Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments

Dual effects of GABA A R agonist anesthetics in neurodevelopment and vulnerable brains: From neurotoxic to therapeutic effects

Debates regarding the specific effects of general anesthesia on developing brains have persisted for over 30 years. A consensus has been reached that prolonged, repeated, high-dose exposure to anesthetics is associated with a higher incidence of deficits in behavior and executive function, while single exposure has a relatively minor effect on long-term neurological function. In this review, we summarize the dose-dependent neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonists, a representative group of sedatives, on developing brains or central nervous system diseases. Most preclinical research indicates that anesthetics have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain through various signal pathways. However, recent studies on low-dose anesthetics suggest that they may promote neurodevelopment during this critical period. These findings are incomprehensible for the general "dose-effect" principles of pharmacological research, which has attracted researchers' interest and led to the following questions: What is the threshold for the dual effects exerted by anesthetics such as propofol and sevoflurane on the developing brain? To what extent can their protective effects be maximized? What are the underlying mechanisms involved in these effects? Consequently, this issue has essentially become a "mathematical problem." After summarizing the dose-dependent effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonist sedatives in both the developing brain and the brains of patients with central nervous system diseases, we believe that all such anesthetics exhibit specific threshold effects unique to each drug. These effects range from neuroprotection to neurotoxicity, depending on different brain functional states. However, the exact values of the specific thresholds for different drugs in various brain states, as well as the underlying mechanisms explaining why these thresholds exist, remain unclear. Further in-depth exploration of these issues could significantly enhance the therapeutic translational value of these anesthetics.

Multidomain intervention for delaying aging in community-dwelling older adults (MIDA): study design and protocol

BACKGROUND

The exploration of interventions to delay aging is an emerging topic that promotes healthy aging. The multidomain intervention has the potential to be applied in the field of aging because it concentrates on the functional ability of older adults. There is currently no literature reporting on a multidomain intervention involving cognition, exercise and nutrition for delaying aging.

METHODS

The Multidomain Intervention for Delaying Aging in Community-dwelling Older Adults (MIDA) is a Zelen-design randomized controlled trial with a 6-month intervention duration. The multidomain intervention comprises cognitive training, exercise training, and nutritional guidance, delivered through both group sessions and individual family interventions. A total of 248 participants aged 60 to 85 years will be randomized to the intervention group or control group and followed up for 12 months. The primary outcome is the change in epigenetic age acceleration and pace of aging following the multidomain intervention. The secondary outcomes are the changes in frailty score and intrinsic capacity Z-score. Other outcomes include physical functions, body composition, aging biomarkers, inflammatory markers, haematology and biochemistry parameters, and lifestyle factors.

CONCLUSIONS

This study will explore the effects of the multidomain intervention on delaying aging in community-dwelling older adults. We aim to introduce a new approach to delaying aging and offer a practical multidomain intervention strategy for healthcare institutions.

Unveiling the ageing-related genes in diagnosing osteoarthritis with metabolic syndrome by integrated bioinformatics analysis and machine learning

Ageing significantly contributes to osteoarthritis (OA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) pathogenesis, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to identify ageing-related biomarkers in OA patients with MetS. OA and MetS datasets and ageing-related genes (ARGs) were retrieved from public databases. The limma package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) screened gene modules, and machine learning algorithms, such as random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), generalised linear model (GLM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), were employed. The nomogram and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve assess the diagnostic value, and CIBERSORT analysed immune cell infiltration. We identified 20 intersecting genes among DEGs of OA, key module genes of MetS, and ARGs. By comparing the accuracy of the four machine learning models for disease prediction, the SVM model, which includes CEBPB, PTEN, ARPC1B, PIK3R1, and CDC42, was selected. These hub ARGs not only demonstrated strong diagnostic values based on nomogram data but also exhibited a significant correlation with immune cell infiltration. Building on these findings, we have identified five hub ARGs that are associated with immune cell infiltration and have constructed a nomogram aimed at early diagnosing OA patients with MetS.

Characteristics and risk factors for outcomes in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae mono- and coinfections: A multicenter surveillance study in Wuhan, China, 2023

Objectives

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a key cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and coinfections lead to varied patient outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of the outcome characteristics and associated etiologies of coinfections in MP patients is lacking.

Methods and results

We analyzed 121,357 MP cases from 522,292,680 visits in Wuhan, China, in 2023 (the final year of the COVID-19 pandemic). Children aged 1-10 years had the highest incidence, whereas those over 60 years had elevated hospitalization, severe infection, and fatality rates. Coinfection patterns differed by age, with bacterial-viral-Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) / other pathogens prevalent in infants, bacterial-viral pathogens prevalent in preschoolers, and viral-viral pathogens prevalent in school-aged children. Bacterial coinfections were most common in MP-infected patients, especially those who were hospitalized. Coinfection, especially with C. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), increased hospitalization rates. The most severe outcomes and deaths occurred in patients coinfected with C. pneumoniae-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A-parainfluenza virus (PIV) or adenovirus-PIV. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male sex and adult age (particularly ≥40 years) were significantly associated with adverse outcomes in MP monoinfection. For coinfections, significantly higher hospitalization rates were reported among very young children (0-5 years) and adults aged ≥40 years, whereas adults presented an increased risk of severe disease. Coinfection outcomes were significantly associated with seasons of the year (winter, spring, and summer), specific age groups (3-5 years, 18-39 years, 40-50 years, and 60 years and over), gender (male), and longer onset-to-diagnosis periods. Middle-aged and elderly patients, coinfection, spring and summer, gender (male), and longer onset-to-diagnosis periods were significantly associated with increased hospitalization and serious illness risk. Coinfection, winter, older (adult) age, and gender (male) were significantly associated with an increased risk of death.

Conclusions

Compared with adults, children with MP have a greater morbidity risk, whereas middle-aged and older adults face greater risks of hospitalization, serious illness, and death. Coinfection with other pathogens heightens hospitalization and death risks. These insights are crucial for etiological screening, diagnosing multiple pathogens, and preventing and treating infections.

Propagation of senescent phenotypes by extracellular HMGB1 is dependent on its redox state

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE

Cellular senescence spreads systemically through blood circulation, but its mechanisms remain unclear. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a multifunctional senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factor, exists in various redox states. Here, we investigate the role of redox-sensitive HMGB1 (ReHMGB1) in driving paracrine and systemic senescence.

METHODS

We applied the paracrine senescence cultured model to evaluate the effect of ReHMGB1 on cellular senescence. Each redox state of HMGB1 was treated extracellularly to assess systemic senescence both in vitro and in vivo. Senescence was determined by SA-β-gal & EdU staining, p16INK4a and p21 expression, RT-qPCR, and Western blot methods. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed to investigate ReHMGB1-driven transcriptional changes and underlying pathways. Cytokine arrays characterized SASP profiles from ReHMGB1-treated cells. In vivo, young mice were administered ReHMGB1 systemically to induce senescence across multiple tissues. A muscle injury model in middle-aged mice was used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of HMGB1 blockade.

RESULTS

Extracellular ReHMGB1, but not its oxidized form, robustly induced senescence-like phenotypes across multiple cell types and tissues. Transcriptomic analysis revealed activation of RAGE-mediated JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathways, driving SASP expression and cell cycle arrest. Cytokine profiling confirmed paracrine senescence features induced by ReHMGB1. ReHMGB1 administration elevated senescence markers in vivo, while HMGB1 inhibition reduced senescence, attenuated systemic inflammation, and enhanced muscle regeneration.

CONCLUSION

ReHMGB1 is a redox-dependent pro-geronic factor driving systemic senescence. Targeting extracellular HMGB1 may offer therapeutic potential for preventing aging-related pathologies.

Electroacupuncture as a promising therapeutic strategy for doxorubicin-induced heart failure: Insights into the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and AMPK /mTOR /ULK1 pathways

BACKGROUND

Electroacupuncture (EA), a traditional Chinese medicine therapy, exhibits cardioprotective and therapeutic effects against cardiac injury. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these benefits remain unclear.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of EA on Doxorubicin-Induced heart failure and elucidate the mechanisms involved.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to six experimental groups, including a control group, a DCM group, a DCM group receiving non-acupoint EA (NEA), and a DCM group receiving acupoint EA (EA). The cardiac function, levels of inflammatory factors, and markers of apoptosis were assessed both in vivo and in vitro. The presence of AMPK/mTOR/ULK1(Ser317) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1(Ser757) was confirmed.

RESULTS

EA stimulation significantly improved cardiac function, as evidenced by increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), E/A ratio, and fractional shortening (FS%) compared to the DCM group (p < 0.05). After EA stimulation, the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/AKT increase, leading to elevated expression of mTOR/ULK1(Ser757), which ultimately inhibited the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors. Simultaneously, EA stimulation could inhibit the phosphorylation levels of AMPK, reducing the expression of mTOR/ULK1(Ser317), and thereby also inhibiting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that EA stimulation can counteract myocardial damage caused by apoptosis and inflammation, thereby significantly improving cardiac function and prognosis in HF mice. The mechanism may be that EA stimulation activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1(ser757) pathway and inhibits the AMPK/ULK1(ser317) pathway. EA stimulation exerts the same effect by regulating these two pathways in different directions, ultimately reducing myocardial cell apoptosis and cardiac inflammation.

Feedback regulation between histone lactylation and ALKBH3-mediated glycolysis regulates age-related macular degeneration pathology

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness among the elderly. It is characterized by degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which can develop into choroidal neovascularization (CNV) to cause severe and rapid vision loss. Preventing this progression might help save vision, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using clinical AMD samples and the gene knockout mice, we reported that the m1A eraser ALKBH3 reshaped retinal metabolism to promote this progression. In RPE, the dm1ACRISPR system demonstrated that ALKBH3 demethylated the rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme HK2 to activate glycolysis, resulting in excess lactate production. This lactate promoted histone lactylation at H3K18, which in turn bound to ALKBH3 to amplify its transcription, establishing a positive feedback loop. The ALKBH3 inhibitor HUHS015 disrupted this loop, effectively mitigating RPE degeneration. Furthermore, ALKBH3 directly targeted the proangiogenic factor VEGFA to modulate the metabolic cross-talk between RPE and choroidal capillaries, thus promoting CNV. HUHS015 inhibited CNV synergistically with the anti-VEGF drug Aflibercept. Overall, our study provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms and metabolic events that facilitates the progression from RPE degeneration to CNV in AMD, laying the groundwork for new treatments of age-related retinal disorders.

Impact of diet and exercise on mitochondrial quality and mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, and mitochondrial abnormalities in the brain, leading to the progressive loss of cognitive function and memory. In AD, emerging research suggests that lifestyle factors such as a healthy diet and regular exercise may play a significant role in delaying the onset and progression of the disease. Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, as they are responsible for producing the energy to cells, including neurons to maintain cognitive function. Our article elaborates on how mitochondrial quality and function decline with age and AD, leading to an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in ATP production. Decline in mitochondrial quality can impair cellular functions contributing to the development and progression of disease with the loss of neuronal functions in AD. This article also covered mitophagy, the process by which damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively removed from the cell to maintain cellular homeostasis. Impaired mitophagy has been implicated in the progression and pathogenesis of AD. We also discussed the impact of impaired mitophagy implicated in AD, as the accumulation of damaged mitochondria can lead to increased oxidative stress. We expounded how dietary interventions and exercise can help to improve mitochondrial quality, and mitochondrial function and enhance mitophagy in AD. A diet rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and mitochondria-targeted small molecules has been shown to enhance mitochondrial function and protect against oxidative stress, particularly in neurons with aged and mild cognitively impaired subjects and AD patients. Promoting a healthy lifestyle, mainly balanced diet and regular exercise that support mitochondrial health, in an individual can potentially delay the onset and progression of AD. In conclusion, a healthy diet and regular exercise play a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial quality and mitochondrial function, in turn, enhancing mitophagy and synaptic activities that delay AD in the elderly populations.

Mitochondrial and microtubule defects in Exfoliation Glaucoma

Exfoliation Syndrome is an age-related systemic condition characterized by large aggregated fibrillar material deposition in the anterior eye tissues. This aggregate formation and deposition on the aqueous humor outflow pathway are significant risk factors for developing Exfoliation Glaucoma (XFG). XFG is a multifactorial late-onset disease that shares common features of neurodegenerative diseases, such as increased protein aggregation, impaired protein degradation, and oxidative and cellular stress. XFG patients display decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA deletions. Here, using Tenon Capsule Fibroblasts (TFs) from patients without glaucoma (No Glaucoma, NG) and XFG patients, we found that XFG TFs have impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and increased reactive oxygen species accumulation. These defects are associated with mitochondrial abnormalities as XFG TFs exhibit smaller mitochondria that contain dysmorphic cristae, with increased mitochondrial localization to lysosomes and slowed mitophagic flux. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the XFG TFs was associated with hyperdynamic microtubules, decreased acetylated tubulin, and increased HDAC6 activity. Treatment of XFG TFs with a mitophagy inducer, Urolithin A (UA), and a mitochondrial biogenesis inducer, Nicotinamide Ribose (NR), improved mitochondrial bioenergetics and reduced ROS accumulation. Our results demonstrate that XFG TFs have abnormal mitochondria and suggest that mitophagy inducers may represent a potential class of therapeutics for reversing mitochondrial dysfunction in XFG patients.

Association between phenotypic age and in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A retrospective observational study

Background

Phenotypic age (PhenoAge) has emerged as a superior predictor of age-related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the associations between PhenoAge and in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods

2896 AMI patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from 2019 to 2022 were analyzed in this retrospective study. PhenoAge was calculated by using the phenotypic age calculator, an equation for chronologic age and 9 clinical biomarkers, and Phenotypic Age Accelerate (PhenoAgeAccel) was measured using the residuals of regression PhenoAge on chronological age. Clinical outcomes were defined as in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including cardiogenic shock, malignant arrhythmia, acute heart failure, and mechanical complications.

Results

Overall, patients with high PhenoAge had a higher Gensini score and a higher likelihood of receiving supportive care, as well as worse clinical outcomes. The same results were observed in patients with positive PhenoAgeAccel. Moreover, PhenoAge and PhenoAgeAccel were significantly associated with in-hospital MACEs even after adjusting for multiple traditional risk factors. The area under the curve for PhenoAge was 0.714 (P < 0.001), which significantly outperformed chronologic age (AUC: 0.601, P < 0.001) and other cardiovascular risk factors. Re-examination of the ROC curves using different combinations of variables, PhenoAge was also able to significantly improve the predictive value of several models.

Conclusions

PhenoAge is significantly associated with clinical outcomes and reliably predicts in-hospital MACEs. Compared with chronological age, PhenoAge is a better complementary biomarker for predicting the risk of in-hospital adverse cardiovascular events in patients with AMI.

Perineuronal nets: Role in normal brain physiology and aging, and pathology of various diseases

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a specialized extracellular matrix in the central nervous system. They are widely distributed in the brain, with distribution patterns varying by brain region. Their unique structure and composition allow them to play an important role in a range of physiological and pathological activities. In this article, we review the composition and structure of PNNs across different life stages, and provide a detailed analysis and comparison of the region-specific distribution patterns of PNNs in different brain areas. We also discuss the specific mechanisms by which PNNs are involved in plasticity, memory, and neuroprotection. Furthermore, we describe the abnormal changes in PNNs in aging and various brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. Finally, we review emerging and established therapeutic strategies targeting PNNs to modulate brain function and address neurological disorders from three perspectives: gene therapy, nanotechnology, and biomaterials. This review summarizes the physiological roles of PNNs at different stages of life and the mechanisms by which PNNs abnormalities contribute to various brain diseases, providing insights for potential therapeutic approaches.

Strategic advancements in targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway for Breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease that affects millions of women worldwide. Its growing impact calls for advanced treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a key focus in BC therapy because it plays a major role in important processes like tumor growth, survival, and resistance to treatment. Targeting this pathway could lead to better treatment options and outcomes. The present review explores how the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway becomes dysregulated in BC, focusing on the genetic changes like PIK3CA mutations and PTEN loss that leads to its aggravation. Current treatment options include the use of inhibitors targeting PI3K, AKT, and mTOR with combination therapies showing promise in overcoming drug resistance and improving effectiveness. Looking ahead, next-generation inhibitors and personalized treatment plans guided by biomarker analysis may provide more accurate and effective options for patients. Integrating these pathway inhibitors with immunotherapy offers an exciting opportunity to boost anti-tumor responses and improve survival rates. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the current progress in targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in BC. It highlights future research directions and therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.

Induction of epithelial cell senescence by SERPINE1 derived from fibroblasts in the amnion at parturition

Senescence of amnion epithelial cells not only disrupts the fetal membrane structure, but also becomes a source of proinflammatory signals contributing to membrane inflammation at parturition. However, the trigger initiating their senescence awaits identification. In this study, we found that SERPINE1 abundance was significantly increased in the amnion at parturition, where SERPINE1 was found predominantly expressed in amnion fibroblasts. SERPINE1 from amnion fibroblasts induced amnion epithelial cell senescence by causing vitronectin shedding from the cells thereby interrupting the association of vitronectin with integrin subunit αV, which led to the inhibition of the cell survival-associated focal adhesion pathway. In turn, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β from senescent amnion epithelial cells enhanced SERPINE1 expression in amnion fibroblasts, thus forming a feed-forward loop between SERPINE1 production in amnion fibroblasts and epithelial cell senescence at parturition. Studies in the pregnant mice showed that intra-amniotic injection of SERPINE1 induced preterm birth with increased cellular senescence in the fetal membranes, which could be reversed by co-administration of vitronectin. Our findings indicate that SERPINE1 derived from amnion fibroblasts participates in the induction of amnion epithelial cell senescence at parturition. Intervening in the interaction of SERPINE1 with vitronectin may have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of preterm birth.

Determinants of artificial intelligence electrocardiogram-derived age and its association with cardiovascular events and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Artificial intelligence (AI)-ECG-derived age (AI-ECG age) and Heart Delta Age (HDA)-the difference between AI-ECG and chronological age-are emerging tools for assessing cardiovascular health. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception through September 2024. Seventeen original studies utilizing AI algorithms to measure HDA and cardiovascular risk factors, outcomes, or mortality were included. Data were pooled using random- and fixed-effects models for meta-analysis. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus emerged as the most prevalent factors contributing to higher HDA, while cardiac diseases including myocardial infarction and heart failure demonstrated the most significant impact. Pooled analysis revealed a significant association between elevated HDA and increased risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-1.77) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.71-2.63). HDA could enhance existing risk models and play a critical role in primary healthcare prevention.

Extracellular vesicles in age-related diseases: disease pathogenesis, intervention, and biomarker

Aging is a multifactorial biological process characterized by the irreversible accumulation of molecular damage, leading to an increased risk of age-related diseases. With the global prominent rise in aging populations, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the aging process and developing strategies to combat age-related diseases have become a pressing priority. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained significant attention due to their role in intercellular communication. EVs are known for their ability to deliver biocargoes, such as miRNA, proteins, and lipids, implicating their involvement in disease pathogenesis and intervention. In this review article, we explore the dual role of EVs in age-related diseases: contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases by transferring deleterious molecules, while also offering therapeutic ability by transferring beneficial molecules. We also highlight the application of EVs as biomarkers for early diagnosis of age-related diseases, paving the way for early intervention and precision medicine. Additionally, we discuss how analysing the composition of EVs cargo can provide insights into disease progression. Finally, we address the challenges and future perspectives of EV-based-therapy in clinical translation, including standardization of EVs isolation methods and improving cargo specificity.

Geroprotective applications of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol through the hallmarks of ageing

Geroprotectors are compounds that target the underlying mechanisms of ageing to delay the onset of age-related diseases and extend both lifespan and health span. As ageing is driven by the accumulation of cellular damage, DNA instability, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation, the concept of geroprotection focuses on compounds that can mitigate these processes. Oleuropein (OLE) and its derivative hydroxytyrosol (HT), both phenolic molecules derived from Olea europaea (olive tree), have gained significant attention as potential geroprotectors due to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These phytochemicals, central to the Mediterranean diet, activate key molecular pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory responses. Through these mechanisms, OLE and HT help counteract inflammageing, a critical factor in age-related dysfunction. This review highlights the role of OLE and HT as geroprotective agents, emphasising their ability to target the hallmarks of ageing and their potential to improve health span by slowing the progression of age-related conditions. With proven efficacy in various biological models, these compounds represent promising tools in the ongoing search for strategies to enhance the quality of life in ageing populations.

Klotho protein: a multifaceted regulator in aging and cancer dynamics

Klotho, named after the youngest of the three Fates in Greek mythology daughters of Zeus and Nyx, who together spin the thread of life, allot destiny, and determine the time of passing for both mortals and immortals, is an important regulatory factor in aging and cancer dynamics. Initially described as an aging-suppressing protein, Klotho is now recognized for its more diverse role in modulating key signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin, IGF-1, PI3K/AKT, and TGF-β. Essentially, its various pro-cellular health functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tumor-suppressive activities, are, in fact, considered that ensures the maintenance of cellular health and reduce complications related to aging. Klotho deficiency is associated with accelerated aging, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, and various cancers. This review thus covers the twin roles of Klotho as an antiaging and tumor-suppressor protein, on their therapeutic potential, as well as advances in delivery systems and development of biomarkers and challenges for clinical translation.. Moreover, natural strategies like exercise and dietary interventions are explored that could help overcome Klotho deficiency. Further research with Klotho may offer a paradigm shift in the treatment of aging and cancer and add yet another avenue to increase survival of the patients.

Epithelial damage and ageing: the perfect storm

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease of lung parenchymal scarring that is triggered by repeated microinjury to a vulnerable alveolar epithelium. It is increasingly recognised that cellular ageing, whether physiological or accelerated due to telomere dysfunction, renders the epithelium less able to cope with injury and triggers changes in epithelial behaviour that ultimately lead to the development of disease.

AIMS

This review aims to highlight how, with increasing age, the alveolar epithelium becomes vulnerable to exogenous insults. We discuss the downstream consequences of alveolar epithelial dysfunction on epithelial phenotype, alveolar repair and pro-pathogenic interactions with other alveolar niche-resident cell types which drive IPF pathogenesis.

NARRATIVE

We highlight how a wide array of cellular mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis become dysfunctional with ageing. Waning replicative capacity, genomic stability, mitochondrial function, proteostasis and metabolic function all contribute to a phenotype of vulnerability to 'second hits'. We discuss how in IPF the alveolar epithelium becomes dysfunctional, highlighting changes in repair capacity and fundamental cellular phenotype and how interactions between abnormal epithelium and other alveolar niche-resident cell types perpetuate disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The ageing epithelium is a vulnerable epithelium which, with the cumulative effects of environmental exposures, fundamentally changes its behaviour towards stalled differentiation, failed repair and profibrotic signalling. Further dissection of aberrant epithelial behaviour, and its impact on other alveolar cell types, will allow identification of novel therapeutic targets aimed at earlier pathogenic events.

Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: A Never-Aging Story

Human aging is intrinsically associated with the onset and the progression of several disease states causing significant disability and poor quality of life. Although such association was traditionally considered immutable, recent advances have led to a better understanding of several critical biochemical pathways involved in the aging process. This, in turn, has stimulated a significant body of research to investigate whether reprogramming these pathways could delay the progression of human ageing and/or prevent relevant disease states, ultimately favoring healthier aging process. Cellular senescence is regarded as the principal causative factor implicated in biological and pathophysiological processes involved in aging. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and an independent risk factor for several age-associated diseases. The selective extracorporeal removal of ADMA is emerging as a promising strategy to reduce the burden of age-associated disease states. This article discusses the current knowledge regarding the critical pathways involved in human aging and associated diseases and the possible role of ADMA as a target for therapies leading to healthier aging processes.

Association between eGDR and accelerated aging: the mediating role of ePWV

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the association between estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) and accelerated aging in middle-aged and older adults, with a focus on the mediating role of estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV).

METHODS

Data from the 2011 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analyzed, including middle-aged and older participants. Biological age was estimated using the Klemera-Doubal method, and accelerated aging was defined as the difference between biological and chronological age. The eGDR was calculated based on waist circumference, hypertension status, and HbA1c levels, while ePWV was estimated using mean blood pressure and age. Logistic regression models assessed the relationship between baseline eGDR, ePWV, and accelerated aging, adjusting for confounders.

RESULTS

A total of 8,529 participants (mean age 59.31 years) were included. A significant inverse association was found between eGDR and accelerated aging. Participants with the lowest eGDR quartile had an 81% higher risk of accelerated aging compared to those in the highest quartile (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.17-0.22, P < 0.001). Mediation analysis showed that ePWV mediated 12.90% of the relationship between eGDR and accelerated aging (95% CI 9.20%-16.60%).

CONCLUSION

Reduced insulin sensitivity, indicated by low eGDR, is a significant risk factor for accelerated aging. Vascular aging, measured by ePWV, mediates part of this relationship. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring insulin sensitivity and vascular health to mitigate aging and age-related health risks.

Skeletal Muscle as a Mediator of Interorgan Crosstalk During Exercise: Implications for Aging and Obesity

Physical exercise is critical for preventing and managing chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sarcopenia. Regular physical activity significantly reduces cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Exercise also enhances metabolic health by promoting muscle growth, mitochondrial biogenesis, and improved nutrient storage while preventing age-related muscle dysfunction. Key metabolic benefits include increased glucose uptake, enhanced fat oxidation, and the release of exercise-induced molecules called myokines, which mediate interorgan communication and improve overall metabolic function. These myokines and other exercise-induced signaling molecules hold promise as therapeutic targets for aging and obesity-related conditions.

From current landscape to future horizon in stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration and wound healing: bridging the gap

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking approach in regenerative medicine, offering immense potential for tissue regeneration and wound healing. Stem cells, with their ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types, provide innovative therapeutic strategies for variety of medical conditions. Key stem cell types, including embryonic, induced pluripotent, and adult stem cells such as mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, play pivotal roles in regenerative processes and wound repair. In tissue regeneration, stem cells replenish damaged or necrotic cells by differentiating into specialized cell types like bone, muscle, or nerve cells, thus restoring the structural and functional integrity of tissues. In wound healing, stem cells stimulate angiogenesis, generate new skin cells, and modulate immune responses to enhance repair. This multifaceted therapeutic potential has paved the way for clinical applications in cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, and autoimmune disorders, as well as skin and burn injuries. This review highlights recent advancements in stem cell therapy, exploring its clinical applications and addressing challenges such as immune rejection, ethical concerns, scalability, and the need for long-term clinical trials. The article underscores the importance of continued research to fully realize the transformative potential of stem cell therapy in modern medicine.

Effect of hypoxia conditioning on physical fitness in middle-aged and older adults-a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Hypoxic conditioning has emerged as a promising intervention for enhancing physiological adaptations. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aims to investigate the efficacy of hypoxic conditioning on physical fitness measures in aging populations.

Methods

The Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2024 (Prospero registration: CRD42023474570). The Cochrane Evaluation Tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework were used for risk of bias assessment and evidence certainty evaluation. Mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Review Manager software. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore possible associations between the study characteristics and the effectiveness of the intervention.

Results

A total of 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 368 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. High certainty evidence found hypoxic conditioning (HC) significantly improved peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI [0.01-0.61]; P < 0.05), while very low to moderate certainty evidence shown that hypoxic conditioning (HC) have not induced greater changes on functional outcomes (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.66-0.24]; P > 0.05), muscle strength (SMD = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.63-0.26]; P > 0.05), maximal power output (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.17-0.76]; P > 0.05), VO2max (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI [-1.12-1.90]; P > 0.05), and exercise workload (MD = -10.07, 95% CI [-34.95-14.80]; P > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study suggests that hypoxia conditioning has a greater effect on enhancing VO2peak compared to equivalent normoxic training in the middle-aged and older population. More high-quality RCTs are needed in the future to explore the optimal oxygen concentration and exercise intensity during hypoxia conditioning.

Research progress and hotspots of the impact of Mediterranean diet on aging from 2004 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to identify research hotspots and trends by conducting a bibliometric report regarding the impact of MD on aging.

METHODS

Publications on MD and aging were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. R software, VOSviewer and CiteSpace were employed to detect research hotspots and frontiers.

RESULTS

The number of annual articles has grown rapidly. The core research content in this field are the mechanism of the antiaging action of MD (inflammation, oxidative stress and gut microbiome) and age-related diseases (particularly cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome). The interplay between MD and the gut microbiome or physical activity impacting healthy aging has been the recent hotspot and research frontier.

CONCLUSION

This study quantitatively and objectively described the research status and research focus of the impact of MD on aging, which provides reference for future research in this field.

Study on analgesic-induced endocrine gland damage and its potential mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Analgesics are widely used for pain management, yet their association with endocrine dysfunction remains understudied. This pharmacovigilance study analyzes endocrine-related adverse events (AEs) linked to analgesics, identifies high-risk populations, and explores mechanistic pathways.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

FAERS data (Q1 2004 to Q3 2023) were analyzed via OpenVigil 2.1 disproportionality analysis to assess analgesic-endocrine AE associations. Risk variations were evaluated through age/gender stratification, and molecular pathways were investigated via enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

Opioids exhibited the strongest endocrine associations, particularly codeine with parathyroid injury (Reporting Odds Ratio [ROR]: 14.867, 95% Confidence interval [95% CI]: 12.336-17.918) and hypothalamic-pituitary injury (ROR: 3.197, 95% CI: 1.52-6.722), and methadone with testicular injury (ROR: 2.126, 95% CI: 1.446-3.126). Flurbiprofen (NSAIDs) exhibited pancreatic injury risk (ROR: 8.416, 95% CI: 5.187-13.656). Gabapentin/pregabalin showed no significant associations. Stratified analyses revealed elevated risks in females (e.g. codeine-parathyroid injury: ROR = 19.028 vs. non-significance in males) and in patients aged ≥ 60 years. Enrichment analysis implicated dysregulated hormone-metabolic pathways underlying tissue-specific injuries and pointed to disruption of several key signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Specific analgesics (not all) are associated with endocrine risks, particularly in females and older adults, necessitating personalized monitoring despite limited dose-response data.

AI-powered speech device as a tool for neuropsychological assessment of an older adult population: A preliminary study

As the older adult population continues to expand, the demands on the healthcare system intensifies, necessitating the development of technologies that effectively accommodate the requirements of older adults. While Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems hold promise as a solution, they have not been designed to accommodate the sensory and cognitive changes typical of aging individuals. The current study investigates the use of an AI-powered communication device for the assessment of neuropsychological tests to an older adult population. Twenty-four (twelve females) older adult participants completed three memory tasks using the AI device: logical memory, poem recall, and the backward and sequencing digit span tests. Significant negative correlations were found between the age of the participants and performance on the Logical memory and digit span tests. The AI device effectively identified age-related memory changes comparable to those observed with human administrators. Implementing this technology in healthcare offers several advantages: alleviating healthcare professionals' workload, improving standard of care by reaching underserved populations, and facilitating continuous screening for early identification of prodromal stages of neurodegenerative diseases.

Fungal Bioactive Compounds as Emerging Therapeutic Options for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by progressive multiorgan deterioration that compromises the quality of life. Unhealthy aging often associates with cognitive decline and motor-neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, which include dietary habits, interact with aging and influence brain health, thus having an impact on the development of neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, fungal-derived bioactive compounds have emerged as promising neuroprotective agents due to their diverse biological properties that include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, pro-autophagic, and neurotrophic effects. Key fungal metabolites, including polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds have been shown to modulate neuroinflammatory pathways, enhance neuronal survival, stimulate protective autophagy, and promote synaptic plasticity. Still, challenges related to their bioavailability, standardization, and clinical translation remain unresolved. Future deep research will be crucial to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of fungal-derived neuroprotective compounds. This review examines the potential therapeutic role of fungal metabolites, providing a comparative evaluation with a focus on their mechanisms of action in promoting brain health and longevity.

Downregulation of EZH2 Promotes Renal Epithelial Cellular Senescence and Kidney Aging

Renal epithelial cell senescence and kidney aging have become the focus of scientific investigation. However, how epigenetic regulation in these processes remains elusive. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, regulates trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and plays an important role in renal pathophysiology. In this study, we show that the expression of EZH2 is decreased in naturally aged and irradiation (IR)-induced mouse kidneys, as well as in IR-induced human renal cortical tubular epithelial (RCTE) cells through proteasome-mediated degradation. Inhibition of EZH2 with its specific inhibitor 3-DZNeP promotes tubular cell senescence and kidney aging characterized by an increase in the expression of senescence markers, including p16 and p21, in mouse kidneys and in IR-induced RCTE cells. We show that EZH2 represses the transcription of p16 through trimethylation of H3K27me3, which directly binds to the promoter of p16. EZH2 represses the transcription of p21 through directly binding to the promoter of p21, and this process is involved in its interaction with p53 and its phosphorylation by ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a critical protein involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. Inhibition of ATM with its inhibitor decreased the phosphorylation of EZH2 and the binding of EZH2 to the promoter of p21 in IR-treated RCTE cells in a p53-dependent manner. This study suggests that EZH2 plays a critical role in preventing kidney aging and DNA-damage-induced renal tubular cellular senescence, in which senescence and kidney aging also result in the destabilization of EZH2, forming a negative feedback loop.

Associations of the body roundness index with cognitive function in US older adults and the mediating role of depression: a cross-sectional study from the NHANES 2011-2014

The body roundness index (BRI) accurately assesses body composition and visceral fat distribution, but its independent associations with cognitive function and cognitive impairment remain unclear. This study, which is based on data from the 2011-2014 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), explores the associations between the BRI and cognitive function as well as cognitive impairment in older adults. Weighted linear regression and weighted logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, subgroup analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted to explore effect modification, nonlinear associations, and the mediating role of depression. The BRI score was negatively correlated with the cognitive function score (DSST score β = -0.63, P = 0.037; Sum Score β = -0.83, P = 0.042) and was not significantly associated with cognitive impairment. As the BRI score increases, both the DSST score (trend P = 0.013) and the Sum Score (trend P = 0.023) show a linear decrease. The mediation effect analysis revealed that depression mediated 39.4% of the association between the BRI score and cognitive function, suggesting that the effect may be indirectly mediated through mental health pathways. Subgroup analysis and RCS models did not reveal significant interaction effects or nonlinear associations.

A deep learning sex-specific body composition ageing biomarker using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan

BACKGROUND

Chronic diseases are closely linked to alterations in body composition, yet there is a need for reliable biomarkers to assess disease risk and progression. This study aimed to develop and validate a biological age indicator based on body composition derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, offering a novel approach to evaluating health status and predicting disease outcomes.

METHODS

A deep learning model was trained on a reference population from the UK Biobank to estimate body composition biological age (BCBA). The model's performance was assessed across various groups, including individuals with typical and atypical body composition, those with pre-existing diseases, and those who developed diseases after DXA imaging. Key metrics such as c-index were employed to examine BCBA's diagnostic and prognostic potential for type 2 diabetes, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and hypertension.

RESULTS

Here we show that BCBA strongly correlates with chronic disease diagnoses and risk prediction. BCBA demonstrated significant associations with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.08 for females and 1.04 for males, p < 0.0005), MACE (odds ratio 1.10 for females and 1.11 for males, p < 0.0005), ASCVD (odds ratio 1.07 for females and 1.10 for males, p < 0.0005), and hypertension (odds ratio 1.06 for females and 1.04 for males, p < 0.0005). It outperformed standard cardiovascular risk profiles in predicting MACE and ASCVD.

CONCLUSIONS

BCBA is a promising biomarker for assessing chronic disease risk and progression, with potential to improve clinical decision-making. Its integration into routine health assessments could aid early disease detection and personalised interventions.

Modulation of Sirtuins to address aging related disorders through the use of selected phytochemicals

BACKGROUND

Aging is a complex phenomenon involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage subsequently leading to various disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Sirtuin (SIRT) proteins are one of the major molecular factors that affect human aging. Sirtuins are a class of NAD+-dependent enzymes that control oxidative stress response, DNA damage repair, inflammation and metabolism, all of which are involved in aging and age-related diseases.

PURPOSE

The objective of this review is to elucidate the potential role of SIRT in the aging process and modulation of SIRT pathway through selected phytochemicals like Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, and Kaempferol.

RESULTS

Studies convincedly revealed that SIRT pathway represents a promising avenue for extending the human health span and addressing age-related conditions. Phytochemicals like Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, and Kaempferol have shown excellent potential to mediate aging effects through their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory activities. These potent bioactive compounds enhance oxidative stress response, genomic integrity, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities through SIRT pathway modulation. Furthermore, in addition to antiaging effects, other therapeutic benefits are also associated with each compound including nervous disorders, cancer, and metabolic disorders are also briefly highlighted. Studies reported convincing evidence that Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, and Kaempferol, effectively modulate SIRT expression/activity leading to improved cell stress tolerance, reduced oxidation and enhanced metabolic state.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, studies revealed the comprehensive nutraceutical significance of Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, and Kaempferol as anti-aging therapeutics and warrant future studies to exploit the full potential of these natural compounds.

Tracing mitochondrial marks of neuronal aging in iPSCs-derived neurons and directly converted neurons

This study aims to determine if neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCsNs) and directly converted neurons (iNs) from the same source cells exhibit changes in mitochondrial properties related to aging. This research addresses the uncertainty around whether aged iPSCsNs retain aging-associated mitochondrial impairments upon transitioning through pluripotency while direct conversion maintains these impairments. We observe that both aged models exhibit characteristics of aging, such as decreased ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, NAD+/NADH ratio, and increased radicals and mitochondrial mass. In addition, both neuronal models show a fragmented mitochondrial network. However, aged iPSCsNs do not exhibit a metabolic shift towards glycolysis, unlike aged iNs. Furthermore, mRNA expression differed significantly between aged iPSCsNs and aged iNs. The study concludes that aged iPSCsNs may differ in transcriptomics and the aging-associated glycolytic shift but can be a valuable tool for studying specific feature of mitochondrial neuronal aging in vitro alongside aged iNs.

Vitamin Status and Risk of Age-Related Diseases Among Adult Residents of the Pearl River Delta Region

Background: The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in Guangdong, China, is urbanized and economically significant. Rapid development has shaped diverse dietary habits. In this densely populated area, there is an urgent need to assess vitamin status and its impact on age-related diseases. Methods: A total of 2646 participants (age: 50.92 ± 9.30 years; male: 64.06%) were recruited from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Participants were included from 1 December 2020 to 30 November 2021. Three restricted cubic spline logistic models, interaction terms, and mediated effects analyses were used to assess the association between vitamin A, B, E, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B9 between five age-related diseases: cerebrovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia (DYS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Results: Blood concentrations of nine vitamins showed a right-skewed distribution. Significant correlations were found between vitamin levels and age-related diseases across nine groups (p < 0.05). A J-shaped relationship was observed between vitamin levels and the risk of age-related diseases, except for the Vitamin A-HTN/T2DM, which showed Maximum Effective Concentration (MEC). Specific thresholds included: Vitamin A: 1080 ng/mL (DYS); Vitamin B1: 77 ng/mL (CVD), 75.5 ng/mL (HTN); Vitamin B5: 900 ng/mL (CVD), 600 ng/mL (HTN), 690 ng/mL (DYS); Vitamin B6: 82 ng/mL (CVD). The protective effect of vitamins against age-related diseases decreased with age, and higher levels of vitamins A and B1 correlated with increased hypertension risk in older adults (Pinteraction < 0.01). Low Body Resilience Index (BRI) and physical activity mediated the protective effects of vitamins A and B5 on HTN and DYS, while no mediating effects were found for smoking and alcohol consumption. Conclusions: The effectiveness of multivitamin supplementation in preventing cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic diseases may be limited in healthy aging populations. Health professionals should consider patients' physiological conditions and blood vitamin levels to avoid overdose. More interventional studies are needed to establish causal relationships.

Water intake, hydration status and cognitive functions in older adults - a pilot study

PURPOSE

This study aimed to assess the relationship between the hydration status and cognitive functioning of older adults. The novelty of the study was the simultaneous use of several indicators of hydration status, including plasma and urine osmolality, specific gravity and urine color, as well as the assessment of total body water content from body composition measurements, together with comprehensive cognitive assessment.

METHODS

A cross-sectional pilot study included 35 participants aged ≥ 60 years. Water intake was assessed using the 3-day food record method. Hydration status was assessed by plasma osmolality (Posm), urine osmolality (Uosm), specific gravity (USG) and color (UC), extracellular water (ECW) and percentage of total body water (%TBW). Cognitive functions were assessed using a set of standardized neuropsychological tests including: two verbal tests (Digit Span, DS and Vocabulary, VT) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) and Global Cognitive Function (GCF).

RESULTS

The %TBW was the most strongly related to cognitive processes of all the measures of hydration status. %TBW was significantly related to the performance on memory/learning based on CVLT (r = -0.55, p = 0.002), after a short delay (r = -0.59, p = 0.001) and long delay (r = -0.57, p = 0.001) and GCF (r = -0.43, p = 0.019). Marked correlations were also present between %TBW and psychomotor speed using the GPT (r = 0.41, p = 0.028). Moreover, significant relationships were obtained in cluster analyses. Cluster 2 (lower hydration status) was characterized by lower water intake and AI% (% of Adequate Intake), higher Uosm, USG, UC, ECW and %TBC than cluster 1. At the same time, it had significantly higher scores for language ability: VT (p = 0.041) and VFT (p = 0.041).

CONCLUSION

Significant relationships between some indicators of hydration status and selected cognitive domains were observed. This pilot study complements previous research on the relationship between hydration status and cognitive function in older adults, emphasizing that even small changes in hydration status assessment parameters can affect cognitive outcomes. In healthy, free-living older adults without dehydration assessed by plasma osmolality, other parameters of hydration status, such as water intake and urine parameters, influence language functions, suggesting the need to assess multiple markers simultaneously. The long-term effect of low water intake should be evaluated in a larger study group.

Transcriptome analysis and machine learning methods reveal potential mechanisms of zebrafish muscle aging

Muscle is one of the most abundant tissues in the human body, and its aging usually leads to many adverse consequences. Zebrafish is a powerful model used to study human muscle diseases, yet we know little about the molecular mechanisms of muscle aging in zebrafish. In this study, we determined the gene expression profiles of muscle tissues from male zebrafish of four different ages. Through differential expression analysis and expression pattern analysis, we identified a set of genes associated with muscle aging in zebrafish. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that several biological changes accompanied zebrafish muscle aging, including chronic inflammation, accumulation of sphingolipids, reduction of autophagy, and activation of the ferroptosis pathway. H&E staining showed that zebrafish muscle senescence leads to myofibrillar interstitial expansion and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, we screened zebrafish muscle aging related biomarkers by machine learning and verified the expression levels of some biomarkers by RT-qPCR. Based on these biomarkers, we constructed a zebrafish muscle aging clock that can predict muscle age based on transcriptomic data. This study provides us with a new perspective to understand the molecular mechanism of muscle aging and a new tool for zebrafish-based anti-aging research.

Discovery of Non-antibacterial Enrofloxacin Derivatives with Emerging Antiaging Effects through Drug Repurposing and Secondary Development

Aging induces dysfunction and increases the risk of chronic diseases in the elderly, positioning the development of antiaging drugs to the forefront of research. Drug repurposing offers an efficient strategy for identifying antiaging lead compounds. In this study, we employed phenotypic screening and discovered that enrofloxacin could extend the lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Based on these findings, we conducted rational drug design to eliminate its antibacterial activity while maintaining the lifespan-extending effect, with the goal of developing safe and novel antiaging compounds. Consequently, JX10 exhibited minimal antibacterial activity and competent antiaging effects in C. elegans, senescent cells, and aged mice. In terms of its mechanism, JX10 acted as a senomorphic agent by suppressing the expression of p38 MAPK and NF-κB. Furthermore, JX10 demonstrated favorable safety and pharmacokinetic properties, supporting the feasibility of JX10 as a promising candidate with the potential for therapeutic interventions in aging and aging-related diseases.

Melatonin Interplay in Physiology and Disease-The Fountain of Eternal Youth Revisited

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone associated with the regulation of biological rhythms. The indoleamine is secreted by the pineal gland during the night, following a circadian rhythm. The highest plasmatic levels are reached during the night, whereas the lowest levels are achieved during the day. In addition to the pineal gland, other organs and tissues also produce melatonin, like, for example, the retina, Harderian glands, gut, ovaries, testes, skin, leukocytes, or bone marrow. The list of organs is extensive, including the cerebellum, airway epithelium, liver, kidney, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, pancreas, carotid body, placenta, and endometrium. At all these locations, the availability of melatonin is intended for local use. Interestingly, a decline of the circadian amplitude of the melatonin secretion occurs in old subjects in comparison to that found in younger subjects. Moreover, genetic and environmental factors are the primary causes of diseases, and oxidative stress is a key contributor to most pathologies. Numerous studies exist that show interesting effects of melatonin in different models of disease. Impairment in its secretion might have deleterious consequences for cellular physiology. In this regard, melatonin is a natural compound that is a carrier of a not yet completely known potential that deserves consideration. Thus, melatonin has emerged as a helpful ally that could be considered as a guard with powerful tools to orchestrate homeostasis in the body, majorly based on its antioxidant effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the widespread actions of melatonin against diseases preferentially affecting the elderly.

The association between secondhand smoke exposure and accelerated biological aging: A population-based study and Mendelian randomization analysis

INTRODUCTION

Aging is an irreversible biological process significantly influenced by oxidative stress, which smoking exacerbates. While the impact of direct smoking on aging is well-documented, the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and biological aging remains less explored. This study examines the connection between SHS exposure in populations and biological aging, highlighting diabetes as a potential mediator due to its established links to both SHS exposure and accelerated aging through mechanisms such as oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. It further employs genetic tools to establish a causal relationship between SHS exposure and biological aging.

METHODS

This study combines secondary dataset analyses and Mendelian randomization analyses. Data from the NHANES 1999-2010 cycles were used, with serum cotinine levels indicating SHS exposure and phenotypic age, derived from age and clinical biomarkers reflecting inflammation, metabolism, and hematologic function, as the measure of biological aging. Multifactorial linear regression assessed associations, with restricted cubic splines used to explore nonlinear trends. Subgroup and mediation analyses were conducted to explore population-specific effects and the mediating role of diabetes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using GWAS summary statistics on workplace SHS exposure (N=90168) and phenotypic age acceleration (N=6148) assessed causality.

RESULTS

In the NHANES analysis, low SHS exposure was associated with a 0.37-year increase in biological aging (β=0.37; 95% CI: 0.04-0.70), while high exposure showed a 0.76-year increase (β=0.76; 95% CI: 0.23-1.29). A U-shaped association was found between log-transformed serum cotinine and biological aging (p<0.001), with a threshold at -1.53. Diabetes mediated 31.25% of this association. In the MR analysis, workplace SHS exposure was causally linked to a 3.05-year acceleration in aging (β=3.05; 95% CI: 0.24-5.85).

CONCLUSIONS

SHS exposure accelerates biological aging, partly via diabetes. Genetic evidence supports a causal effect, emphasizing the need to minimize SHS exposure.

Joint association between physical exercise, caffeine intake, and biological ageing: A cross-sectional analysis of population-based study

BACKGROUND

Ageing is a significant risk factor for age-related diseases, accounting for 51% of global total disease burden. As thus, promoting healthy ageing is crucial. Although several potential anti-ageing drugs show promise, none have been approved for anti-ageing purpose. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends physical exercise exceeding 600 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week for adults. However, whether physical exercise positively impacts healthy biological ageing remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the joint correlation between MET level, caffeine consumption, and biological ageing.

METHODS

We analyzed data from seven survey cycles (2007-2020) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), involving 23,739 participants. Physical activity levels were measured in MET minutes per week, and biological ageing was assessed using both the PhenoAge and ENABL Age algorithms. Generalized linear regression for survey data was employed to test correlations, adjusting for confounding factors. A cubic spline model was used to detect non-linear relationships. Pre-specified subgroup analyses explored effect modifications, while predefined sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results.

RESULTS

Each 100-MET increase in weekly physical exercise was associated with a 0.2-year delay in biological ageing (p < 0.001 for both PhenoAge and ENABL Age). Individuals with less than 600 MET minutes of weekly exercise had a higher risk of accelerated ageing compared to those exceeding 600 MET minutes (mean difference [MD]: 2.2 PhenoAge years, 95% CI [1.5-2.8], p < 0.001; MD: 2.1 ENABL Age years, 95% CI [1.1-3.1], p < 0.001). A L-shaped association was observed, with diminishing benefits of delayed ageing beyond 292 MET minutes for PhenoAge and 259 MET minutes for ENABL Age. Daily caffeine intake did not modify the correlation between MET levels and biological ageing (p for interaction > 0.05). Stronger effects were observed in non-Hispanic Black individuals, those with obesity, and low-income populations, but no benefit was found in cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight a positive correlation between higher levels of weekly physical exercise and delayed biological ageing. However, the benefits plateau beyond specific MET thresholds. Caffeine intake does not influence this relationship. These results underscore the importance of promoting physical exercise at appropriate MET levels as a strategy for healthy ageing management in the general population.

Crocin extends lifespan by mitigating oxidative stress and regulating lipid metabolism through the DAF-16/FOXO pathway

Aging represents a significant global challenge characterized by persistent oxidative stress and dysregulated lipid metabolism. Crocin, the primary bioactive constituent of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), is widely utilized as a natural food colorant and exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Previous studies have demonstrated crocin's antioxidative, neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects in aged rats; however, its direct impact on aging and the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that crocin treatment extended lifespan, enhanced survival under heat and juglone-induced oxidative stress, and reduced lipofuscin accumulation in the model organism C. elegans. Mechanistically, crocin activated DAF-16, the C. elegans homolog of human FOXO, resulting in the upregulation of key antioxidant genes (gst-4, sod-3 and hsp-16.2). Notably, the lifespan-extension effect of crocin was abolished in a daf-16 mutant, and its antioxidant effects were significantly attenuated in daf-16 RNAi experiments conducted in N2, CL2166, CF1553 and TJ375 strains. Furthermore, crocin specifically reduced fat accumulation, and upregulated the expression of genes involved in lipid mobilization (lipl-3, lipl-4, atgl-1 and acs-2) and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (fat-6 and elo-2) in aged nematodes. GC-MS analysis further demonstrated that crocin treatment elevated the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1n9, C20:4n-6, C20:4n-3 and C20:5n-3), an effect that was completely abolished under daf-16 knockdown conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that crocin promotes longevity in C. elegans by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating lipid metabolism through the DAF-16/FOXO pathway. These results highlight the potential of crocin as a promising strategy for treating aging and age-related diseases.

Upregulation of COX-2 and NADPH Oxidase and Reduced eNOS in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Are Associated With Resistance Artery Dysfunction and Hypertension in Naturally Aged Mice

Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with hypertension being the most common outcome. Hypertension often stems from resistance arteries endothelial dysfunction. Recent research highlights the pivotal role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in regulating endothelial function. We hypothesized that PVAT senescence contributes to vascular dysfunction and hypertension during aging. We showed that naturally aged mice developed hypertension and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Moreover, resistance mesenteric arteries showed impaired vascular relaxation that was normalized by apocynin, an antioxidant. The vascular dysfunction was endothelium- and PVAT-dependent, and marked by: decreased nitric oxide- and cyclooxygenase-dependent vascular relaxation, decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and increased cyclooxygenase 2 and NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox and gp91phox expressions in the endothelium and PVAT. Additionally, we observed that PVAT shows greater signs of senescence, particularly with higher p16 expression, indicating that PVAT is more prone to age-related cellular aging. Our findings suggest that in resistance mesenteric arteries PVAT-derived factors are crucial for triggering and amplifying vascular dysfunction in aging, leading to hypertension. The underlying mechanisms involve downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide, NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative stress, and cyclooxygenase 2-derived vascular contractile factors. This research improves our understanding of the mechanisms behind age-related vascular dysfunction and associated hypertension and opens perspectives for targeted therapeutic strategies.

Cordycepin extends the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans via antioxidation and regulation of fatty acid metabolism

Aging can cause age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Cordycepin exerts anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the anti-aging effect of cordycepin is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the anti-aging effect of cordycepin and unravel the underlying mechanism. Cordycepin prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans under normal and heat stress conditions, without effects on the normal growth and reproduction of C. elegans. Cordycepin also improved the locomotion ability, inhibited the deposition of aging pigment lipofuscin and alleviated the oxidative stress damage by decreasing the excessive accumulation of ROS and raising the antioxidant enzyme activities in C. elegans. The metabolomics study showed that cordycepin changed 19 metabolites including citric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, glutamic acid, pyruvic acid and so on. Transcriptomics study revealed that cordycepin up-regulated the gene expression of acox-1.2, acox-1.3, acox-1.4, acs-1, acs-15, acdh-1, acdh-4 and acdh-8 in C. elegans, suggesting that cordycepin prolonged its lifespan via regulating fatty acid degradation, fatty acid metabolism and so on. In summary, the current study demonstrated that cordycepin exerted the anti-aging effect on C. elegans by improving the antioxidant system and regulating the genes involved in fatty acid metabolism to inhibit the accumulation of linoleic acid and oleic acid. Therefore, cordycepin might be a promising agent for aging and age-related diseases.

Supporting Neurologic Health with Mushroom Nutrition

Due to the extensive types of etiologies and risks causing over 600 types of mental health issues, to convene adequate recommendations in primary care is a difficult assignment. The starting point for preventive interventions on neurologic disorders involves scrutinizing the risk factors while targeting multiple hazards in order to increase the success of an early precautionary mediation plan of action. The primary risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases is the increasing worldwide median age, although one in seven youngsters also experience a mental disability, namely depression, representing a decline in well-being and conferring a considerable global public health challenge. The brain operates optimally when supported by a holistic approach engaging several aspects, and diet is becoming an integral part of care strategies. Treatment is presently dominated by pharmacotherapy, but additional strategies are needed to prevent and treat mental disorders. Dietary modification can prove to be a cost-effective strategy for the prevention and, in certain conditions, treatment of neurological disorders. Molecules of dietary ingredients, micronutrients, phytonutrients, and additives may modulate depression associated biomarkers. Nutritional exposure during the early developmental stages and maternal impact, lifestyles, and the modulation of the gut microbiota through diet as novel therapies for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric conditions is gaining interest for maintaining brain health. Bioactive substances present in different mushroom species have been ascribed to both direct and indirect mechanisms of influence on neurobehavior, and here we support the recognition of mushroom nutrition as an influential dietary element in prevention and management of some neurologic concerns. Scientific evidence demonstrating the unequivocal link between nutritional mushrooms and cognitive health is only beginning to emerge, and nutritional medicine should be considered as an integral part of mental care.

Bidirectional associations of zinc supplement intake with biological ageing interacted by metabolic equivalent of task: A large-scale population-based Biobank study

BACKGROUND

The association of zinc intake with biological ageing and whether physical exercise modifies this association remain uncertain. We aimed to explore the correlations between zinc intake and biological ageing and to evaluate the modifying effect of physical exercise.

METHODS

Data were extracted from 68,947 participants in the Biobank. Daily zinc intake and biological age were calculated using standard equations, and physical exercise was measured by the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) per week. Generalized linear regression models, adjusted for confounding factors, were employed to explore the associations between zinc intake and biological ageing. Pre-specified subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify effect modification of MET and to validate the robustness of findings, respectively.

RESULTS

The regression models revealed that zinc intake with recommended dose was associated with 0.13-year delayed biological age [95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = -0.21 to -0.05], while an excessive intake of zinc (>40 mg per day) was associated with 3.23-year biological age acceleration (95 % CI = 0.18 to 6.28). Participants adhering to the recommended zinc intake combined with sufficient physical exercise (>600 MET per week) demonstrated a 31 % lower likelihood of experiencing accelerated biological ageing compared to those with inadequate zinc intake and insufficient physical exercise (Odds Ratio = 0.69, 95 % CI = 0.66 to 0.74, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses indicated that the association between zinc intake and delayed biological ageing was more pronounced in the low-income population with an annual household income before tax of less than £30,999 (P-interaction <0.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results.

CONCLUSION

A recommended dose of zinc intake is associated with delayed biological ageing, with physical exercise exceeding 600 MET per week enhancing this association. Conversely, excessive zinc intake is linked to accelerated biological ageing. We suggest that people take daily zinc supplements with caution.

Bibliometric and graphical analysis of ferroptosis and aging research: Trends, gaps, and future directions

Over the past 12 years, a significant body of evidence derived from extensive research has underscored the pivotal involvement of ferroptosis in the mechanisms underlying aging. Despite the growing body of literature on this topic, there remains a paucity of analytical and descriptive studies that explore its trajectory, key research directions, current trends, primary focal points, and future outlooks. This research endeavors to provide an exhaustive overview of the advancements in understanding the relationship between ferroptosis and aging over the past 12 years. The dataset utilized in this study was extracted from the Web of Science, encompassing records from January 1, 2012, through June 19, 2024. We conducted comprehensive bibliometric and visual analyses using advanced analytical tools. The results highlight China's dominant contribution, which accounts for 48.52 % of total publications, positioning it as a key player in this research area. Leading institutions, including Columbia University, Southern Medical University, and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, demonstrate high research productivity. Pamela Maher and Gu Wei are identified as the most prolific researchers in this field. Free Radical Biology and Medicine is the leading journal, publishing the most articles in this field. This study identifies mitochondrial diseases, arrhythmias, Parkinson's disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia as the key diseases investigated in this field. This bibliometric evaluation offers critical perspectives for both experienced scholars and early-career researchers, enabling the identification of novel ideas and advancements within this domain.

Dietary emulsifier Polysorbate 80-induced lipotoxicity promotes intestinal senescence

Intestinal senescence, often characterized by increased oxidative stress, is linked to gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. While previous studies have suggested that diets rich in food additives, such as the emulsifier Polysorbate 80 (P80), may influence gut health, the impact of P80 exposure on intestinal senescence remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of P80 on intestinal senescence in a senescence-accelerated mouse prone model. The results revealed that P80 exposure could damage the intestinal barrier, induce oxidative stress, and accelerate intestinal senescence. Mechanistically, P80 activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) and fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) axis, increasing intestinal fatty acid absorption and triggering lipotoxicity, which promoted senescence. Additionally, P80 exacerbated D-galactose-induced epithelial cell senescence and lipid accumulation via the PPARα signalling pathway. Importantly, the PPARα antagonist GW6471 mitigated fatty acid uptake and reduced senescence in the intestine. In conclusion, the emulsifier P80 accelerated intestinal senescence by regulating the PPARα-FABP1 axis to induce intestinal fatty acid uptake and lipotoxicity, suggesting new insights into the adverse effects of food additives on gut health.

Mitochondria in aging and age-associated diseases

Mitochondria, essential for cellular energy, are crucial in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) and their age-related progression. This review highlights mitochondrial dynamics, mitovesicles, homeostasis, and organelle communication. We examine mitochondrial impacts from aging and NDDs, focusing on protein aggregation and dysfunction. Prospective therapeutic approaches include enhancing mitophagy, improving respiratory chain function, maintaining calcium and lipid balance, using microRNAs, and mitochondrial transfer to protect function. These strategies underscore the crucial role of mitochondrial health in neuronal survival and cognitive functions, offering new therapeutic opportunities.

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with nitric oxide inhibitory activity from the leaves of Crinum asiaticum L. var. asiaticum

Forty-two Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, including eleven previously undescribed alkaloids, crinasiaticines C-M, and three undescribed naturally occurring alkaloids, (+)-dihydroepivittatine, (+)-dihydrovittatine and (+)-dihydrohamayne, were isolated from the leaves of Crinum asiaticum L. var. asiaticum. Their structures and configurations were elucidated using NMR and MS spectroscopic techniques, along with the comparison of experimental electronic circular dichroism spectra to calculated data. The anti-inflammatory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was evaluated for most of the isolated alkaloids. Compounds 39, 21, 22, and 35 exhibited considerable NO inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 2.5-2.6 μM, compared to positive control dexamethasone (IC50 2.7 μM). However, these compounds demonstrated cytotoxic effects on cells. Compound 15 also possessed the highest selectivity index of 22.5 with minimal cytotoxicity.

Rosuvastatin restores liver tissue-resident NK cell activation in aged mice by improving mitochondrial function

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Aging has an impact on Natural Killer (NK) cells surveillance against tumors and infections. Our study aims to assess the aging effects on metabolic and mitochondrial markers influencing NK cell activity.

METHODS

C57BL/6 J mice aged 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks were used. Liver injury serum and histological markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6] and chemoattractant markers [CCL2, CXCL8] were assessed. Moreover, cholesterol metabolic markers [HMG-CoA synthetase, HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase], mitochondrial biogenesis [PGC1α] and functional gene markers [TFAM, HSPA9, Seahorse, apoptosis] in liver trNK cells, were assessed by RT-PCR. Senescence [p16, p21], exhaustion [PD-1, TIGIT, LAG3], activation [CD107a, NKp46], and chemokine receptor [CCR2, CXCR1] markers were assessed in trNK cells using flow cytometry. Liver trNK cells of aged mice were treated with Rosuvastatin [10μM] for 12 h.

RESULTS

Data showed a linear increase in liver injury markers, pro-inflammatory and chemotaxis along aging. These results were associated with reductions in liver trNK cell counts and activations with a noticeable decrease in their chemoattractant receptor expressions. TrNK cells of aged mice exhibited elevated markers of senescence and exhaustion with a gradual increase in cholesterol accumulation. Mitochondrial biogenesis and functional gene markers showed a decrease in their expressions in aged mice while ameliorated following rosuvastatin treatment. Results were correlated with a decrease in cholesterol metabolism and restoring their NK cell activity.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates age-related cholesterol accumulation in trNK cells correlated with senescence and functional impairment. Rosuvastatin is suggested to boost, rejuvenate and recover NK cell functionality.