hmC regions indicates that TET1's catalytic activity is linked to neuronal-specific functions. RNA-Seq further shows that Tet1 mutations predominantly impact the genes that are associated with alternative splicing. Lastly, we performed High-performance Liquid Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry lipidomics on WT and mutant cortices and uncover accumulation of lysophospholipids lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine in Tet1 HxD cortex. In summary, we show that Tet1 HxD does not completely phenocopy Tet1 KO, providing evidence that TET1 modulates distinct cortical functions through its catalytic and non-catalytic roles.

Ether-Linked Glycerophospholipids Are Potential Chemo-Desensitisers and Are Associated With Overall Survival in Carcinoma Patients

Lipid reprogramming in carcinoma is reported to have a role in carcinogenesis, prognosis and therapy response. The lipid reprogramming could be contributed by either autonomous or nonautonomous resources. Since the nonautonomous lipid resources contributed by lipoproteins and their receptors have been reported in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), the impact of autonomous lipid metabolites was unknown. This report revealed a unique lipid class, ether-linked phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE O-), which enhances chemo-insensitivity and progression in EOC and potentially cross carcinomas. Analysis of CCLEC/GDSCC database and in-house cell line lipidomes identified PE O- as the major lipid associated with cisplatin/paclitaxel sensitivity. In the testing of PE O- effect on cancer phenotypes, it enhanced cell growth, migratory activities and promoted cisplatin/paclitaxel insensitivity. In addition, treating AGPS inhibitor-sensitised chemo-cytotoxic upon cisplatin/paclitaxel treatments. Treating PE O- could reverse AGPS inhibitor chemosensitisation effect on EOC cells. At last, using TCGA-EOC transcriptome database, the PE O- related gene expressions were positive correlated with patient prognosis in general, or in whom were treated with platin- or taxel-based chemotherapies. The expressions of genes for the synthesis of PE O- aggravates therapy response in EOC patients. PE O- facilitates human carcinoma cell line growth, mobility and chemo-insensitivity.

An update on the role of ferroptosis in ischemic stroke: from molecular pathways to Neuroprotection

INTRODUCTION

Ischemic stroke (IS), a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, remains a significant healthcare challenge due to limited therapeutic options. Ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent form of regulated cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, has emerged as a crucial mechanism in IS pathophysiology. This review explores the role of ferroptosis in IS and its potential for driving innovative therapeutic strategies.

AREA COVERED

This review delves into the practical implications of ferroptosis in IS, focusing on molecular mechanisms like lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and their interplay with inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant system. It highlights ferroptotic proteins, small-molecule inhibitors, and non-coding RNA modulators as emerging therapeutic targets to mitigate neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. Studies from PubMed (1982-2024) were identified using MeSH terms such as 'Ferroptosis' and 'Ischemic Stroke,' and only rigorously screened articles were included.

EXPERT OPINION

Despite preclinical evidence supporting the neuroprotective effects of ferroptosis inhibitors, clinical translation faces hurdles such as suboptimal pharmacokinetics and safety concerns. Advances in drug delivery systems, bioinformatics, and AI-driven drug discovery may optimize ferroptosis-targeting strategies, develop biomarkers, and improve therapeutic outcomes for IS patients.

Inhibition of Selenoprotein I promotes ferroptosis and reverses resistance to platinum chemotherapy by impairing Akt phosphorylation in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OV) ranks among the deadliest gynecological cancer, known for its high risk of relapse and metastasis, and a general resistance to conventional platinum-based chemotherapy. Selenoprotein I (SELENOI) is a crucial mediator implicated in human hereditary spastic paraplegia. However, its role in human tumors remains poorly elucidated. Here, we comprehensively analyzed SELENOI expression patterns, functions, and clinical implications across various malignancies through the integration of bulk transcriptomics, cancer databases, and in vitro and in vivo experiments. Pan-cancer analysis indicated upregulated SELENOI expression across various cancers, correlating with augmented malignancy, suppressed tumor immunity and poor prognosis. Knockdown of SELENOI caused G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest and diminished aggressive cancer phenotypes in OV cells. Moreover, SELENOI inhibition augments ferroptosis and reverses the cisplatin resistance in OV cells by modulating Akt phosphorylation. Conversely, overexpression of SELENOI in OV cells enhanced therapeutic sensitivity to cisplatin by upregulating Akt phosphorylation. Importantly, in vivo studies demonstrated that SELENOI inhibition suppressed ovarian tumor growth and enhanced cisplatin's anticancer effects. These findings highlight the significant role of SELENOI in OV by modulating ferroptosis and chemotherapy resistance. Targeting SELENOI represents a promising therapeutic approach to promote the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in OV, particularly in cases of resistance.

Broadening horizons: the multifaceted role of ferroptosis in breast cancer

Breast cancer poses a serious threat to women's health globally. Current radiotherapy and chemotherapy regimens can induce drug-resistance effects in cancer tissues, such as anti-apoptosis, anti-pyroptosis, and anti-necroptosis, leading to poor clinical outcomes in the treatment of breast cancer. Ferroptosis is a novel programmed cell death modality characterized by iron overload, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and membrane lipid peroxidation. The occurrence of ferroptosis results from the imbalance between intracellular peroxidation mechanisms (executive system) and antioxidant mechanisms (defensive system), specifically involving iron metabolism pathways, amino acid metabolism pathways, and lipid metabolism pathways. In recent years, it has been found that ferroptosis is associated with the progression of various diseases, including tumors, hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Studies have confirmed that triggering ferroptosis in breast cancer cells can significantly inhibit cancer cell proliferation and invasion, and improve cancer cell sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, making induction of ferroptosis a potential strategy for the treatment of breast cancer. This paper reviews the development of the concept of ferroptosis, the mechanisms of ferroptosis (including signaling pathways such as GSH-GPX4, FSP1-CoQ1, DHODH-CoQ10, and GCH1-BH4) in breast cancer disease, the latest research progress, and summarizes the research on ferroptosis in breast cancer disease within the framework of metabolism, reactive oxygen biology, and iron biology. The key regulatory factors and mechanisms of ferroptosis in breast cancer disease, as well as important concepts and significant open questions in the field of ferroptosis and related natural compounds, are introduced. It is hoped that future research will make further breakthroughs in the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and the use of ferroptosis in treating breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, natural compounds may also become a new direction for potential drug development targeting ferroptosis in breast cancer treatment. This provides a theoretical basis and opens up a new pathway for research and the development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Triptolide induces hepatotoxicity by promoting ferroptosis through Nrf2 degradation

BACKGROUND

Triptolide (TP), a principal active substance from Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibits various pharmacological effects. However, its potential hepatotoxicity has always been a significant concern in clinical applications.

PURPOSE

This research aimed to explore the involvement of ferroptosis in TP-mediated hepatic injury and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were involved. Hepatocyte damage caused by TP was evaluated using MTT assays, liver enzyme measurement and H&E staining technique. Ferroptosis was assessed by measuring iron level, lipid peroxide, glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial morphology and the key protein/mRNA expression implicated in ferroptosis. To verify the contribution of ferroptosis to TP-induced liver damage, the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and a plasmid for overexpressing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were employed. Subsequently, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout mice and Nrf2 overexpression plasmid were utilized to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Nontargeted lipidomics was used to analyze lipid metabolism in mouse liver. Moreover, the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), cycloheximide (CHX) and MG132 treatments, and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were applied to validate the binding of TP to Nrf2 and their interactions.

RESULTS

TP triggered ferroptosis in hepatocytes, as indicated by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis was responsible for TP-induced hepatic injury. During the process of TP-induced liver damage, the Nrf2 signaling pathway was significantly suppressed. Notably, the deletion of Nrf2 in mice aggravated the extent of liver injury and ferroptosis associated with TP, whereas enhancing Nrf2 expression in cells significantly reduced TP-induced ferroptosis. Additionally, dysregulation of lipid metabolism was associated with TP-induced liver injury. TP may directly bind to Nrf2 and enhance its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby inhibiting or reducing Nrf2 expression.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the suppression of Nrf2 by TP facilitated the occurrence of ferroptosis, resulting in liver damage.

Microbial-transcriptome integrative analysis of heat stress effects on amino acid metabolism and lipid peroxidation in poultry jejunum

Despite the significant threat of heat stress to livestock animals, only a few studies have considered the potential relationship between broiler chickens and their microbiota. Therefore, this study examined microbial modifications, transcriptional changes and host-microbiome interactions using a predicted metabolome data-based approach to understand the impact of heat stress on poultry. After the analysis, the host functional enrichment analysis revealed that pathways related to lipid and protein metabolism were elevated under heat stress conditions. In contrast, pathways related to the cell cycle were suppressed under normal environmental temperatures. In line with the transcriptome analysis, the microbial analysis results indicate that taxonomic changes affect lipid degradation. Heat stress engendered statistically significant difference in the abundance of 11 microorganisms, including Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcacea. Together, integrative approach analysis suggests that microbiota-induced metabolites affect host fatty acid peroxidation metabolism, which is correlated with the gene families of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain (ACADL), Acyl-CoA Oxidase (ACOX) and Acetyl-CoA Acyltransferase (ACAA). This integrated approach provides novel insights into heat stress problems and identifies potential biomarkers associated with heat stress.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-mediated signaling alleviates ferroptosis during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a significant challenge for emergency physicians worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates. The poor prognosis of CA primarily stems from the complexity and irreversibility of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, plays a crucial role in the progression and treatment of CIRI. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of ferroptosis within the context of CIRI, focusing on its role as a key contributor to neuronal damage and dysfunction post-CA. We explore the crucial involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-mediated signaling pathway in modulating ferroptosis-associated processes during CIRI. Through comprehensive analysis of the regulatory role of Nrf2 in the cellular responses to oxidative stress, we highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for mitigating ferroptotic cell death and improving the neurological prognosis of patients experiencing CA. Furthermore, we discuss interventions targeting the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway, including the use of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, which demonstrate potential for attenuating ferroptosis and preserving neuronal function in CIRI. Owing to the limitations in the safety, specificity, and effectiveness of Nrf2-targeted drugs, as well as the technical difficulties and ethical constraints in obtaining the results related to the brain pathological examination of patients, most of the studies focusing on Nrf2-related regulation of ferroptosis in CIRI are still in the basic research stage. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in CIRI, offering insights into novel therapeutics aimed at enhancing the clinical outcomes of patients with CA.

m6A-driven NAT10 translation facilitates fatty acid metabolic rewiring to suppress ferroptosis and promote ovarian tumorigenesis through enhancing ACOT7 mRNA acetylation

RNA epigenetic modifications have been implicated in cancer progression. However, the interplay between distinct RNA modifications and its role in cancer metabolism remain largely unexplored. Our study demonstrates that N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is notably upregulated in ovarian cancer (OC), correlating with poor patient prognosis. IGF2BP1 enhances the translation of NAT10 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner in OC cells. NAT10 drives tumorigenesis by mediating N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of ACOT7 mRNA, thereby augmenting its stability and translation. This NAT10-ACOT7 axis modulates fatty acid metabolism in cancer cells and promotes tumor progression by suppressing ferroptosis. Additionally, our research identifies fludarabine as a small molecule inhibitor targeting NAT10, inhibits the ac4C modification and expression of ACOT7 mRNA. By using cell derived xenograft model and patient derived organoid model, we show that fludarabine effectively suppresses ovarian tumorigenesis. Overall, our study highlights the pivotal role of the NAT10-ACOT7 axis in the malignant cancer progression, underscoring the potential of targeting NAT10-mediated ac4C modification as a viable therapeutic strategy for this disease.

Potential of Edaravone Dexborneol in the treatment of cerebral ischemia: focus on cell death-related signaling pathways

Cerebral ischemia has the highest global rate of morbidity and mortality. It occurs when a sudden occlusion develops in the arterial system, and consequently some parts of the brain are deprived from glucose and oxygen due to the cessation of blood flow. The ensuing reperfusion of the ischemic area results in a cascade of pathological alternations like neuronal apoptosis by producing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Edaravone Dexborneol is a novel agent, comprised of Edaravone and Dexborneol in a 4:1 ratio. It has documented neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia injury. Edaravone Dexborneol improves neurobehavioral and sensorimotor function, cognitive function, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in experimental models. It at dosages ranging between 0.375 and 15 mg/kg (from immediately after ischemia until the 28th post-ischemic days) has shown neuroprotective effects in experimental models of cerebral ischemia by inhibiting cell death-signaling pathways. For example, it inhibits apoptosis by increasing Bcl2, and reducing Bax and caspase-3 expression. Edaravone Dexborneol also inhibits pyroptosis by attenuating NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD signaling, as well as ferroptosis by activating the Nrf-2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling pathway. It also inhibits autophagy by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Here, we provide a review on the impacts of Edaravone Dexborneol on cerebral ischemia.

Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing reveals the involvement of ferroptosis in hepatotoxicity induced by dietary exposure to food-grade titanium dioxide

BACKGROUND

Following the announcement by the European Food Safety Authority that the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) is unsafe for human consumption, and the subsequent ban by the European Commission, concerns have intensified over the potential risks E 171 poses to human vital organs. The liver is the main organ for food-grade nanoparticle metabolism. It is increasingly being found that epigenetic changes may play an important role in nanomaterial-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the profound effects of E 171 on the liver, especially at the epigenetic level, remain largely unknown.

METHODS

Mice were exposed orally to human-relevant doses of two types of E 171 mixed in diet for 28 and/or 84 days. Conventional toxicology and global DNA methylation analyses were performed to assess E 171-induced hepatotoxicity and epigenetic changes. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing and further ferroptosis protein detection were used to reveal E 171-induced changes in liver methylation profiles and toxic mechanisms.

RESULTS

Exposed to E 171 for 28 and/or 84 days resulted in reduced global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the liver of mice. E 171 exposure for 84 days elicited inflammation and damage in the mouse liver, whereas 28-day exposure did not. Whole-genome DNA methylation sequencing disclosed substantial methylation alterations at the CG and non-CG sites of the liver DNA in mice exposed to E 171 for 84 days. Mechanistic analysis of the DNA methylation alterations indicated that ferroptosis contributed to the liver toxicity induced by E 171. E 171-induced DNA methylation changes triggered NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, attenuated the protein levels of GPX4, FTH1, and FTL in the liver, and thereby caused ferroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term oral exposure to E 171 triggers hepatotoxicity and induces methylation changes in both CG and non-CG sites of liver DNA. These epigenetic alterations activate ferroptosis in the liver through NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, highlighting the role of DNA methylation and ferroptosis in the potential toxicity caused by E 171 in vivo.

The non-enzymatic oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and their intriguing roles in inflammation dynamics and diseases

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), along with phosphatidylcholine (PC), are key phospholipids (PL) in cell membranes and lipoproteins, prone to oxidative modifications. Their oxidized forms, OxPE and OxPS, play significant roles in inflammation and immune response. This review explores their structural oxidative changes under non-enzymatic conditions and their roles in physiological and pathological contexts, influencing inflammation, and immunity. Specific oxidations of PE and PS significantly alter their physicochemical properties, leading to enhanced biological functions, reduced activity, or inactivation. OxPE may show pro-inflammatory actions, similar to well-documented OxPC, while the OxPS pro-inflammatory effects are less noted. However, OxPS and OxPE have also shown an antagonistic effect against lipopolysaccharides (LPS), suggesting a protective role against exacerbated immune responses, similar to OxPC. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of these less-studied OxPL classes. The role of OxPE and OxPS in disease pathogenesis remains largely unexplored, with limited studies linking them to Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic brain injury, and skin inflammation. These findings highlight the potential of OxPE and OxPS as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic targeting.

The complex interplay between ferroptosis and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, characterized by the accumulation of plaque within the arterial walls, is an intricate cardiovascular disease that often results in severe health issues. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of ferroptosis, a controlled type of cell death dependent on iron, as a critical factor in this disease state. Ferroptosis, distinguished by its reliance on iron and the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, offers a unique insight into the pathology of atherosclerotic lesions. This summary encapsulates the current knowledge of the intricate role ferroptosis plays in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. It explores the molecular processes through which lipid peroxidation and iron metabolism contribute to the development of atheromatous plaques and evaluates the possibility of utilizing ferroptosis as a novel treatment approach for atherosclerosis. By illuminating the intricate relationship between ferroptosis-related processes and atherosclerosis, this review paves the way for future clinical applications and personalized medicine approaches aimed at alleviating the effects of atherosclerosis.

RXR nuclear receptor signaling modulates lipid metabolism and triggers lysosomal clearance of alpha-synuclein in neuronal models of synucleinopathy

Disease-modifying strategies for Parkinson disease (PD), the most common synucleinopathy, represent a critical unmet medical need. Accumulation of the neuronal protein alpha-synuclein (αS) and abnormal lipid metabolism have each been implicated in PD pathogenesis. Here, we elucidate how retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) nuclear receptor signaling impacts these two aspects of PD pathogenesis. We find that activated RXR differentially regulates fatty acid desaturases, significantly reducing the transcript levels of the largely brain-specific desaturase SCD5 in human cultured neural cells and PD patient-derived neurons. This was associated with reduced perilipin-2 protein levels in patient neurons, reversal of αS-induced increases in lipid droplet (LD) size, and a reduction of triglyceride levels in human cultured cells. With regard to αS proteostasis, our study reveals that RXR agonism stimulates lysosomal clearance of αS. Our data support the involvement of Polo-like kinase 2 activity and αS S129 phosphorylation in mediating this benefit. The lowering of cellular αS levels was associated with reduced cytotoxicity. Compared to RXR activation, the RXR antagonist HX531 had the opposite effects on LD size, SCD, αS turnover, and cytotoxicity, all supporting pathway specificity. Together, our findings show that RXR-activating ligands can modulate fatty acid metabolism and αS turnover to confer benefit in cellular models of PD, including patient neurons. We offer a new paradigm to investigate nuclear receptor ligands as a promising strategy for PD and related synucleinopathies.

Cholesterol-ferroptosis nexus: Unveiling novel cancer therapeutic avenues

Ferroptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, holds immense potential in cancer therapeutics due to its role in tumor progression and resistance. This review predominantly explores the intricate relationship between ferroptosis and cholesterol metabolism pathways, mainly focusing on the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. This review highlights the therapeutic implications of targeting cholesterol metabolism pathways for cancer treatment by delving into the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis regulation. Strategies such as inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and suppressing squalene synthesis offer promising avenues for inducing ferroptosis in cancer cells. Moreover, insights into targeting the 7-dehydrocholesterol pathway provide novel perspectives on modulating ferroptosis susceptibility and managing ferroptosis-associated diseases. Understanding the interplay between ferroptosis and cholesterol metabolism pathways underscores the potential of lipid metabolism modulation as an innovative therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.

Bta-miR-200a Regulates Milk Fat Biosynthesis by Targeting IRS2 to Inhibit the PI3K/Akt Signal Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Milk fat synthesis has garnered significant attention due to its influence on the quality of milk. Recently, an increasing amount of proofs have elucidated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional factor involved in regulating gene expression and play a significant role in milk fat synthesis. MiR-200a was differentially expressed in the mammary gland tissue of dairy cows during different lactation periods, which indicated that miR-200a was a candidate miRNA involved in regulating milk fat synthesis. In our research, we investigated the potential function of miR-200a in regulating milk fat biosynthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). We discovered that miR-200a inhibited cellular triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and suppressed lipid droplet formation; at the same time, miR-200a overexpression suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of milk fat metabolism-related genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPα), etc. However, knocking down miR-200a displayed the opposite results. We uncovered that insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) was a candidate target gene of miR-200a through the bioinformatics online program TargetScan. Subsequently, it was confirmed that miR-200a directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of IRS2 via real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Additionally, IRS2 knockdown in BMECs has similar effects to miR-200a overexpression. Our research set up the mechanism by which miR-200a interacted with IRS2 and discovered that miR-200a targeted IRS2 and modulated the activity of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby taking part in regulating milk fat synthesis in BMECs. Our research results provided valuable information on the molecular mechanisms for enhancing milk quality from the view of miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks.

Exploring the relationship between anastasis and mitochondrial ROS-mediated ferroptosis in metastatic chemoresistant cancers: a call for investigation

Ferroptosis induces significant changes in mitochondrial morphology, including membrane condensation, volume reduction, cristae alteration, and outer membrane rupture, affecting mitochondrial function and cellular fate. Recent reports have described the intrinsic cellular iron metabolism and its intricate connection to ferroptosis, a significant kind of cell death characterized by iron dependence and oxidative stress regulation. Furthermore, updated molecular insights have elucidated the significance of mitochondria in ferroptosis and its implications in various cancers. In the context of cancer therapy, understanding the dual role of anastasis and ferroptosis in chemoresistance is crucial. Targeting the molecular pathways involved in anastasis may enhance the efficacy of ferroptosis inducers, providing a synergistic approach to overcome chemoresistance. Research into how DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, metabolic changes, and redox states interact during anastasis and ferroptosis can offer new insights into designing combinatorial therapeutic regimens against several cancers associated with stemness. These treatments could potentially inhibit anastasis while simultaneously inducing ferroptosis, thereby reducing the likelihood of cancer cells evading death and developing resistance to chemotherapy. The objective of this study is to explore the intricate interplay between anastasis, ferroptosis, EMT and chemoresistance, and immunotherapeutics to better understand their collective impact on cancer therapy outcomes. We searched public research databases including google scholar, PubMed, relemed, and the national library of medicine related to this topic. In this review, we discussed the interplay between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis implicated in modulating ferroptosis, adding complexity to its regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, the regulatory role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the electron transport chain (ETC) in ferroptosis has garnered significant attention. Lipid metabolism, particularly involving GPX4 and System Xc- plays a significant role in both the progression of ferroptosis and cancer. There is a need to investigate the intricate interplay between anastasis, ferroptosis, and chemoresistance to better understand cancer therapy clinical outcomes. Integrating anastasis, and ferroptosis into strategies targeting chemoresistance and exploring its potential synergy with immunotherapy represent promising avenues for advancing chemoresistant cancer treatment. Understanding the intricate interplay among mitochondria, anastasis, ROS, and ferroptosis is vital in oncology, potentially revolutionizing personalized cancer treatment and drug development.

Exploring the relationship between anastasis and mitochondrial ROS-mediated ferroptosis in metastatic chemoresistant cancers: a call for investigation

Ferroptosis induces significant changes in mitochondrial morphology, including membrane condensation, volume reduction, cristae alteration, and outer membrane rupture, affecting mitochondrial function and cellular fate. Recent reports have described the intrinsic cellular iron metabolism and its intricate connection to ferroptosis, a significant kind of cell death characterized by iron dependence and oxidative stress regulation. Furthermore, updated molecular insights have elucidated the significance of mitochondria in ferroptosis and its implications in various cancers. In the context of cancer therapy, understanding the dual role of anastasis and ferroptosis in chemoresistance is crucial. Targeting the molecular pathways involved in anastasis may enhance the efficacy of ferroptosis inducers, providing a synergistic approach to overcome chemoresistance. Research into how DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, metabolic changes, and redox states interact during anastasis and ferroptosis can offer new insights into designing combinatorial therapeutic regimens against several cancers associated with stemness. These treatments could potentially inhibit anastasis while simultaneously inducing ferroptosis, thereby reducing the likelihood of cancer cells evading death and developing resistance to chemotherapy. The objective of this study is to explore the intricate interplay between anastasis, ferroptosis, EMT and chemoresistance, and immunotherapeutics to better understand their collective impact on cancer therapy outcomes. We searched public research databases including google scholar, PubMed, relemed, and the national library of medicine related to this topic. In this review, we discussed the interplay between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis implicated in modulating ferroptosis, adding complexity to its regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, the regulatory role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the electron transport chain (ETC) in ferroptosis has garnered significant attention. Lipid metabolism, particularly involving GPX4 and System Xc- plays a significant role in both the progression of ferroptosis and cancer. There is a need to investigate the intricate interplay between anastasis, ferroptosis, and chemoresistance to better understand cancer therapy clinical outcomes. Integrating anastasis, and ferroptosis into strategies targeting chemoresistance and exploring its potential synergy with immunotherapy represent promising avenues for advancing chemoresistant cancer treatment. Understanding the intricate interplay among mitochondria, anastasis, ROS, and ferroptosis is vital in oncology, potentially revolutionizing personalized cancer treatment and drug development.

One-Year Effects of High-Intensity Statin on Bioactive Lipids: Findings From the JUPITER Trial

BACKGROUND

Statin effects extend beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction, potentially modulating the metabolism of bioactive lipids (BALs), crucial for biological signaling and inflammation. These bioactive metabolites may serve as metabolic footprints, helping uncover underlying processes linked to pleiotropic effects of statins and yielding a better understanding of their cardioprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of high-intensity statin therapy versus placebo on plasma BALs in the JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin; NCT00239681), a randomized primary prevention trial involving individuals with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <130 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥2 mg/L.

METHODS

Using a nontargeted mass spectrometry approach, over 11 000 lipid features were assayed from baseline and 1-year plasma samples from cardiovascular disease noncases from 2 nonoverlapping nested substudies: JUPITERdiscovery (n=589) and JUPITERvalidation (n=409). The effect of randomized allocation of rosuvastatin 20 mg versus placebo on BALs was examined by fitting a linear regression with delta values (∆=year 1-baseline) adjusted for age and baseline levels of each feature. Significant associations in discovery were analyzed in the validation cohort. Multiple comparisons were adjusted using 2-stage overall false discovery rate.

RESULTS

We identified 610 lipid features associated with statin randomization with significant replication (overall false discovery rate, <0.05), including 26 with annotations. Statin therapy significantly increased levels of 276 features, including BALs with anti-inflammatory activity and arterial vasodilation properties. Concurrently, 334 features were significantly lowered by statin therapy, including arachidonic acid and proinflammatory and proplatelet aggregation BALs. By contrast, statin therapy reduced an eicosapentaenoic acid-derived hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid metabolite, which may be related to impaired glucose metabolism. Additionally, we observed sex-related differences in 6 lipid metabolites and 6 unknown features.

CONCLUSIONS

Statin allocation was significantly associated with upregulation of BALs with anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation and antioxidant properties and downregulation of BALs with proinflammatory and proplatelet aggregation activity, supporting the pleiotropic effects of statins beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction.

Lipid metabolism disorder in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a significant complication associated with diabetes mellitus, presents limited treatment options. The progression of DKD is marked by substantial lipid disturbances, including alterations in triglycerides, cholesterol, sphingolipids, phospholipids, lipid droplets, and bile acids (BAs). Altered lipid metabolism serves as a crucial pathogenic mechanism in DKD, potentially intertwined with cellular ferroptosis, lipophagy, lipid metabolism reprogramming, and immune modulation of gut microbiota (thus impacting the liver-kidney axis). The elucidation of these mechanisms opens new potential therapeutic pathways for DKD management. This research explores the link between lipid metabolism disruptions and DKD onset.

Unraveling Ferroptosis Mechanisms: Tracking Cellular Viscosity with Small Molecular Fluorescent Probes

Ferroptosis is a recently identified form of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Numerous functions for ferroptosis have been identified in physiological as well as pathological processes, most notably in the treatment of cancer. The intricate balance of redox homeostasis is profoundly altered during ferroptosis, leading to alteration in cellular microenvironment. One such microenvironment is viscosity among others such as pH, polarity, and temperature. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of ferroptosis associated viscosity levels within organelles is crucial. To date, there are a very few reviews that detects ferroptosis assessing reactive species. In this review, we have summarized organelle's specific fluorescent probes that detects dynamics of microviscosity during ferroptosis. Also, we offer the readers an insight of their design strategy, photophysics and associated bioimaging concluding with the future perspective and challenges in the related field.

Lipidomics Analysis Unravels Aberrant Lipid Species and Pathways Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Kidney Cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in versatile applications, from high technology to household products. While numerous studies have examined the toxic gene profile of ZnO NPs across various tissues, the specific lipid species associated with adverse effects and potential biomarkers remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based lipidomics analysis to uncover potential lipid biomarkers in human kidney cells following treatment with ZnO NPs. Furthermore, we employed lipid pathway enrichment analysis (LIPEA) to elucidate altered lipid-related signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that ZnO NPs induce cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells and modulate lipid species; we identified 64 lipids with a fold change (FC) > 2 and p < 0.01 with corrected p < 0.05 in HK2 cells post-treatment with ZnO NPs. Notably, the altered lipids between control HK2 cells and those treated with ZnO NPs were associated with the sphingolipid, autophagy, and glycerophospholipid pathways. This study unveils novel potential lipid biomarkers of ZnO NP nanotoxicity, representing the first lipidomic profiling of ZnO NPs in human renal epithelial cells.

Oxidative stress in the brain-lung crosstalk: cellular and molecular perspectives

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to counteract their harmful effects, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of brain and lung-related diseases. This review comprehensively examines the intricate mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences cellular and molecular pathways, contributing to neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders. Emphasizing the detrimental effects on both brain and lung health, we discuss innovative diagnostic biomarkers, such as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the potential of antioxidant therapies. For these topics, we provide insights into future research directions in the field of oxidative stress treatment, including the development of personalized treatment approaches, the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers, and the development of new drug delivery systems. This review not only provides a new perspective on understanding the role of oxidative stress in brain and lung-related diseases but also offers new insights for future clinical treatments.

Squalene Epoxidase: Its Regulations and Links with Cancers

Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway that plays a critical role in cellular physiological processes. It converts squalene to 2,3-epoxysqualene and catalyzes the first oxygenation step in the pathway. Recently, intensive efforts have been made to extend the current knowledge of SQLE in cancers through functional and mechanistic studies. However, the underlying mechanisms and the role of SQLE in cancers have not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we retrospected current knowledge of SQLE as a rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway, while shedding light on its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, and revealed its therapeutic values in cancers. We showed that SQLE is regulated at different levels and is involved in the crosstalk with iron-dependent cell death. Particularly, we systemically reviewed the research findings on the role of SQLE in different cancers. Finally, we discussed the therapeutic implications of SQLE inhibitors and summarized their potential clinical values. Overall, this review discussed the multifaceted mechanisms that involve SQLE to present a vivid panorama of SQLE in cancers.

Antioxidant Systems as Modulators of Ferroptosis: Focus on Transcription Factors

Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that differs from apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis and is related to several physio-pathological processes, including tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, senescence, blood diseases, kidney disorders, and ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Ferroptosis is linked to iron accumulation, eliciting dysfunction of antioxidant systems, which favor the production of lipid peroxides, cell membrane damage, and ultimately, cell death. Thus, signaling pathways evoking ferroptosis are strongly associated with those protecting cells against iron excess and/or lipid-derived ROS. Here, we discuss the interaction between the metabolic pathways of ferroptosis and antioxidant systems, with a particular focus on transcription factors implicated in the regulation of ferroptosis, either as triggers of lipid peroxidation or as ferroptosis antioxidant defense pathways.

Interplay of Ferroptosis and Cuproptosis in Cancer: Dissecting Metal-Driven Mechanisms for Therapeutic Potentials

Iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), essential transition metals, play pivotal roles in various cellular processes critical to cancer biology, including cell proliferation, mitochondrial respiration, distant metastases, and oxidative stress. The emergence of ferroptosis and cuproptosis as distinct forms of non-apoptotic cell death has heightened their significance, particularly in connection with these metal ions. While initially studied separately, recent evidence underscores the interdependence of ferroptosis and cuproptosis. Studies reveal a link between mitochondrial copper accumulation and ferroptosis induction. This interconnected relationship presents a promising strategy, especially for addressing refractory cancers marked by drug tolerance. Harnessing the toxicity of iron and copper in clinical settings becomes crucial. Simultaneous targeting of ferroptosis and cuproptosis, exemplified by the combination of sorafenib and elesclomol-Cu, represents an intriguing approach. Strategies targeting mitochondria further enhance the precision of these approaches, providing hope for improving treatment outcomes of drug-resistant cancers. Moreover, the combination of iron chelators and copper-lowering agents with established therapeutic modalities exhibits a synergy that holds promise for the augmentation of anti-tumor efficacy in various malignancies. This review elaborates on the complex interplay between ferroptosis and cuproptosis, including their underlying mechanisms, and explores their potential as druggable targets in both cancer research and clinical settings.