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Mahtab Aslam Khan Khakwani M, Ji XY, Khattak S, Sun YC, Yao K, Zhang L. Targeting colorectal cancer at the level of nuclear pore complex. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00245-5. [PMID: 38876192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the architectures entrenched in nuclear envelop of a cell that regulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transportation of materials such as proteins and RNAs for proper functioning of a cell. The appropriate localization of proteins and RNAs within the cell is essential for its normal functionality. For such a complex transportation of materials across the NPC, around 60 proteins are involved comprising nucleoporins, karyopherins and RAN system proteins that play a vital role in NPC's structure formation, cargo translocation across NPC, and cargoes' rapid directed transportation respectively. In various cancers, the structure and function of NPC is often exaggerated, following altered expressions of its nucleoporins and karyopherins, affecting other proteins of associated signaling pathways. Some inhibitors of karyopherins at present have potential to regulate the altered level/expression of these karyopherin molecules. AIM OF REVIEW This review summarizes the data from 1990 to 2023, mainly focusing on recent studies that illustrate the structure and function of NPC, the relationship and mechanisms of nucleoporins and karyopherins with colorectal cancer, as well as therapeutic values, in order to understand the pathology and underlying basis of colorectal cancer associated with NPC. This is the first review to our knowledge elucidating the detailed updated studies targeting colorectal cancer at NPC. The review also aims to target certain karyopherins, nups and their possible inhibitors and activators molecules as a therapeutic strategy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW NPC structure provides understanding, how nucleoporins and karyopherins as key molecules are responsible for appropriate nucleocytoplasmic transportation. Many studies provide evidences describing the role of disrupted nucleoporins and karyopherins not only in CRC but also in other non-hematological and hematological malignancies. At present, some inhibitors of karyopherins have therapeutic potential for CRC, however development of more potent inhibitors may provide more effective therapeutic strategies for CRC in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mahtab Aslam Khan Khakwani
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Department of Oncology, Huaxian County Hospital, Huaxian, Henan Province 456400, China; Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, Gong-Ming Rd, Mazhai Town, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450064, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ying-Chuan Sun
- Department of Internal Oncology (Section I), Xuchang Municipal Central Hospital, Xuchang, Henan 430000, China
| | - Kunhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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Hellmuth JC, Koch R, Weigert O. [Targeted therapies in the management of malignant lymphoma - is the end of conventional chemotherapy near?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2024; 149:621-629. [PMID: 38749438 DOI: 10.1055/a-2160-5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the biology of malignant lymphoma has facilitated the development of numerous molecularly targeted therapies. The incorporation of these precision therapeutics has produced more effective and often less-toxic treatment regimens leading to a significant improvement of treatment outcomes for individuals with lymphoid malignancies.In relapsed diseases, molecularly targeted therapeutic approaches have demonstrated superior outcomes compared to conventional chemotherapy, leading to a growing number of patients being treated entirely chemotherapy-free. This review outlines the current landscape of targeted therapies for both B-cell (B-NHL) and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHL) and provides an overview of targeted agents currently approved for the treatment of malignant lymphoma.
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Chakravarti N, Boles A, Burzinski R, Sindaco P, Isabelle C, McConnell K, Mishra A, Porcu P. XPO1 blockade with KPT-330 promotes apoptosis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by activating the p53-p21 and p27 pathways. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9305. [PMID: 38653804 PMCID: PMC11039474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking has been shown to play a role in oncogenesis in several types of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Exportin 1 (XPO1) is responsible for the nuclear export of several proteins and RNA species, mainly tumor suppressors. KPT-330, a small molecule inhibitor of XPO1, is approved for treating relapsed multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma with an adverse prognosis and limited treatment options in advanced stages. The effect of therapeutically targeting XPO1 with KPT-330 in CTCL has not been established. We report that XPO1 expression is upregulated in CTCL cells. KPT-330 reduces cell proliferation, induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RNA-sequencing was used to explore the underlying mechanisms. Genes associated with the cell cycle and the p53 pathway were significantly enriched with KPT-330 treatment. KPT-330 suppressed XPO1 expression, upregulated p53, p21WAF1/Cip1, and p27Kip1 and their nuclear localization, and downregulated anti-apoptotic protein (Survivin). The in vivo efficacy of KPT-330 was investigated using a bioluminescent xenograft mouse model of CTCL. KPT-330 blocked tumor growth and prolonged survival (p < 0.0002) compared to controls. These findings support investigating the use of KPT-330 and next-generation XPO1 inhibitors in CTCL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Exportin 1 Protein
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Animals
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Hydrazines/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chakravarti
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 328, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Amy Boles
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rachel Burzinski
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Paola Sindaco
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Colleen Isabelle
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kathleen McConnell
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 834 Chestnut Street, Suite 320, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Liu S, Chai T, Garcia-Marques F, Yin Q, Hsu EC, Shen M, Shaw Toland AM, Bermudez A, Hartono AB, Massey CF, Lee CS, Zheng L, Baron M, Denning CJ, Aslan M, Nguyen HM, Nolley R, Zoubeidi A, Das M, Kunder CA, Howitt BE, Soh HT, Weissman IL, Liss MA, Chin AI, Brooks JD, Corey E, Pitteri SJ, Huang J, Stoyanova T. UCHL1 is a potential molecular indicator and therapeutic target for neuroendocrine carcinomas. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101381. [PMID: 38244540 PMCID: PMC10897521 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas, such as neuroendocrine prostate cancer and small-cell lung cancer, commonly have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We report that ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a deubiquitinating enzyme, is elevated in tissues and plasma from patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas. Loss of UCHL1 decreases tumor growth and inhibits metastasis of these malignancies. UCHL1 maintains neuroendocrine differentiation and promotes cancer progression by regulating nucleoporin, POM121, and p53. UCHL1 binds, deubiquitinates, and stabilizes POM121 to regulate POM121-associated nuclear transport of E2F1 and c-MYC. Treatment with the UCHL1 inhibitor LDN-57444 slows tumor growth and metastasis across neuroendocrine carcinomas. The combination of UCHL1 inhibitors with cisplatin, the standard of care used for neuroendocrine carcinomas, significantly delays tumor growth in pre-clinical settings. Our study reveals mechanisms of UCHL1 function in regulating the progression of neuroendocrine carcinomas and identifies UCHL1 as a therapeutic target and potential molecular indicator for diagnosing and monitoring treatment responses in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Chai
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - En-Chi Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Shen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alifiani B Hartono
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher F Massey
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chung S Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Maya Baron
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caden J Denning
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Merve Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Millie Das
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Brooke E Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Tom Soh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Lin H, Lin G, Lin L, Yang J, Yang D, Lin Q, Xu Y, Zeng Y. Comprehensive analysis of prognostic value and immune infiltration of Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 2 in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2024; 15:1901-1915. [PMID: 38434981 PMCID: PMC10905397 DOI: 10.7150/jca.91367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) incidence and mortality take the leading place of most malignancies. Previous studies have revealed the regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) family members played an essential role during tumorigenesis. However, its biological functions in LUAD still need further investigation. Methods: Several databases were applied to explore potential effects of RCC1 family members on LUAD, such as Oncomine, GEPIA, and cBioPortal. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the expression of RCC2 in stage I LUAD. H1975 and A549 were selected to explore the biological function of RCC2 in cellular malignant phenotype. Results: The expressions of RCC1 and RCC2 showed marked differences in malignant tissue compared to lung tissue. The higher the expression levels of RCC1 or RCC2 in LUAD patients, the shorter their overall survival (OS). In normal lung tissues, RCC1 expression was highly enriched in alveolar cells and endothelial cells. Compare with RCC1, RCC2 expression in normal lung tissue was significantly enriched in macrophages, B cells and granulocytes. Additionally, RCC2 expression level was correlated with multiple immune cell infiltration in LUAD. Moreover, the mutation or different sCNA status of RCC2 exerted influence on multiple immune cell infiltration distribution. We found that the upregulation of RCC1 and RCC2 were obviously related to TP53 mutation. GSEA analysis revealed that RCC2 was involved in the process of DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair and cell cycle, which might affect tumor progression through P53 signaling pathway. We further elucidated that downregulation of RCC2 could dramatically repress the migration and invasion of LUAD cells. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that RCC1 and RCC2 expression were markedly increased in early-stage of LUAD. Patients with high expression of RCC1 or RCC2 had a worse prognosis. Based on our analysis, RCC1 and RCC2 might exert influence on LUAD process through DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair and cell cycle, as well as cells migration and invasion. Different from RCC1, RCC2 also involved in immune infiltration. These analyses provided a novel insight into the identification of diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lin
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guofu Lin
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Lin
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Yang
- Department of thoracic surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
| | - Qinhui Lin
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, Fujian province, 362000, China
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Newell S, van der Watt PJ, Leaner VD. Therapeutic targeting of nuclear export and import receptors in cancer and their potential in combination chemotherapy. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:4-25. [PMID: 37623925 PMCID: PMC10952567 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Systemic modalities are crucial in the management of disseminated malignancies and liquid tumours. However, patient responses and tolerability to treatment are generally poor and those that enter remission often return with refractory disease. Combination therapies provide a methodology to overcome chemoresistance mechanisms and address dose-limiting toxicities. A deeper understanding of tumorigenic processes at the molecular level has brought a targeted therapy approach to the forefront of cancer research, and novel cancer biomarkers are being identified at a rapid rate, with some showing potential therapeutic benefits. The Karyopherin superfamily of proteins is soluble receptors that mediate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and RNAs, and recently, nuclear transport receptors have been recognized as novel anticancer targets. Inhibitors against nuclear export have been approved for clinical use against certain cancer types, whereas inhibitors against nuclear import are in preclinical stages of investigation. Mechanistically, targeting nucleocytoplasmic shuttling has shown to abrogate oncogenic signalling and restore tumour suppressor functions through nuclear sequestration of relevant proteins and mRNAs. Hence, nuclear transport inhibitors display broad spectrum anticancer activity and harbour potential to engage in synergistic interactions with a wide array of cytotoxic agents and other targeted agents. This review is focussed on the most researched nuclear transport receptors in the context of cancer, XPO1 and KPNB1, and highlights how inhibitors targeting these receptors can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard of care therapies and novel targeted agents in a combination therapy approach. Furthermore, an updated review on the therapeutic targeting of lesser characterized karyopherin proteins is provided and resistance to clinically approved nuclear export inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Newell
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Pauline J. van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Virna D. Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- UCT/SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Matovinovic F, Novak R, Hrkac S, Salai G, Mocibob M, Pranjic M, Košec A, Bedekovic V, Grgurevic L. In search of new stratification strategies: tissue proteomic profiling of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in patients with localized disease and lateral neck metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17405-17417. [PMID: 37861757 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most common thyroid malignancies that are often diagnosed as microcarcinomas when the tumor is less than one centimetre in diameter. Currently, there are no valid stratification strategies that would reliably assess the risk of lateral neck metastases and optimize surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aiming to find potential tissue biomarkers of metastatic potential, we conducted a cross-sectional proteomic pilot study on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of metastatic (N = 10) and non-metastatic (N = 10) papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients. Samples were analysed individually using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the differentially expressed proteins (DEP) were functionally annotated. RESULTS We identified five overexpressed DEPs in the metastatic group (EPB41L2, CSE1L, GLIPR2, FGA and FGG) with a known association to tumour biology. Using bioinformatic-based tools, we found markedly different profiles of significantly enriched biological processes between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The identified DEPs might have a role as potential tissue biomarkers for PTC metastases. However, further prospective research is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Matovinovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rudjer Novak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stela Hrkac
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Mocibob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Pranjic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andro Košec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Bedekovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Anatomy, "Drago Perovic", School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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8
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Caillot M, Miloudi H, Taly A, Profitós-Pelejà N, Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Maitre E, Saule S, Roué G, Jardin F, Sola B. Exportin 1-mediated nuclear/cytoplasmic trafficking controls drug sensitivity of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2546-2564. [PMID: 36727672 PMCID: PMC10701774 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exportin 1 (XPO1) is the main nuclear export receptor that controls the subcellular trafficking and the functions of major regulatory proteins. XPO1 is overexpressed in various cancers and small inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) have been developed to inhibit XPO1. In primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), the XPO1 gene may be mutated on one nucleotide and encodes the mutant XPO1E571K . To understand the impact of mutation on protein function, we studied the response of PMBL and cHL cells to selinexor, a SINE, and ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase. XPO1 mutation renders lymphoma cells more sensitive to selinexor due to a faster degradation of mutant XPO1 compared to the wild-type. We further showed that a mistrafficking of p65 (RELA) and p52 (NFκB2) transcription factors between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments accounts for the response toward ibrutinib. XPO1 mutation may be envisaged as a biomarker of the response of PMBL and cHL cells and other B-cell hemopathies to SINEs and drugs that target even indirectly the NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antoine Taly
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nuria Profitós-Pelejà
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Juliana C Santos
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcelo L Ribeiro
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elsa Maitre
- Normandie Univ, INSERM, Unicaen, Caen, France
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Simon Saule
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Gaël Roué
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Fabrice Jardin
- Normandie Univ, INSERM, Unirouen, Rouen, France
- Service d'hématologie, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
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9
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Yang Y, Guo L, Chen L, Gong B, Jia D, Sun Q. Nuclear transport proteins: structure, function, and disease relevance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:425. [PMID: 37945593 PMCID: PMC10636164 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper subcellular localization is crucial for the functioning of biomacromolecules, including proteins and RNAs. Nuclear transport is a fundamental cellular process that regulates the localization of many macromolecules within the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments. In humans, approximately 60 proteins are involved in nuclear transport, including nucleoporins that form membrane-embedded nuclear pore complexes, karyopherins that transport cargoes through these complexes, and Ran system proteins that ensure directed and rapid transport. Many of these nuclear transport proteins play additional and essential roles in mitosis, biomolecular condensation, and gene transcription. Dysregulation of nuclear transport is linked to major human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Selinexor (KPT-330), an inhibitor targeting the nuclear export factor XPO1 (also known as CRM1), was approved in 2019 to treat two types of blood cancers, and dozens of clinical trials of are ongoing. This review summarizes approximately three decades of research data in this field but focuses on the structure and function of individual nuclear transport proteins from recent studies, providing a cutting-edge and holistic view on the role of nuclear transport proteins in health and disease. In-depth knowledge of this rapidly evolving field has the potential to bring new insights into fundamental biology, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Kofler M, Kapus A. Nuclear Import and Export of YAP and TAZ. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4956. [PMID: 37894323 PMCID: PMC10605228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated Protein (YAP) and its paralog Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-binding Motif (TAZ) are major regulators of gene transcription/expression, primarily controlled by the Hippo pathway and the cytoskeleton. Integrating an array of chemical and mechanical signals, they impact growth, differentiation, and regeneration. Accordingly, they also play key roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. Their activity is primarily regulated by their localization, that is, Hippo pathway- and/or cytoskeleton-controlled cytosolic or nuclear sequestration. While many details of such prevailing retention models have been elucidated, much less is known about their actual nuclear traffic: import and export. Although their size is not far from the cutoff for passive diffusion through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), and they do not contain any classic nuclear localization (NLS) or nuclear export signal (NES), evidence has been accumulating that their shuttling involves mediated and thus regulatable/targetable processes. The aim of this review is to summarize emerging information/concepts about their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, encompassing the relevant structural requirements (NLS, NES), nuclear transport receptors (NTRs, karyophererins), and NPC components, along with the potential transport mechanisms and their regulation. While dissecting retention vs. transport is often challenging, the emerging picture suggests that YAP/TAZ shuttles across the NPC via multiple, non-exclusive, mediated mechanisms, constituting a novel and intriguing facet of YAP/TAZ biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kofler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
| | - András Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
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11
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Tong X, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wu DP. [The development of selective XPO1 inhibitors in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2023; 44:788-792. [PMID: 38049328 PMCID: PMC10630573 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X Tong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow Universityy, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow Universityy, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - D P Wu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow Universityy, Suzhou 215006, China
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12
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Durani V, Sabet A, Redin E, Kawasaki K, Shafer M, Karthaus WR, Zaidi S, Zhan YA, Manoj P, Sridhar H, Shah NS, Chow A, Bhanot UK, Linkov I, Asher M, Yu HA, Qiu J, de Stanchina E, Patel RA, Morrissey C, Haffner MC, Koche RP, Sawyers CL, Rudin CM. Exportin 1 inhibition prevents neuroendocrine transformation through SOX2 down-regulation in lung and prostate cancers. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf7006. [PMID: 37531417 PMCID: PMC10777207 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In lung and prostate adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine (NE) transformation to an aggressive derivative resembling small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is associated with poor prognosis. We previously described dependency of SCLC on the nuclear transporter exportin 1. Here, we explored the role of exportin 1 in NE transformation. We observed up-regulated exportin 1 in lung and prostate pretransformation adenocarcinomas. Exportin 1 was up-regulated after genetic inactivation of TP53 and RB1 in lung and prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, accompanied by increased sensitivity to the exportin 1 inhibitor selinexor in vitro. Exportin 1 inhibition prevented NE transformation in different TP53/RB1-inactivated prostate adenocarcinoma xenograft models that acquire NE features upon treatment with the aromatase inhibitor enzalutamide and extended response to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib in a lung cancer transformation patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model exhibiting combined adenocarcinoma/SCLC histology. Ectopic SOX2 expression restored the enzalutamide-promoted NE phenotype on adenocarcinoma-to-NE transformation xenograft models despite selinexor treatment. Selinexor sensitized NE-transformed lung and prostate small cell carcinoma PDXs to standard cytotoxics. Together, these data nominate exportin 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target to constrain lineage plasticity and prevent or treat NE transformation in lung and prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidushi Durani
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amin Sabet
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Esther Redin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moniquetta Shafer
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wouter R. Karthaus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samir Zaidi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yingqian A. Zhan
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harsha Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nisargbhai S. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Umesh K. Bhanot
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irina Linkov
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Asher
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helena A. Yu
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Qiu
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Radhika A. Patel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 19024, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael C. Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 19024, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard P. Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles L. Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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13
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Mehdizadeh R, Madjid Ansari A, Forouzesh F, Shahriari F, Shariatpanahi SP, Salaritabar A, Javidi MA. P53 status, and G2/M cell cycle arrest, are determining factors in cell-death induction mediated by ELF-EMF in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10845. [PMID: 37407632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The average survival of patients with glioblastoma is 12-15 months. Therefore, finding a new treatment method is important, especially in cases that show resistance to treatment. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have characteristics and capabilities that can be proposed as a new cancer treatment method with low side effects. This research examines the antitumor effect of ELF-EMF on U87 and U251 glioblastoma cell lines. Flowcytometry determined the viability/apoptosis and distribution of cells in different phases of the cell cycle. The size of cells was assessed by TEM. Important cell cycle regulation genes mRNA expression levels were investigated by real-time PCR. ELF-EMF induced apoptosis in U87cells much more than U251 (15% against 2.43%) and increased G2/M cell population in U87 (2.56%, p value < 0.05), and S phase in U251 (2.4%) (data are normalized to their sham exposure). The size of U87 cells increased significantly after ELF-EMF exposure (overexpressing P53 in U251 cells increased the apoptosis induction by ELF-EMF). The expression level of P53, P21, and MDM2 increased and CCNB1 decreased in U87. Among the studied genes, MCM6 expression decreased in U251. Increasing expression of P53, P21 and decreasing CCNB1, induction of cell G2/M cycle arrest, and consequently increase in the cell size can be suggested as one of the main mechanisms of apoptosis induction by ELF-EMF; furthermore, our results demonstrate the possible footprint of P53 in the apoptosis induction by ELF-EMF, as U87 carry the wild type of P53 and U251 has the mutated form of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mehdizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shahriari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Salaritabar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Javidi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Liashkovich I, Stefanello ST, Vidyadharan R, Haufe G, Erofeev A, Gorelkin PV, Kolmogorov V, Mizdal CR, Dulebo A, Bulk E, Kouzel IU, Shahin V. Pitstop-2 and its novel derivative RVD-127 disrupt global cell dynamics and nuclear pores integrity by direct interaction with small GTPases. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10425. [PMID: 37476059 PMCID: PMC10354767 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is an essential cell physiological process of broad biomedical relevance. Since the recent introduction of Pitstop-2 as a potent CME inhibitor, we and others have reported on substantial clathrin-independent inhibitory effects. Herein, we developed and experimentally validated a novel fluorescent derivative of Pitstop-2, termed RVD-127, to clarify Pitstop-2 diverse effects. Using RVD-127, we were able to trace additional protein targets of Pitstop-2. Besides inhibiting CME, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 proved to directly and reversibly bind to at least two members of the small GTPase superfamily Ran and Rac1 with particularly high efficacy. Binding locks the GTPases in a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-like conformation disabling their interaction with their downstream effectors. Consequently, overall cell motility, mechanics and nucleocytoplasmic transport integrity are rapidly disrupted at inhibitor concentrations well below those required to significantly reduce CME. We conclude that Pitstop-2 is a highly potent, reversible inhibitor of small GTPases. The inhibition of these molecular switches of diverse crucial signaling pathways, including nucleocytoplasmic transport and overall cell dynamics and motility, clarifies the diversity of Pitstop-2 activities. Moreover, considering the fundamental importance and broad implications of small GTPases in physiology, pathophysiology and drug development, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 open up novel avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Günter Haufe
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology «MISiS»MoscowRussia
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | | | | | | | | | - Etmar Bulk
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | | | - Victor Shahin
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
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15
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Price RM, Budzyński MA, Shen J, Mitchell JE, Kwan JJ, Teves S. Heat shock transcription factors demonstrate a distinct mode of interaction with mitotic chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5040-5055. [PMID: 37114996 PMCID: PMC10250243 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of transcription factors have been shown to bind and interact with mitotic chromosomes, which may promote the efficient reactivation of transcriptional programs following cell division. Although the DNA-binding domain (DBD) contributes strongly to TF behavior, the mitotic behaviors of TFs from the same DBD family may vary. To define the mechanisms governing TF behavior during mitosis in mouse embryonic stem cells, we examined two related TFs: Heat Shock Factor 1 and 2 (HSF1 and HSF2). We found that HSF2 maintains site-specific binding genome-wide during mitosis, whereas HSF1 binding is somewhat decreased. Surprisingly, live-cell imaging shows that both factors appear excluded from mitotic chromosomes to the same degree, and are similarly more dynamic in mitosis than in interphase. Exclusion from mitotic DNA is not due to extrinsic factors like nuclear import and export mechanisms. Rather, we found that the HSF DBDs can coat mitotic chromosomes, and that HSF2 DBD is able to establish site-specific binding. These data further confirm that site-specific binding and chromosome coating are independent properties, and that for some TFs, mitotic behavior is largely determined by the non-DBD regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marek A Budzyński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Junzhou Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - James Z J Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sheila S Teves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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16
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Rahman MM, van Oosterom F, Enow JA, Hossain M, Gutierrez-Jensen AD, Cashen M, Everts A, Lowe K, Kilbourne J, Daggett-Vondras J, Karr TL, McFadden G. Nuclear Export Inhibitor Selinexor Enhances Oncolytic Myxoma Virus Therapy against Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:952-968. [PMID: 37377603 PMCID: PMC10234290 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses exploited for cancer therapy have been developed to selectively infect, replicate, and kill cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth. However, in some cancer cells, oncolytic viruses are often limited in completing their full replication cycle, forming progeny virions, and/or spreading in the tumor bed because of the heterogeneous cell types within the tumor bed. Here, we report that the nuclear export pathway regulates oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV) infection and cytoplasmic viral replication in a subclass of human cancer cell types where viral replication is restricted. Inhibition of the XPO-1 (exportin 1) nuclear export pathway with nuclear export inhibitors can overcome this restriction by trapping restriction factors in the nucleus and allow significantly enhanced viral replication and killing of cancer cells. Furthermore, knockdown of XPO-1 significantly enhanced MYXV replication in restrictive human cancer cells and reduced the formation of antiviral granules associated with RNA helicase DHX9. Both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrated that the approved XPO1 inhibitor drug selinexor enhances the replication of MYXV and kills diverse human cancer cells. In a xenograft tumor model in NSG mice, combination therapy with selinexor plus MYXV significantly reduced the tumor burden and enhanced the survival of animals. In addition, we performed global-scale proteomic analysis of nuclear and cytosolic proteins in human cancer cells to identify the host and viral proteins that were upregulated or downregulated by different treatments. These results indicate, for the first time, that selinexor in combination with oncolytic MYXV can be used as a potential new therapy. Significance We demonstrated that a combination of nuclear export inhibitor selinexor and oncolytic MYXV significantly enhanced viral replication, reduced cancer cell proliferation, reduced tumor burden, and enhanced the overall survival of animals. Thus, selinexor and oncolytic MYXV can be used as potential new anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Fleur van Oosterom
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Junior A. Enow
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Maksuda Hossain
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ami D. Gutierrez-Jensen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Mackenzie Cashen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Anne Everts
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Kenneth Lowe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Juliane Daggett-Vondras
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Timothy L. Karr
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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17
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Nuclear export inhibitor Selinexor targeting XPO1 enhances coronavirus replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527884. [PMID: 36824761 PMCID: PMC9948980 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins using XPO1 (exportin 1) plays a vital role in cell proliferation and survival. Many viruses also exploit this pathway to promote infection and replication. Thus, inhibiting XPO1-mediated nuclear export with selective inhibitors activates multiple antiviral and anti-inflammatory pathways. The XPO1 inhibitor, Selinexor, is an FDA-approved anticancer drug predicted to have antiviral function against many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Unexpectedly, we observed that pretreatment of cultured human cells with Selinexor actually enhanced protein expression and replication of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Knockdown of cellular XPO1 protein expression significantly enhanced the replication of coronaviruses in human cells. We further demonstrate that Selinexor treatment reduced the formation of unique cytoplasmic antiviral granules that include RNA helicase DHX9 in the virus-infected cells. These results, for the first time, show that the anti-cancer drug Selinexor enhances the replication of coronaviruses in human cells in vitro and thus should be further explored in vivo for the potential impact on the dual use for anticancer and antiviral therapy.
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18
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Trkulja KL, Manji F, Kuruvilla J, Laister RC. Nuclear Export in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Implications for Targeted XPO1 Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:111. [PMID: 36671496 PMCID: PMC9855521 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exportin-1 (XPO1) is a key player in the nuclear export pathway and is overexpressed in almost all cancers. This is especially relevant for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), where high XPO1 expression is associated with poor prognosis due to its oncogenic role in exporting proteins and RNA that are involved in cancer progression and treatment resistance. Here, we discuss the proteins and RNA transcripts that have been identified as XPO1 cargo in NHL lymphoma including tumour suppressors, immune modulators, and transcription factors, and their implications for oncogenesis. We then highlight the research to date on XPO1 inhibitors such as selinexor and other selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs), which are used to treat some cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies investigating the anti-cancer effects of SINEs from bench to bedside, both as a single agent and in combination, are also reported. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current research landscape and future directions to better understand and improve the clinical utility of SINE compounds in NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla L. Trkulja
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Farheen Manji
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - John Kuruvilla
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Rob C. Laister
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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19
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Schmidts I, Haferlach T, Hoermann G. Precision Medicine in Therapy of Non-solid Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 280:35-64. [PMID: 35989345 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development and approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in 2001 has heralded the advance of directed therapy options. Today, an armamentarium of targeted therapeutics is available and enables the use of precision medicine in non-solid cancer. Precision medicine is guided by the detection of tumor-specific and targetable characteristics. These include pathogenic fusions and/or mutations, dependency on specific signaling pathways, and the expression of certain cell surface markers. Within the first part, we review approved targeted therapies for the compound classes of small molecule inhibitors, antibody-based therapies and cellular therapies. Particular consideration is given to the underlying pathobiology and the respective mechanism of action. The second part emphasizes on how biomarkers, whether they are of diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive relevance, are indispensable tools to guide therapy choice and management in precision medicine. Finally, the examples of acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia illustrate how integration of these biomarkers helps to tailor therapy.
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20
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Herceg S, Janoštiak R. Diagnostic and Prognostic Profiling of Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Folia Biol (Praha) 2023; 69:133-148. [PMID: 38410971 DOI: 10.14712/fb2023069040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the key features of eukaryotic cells is the separation of nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments by a double-layer nuclear envelope. This separation is crucial for timely regulation of gene expression, mRNA biogenesis, cell cycle, and differentiation. Since transcription takes place in the nucleus and the major part of translation in the cytoplasm, proper distribution of biomolecules between these two compartments is ensured by nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins - karyopherins. Karyopherins transport biomolecules through nuclear pores bidirectionally in collaboration with Ran GTPases and utilize GTP as the source of energy. Different karyopherins transport different cargo molecules that play important roles in the regulation of cell physiology. In cancer cells, this nucleocytoplasmic transport is significantly dysregulated to support increased demands for the import of cell cycle-promoting biomolecules and export of cell cycle inhibitors and mRNAs. Here, we analysed genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data from published datasets to comprehensively profile karyopherin genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. We have found out that expression of multiple karyopherin genes is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma in comparison to the normal liver, with importin subunit α-1, exportin 2, importin subunit β-1 and importin 9 being the most over-expressed. More-over, we have found that increased expression of these genes is associated with higher neoplasm grade as well as significantly worse overall survival of liver cancer patients. Taken together, our bioinformatic data-mining analysis provides a comprehensive geno-mic and transcriptomic landscape of karyopherins in hepatocellular carcinoma and identifies potential members that could be targeted in order to develop new treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herceg
- BIOCEV - First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Janoštiak
- BIOCEV - First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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NFkB Pathway and Hodgkin Lymphoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092153. [PMID: 36140254 PMCID: PMC9495867 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor cells that drive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), namely, Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, display hallmark features that include their rareness in contrast with an extensive and rich reactive microenvironment, their loss of B-cell phenotype markers, their immune escape capacity, and the activation of several key biological pathways, including the constitutive activation of the NFkB pathway. Both canonical and alternative pathways are deregulated by genetic alterations of their components or regulators, EBV infection and interaction with the microenvironment through multiple receptors, including CD30, CD40, BAFF, RANK and BCMA. Therefore, NFkB target genes are involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation, JAK/STAT pathway activation, B-cell marker expression loss, cellular interaction and a positive NFkB feedback loop. Targeting this complex pathway directly (NIK inhibitors) or indirectly (PIM, BTK or NOTCH) remains a challenge with potential therapeutic relevance. Nodular predominant HL (NLPHL), a distinct and rare HL subtype, shows a strong NFkB activity signature because of mechanisms that differ from those observed in cHL, which is discussed in this review.
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22
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Ishikawa C, Mori N. Exportin-1 is critical for cell proliferation and survival in adult T cell leukemia. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:718-727. [PMID: 35477814 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since treatment options for adult T cell leukemia (ATL) associated with human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) fail to obtain long-term response, novel therapies targeting ATL-dysregulated pathways are necessary. Dysregulated nuclear import and export machinery is common in malignancies. This study aimed to investigate the potential of exportin-1 (XPO1), which mediates nuclear export of cargos, as a target in ATL. RT-PCR and western blotting were performed to determine XPO1 expression. We evaluated XPO1's effects on cell proliferation and viability through WST-8 assays, cell cycle and apoptosis via Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry, and intracellular signaling cascades using western blotting. XPO1 expression was upregulated in HTLV-1-infected T cells. XPO1 knockdown reduced cell proliferation. XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 also reduced proliferation, increased DNA damage, and induced G1 cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. KPT-330 downregulated cell cycle regulators (CDK2/4/6, cyclin D2, c-Myc and phosphorylated pRb) and anti-apoptotic proteins (XIAP, c-IAP1/2, survivin and Mcl-1), and upregulated p53, p21 and Bak. KPT-330 suppressed XPO1 and increased the nuclear localization of cargos (NF-κB RelA and its negative regulator IκBα, protein phosphatase 2A and its inhibitor SET, p53 and its negative regulator MDM2, p21, p27, FOXO1 and pRb). KPT-330 treatment resulted in the abrogation of aberrant pathways (NF-κB, Akt and STAT3/5) simultaneously through the activation of tumor suppressor proteins and inhibition of oncogenes and proliferative/survival factors. These findings encourage investigating the use of KPT-330 in clinical trials targeting ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
- Division of Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
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23
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Mandic R, Marquardt A, Terhorst P, Ali U, Nowak-Rossmann A, Cai C, Rodepeter FR, Stiewe T, Wezorke B, Wanzel M, Neff A, Stuck BA, Bette M. The importin beta superfamily member RanBP17 exhibits a role in cell proliferation and is associated with improved survival of patients with HPV+ HNSCC. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:785. [PMID: 35850701 PMCID: PMC9290296 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than twenty years after its discovery, the role of the importin beta superfamily member Ran GTP-binding protein (RanBP) 17 is still ill defined. Previously, we observed notable RanBP17 RNA expression levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines with disruptive TP53 mutations. Methods We deployed HNSCC cell lines as well as cell lines from other tumor entities such as HCT116, MDA-MB-231 and H460, which were derived from colon, breast and lung cancers respectively. RNAi was used to evaluate the effect of RanBP17 on cell proliferation. FACS analysis was used for cell sorting according to their respective cell cycle phase and for BrdU assays. Immunocytochemistry was deployed for colocalization studies of RanBP17 with Nucleolin and SC35 (nuclear speckles) domains. TCGA analysis was performed for prognostic assessment and correlation analysis of RanBP17 in HNSCC patients. Results RNAi knockdown of RanBP17, significantly reduced cell proliferation in HNSCC cell lines. This effect was also seen in the HNSCC unrelated cell lines HCT116 and MDA-MB-231. Similarly, inhibiting cell proliferation with cisplatin reduced RanBP17 in keratinocytes but lead to induction in tumor cell lines. A similar observation was made in tumor cell lines after treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor AG1478. In addition to previous reports, showing colocalization of RanBP17 with SC35 domains, we observed colocalization of RanBP17 to nuclear bodies that are distinct from nucleoli and SC35 domains. Interestingly, for HPV positive but not HPV negative HNSCC, TCGA data base analysis revealed a strong positive correlation of RanBP17 RNA with patient survival and CDKN2A. Conclusions Our data point to a role of RanBP17 in proliferation of HNSCC and other epithelial cells. Furthermore, RanBP17 could potentially serve as a novel prognostic marker for HNSCC patients. However, we noted a major discrepancy between RanBP17 RNA and protein expression levels with the used antibodies. These observations could be explained by the presence of additional RanBP17 splice isoforms and more so of non-coding circular RanBP17 RNA species. These aspects need to be addressed in more detail by future studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09854-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany.
| | - André Marquardt
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philip Terhorst
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uzma Ali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Nowak-Rossmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chengzhong Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fiona R Rodepeter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernadette Wezorke
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wanzel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Neff
- Department of Oro- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris A Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 3. BA, +3/08070, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bette
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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24
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An M, Zheng H, Huang J, Lin Y, Luo Y, Kong Y, Pang M, Zhang D, Yang J, Chen J, Li Y, Chen C, Lin T. Aberrant Nuclear Export of circNCOR1 Underlies SMAD7-Mediated Lymph Node Metastasis of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2239-2253. [PMID: 35395674 PMCID: PMC9359746 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNA) containing retained introns are normally sequestered in the nucleus. Dysregulation of cellular homeostasis can drive their nuclear export, which may be involved in cancer metastasis. However, the mechanism underlying circRNA nuclear export and its role in lymph node (LN) metastasis of bladder cancer remain unclear. Here, we identify an intron-retained circRNA, circNCOR1, that is significantly downregulated in LN metastatic bladder cancer and is negatively associated with poor prognosis of patients. Overexpression of circNCOR1 inhibited lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis of bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Nuclear circNCOR1 epigenetically promoted SMAD7 transcription by increasing heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL)-induced H3K9 acetylation in the SMAD7 promoter, leading to inhibition of the TGFβ-SMAD signaling pathway. Nuclear retention of circNCOR1 was regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)ylation of DDX39B, an essential regulatory factor responsible for circRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. Reduced SUMO2 binding to DDX39B markedly increased circNCOR1 retention in the nucleus to suppress bladder cancer LN metastasis. By contrast, SUMOylated DDX39B activated nuclear export of circNCOR1, impairing the suppressive role of circNCOR1 on TGFβ-SMAD cascade activation and bladder cancer LN metastasis. In patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, overexpression of circNCOR1 and inhibition of TGFβ signaling significantly repressed tumor growth and LN metastasis. This study highlights SUMOylation-induced nuclear export of circNCOR1 as a key event regulating TGFβ-SMAD signaling and bladder cancer lymphangiogenesis, thus supporting circNCOR1 as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with LN metastatic bladder cancer. SIGNIFICANCE This study identifies the novel intron-retained circNCOR1 and elucidates a SUMOylation-mediated DDX39B-circNCOR1-SMAD7 axis that regulates lymph node metastasis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie An
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanhao Zheng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuming Luo
- Pancreatic Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Kong
- Pancreatic Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingrui Pang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingwen Zhang
- Pancreatic Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiabin Yang
- Pancreatic Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiancheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changhao Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Corresponding Authors: Tianxin Lin, Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangyi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, P. R. China. Phone: 8620-3407-0447; Fax: 8620-8133-2336; E-mail:; and Changhao Chen,
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Corresponding Authors: Tianxin Lin, Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangyi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, P. R. China. Phone: 8620-3407-0447; Fax: 8620-8133-2336; E-mail:; and Changhao Chen,
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25
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Hofste Op Bruinink D, Kuiper R, van Duin M, Cupedo T, van der Velden VHJ, Hoogenboezem R, van der Holt B, Beverloo HB, Valent ET, Vermeulen M, Gay F, Broijl A, Avet-Loiseau H, Munshi NC, Musto P, Moreau P, Zweegman S, van de Donk NWCJ, Sonneveld P. Identification of High-Risk Multiple Myeloma With a Plasma Cell Leukemia-Like Transcriptomic Profile. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:3132-3150. [PMID: 35357885 PMCID: PMC9509081 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is an aggressive subtype of multiple myeloma, which is distinguished from newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) on the basis of the presence of ≥ 20% circulating tumor cells (CTCs). A molecular marker for pPCL is currently lacking, which could help identify NDMM patients with high-risk PCL-like disease, despite not having been recognized as such clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davine Hofste Op Bruinink
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rowan Kuiper
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,SkylineDx, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark van Duin
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Remco Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bronno van der Holt
- HOVON Data Center, Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Berna Beverloo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Vermeulen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Gay
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Annemiek Broijl
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- "Aldo Moro" University School of Medicine, Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, AOUC Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Gousias K, Theocharous T, Simon M. Mechanisms of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030564. [PMID: 35327366 PMCID: PMC8945784 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of glioblastoma, the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor, are characterized by their rapid growth and infiltration of adjacent healthy brain parenchyma, which reflects their aggressive biological behavior. In order to maintain their excessive proliferation and invasion, glioblastomas exploit the innate biological capacities of the patients suffering from this tumor. The pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis are the mechanisms most commonly affected. The following work reviews the regulatory pathways of cell growth in general as well as the dysregulated cell cycle and apoptosis relevant mechanisms observed in glioblastomas. We then describe the molecular targeting of the current established adjuvant therapy and present ongoing trials or completed studies on specific promising therapeutic agents that induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Gousias
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Marien Academic Hospital Lünen, KLW St. Paulus Corporation, 44534 Luenen, Germany;
- Medical School, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2306-773151
| | - Theocharis Theocharous
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Marien Academic Hospital Lünen, KLW St. Paulus Corporation, 44534 Luenen, Germany;
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bethel Clinic, University of Bielefeld Medical School, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany;
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27
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Taniguchi H, Hao Y, Chow A, Zhan YA, Chavan SS, Uddin F, Allaj V, Manoj P, Shah NS, Chan JM, Offin M, Ciampricotti M, Ray-Kirton J, Egger J, Bhanot U, Linkov I, Asher M, Roehrl MH, Qiu J, de Stanchina E, Hollmann TJ, Koche RP, Sen T, Poirier JT, Rudin CM. Inhibition of XPO1 Sensitizes Small Cell Lung Cancer to First- and Second-Line Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2022; 82:472-483. [PMID: 34815254 PMCID: PMC8813890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by early metastasis and extreme lethality. The backbone of SCLC treatment over the past several decades has been platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, with the recent addition of immunotherapy providing modest benefits in a subset of patients. However, nearly all patients treated with systemic therapy quickly develop resistant disease, and there is an absence of effective therapies for recurrent and progressive disease. Here we conducted CRISPR-Cas9 screens using a druggable genome library in multiple SCLC cell lines representing distinct molecular subtypes. This screen nominated exportin-1, encoded by XPO1, as a therapeutic target. XPO1 was highly and ubiquitously expressed in SCLC relative to other lung cancer histologies and other tumor types. XPO1 knockout enhanced chemosensitivity, and exportin-1 inhibition demonstrated synergy with both first- and second-line chemotherapy. The small molecule exportin-1 inhibitor selinexor in combination with cisplatin or irinotecan dramatically inhibited tumor growth in chemonaïve and chemorelapsed SCLC patient-derived xenografts, respectively. Together these data identify exportin-1 as a promising therapeutic target in SCLC, with the potential to markedly augment the efficacy of cytotoxic agents commonly used in treating this disease. SIGNIFICANCE: CRISPR-Cas9 screening nominates exportin-1 as a therapeutic target in SCLC, and exportin-1 inhibition enhances chemotherapy efficacy in patient-derived xenografts, providing a novel therapeutic opportunity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuan Hao
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yingqian A Zhan
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shweta S Chavan
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fathema Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Viola Allaj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nisargbhai S Shah
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joseph M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Offin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Metamia Ciampricotti
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordana Ray-Kirton
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jacklynn Egger
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Umesh Bhanot
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Irina Linkov
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marina Asher
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael H Roehrl
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Juan Qiu
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Triparna Sen
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Wajapeyee N, Gupta R. Epigenetic Alterations and Mechanisms That Drive Resistance to Targeted Cancer Therapies. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5589-5595. [PMID: 34531319 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease and cancer cells typically harbor multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Large-scale sequencing of patient-derived cancer samples has identified several druggable driver oncogenes. Many of these oncogenes can be pharmacologically targeted to provide effective therapies for breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, and other cancer types. Initial responses to these agents can be robust in many cancer types and some patients with cancer experience sustained tumor inhibition. However, resistance to these targeted therapeutics frequently emerges, either from intrinsic or acquired mechanisms, posing a major clinical hurdle for effective treatment. Several resistance mechanisms, both cell autonomous and cell nonautonomous, have been identified in different cancer types. Here we describe how alterations of the transcriptome, transcription factors, DNA, and chromatin regulatory proteins confer resistance to targeted therapeutic agents. We also elaborate on how these studies have identified underlying epigenetic factors that drive drug resistance and oncogenic pathways, with direct implications for the prevention and treatment of drug-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Lu Y, Nanayakkara G, Sun Y, Liu L, Xu K, Drummer C, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Choi ET, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Procaspase-1 patrolled to the nucleus of proatherogenic lipid LPC-activated human aortic endothelial cells induces ROS promoter CYP1B1 and strong inflammation. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102142. [PMID: 34598017 PMCID: PMC8487079 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the roles of nuclear localization of pro-caspase-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) activated by proatherogenic lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), we examined cytosolic and nuclear localization of pro-caspase-1, identified nuclear export signal (NES) in pro-caspase-1 and sequenced RNAs. We made the following findings: 1) LPC increases nuclear localization of procaspase-1 in HAECs. 2) Nuclear pro-caspase-1 exports back to the cytosol, which is facilitated by a leptomycin B-inhibited mechanism. 3) Increased nuclear localization of pro-caspase-1 by a new NES peptide inhibitor upregulates inflammatory genes in oxidative stress and Th17 pathways; and SUMO activator N106 enhances nuclear localization of pro-caspase-1 and caspase-1 activation (p20) in the nucleus. 4) LPC plus caspase-1 enzymatic inhibitor upregulates inflammatory genes with hypercytokinemia/hyperchemokinemia and interferon pathways, suggesting a novel capsase-1 enzyme-independent inflammatory mechanism. 5) LPC in combination with NES inhibitor and caspase-1 inhibitor upregulate inflammatory gene expression that regulate Th17 activation, endotheli-1 signaling, p38-, and ERK- MAPK pathways. To examine two hallmarks of endothelial activation such as secretomes and membrane protein signaling, LPC plus NES inhibitor upregulate 57 canonical secretomic genes and 76 exosome secretomic genes, respectively, promoting four pathways including Th17, IL-17 promoted cytokines, interferon signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis. LPC with NES inhibitor also promote inflammation via upregulating ROS promoter CYP1B1 and 11 clusters of differentiation (CD) membrane protein pathways. Mechanistically, all the LPC plus NES inhibitor-induced genes are significantly downregulated in CYP1B1-deficient microarray, suggesting that nuclear caspase-1-induced CYP1B1 promotes strong inflammation. These transcriptomic results provide novel insights on the roles of nuclear caspase-1 in sensing DAMPs, inducing ROS promoter CYP1B1 and in regulating a large number of genes that mediate HAEC activation and inflammation. These findings will lead to future development of novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), inflammations, infections, transplantation, autoimmune disease and cancers. (total words: 284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA
| | | | - Yu Sun
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Surgery, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Inflammation Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, USA.
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Lanza F, Bazarbachi A. Targeted Therapies and Druggable Genetic Anomalies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: From Diagnostic Tools to Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4698. [PMID: 34572925 PMCID: PMC8466687 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder resulting from acquired somatic mutations in hematopoietic progenitor cells that lead to the dysregulation of differentiation and the proliferation of hematopoietic cells [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lanza
- Hematology Service and Romagna Transplant Network for HSCT, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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31
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Gao L, Wu ZX, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Wang L. Overcoming anti-cancer drug resistance via restoration of tumor suppressor gene function. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100770. [PMID: 34175687 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as well as targeted drugs including imatinib, erlotinib, and nivolumab, play key roles in clinical cancer treatment. However, the frequent emergence of drug resistance severely comprosises their anti-cancer efficacy. A number of studies indicated that loss of function of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is involved in the development of cancer drug resistance, apart from decreased drug influx, increased drug efflux, induction of anti-apoptosis mechanisms, alterations in tumor microenvironment, drug compartmentalization, enhanced DNA repair and drug inactivation. TSGs are involved in the pathogenesis of tumor formation through regulation of DNA damage repair, cell apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and signal transduction. Our increased understanding of TSGs in the past decades demonstrates that gene mutation is not the only reason that leads to the inactivation of TSGs. Loss of function of TSGs may be based on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, epigenetic and transcriptional regualtion, post-translation modifications like phosphorylation as well as cellular translocation of TSGs. As the above processes can constitute"druggable targets", these mechanisms provide novel therapeutic approaches in targeting TSGs. Some small molecule compounds targeting these approaches re-activated TSGs and reversed cancer drug resistance. Along this vein, functional restoration of TSGs is a novel and promising approach to surmount cancer drug resistance. In the current review, we draw a scenario based on the role of loss of function of TSGs in drug resistance, on mechanisms leading to inactivation of TSGs and on pharmacological agents acting on these mechanisms to overcome cancer drug resistance. This review discusses novel therapeutic strategies targeting TSGs and offers possible modalities to conquer cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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32
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Zhu M, Xiao S. Expression profiles and prognostic values of BolA family members in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 34078439 PMCID: PMC8170995 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BOLA gene family, comprising three members, is mainly involved in regulating intracellular iron homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that BolA family member 2 plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and hepatic cellular carcinoma progression. However, there was less known about its role in ovarian cancer. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the expression profiles, prognostic roles, and genetic alterations of three BolA family members in patients with ovarian cancer through several public databases, containing Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Human Protein Atlas, Kaplan-Meier plotter and cBioPortal. Then, we constructed the protein-protein interaction networks of BOLA proteins and their interactors by using the String database and Cytoscape software. In addition, we performed the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment by the Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery database. Finally, we explored the mechanisms underlying BolA family members' involvement in OC by using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression levels of BOLA2 and BOLA3 were heavily higher in ovarian cancer tissues than in normal ovarian tissues. Dysregulated mRNA expressions of three BolA family members were significantly associated with prognosis in overall or subgroup analysis. Moreover, genetic alterations also occurred in three BolA family members in ovarian cancer. GO analysis indicated that BolA family members might regulate the function of metal ion binding and protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that BolA family members were mainly associated with oxidative phosphorylation, proteasome, protein export, and glutathione metabolism in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION In brief, our finding may contribute to increasing currently limited prognostic biomarkers and treatment options for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhu
- Department of Nursing, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Xiao
- Department of Nursing, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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TNPO1-Mediated Nuclear Import of FUBP1 Contributes to Tumor Immune Evasion by Increasing NRP1 Expression in Cervical Cancer. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9994004. [PMID: 33987449 PMCID: PMC8093035 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9994004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Far upstream element binding protein 1 (FUBP1), a DNA-binding protein, participates in diverse tumor-promoting behaviors by regulating the expression of oncogenes in the nucleus, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that FUBP1 mRNA and protein expressions were markedly upregulated and closely linked with poor prognosis in cervical cancer. In vitro, functional experiments showed that knockdown of FUBP1 inhibited CC cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, FUBP1 plays a prooncogenic function in CC progression. Further investigations for the first time demonstrated that nuclear localization of FUBP1 regulated the gene expression of immune checkpoint NRP1. Moreover, our work demonstrated that FUBP1 translocated into the nucleus which was mediated by interacting with Transportin-1 (TNPO1). Collectively, this study revealed that FUBP1 might be a potential therapeutic target for the restriction of tumor progression.
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Mao T, Xu H, Cui J, Lin H, Wang L. CSE1L, as a novel prognostic marker, promotes pancreatic cancer proliferation by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12:2797-2806. [PMID: 33854580 PMCID: PMC8040880 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors with poor prognosis and new targetable therapies are urgently required. CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1 like) is thought to play an important role in tumorigenesis and acts as a cancer therapeutic target. However, the biological function and the underlying mechanism of CSE1L in pancreatic cancer are still not fully explicit. In the present study, we found that high CSE1L expression was related to a worse prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer according to data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Additionally, we found that CSE1L knockdown inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and promoted apoptosis, while CSE1L overexpression demonstrated the opposite phenomenon. Furthermore, we discovered that CSE1L might regulate pancreatic cancer proliferation through AKT signaling pathway. In summary, we reveal that CSE1L plays a crucial role in tumor growth and may serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiebo Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiujie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hechun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Mashima E, Sawada Y, Nakamura M. Recent Advancement in Atypical Lipomatous Tumor Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:994. [PMID: 33498189 PMCID: PMC7863944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Evans and colleagues identified the lipomatous tumor with a well-differentiated liposarcoma in a subcutaneous location or within a muscle layer, namely, atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT), this malignancy has been investigated to clarify the characteristics of clinical behavior and genomic changes. As one of the important issues for clinicians, it is a hot topic of how to distinguish ALT from benign lipoma in the clinical aspect. Recent studies revealed novel findings to clarify the risk factor for the diagnosis of ALT and molecular targets for the treatment of ALT. Clinical characteristics of superficial-type ALT well reflect the subcutaneous location of the tumor and are slightly different compared to deep-type ALT, such as tumor size. In addition, there has been a recent discovery of novel findings in ALT-related genes, namely, HMG2A (high mobility group protein 2a), YEATS4 (YEATS domain containing 4), and CPM (Carboxypeptidase M). Recent updates on treatment for advanced ALT are well developed including immunotherapy and conducting clinical trials. Finally, this review introduces one of the hot topics of ALT research focused on epigenetic changes: their attention in recent updates on clinical characteristics and the novel discovery of related genes, treatment, and epigenetic modifications in atypical lipomatous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-Ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan; (E.M.); (M.N.)
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El Bairi K, Trapani D, Petrillo A, Le Page C, Zbakh H, Daniele B, Belbaraka R, Curigliano G, Afqir S. Repurposing anticancer drugs for the management of COVID-19. Eur J Cancer 2020; 141:40-61. [PMID: 33125946 PMCID: PMC7508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its outbreak in the last December, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide at a pandemic proportion and thus is regarded as a global public health emergency. The existing therapeutic options for COVID-19 beyond the intensive supportive care are limited, with an undefined or modest efficacy reported so far. Drug repurposing represents an enthusiastic mechanism to use approved drugs outside the scope of their original indication and accelerate the discovery of new therapeutic options. With the emergence of COVID-19, drug repurposing has been largely applied for early clinical testing. In this review, we discuss some repurposed anticancer drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, which are under investigation in clinical trials or proposed for the clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco.
| | | | - Angelica Petrillo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy; University of Study of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hanaa Zbakh
- Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Daniele
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, Naples, Italy
| | - Rhizlane Belbaraka
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Bioscience et Santé" Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Said Afqir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
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XPO1E571K Mutation Modifies Exportin 1 Localisation and Interactome in B-cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102829. [PMID: 33007990 PMCID: PMC7600770 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Almost 25% of patients with either primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) or classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) possess a recurrent mutation of the XPO1 gene encoding the major nuclear export protein. The aim of our study was to assess the molecular function of the mutant XPO1 protein. Using several cell models (including CRISPR–Cas9 edited cells) and high throughput techniques, we determined that the export capacity of the mutant XPO1 was not altered. However, mutant XPO1 accumulated in the cytoplasm due to its binding to importin β1 (or IPO1). The targeting of XPO1 is largely efficient for fighting haemopathies. The inhibition of IPO1 could open new therapeutic perspectives for B-cell lymphomas. Abstract The XPO1 gene encodes exportin 1 (XPO1) that controls the nuclear export of cargo proteins and RNAs. Almost 25% of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) cases harboured a recurrent XPO1 point mutation (NM_003400, chr2:g61718472C>T) resulting in the E571K substitution within the hydrophobic groove of the protein, the site of cargo binding. We investigated the impact of the XPO1E571K mutation using PMBL/cHL cells having various XPO1 statuses and CRISPR–Cas9-edited cells in which the E571K mutation was either introduced or knocked-out. We first confirmed that the mutation was present in both XPO1 mRNA and protein. We observed that the mutation did not modify the export capacity but rather the subcellular localisation of XPO1 itself. In particular, mutant XPO1 bound to importin β1 modified the nuclear export/import dynamics of relevant cargoes.
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Lange A, Fasken MB, Stewart M, Corbett AH. Dissecting the roles of Cse1 and Nup2 in classical NLS-cargo release in vivo. Traffic 2020; 21:622-635. [PMID: 32734712 PMCID: PMC7891619 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The importin α/β transport machinery mediates the nuclear import of cargo proteins that bear a classical nuclear localization sequence (cNLS). These cargo proteins are linked to the major nuclear protein import factor, importin‐β, by the importin‐α adapter, after which cargo/carrier complexes enter the nucleus through nuclear pores. In the nucleus, cargo is released by the action of RanGTP and the nuclear pore protein Nup2, after which the importins are recycled to the cytoplasm for further transport cycles. The nuclear export of importin‐α is mediated by Cse1/CAS. Here, we exploit structures of functionally important complexes to identify residues that are critical for these interactions and provide insight into how cycles of protein import and recycling of importin‐α occur in vivo using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. We examine how these molecular interactions impact protein localization, cargo import, function and complex formation. We show that reversing the charge of key residues in importin‐α (Arg44) or Cse1 (Asp220) results in loss of function of the respective proteins and impairs complex formation both in vitro and in vivo. To extend these results, we show that basic residues in the Nup2 N‐terminus are required for both Nup2 interaction with importin‐α and Nup2 function. These results provide a more comprehensive mechanistic model of how Cse1, RanGTP and Nup2 function in concert to mediate cNLS‐cargo release in the nucleus. Directional transport of cargoes between the nucleus and cytoplasm is mediated by receptors that bind cargo in one compartment and release cargo into a destination compartment. Cargoes that contain a cNLS are recognized by importin‐α in the cytoplasm. Release factors including the importin‐α export receptor, Cse1, and a nuclear pore complex protein, Nup2, ensure efficient cargo delivery into the nucleus. Interactions defined by previous structural studies are required for productive interactions between importin‐α, Cse1, and Nup2 to occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Lange
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Milo B Fasken
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Murray Stewart
- Cambridge Biomedical Campus, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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