Atypical plant homeodomain of UBR7 functions as an H2BK120Ub ligase and breast tumor suppressor

Histone Modifications: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication arising as a secondary effect of diabetes, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a significant role in its onset and progression. Epigenetics serves as the crucial link between these genetic and environmental influences. Among the various epigenetic mechanisms, histone modification stands out as a key regulatory process associated with the development of many diseases. Histone modifications primarily regulate cellular function by influencing gene expression. Modulating histone modifications, particularly through the regulation of enzymes involved in these processes, holds a promising therapeutic approach for managing diseases like DR. In this review, we explore the regulatory mechanisms of histone modification and its contribution to the pathogenesis of DR.

Histone H2B lysine lactylation modulates the NF-κB response via KPNA2 during CSFV infection

Histone lysine lactylation (Kla) has recently been reported to participate in various biological processes, regulating transcription, inflammation, and immune-related diseases. However, the mechanism of histone Kla in innate immunity and viral infection remains largely unknown. Here, we observed fluorescent Kla signals in all four histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) in PK-15 cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed prominent histone Kla protein bands, with H2B being the most abundant. We generated the H2B K16R mutant plasmid and identified K16 as one of the Kla modification sites in H2B. Further exploration revealed increased global H2B Kla and H2BK16la levels upon classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. By employing the Kla agonist (L-lactate), inhibitor (oxamate), or siLDHA, we demonstrated that H2BK16la and pan Kla in PK-15 cells rely on the LDHA-lactate axis, which is also crucial for CSFV-induced H2BK16la and pan Kla levels. Moreover, our data proved the interaction between H2B and CSFV NS4A protein. Notably, H2B Kla can modulate CSFV proliferation. Mechanistically, H2BK16la and pan Kla activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by mediating p65 nuclear translocation via karyopherin α2 (KPNA2), thereby inducing type III interferon (IFN-λ) expression and inhibiting CSFV replication. In conclusion, our study unveils the role of H2B Kla in regulating the NF-κB pathway during viral infection, presenting a novel mechanism. These findings significantly contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanisms during viral infection and hold promise for the development of viral therapeutic strategies.

Ubiquitin E3 ligases in the plant Arg/N-degron pathway

Regulation of protein longevity via the ubiquitin (Ub) - proteasome pathway is fundamental to eukaryotic biology. Ubiquitin E3 ligases (E3s) interact with substrate proteins and provide specificity to the pathway. A small subset of E3s bind to specific exposed N-termini (N-degrons) and promote the ubiquitination of the bound protein. Collectively these E3s, and other N-degron binding proteins, are known as N-recognins. There is considerable functional divergence between fungi, animal, and plant N-recognins. In plants, at least three proteins (PRT1, PRT6, and BIG) participate in the Arg/N-degron pathway. PRT1 has demonstrated E3 ligase activity, whereas PRT6 and BIG are candidate E3s. The Arg/N-degron pathway plays a central role in plant development, germination, and submersion tolerance. The pathway has been manipulated both to improve crop performance and for conditional protein degradation. A more detailed structural and biochemical understanding of the Arg/N-recognins and their substrates is required to fully realise the biotechnological potential of the pathway. This perspective focuses on the structural and molecular details of substrate recognition and ubiquitination in the plant Arg/N-degron pathway. While PRT1 appears to be plant specific, the PRT6 and BIG proteins are similar to UBR1 and UBR4, respectively. Analysis of the cryo-EM structures of Saccharomyces UBR1 suggests that the mode of ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) and substrate recruitment is conserved in PRT6, but regulation of the two N-recognins may be significantly different. The structurally characterised domains from human UBR4 are also likely to be conserved in BIG, however, there are sizeable gaps in our understanding of both proteins.

UBR7 E3 Ligase Suppresses Interferon-β Mediated Immune Signaling by Targeting Sp110 in Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A newly discovered E3 ubiquitin ligase, UBR7, plays a crucial role in histone H2BK120 monoubiquitination. Here, we report a novel function of UBR7 in promoting hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis, which further leads to HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transcriptomics analysis from HCC patients revealed the deregulation of UBR7 in cancer. Remarkably, targeting UBR7, particularly its catalytic function, led to a significant decrease in viral copy numbers. We also identified the speckled family protein Sp110 as an important substrate of UBR7. Notably, Sp110 has been previously shown to be a resident of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), where it remains SUMOylated, and during HBV infection, it undergoes deSUMOylation and exits the PML body. We observed that UBR7 ubiquitinates Sp110 at critical residues within its SAND domain. Sp110 ubiquitination downregulates genes in the type I interferon response pathway. Comparative analysis of RNA-Seq from the UBR7/Sp110 knockdown data set confirmed that the IFN-β signaling pathway gets deregulated in HCC cells in the presence of HBV. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of patient samples further confirmed the inverse correlation between the expression of Sp110/UBR7 and the inflammation score. Notably, silencing of UBR7 induces IRF7 phosphorylation, thereby augmenting interferon (IFN)-β and the downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Further, wild-type but not the ubiquitination-defective mutant of Sp110 could be recruited to the type I interferon response pathway genes. Our study establishes a new function of UBR7 in non-histone protein ubiquitination, promoting viral persistence, and has important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting HBV-induced HCC.

The interaction between UBR7 and PRMT5 drives PDAC resistance to gemcitabine by regulating glycolysis and immune microenvironment

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Although gemcitabine and other therapeutic agents are effective in patients with advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer, drug resistance has severely limited their use. However, the mechanisms of gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer are poorly understood. In this study, ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq were performed to compare chromatin accessibility and gene expression in a patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model of pancreatic cancer with or without gemcitabine resistance. Analyzing these sequencing data, we found a dramatic change in chromatin accessibility in the PDX model of gemcitabine-resistant tissues and identified a key gene, UBR7, which plays an important role in mediating gemcitabine resistance. Further research found that depletion of UBR7 significantly increased pancreatic carcinogenesis and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Mechanistically, depleted UBR7 increased the stability of PRMT5, thereby promoting glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, an inhibitor that blocks PRMT5 (DS-437) significantly reduced gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer caused by UBR7 depletion. In conclusion, our results illustrate that the UBR7-PRMT5 axis is a key metabolic regulator of PDAC and a promising target for the clinical treatment of gemcitabine resistance in PDAC.

To Ub or not to Ub: The epic dilemma of histones that regulate gene expression and epigenetic cross-talk

A dynamic array of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate diverse cellular processes in the eukaryotic chromatin. Among them, histone ubiquitination is particularly complex as it alters nucleosome surface area fostering intricate cross-talk with other chromatin modifications. Ubiquitin signaling profoundly impacts DNA replication, repair, and transcription. Histones can undergo varied extent of ubiquitination such as mono, multi-mono, and polyubiquitination, which brings about distinct cellular fates. Mechanistic studies of the ubiquitin landscape in chromatin have unveiled a fascinating tapestry of events that orchestrate gene regulation. In this review, we summarize the key contributors involved in mediating different histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination events, and discuss their mechanism which impacts cell transcriptional identity and DNA damage response. We also focus on the proteins bearing epigenetic reader modules critical in discerning site-specific histone ubiquitination, pivotal for establishing complex epigenetic crosstalk. Moreover, we highlight the role of histone ubiquitination in different human diseases including neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Overall the review elucidates the intricate orchestration of histone ubiquitination impacting diverse cellular functions and disease pathogenesis, and provides insights into the current challenges of targeting them for therapeutic interventions.

UBR7 in concert with EZH2 inhibits the TGF-β signaling leading to extracellular matrix remodeling

The intricate interplay between resident cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) profoundly influences cancer progression. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), ECM architecture evolves due to the enrichment of lysyl oxidase, fibronectin, and collagen, promoting distant metastasis. Here we uncover a pivotal transcription regulatory mechanism involving the epigenetic regulator UBR7 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 in regulating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling, affecting the expression of ECM genes. UBR7 loss leads to a dramatic reduction in facultative heterochromatin mark H3K27me3, activating ECM genes. UBR7 plays a crucial role in matrix deposition in adherent cancer cells and spheroids, altering collagen content and lysyl oxidase activity, directly affecting matrix stiffness and invasiveness. These findings are further validated in vivo in mice models and TNBC patients, where reduced UBR7 levels are accompanied by increased ECM component expression and activity, leading to fibrosis-mediated matrix stiffness. Thus, UBR7 is a master regulator of matrix stiffening, influencing the metastatic potential of TNBC.

ZMYND8 Is a Regulator of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in ATRA-Mediated Differentiation of Neuroblastoma Cells

Zinc Finger MYND (Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1) type containing 8 (ZMYND8) is a crucial epigenetic regulator that plays a multifaceted role in governing a spectrum of vital cellular processes, encompassing proliferation, apoptosis, migration, tumor suppression, and differentiation. It has emerged as a key player in neuronal differentiation by orchestrating the expression of neuronal lineage-committed genes. The present study uncovers the role of ZMYND8 in regulating the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling axis, which is crucial for neuronal differentiation. Genetic deletion of ZMYND8 leads to a significant reduction in SHH pathway genes, GLI1, and PTCH1 expression during all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation. ZMYND8 and RNA pol II S5P are found to co-occupy the GLI1 and PTCH1 gene promoters, positively impacting their gene transcription upon ATRA treatment. Interestingly, ZMYND8 is found to counteract the inhibitory effects of Cyclopamine that block the upstream SHH pathway protein SMO, resulting in enhanced neurite formation in neuroblastoma cells following their treatment with ATRA. These results indicate that ZMYND8 is an epigenetic regulator of the SHH signaling pathway and has tremendous therapeutic potential in ATRA-mediated differentiation of neuroblastoma.

Deciphering the dual roles of PHD finger proteins from oncogenic drivers to tumor suppressors

PHD (plant homeodomain) finger proteins emerge as central epigenetic readers and modulators in cancer biology, orchestrating a broad spectrum of cellular processes pivotal to oncogenesis and tumor suppression. This review delineates the dualistic roles of PHD fingers in cancer, highlighting their involvement in chromatin remodeling, gene expression regulation, and interactions with cellular signaling networks. PHD fingers' ability to interpret specific histone modifications underscores their influence on gene expression patterns, impacting crucial cancer-related processes such as cell proliferation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The review delves into the oncogenic potential of certain PHD finger proteins, exemplified by PHF1 and PHF8, which promote tumor progression through epigenetic dysregulation and modulation of signaling pathways like Wnt and TGFβ. Conversely, it discusses the tumor-suppressive functions of PHD finger proteins, such as PHF2 and members of the ING family, which uphold genomic stability and inhibit tumor growth through their interactions with chromatin and transcriptional regulators. Additionally, the review explores the therapeutic potential of targeting PHD finger proteins in cancer treatment, considering their pivotal roles in regulating cancer stem cells and influencing the immune response to cancer therapy. Through a comprehensive synthesis of current insights, this review underscores the complex but promising landscape of PHD finger proteins in cancer biology, advocating for further research to unlock novel therapeutic avenues that leverage their unique cellular roles.

Application of covalent modality in proximity-induced drug pharmacology: Early development, current strategy, and feature directions

With a growing number of covalent drugs securing FDA approval as successful therapies across various indications, particularly in the realm of cancer treatment, the covalent modulating strategy is undergoing a resurgence. The renewed interest in covalent bioactive compounds has captured significant attention from both the academic and biopharmaceutical industry sectors. Covalent chemistry presents several advantages over traditional noncovalent proximity-induced drugs, including heightened potency, reduced molecular size, and the ability to target "undruggable" entities. Within this perspective, we have compiled a comprehensive overview of current covalent modalities applied to proximity-induced molecules, delving into their advantages and drawbacks. Our aim is to stimulate more profound insights and ideas within the scientific community, guiding future research endeavors in this dynamic field.

MiR-10b-5p Regulates Neuronal Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Spinal Cord Injury Through UBR7

This study aimed to explore the effects of miR-10b-5p on autophagy and apoptosis in neuronal cells after spinal cord injury (SCI) and the molecular mechanism. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the differentially expressed miRNAs. The expression of related genes and proteins were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay (TUNEL). Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between UBR7 and Wnt1 or Beclin1. Autophagy was detected by the dansylcadaverine (MDC). The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to evaluate motor function, and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining were used to detect spinal cord tissue repair and neuronal changes. The result shows that the expression of miR-10b-5p was downregulated in the SCI models, and transfection of a miR-10b-5p mimic inhibited neuronal cell apoptosis. MiR-10b-5p negatively regulated the expression of UBR7, and the inhibitory effect of the miR-10b-5p mimic on neuronal cell apoptosis was reversed by overexpressing UBR7. In addition, UBR7 can regulate apoptosis by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by promoting Wnt1 ubiquitination. Treatment with the miR-10b-5p mimic effectively improved motor function, inhibited neuronal cell apoptosis, and promoted spinal cord tissue repair in SCI rats. Overall, miR-10b-5p can alleviate SCI by downregulating UBR7 expression, inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway ubiquitination to reduce neuronal apoptosis, or inhibiting Beclin 1 ubiquitination to promote autophagy.

Zinc finger protein 831 promotes apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity in breast cancer by acting as a novel transcriptional repressor targeting the STAT3/Bcl2 signaling pathway

Emerging evidence suggested that zinc finger protein 831 (ZNF831) was associated with immune activity and stem cell regulation in breast cancer. Whereas, the roles and molecular mechanisms of ZNF831 in oncogenesis remain unclear. ZNF831 expression was significantly diminished in breast cancer which was associated with promoter CpG methylation but not mutation. Ectopic over-expression of ZNF831 suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation and colony formation and promoted apoptosis in vitro, while knockdown of ZNF831 resulted in an opposite phenotype. Anti-proliferation effect of ZNF831 was verified in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis of public databases and transcriptome sequencing both showed that ZNF831 could enhance apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. ChIP and luciferase report assays demonstrated that ZNF831 could directly bind to one specific region of STAT3 promoter and induce the transcriptional inhibition of STAT3. As a result, the attenuation of STAT3 led to a restraint of the transcription of Bcl2 and thus accelerated the apoptotic progression. Augmentation of STAT3 diminished the apoptosis-promoting effect of ZNF831 in breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, ZNF831 could ameliorate the anti-proliferation effect of capecitabine and gemcitabine in breast cancer cell lines. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that ZNF831 is a novel transcriptional suppressor through inhibiting the expression of STAT3/Bcl2 and promoting the apoptosis process in breast cancer, suggesting ZNF831 as a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for breast cancer patients.

Integrative pan-cancer analysis of cuproplasia-associated genes for the genomic and clinical characterization of 33 tumors

BACKGROUND

The molecular mechanisms driving tumorigenesis have continually been the focus of researchers. Cuproplasia is defined as copper-dependent cell growth and proliferation, including its primary and secondary roles in tumor formation and proliferation through signaling pathways. In this study, we analyzed the differences in the expression of cuproplasia-associated genes (CAGs) in pan-cancerous tissues and investigated their role in immune-regulation and tumor prognostication.

METHODS

Raw data from 11,057 cancer samples were acquired from multiple databases. Pan-cancer analysis was conducted to analyze the CAG expression, single-nucleotide variants, copy number variants, methylation signatures, and genomic signatures of micro RNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) interactions. The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal databases were used to evaluate drug sensitivity and resistance against CAGs. Using single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and Immune Cell Abundance Identifier database, immune cell infiltration was analyzed with the ssGSEA score as the standard.

RESULTS

Aberrantly expressed CAGs were found in multiple cancers. The frequency of single-nucleotide variations in CAGs ranged from 1% to 54% among different cancers. Furthermore, the correlation between CAG expression in the tumor microenvironment and immune cell infiltration varied among different cancers. ATP7A and ATP7B were negatively correlated with macrophages in 16 tumors including breast invasive carcinoma and esophageal carcinoma, while the converse was true for MT1A and MT2A . In addition, we established cuproplasia scores and demonstrated their strong correlation with patient prognosis, immunotherapy responsiveness, and disease progression ( P  <0.05). Finally, we identified potential candidate drugs by matching gene targets with existing drugs.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reports the genomic characterization and clinical features of CAGs in pan-cancers. It helps clarify the relationship between CAGs and tumorigenesis, and may be helpful in the development of biomarkers and new therapeutic agents.

H2Bub1 loss is an early contributor to clear cell ovarian cancer progression

Epigenetic aberrations, including posttranslational modifications of core histones, are major contributors to cancer. Here, we define the status of histone H2B monoubiquitylation (H2Bub1) in clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC), low-grade serous carcinoma, and endometrioid carcinomas. We report that clear cell carcinomas exhibited profound loss, with nearly all cases showing low or negative H2Bub1 expression. Moreover, we found that H2Bub1 loss occurred in endometriosis and atypical endometriosis, which are established precursors to CCOCs. To examine whether dysregulation of a specific E3 ligase contributes to the loss of H2Bub1, we explored expression of ring finger protein 40 (RNF40), ARID1A, and UBR7 in the same case cohort. Loss of RNF40 was significantly and profoundly correlated with loss of H2Bub1. Using genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of 230 patients with CCOC, we identified hypermethylation of RNF40 in CCOC as a likely mechanism underlying the loss of H2Bub1. Finally, we demonstrated that H2Bub1 depletion promoted cell proliferation and clonogenicity in an endometriosis cell line. Collectively, our results indicate that H2Bub1 plays a tumor-suppressive role in CCOCs and that its loss contributes to disease progression.

Eighth case of Li-Campeau syndrome in a Turkish patient caused by a novel pathogenic variant in UBR7 and expanding the phenotype

Li-Campeau syndrome (LICAS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, genital anomalies, congenital heart defects, and dysmorphic features. LICAS is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the UBR7 gene, acting as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Using exome sequencing (ES), we identified a homozygous novel pathogenic splice site variation c.1185+1G>C in UBR7 in a 32-month-old male from a nonconsanguineous Turkish family with clinical features of LICAS. Sanger sequencing revealed the heterozygous state of parents for this variant and confirmed the co-segregation study. The variant may lead to the loss of function of UBR7 and is in a highly conserved residue. Bioinformatic prediction analysis using in silico algorithms supports the pathogenic effect of the splice site variant in the UBR7.

The roles of histone modifications in tumorigenesis and associated inhibitors in cancer therapy

Histone modifications are key factors in chromatin packaging, and are responsible for gene regulation during cell fate determination and development. Abnormal alterations in histone modifications potentially affect the stability of the genome and disrupt gene expression patterns, leading to many diseases, including cancer. In recent years, mounting evidence has shown that various histone modifications altered by aberrantly expressed modifier enzymes contribute to tumor development and metastasis through the induction of epigenetic, transcriptional, and phenotypic changes. In this review, we will discuss the existing histone modifications, both well-studied and rare ones, and their roles in solid tumors and hematopoietic cancers, to identify the molecular pathways involved and investigate targeted therapeutic drugs to reorganize the chromatin and enhance cancer treatment efficiency. Finally, clinical inhibitors of histone modifications are summarized to better understand the developmental stage of cancer therapy in using these drugs to inhibit the histone modification enzymes.

UBR7 inhibits HCC tumorigenesis by targeting Keap1/Nrf2/Bach1/HK2 and glycolysis

BACKGROUND

Glycolysis metabolism is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Reprogramming metabolic pathways could improve the ability of metabolic inhibitors to suppress cancers with limited treatment options. The ubiquitin-proteasome system facilitates the turnover of most intracellular proteins with E3 ligase conferring the target selection and specificity. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7), among the least studied E3 ligases, recognizes its substrate through a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. Here, we bring into focus on its suppressive role in glycolysis and HCC tumorigenesis, dependent on its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity toward monoubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 120 (H2BK120ub).

METHODS

In this study, we carried out high-throughput RNAi screening to identify epigenetic candidates in regulating lactic acid and investigated its possible roles in HCC progression.

RESULTS

UBR7 loss promotes HCC tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. UBR7 inhibits glycolysis by indirectly suppressing HK2 expression, a downstream target of Nrf2/Bach1 axis. Mechanically, UBR7 regulates H2BK120ub to bind to Keap1 promoter through H2BK120ub monoubiquitination, thereby modulating Keap1 expression and downstream Nrf2/Bach1/HK2 signaling. Pharmaceutical and genetic inhibition of glycolytic enzymes attenuate the promoting effect of UBR7 deficiency on tumor growth. In addition, methyltransferase ALKBH5, downregulated in HCC, regulated UBR7 expression in an m6A-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

These results collectively establish UBR7 as a critical negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis and HCC tumorigenesis through regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2/Bach1/HK2 axis, providing a potential clinical and therapeutic target for the HCC treatment.

Rice OsUBR7 modulates plant height by regulating histone H2B monoubiquitination and cell proliferation

Plant height is an important agronomic trait for lodging resistance and yield. Here, we report a new plant-height-related gene, OsUBR7 in rice (Oryza sativa L.); knockout of OsUBR7 caused fewer cells in internodes, resulting in a semi-dwarf phenotype. OsUBR7 encodes a putative E3 ligase containing a plant homeodomain finger and a ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7) domain. OsUBR7 interacts with histones and monoubiquitinates H2B (H2Bub1) at lysine148 in coordination with the E2 conjugase OsUBC18. OsUBR7 mediates H2Bub1 at a number of chromatin loci for the normal expression of target genes, including cell-cycle-related and pleiotropic genes, consistent with the observation that cell-cycle progression was suppressed in the osubr7 mutant owing to reductions in H2Bub1 and expression levels at these loci. The genetic divergence of OsUBR7 alleles among japonica and indica cultivars affects their transcriptional activity, and these alleles may have undergone selection during rice domestication. Overall, our results reveal a novel mechanism that mediates H2Bub1 in plants, and UBR7 orthologs could be utilized as an untapped epigenetic resource for crop improvement.

Characterizing and exploiting the many roles of aberrant H2B monoubiquitination in cancer pathogenesis

Monoubiquitination of histone H2B on lysine 120 (H2Bub1) is implicated in the control of multiple essential processes, including transcription, DNA damage repair and mitotic chromosome segregation. Accordingly, aberrant regulation of H2Bub1 can induce transcriptional reprogramming and genome instability that may promote oncogenesis. Remarkably, alterations of the ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating H2Bub1 are emerging as ubiquitous features in cancer, further supporting the possibility that the misregulation of H2Bub1 is an underlying mechanism contributing to cancer pathogenesis. To date, aberrant H2Bub1 dynamics have been reported in multiple cancer types and are associated with transcriptional changes that promote oncogenesis in a cancer type-specific manner. Owing to the multi-functional nature of H2Bub1, misregulation of its writers and erasers may drive disease initiation and progression through additional synergistic processes. Accordingly, understanding the molecular determinants and pathogenic impacts associated with aberrant H2Bub1 regulation may reveal novel drug targets and therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be exploited to develop innovative precision medicine strategies that better combat cancer. In this review, we present the normal functions of H2Bub1 in the control of DNA-associated processes and describe the pathogenic implications associated with its misregulation in cancer. We further discuss the challenges coupled with the development of therapeutic strategies targeting H2Bub1 misregulation and expose the potential benefits of designing treatments that synergistically exploit the multiple functionalities of H2Bub1 to improve treatment selectivity and efficacy.

Natural Product-Inspired Targeted Protein Degraders: Advances and Perspectives

Targeted protein degradation (TPD), a promising therapeutic strategy in drug discovery, has great potential to regulate the endogenous degradation of undruggable targets with small molecules. As vital resources that provide diverse structural templates for drug discovery, natural products (NPs) are a rising and robust arsenal for the development of therapeutic TPD. The first proof-of-concept study of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) was a natural polyketide ovalicin-derived degrader; since then, NPs have shown great potential to promote TPD technology. The use of NP-inspired targeted protein degraders has been confirmed to be a promising strategy to treat many human conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nevertheless, the development of NP-inspired degraders is challenging, and the field is currently in its infancy. In this review, we summarize the bioactivities and mechanisms of NP-inspired degraders and discuss the associated challenges and future opportunities in this field.

A specific role for importin-5 and NASP in the import and nuclear hand-off of monomeric H3

Core histones package chromosomal DNA and regulate genomic transactions, with their nuclear import and deposition involving importin-β proteins and a dedicated repertoire of histone chaperones. Previously, a histone H3-H4 dimer has been isolated bound to importin-4 (Imp4) and the chaperone ASF1, suggesting that H3 and H4 fold together in the cytoplasm before nuclear import. However, other studies have shown the existence of monomeric H3 in the nucleus, indicating a post-import folding pathway. Here, we report that the predominant importin associated with cytoplasmic H3 is importin-5 (Imp5), which hands off its monomeric cargo to nuclear sNASP. Imp5, in contrast to Imp4, binds to both H3 and H4 containing constitutively monomeric mutations and binds to newly synthesised, monomeric H3 tethered in the cytoplasm. Constitutively monomeric H3 retains its interaction with NASP, whereas monomeric H4 retains interactions specifically with HAT1 and RBBP7. High-resolution separation of NASP interactors shows the 's' isoform but not the 't' isoform associates with monomeric H3, whilst both isoforms associate with H3-H4 dimers in at least three discrete multi-chaperoning complexes. In vitro binding experiments show mutual exclusivity between sNASP and Imp5 in binding H3, suggesting direct competition for interaction sites, with the GTP-bound form of Ran required for histone transfer. Finally, using pulse-chase analysis, we show that cytoplasm-tethered histones do not interact with endogenous NASP until they reach the nucleus, whereupon they bind rapidly. We propose an Imp5-specific import pathway for monomeric H3 that hands off to sNASP in the nucleus, with a parallel H4 pathway involving Imp5 and the HAT1-RBBP7 complex, followed by nuclear folding and hand-off to deposition factors.

ZMYND8 suppresses MAPT213 LncRNA transcription to promote neuronal differentiation

Zinc Finger transcription factors are crucial in modulating various cellular processes, including differentiation. Chromatin reader Zinc Finger MYND (Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1) type containing 8 (ZMYND8), an All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA)-responsive gene, was previously shown to play a crucial role in promoting the expression of neuronal-lineage committed genes. Here, we report that ZMYND8 promotes neuronal differentiation by positively regulating canonical MAPT protein-coding gene isoform, a key player in the axonal development of neurons. Additionally, ZMYND8 modulates gene-isoform switching by epigenetically silencing key regulatory regions within the MAPT gene, thereby suppressing the expression of non-protein-coding isoforms such as MAPT213. Genetic deletion of ZMYND8 led to an increase in the MAPT213 that potentially suppressed the parental MAPT protein-coding transcript expression related to neuronal differentiation programs. In addition, ectopic expression of MAPT213 led to repression of MAPT protein-coding transcript. Similarly, ZMYND8-driven transcription regulation was also observed in other neuronal differentiation-promoting genes. Collectively our results elucidate a novel mechanism of ZMYND8-dependent transcription regulation of different neuronal lineage committing genes, including MAPT, to promote neural differentiation.

Expression and associated epigenetic mechanisms of the Ca2+-signaling genes in breast cancer subtypes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Breast cancer-associated deaths are related mainly to specific molecular subtypes and the presence of metastasis. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Ca2+ signaling pathways are involved in breast cancer metastasis, and they are regulated in part by epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, activation of EMT modulates Ca2+ concentration and in turn, Ca2+ signaling regulates the expression of EMT markers. Also, activation of Ca2+ signaling genes with epigenetic inhibitors reverts the EMT. Thus, Ca2+ signaling might have an important role in breast cancer metastasis and EMT, particularly through the epigenetic regulation of genes involved in its signaling. However, little is known due to that an estimate of 1670 genes participate in the Ca2+ signaling and only a few genes have been studied. Here, we aimed to explore the expression of all genes involved in Ca2+ signaling in all breast cancer subtypes and EMT, and whether modulation of epigenetic mechanisms is related to their expression. Several genes of the Ca2+ signaling are altered in all breast cancer subtypes, being the cadherins and voltage channels the most frequent altered genes. Also, DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications showed a good correlation with their altered expression. The expression of the cadherins and voltage channels is also modulated during breast EMT, and ATAC-seq results suggest that chromatin rearrangement at their promoter is involved. In conclusion, the expression of the genes involved in Ca2+ signaling is altered in all breast cancer subtypes and during EMT, and epigenetic mechanisms are an attractive target to regulate their expression.

UBR7 acts as a histone chaperone for post-nucleosomal histone H3

Histone chaperones modulate the stability of histones beginning from histone synthesis, through incorporation into DNA, and during recycling during transcription and replication. Following histone removal from DNA, chaperones regulate histone storage and degradation. Here, we demonstrate that UBR7 is a histone H3.1 chaperone that modulates the supply of pre-existing post-nucleosomal histone complexes. We demonstrate that UBR7 binds to post-nucleosomal H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 histones via its UBR box and PHD. UBR7 binds to the non-nucleosomal histone chaperone NASP. In the absence of UBR7, the pool of NASP-bound post-nucleosomal histones accumulate and chromatin is depleted of H3K4me3-modified histones. We propose that the interaction of UBR7 with NASP and histones opposes the histone storage functions of NASP and that UBR7 promotes reincorporation of post-nucleosomal H3 complexes.

E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Breast Cancer Metastasis: A Systematic Review of Pathogenic Functions and Clinical Implications

Female breast cancer has become the most commonly occurring cancer worldwide. Although it has a good prognosis under early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, breast cancer metastasis drastically causes mortality. The process of metastasis, which includes cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, and colonization, is a multistep cascade of molecular events directed by gene mutations and altered protein expressions. Ubiquitin modification of proteins plays a common role in most of the biological processes. E3 ubiquitin ligase, the key regulator of protein ubiquitination, determines the fate of ubiquitinated proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases target a broad spectrum of substrates. The aberrant functions of many E3 ubiquitin ligases can affect the biological behavior of cancer cells, including breast cancer metastasis. In this review, we provide an overview of these ligases, summarize the metastatic processes in which E3s are involved, and comprehensively describe the roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Furthermore, we classified E3 ubiquitin ligases based on their structure and analyzed them with the survival of breast cancer patients. Finally, we consider how our knowledge can be used for E3s’ potency in the therapeutic intervention or prognostic assessment of metastatic breast cancer.

Molecular characterization of substrate-induced ubiquitin transfer by UBR7-PHD finger, a newly identified histone H2BK120 ubiquitin ligase

Monoubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 120 plays a vital role in active transcription and DNA damage response pathways. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7) has been recently identified as an H2BK120 monoubiquitin ligase. However, the molecular details of its ubiquitin transfer mechanism are not well understood. Here, we report that the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of UBR7 is essential for its association with E2 UbcH6 and consequent ubiquitin transfer to its substrate histone H2B. We also identified the critical region of UbcH6 involved in this function and shown that the residues stretching from 114 to 125 of histone H2B C-terminal tail are sufficient for UBR7/UbcH6-mediated ubiquitin transfer. We also employed antibody-independent mass spectrometry to confirm UBR7-mediated ubiquitination of the H2B C-terminal tail. We demonstrated that the PHD finger of UBR7 forms a dimer and this dimerization is essential for ubiquitination of histone H2B. We mapped the critical residues involved in the dimerization and mutation of these residues that abrogate E3 ligase activity and are associated with cancer. Furthermore, we compared the mode of ubiquitin discharge from UbcH6 mediated by UBR7 and RING finger protein 20 (RNF20) through a thioester hydrolysis assay. Interestingly, binding of substrate H2B to UBR7 induces a conformational change in the PHD finger, which triggers ubiquitin transfer from UbcH6. However, the RNF20 RING finger alone is sufficient to promote the release of ubiquitin from UbcH6. Overall, the mechanism of ubiquitin transfer by the newly identified E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR7 is markedly different from that of RNF20.

Targeting Histone Modifications in Breast Cancer: A Precise Weapon on the Way

Histone modifications (HMs) contribute to maintaining genomic stability, transcription, DNA repair, and modulating chromatin in cancer cells. Furthermore, HMs are dynamic and reversible processes that involve interactions between numerous enzymes and molecular components. Aberrant HMs are strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer (BC), although the specific mechanisms are not completely understood. Moreover, there is no comprehensive overview of abnormal HMs in BC, and BC therapies that target HMs are still in their infancy. Therefore, this review summarizes the existing evidence regarding HMs that are involved in BC and the potential mechanisms that are related to aberrant HMs. Moreover, this review examines the currently available agents and approved drugs that have been tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies to evaluate their effects on HMs. Finally, this review covers the barriers to the clinical application of therapies that target HMs, and possible strategies that could help overcome these barriers and accelerate the use of these therapies to cure patients.

tRNA-derived fragments: tRF-Gly-CCC-046, tRF-Tyr-GTA-010 and tRF-Pro-TGG-001 as novel diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer

BACKGROUND

tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) have been found to play a regulatory role in the occurrence and development of many tumors. The aim of this study was to identify the expression of tRFs in breast cancer and their ability to serve as diagnostic markers for breast cancer.

METHODS

Total RNA was extracted from breast cancer and paracancerous tissues (n = 83), as well as from the sera of breast cancer patients (n = 214) and healthy donors (n = 113) using trizol reagents. Expression of tRFs was then detected by q-PCR, and analyzed using t-test and ROC to illuminate their potential as biomarkers for breast cancer.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrated that tRFs: tRF-Gly-CCC-046, tRF-Tyr-GTA-010 and tRF-Pro-TGG-001 were downregulated in both tissues and sera from breast cancer patients as well as early-stage patients compared with those in the healthy donors. More importantly, the three tRFs were capable of serving as circulating biomarkers of diagnostics and early diagnosis of breast cancer, possessing areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.7871 and 0.7987, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

tRFs: tRF-Gly-CCC-046, tRF-Tyr-GTA-010 and tRF-Pro-TGG-001 are downregulated in breast cancer and early breast cancer and act as new potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and early diagnosis of breast cancer.

TCF19 and p53 regulate transcription of TIGAR and SCO2 in HCC for mitochondrial energy metabolism and stress adaptation

Alteration in glucose homeostasis during cancer metabolism is an important phenomenon. Though several important transcription factors have been well studied in the context of the regulation of metabolic gene expression, the role of epigenetic readers in this regard remains still elusive. Epigenetic reader protein transcription factor 19 (TCF19) has been recently identified as a novel glucose and insulin-responsive factor that modulates histone posttranslational modifications to regulate glucose homeostasis in hepatocytes. Here we report that TCF19 interacts with a non-histone, well-known tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) and co-regulates a wide array of metabolic genes. Among these, the p53-responsive carbohydrate metabolic genes Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) and Cytochrome C Oxidase assembly protein 2 (SCO2), which are the key regulators of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation respectively, are under direct regulation of TCF19. Remarkably, TCF19 can form different transcription activation/repression complexes which show substantial overlap with that of p53, depending on glucose-mediated variant stress situations as obtained from IP/MS studies. Interestingly, we observed that TCF19/p53 complexes either have CBP or HDAC1 to epigenetically program the expression of TIGAR and SCO2 genes depending on short-term high glucose or prolonged high glucose conditions. TCF19 or p53 knockdown significantly altered the cellular lactate production and led to increased extracellular acidification rate. Similarly, OCR and cellular ATP production were reduced and mitochondrial membrane potential was compromised upon depletion of TCF19 or p53. Subsequently, through RNA-Seq analysis from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, we observed that TCF19/p53-mediated metabolic regulation is fundamental for sustenance of cancer cells. Together the study proposes that TCF19/p53 complexes can regulate metabolic gene expression programs responsible for mitochondrial energy homeostasis and stress adaptation.

Signaling Pathways Regulated by UBR Box-Containing E3 Ligases

UBR box E3 ligases, also called N-recognins, are integral components of the N-degron pathway. Representative N-recognins include UBR1, UBR2, UBR4, and UBR5, and they bind destabilizing N-terminal residues, termed N-degrons. Understanding the molecular bases of their substrate recognition and the biological impact of the clearance of their substrates on cellular signaling pathways can provide valuable insights into the regulation of these pathways. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the binding mechanism of UBR box N-recognin/N-degron interactions and their roles in signaling pathways linked to G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control, inflammation, and DNA damage. The targeting of these UBR box N-recognins can provide potential therapies to treat diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Integrated study of miR-215 promoting breast cancer cell apoptosis by targeting RAD54B

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely distributed in cells and participate in the regulation of the pathophysiological process of many diseases. As an important part of non-coding RNA, miRNAs regulate a variety of molecules and signal pathways in tumour cells. However, the evidence for regulatory mechanisms of specific miRNAs in tumour cells is still lacking.

METHODS

In this study, we used transcriptomics analysis and integrated a variety of public databases to screen miRNAs that have key regulatory effects on breast cancer (BC). In addition, we used in vitro and in vivo studies and combined clinical samples to verify its regulatory mechanism.

RESULTS

We found that among the specific miRNAs, miR-215-5p is a key regulator in BC. Compared with normal adjacent tissues, miR-215-5p has a lower expression level in BC tissues. Patients with high expression levels of miR-215-5p have a longer survival time. miR-215-5p can specifically target the 3'UTR region of RAD54B mRNA and down-regulate the expression of RAD54B, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of BC cells and promoting the apoptosis of BC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Finally, we found that miR-215-5p can be used as an important biomarker for BC. We have clarified its function and revealed its mechanism of targeting RAD54B mRNA for the first time. This may provide important clues to reveal the deeper molecular regulation mechanism of BC.

Role of H2B mono-ubiquitination in the initiation and progression of cancer

Numerous epigenetic alterations are observed in cancer cells, and dysregulation of mono-ubiquitination of histone H2B (H2Bub1) has often been linked to tumorigenesis. H2Bub1 is a dynamic post-translational histone modification associated with transcriptional elongation and DNA damage response. Histone H2B monoubiquitination occurs in the site of lysine 120, written predominantly by E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF20/RNF40 and deubiquitinated by ubiquitin specific peptidase 22 (USP22). RNF20/40 is often altered in the primary tumors including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, and the loss of H2Bub1 is usually associated with poor prognosis in tumor patients. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of H2Bub1 in transcription, DNA damage response and primary tumors. This review also provides novel options for exploiting the potential therapeutic target H2Bub1 in personalized cancer therapy.

Phenotypic screening with target identification and validation in the discovery and development of E3 ligase modulators

The use of phenotypic screening was central to the discovery and development of novel thalidomide analogs, the IMiDs (immunomodulatory drugs) agents. With the discovery that these agents bind the E3 ligase, CRL4^CRBN, and alter its substrate specificity, there has been a great deal of endeavor to discover other small molecules that can modulate alternative E3 ligases. Furthermore, the chemical properties necessary for drug discovery and the rules by which neo-substrates are selected for degradation are being defined in the context of phenotypic alterations in specific cellular systems. This review gives a detailed summary of these recent advances and the methodologies being exploited to understand the mechanism of action of emerging protein degradation therapies.

UBR7 functions with UBR5 in the Notch signaling pathway and is involved in a neurodevelopmental syndrome with epilepsy, ptosis, and hypothyroidism

The ubiquitin-proteasome system facilitates the degradation of unstable or damaged proteins. UBR1-7, which are members of hundreds of E3 ubiquitin ligases, recognize and regulate the half-life of specific proteins on the basis of their N-terminal sequences ("N-end rule"). In seven individuals with intellectual disability, epilepsy, ptosis, hypothyroidism, and genital anomalies, we uncovered bi-allelic variants in UBR7. Their phenotype differs significantly from that of Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS), which is caused by bi-allelic variants in UBR1, notably by the presence of epilepsy and the absence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and hypoplasia of nasal alae. While the mechanistic etiology of JBS remains uncertain, mutation of both Ubr1 and Ubr2 in the mouse or of the C. elegans UBR5 ortholog results in Notch signaling defects. Consistent with a potential role in Notch signaling, C. elegans ubr-7 expression partially overlaps with that of ubr-5, including in neurons, as well as the distal tip cell that plays a crucial role in signaling to germline stem cells via the Notch signaling pathway. Analysis of ubr-5 and ubr-7 single mutants and double mutants revealed genetic interactions with the Notch receptor gene glp-1 that influenced development and embryo formation. Collectively, our findings further implicate the UBR protein family and the Notch signaling pathway in a neurodevelopmental syndrome with epilepsy, ptosis, and hypothyroidism that differs from JBS. Further studies exploring a potential role in histone regulation are warranted given clinical overlap with KAT6B disorders and the interaction of UBR7 and UBR5 with histones.

NOTCH1-driven UBR7 stimulates nucleotide biosynthesis to promote T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7) is the most divergent member of UBR box-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases/recognins that mediate the proteasomal degradation of its substrates through the N-end rule. Here, we used a proteomic approach and found phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetases (PRPSs), the essential enzymes for nucleotide biosynthesis, as strong interacting partners of UBR7. UBR7 stabilizes PRPS catalytic subunits by mediating the polyubiquitination-directed degradation of PRPS-associated protein (PRPSAP), the negative regulator of PRPS. Loss of UBR7 leads to nucleotide biosynthesis defects. We define UBR7 as a transcriptional target of NOTCH1 and show that UBR7 is overexpressed in NOTCH1-driven T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Impaired nucleotide biosynthesis caused by UBR7 depletion was concomitant with the attenuated cell proliferation and oncogenic potential of T-ALL. Collectively, these results establish UBR7 as a critical regulator of nucleotide metabolism through the regulation of the PRPS enzyme complex and uncover a metabolic vulnerability in NOTCH1-driven T-ALL.

Suppression of poised oncogenes by ZMYND8 promotes chemo-sensitization

The major challenge in chemotherapy lies in the gain of therapeutic resistance properties of cancer cells. The relatively small fraction of chemo-resistant cancer cells outgrows and are responsible for tumor relapse, with acquired invasiveness and stemness. We demonstrate that zinc-finger MYND type-8 (ZMYND8), a putative chromatin reader, suppresses stemness, drug resistance, and tumor-promoting genes, which are hallmarks of cancer. Reinstating ZMYND8 suppresses chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin-induced tumorigenic potential (at a sublethal dose) and drug resistance, thereby resetting the transcriptional program of cells to the epithelial state. The ability of ZMYND8 to chemo-sensitize doxorubicin-treated metastatic breast cancer cells by downregulating tumor-associated genes was further confirmed by transcriptome analysis. Interestingly, we observed that ZMYND8 overexpression in doxorubicin-treated cells stimulated those involved in a good prognosis in breast cancer. Consistently, sensitizing the cancer cells with ZMYND8 followed by doxorubicin treatment led to tumor regression in vivo and revert back the phenotypes associated with drug resistance and stemness. Intriguingly, ZMYND8 modulates the bivalent or poised oncogenes through its association with KDM5C and EZH2, thereby chemo-sensitizing the cells to chemotherapy for better disease-free survival. Collectively, our findings indicate that poised chromatin is instrumental for the acquisition of chemo-resistance by cancer cells and propose ZMYND8 as a suitable epigenetic tool that can re-sensitize the chemo-refractory breast carcinoma.

Manumycin polyketides act as molecular glues between UBR7 and P53

Molecular glues are an intriguing therapeutic modality that harness small-molecules to induce interactions between proteins that typically do not interact. However, such molecules are rare and have been discovered fortuitously, thus limiting their potential as a general strategy for therapeutic intervention. We postulated that natural products bearing one or more electrophilic sites may be an unexplored source of new molecular glues, potentially acting through multi-covalent attachment. Using chemoproteomic platforms, we show that members of the manumycin family of polyketides, which bear multiple potentially reactive sites, target C374 of the putative E3 ligase UBR7 in breast cancer cells and engage in molecular glue interactions with the neo-substrate tumor-suppressor TP53, leading to p53 transcriptional activation and cell death. Our results reveal a novel anti-cancer mechanism of this natural product family and highlight the potential for combining chemoproteomics and multi-covalent natural products for the discovery of new molecular glues.

Methylation and serum response factor mediated in the regulation of gene ARRDC3 in breast cancer

Breast cancer poses a serious threat to women's life and health and many factors contribute to breast cancer including gene mutation and epigenetics. Gene ARRDC3 was usually repressed in breast cancer and methylation in promoter was reported to be involved in gene ARRDC3 expression regulation. To this end, the methylation status for gene ARRDC3 promoter was assayed by the Massarray quantitative method. The results indicated that different methylation level CpG sites including CpG_6, CpG_13.14, CpG_17.18, and CpG_25 existed between the tumor tissue and the adjacent normal tissue. In order to further verify whether methylation participated in gene ARRDC3 expression, three cell lines were treated with methylation inhibitor Aza-2'-deoxycytidine including A-375, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231. The results revealed that methylation inhibition observably increased ARRDC3 mRNA expression. Then we confirmed the effective length of promoter through the fluorescence report assay used for further analysis. The results showed that the 1746 bp length promoter produced the maximum fluorescence signal. To obtain the direct evidence that methylation in gene ARRDC3 promoter mediated in ARRDC3 expression regulation, the promoter plasmid was methylated by M.SssI enzyme and subjected to the fluorescence report assay. The results showed that methylation in the promoter markedly suppressed relative luciferase activity. In addition, the ecRNA was also analyzed for the methylation regulation and results illustrated that the ecRNA did not regulate ARRDC3 promoter methylation. However, several methylation CpG sites were found to be around CpG_25 site such as TGCATGG, TTGCAA, TTCGTA, and ATAGTT. These sites provide a good clue for further research in methylation for gene ARRDC3 expression regulation. Furthermore, the possible transcription factors involved in the ARRDC3 regulation were investigated by western blot, luciferase activity analysis and ChiP assay. These results documented that gene ARRDC3 expression was improved by SRF and that the methylation affected the interaction between the promoter and SRF. Lastly, the inhibition role of gene ARRDC3 on breast cancer was probed in vivo and in vitro and our results demonstrated that ARRDC3 could inhibit breast cancer growth through the STAT3 signal pathway. In summary, Gene ARRDC3 was inhibited by promoter methylation and was promoted by transcription factor SRF by binding the promoter region and the inhibition on breast cancer growth was exerted by ARRDC3 through STAT3 signal pathway.

TCF19 Promotes Cell Proliferation through Binding to the Histone H3K4me3 Mark

Transcription factor 19 (TCF19) plays critical roles in type 1 diabetes and the maintenance of pancreatic β cells. Recent studies have also implicated TCF19 in cell proliferation of hepatic carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma; however, the mechanism underlying this regulation remains elusive. At the molecular level, TCF19 contains two modules, the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain, of unclear function. Here, we show that TCF19 mediates hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell proliferation through its PHD finger that recognizes trimethylated lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4me3). W316 of the PHD finger of TCF19 is one of the critical residues eliciting this function. Whole genome microarray analysis and orthogonal cell-based assays identified a large subset of genes involved in cell survival and proliferation that depend on TCF19. Our data suggest that TCF19 acts as a pro-oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and that its functional PHD finger is critical in cell proliferation.

Gene modification by fast-track recombineering for cellular localization and isolation of components of plant protein complexes

To accelerate the isolation of plant protein complexes and study cellular localization and interaction of their components, an improved recombineering protocol is described for simple and fast site-directed modification of plant genes in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Coding sequences of fluorescent and affinity tags were inserted into genes and transferred together with flanking genomic sequences of desired size by recombination into Agrobacterium plant transformation vectors using three steps of E. coli transformation with PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Application of fast-track recombineering is illustrated by the simultaneous labelling of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE D (CDKD) and CYCLIN H (CYCH) subunits of kinase module of TFIIH general transcription factor and the CDKD-activating CDKF;1 kinase with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and mCherry (green and red fluorescent protein) tags, and a PIPL (His18 -StrepII-HA) epitope. Functionality of modified CDKF;1 gene constructs is verified by complementation of corresponding T-DNA insertion mutation. Interaction of CYCH with all three known CDKD homologues is confirmed by their co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry analyses of CDKD;2, CYCH, and DNA-replication-coupled HISTONE H3.1 validate their association with conserved TFIIH subunits and components of CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY FACTOR 1, respectively. The results document that simple modification of plant gene products with suitable tags by fast-track recombineering is well suited to promote a wide range of protein interaction and proteomics studies.

Cdh4 Down-Regulation Impairs in Vivo Infiltration and Malignancy in Patients Derived Glioblastoma Cells

The high invasive phenotype of glioblastoma is one of the main causes of therapy inefficacy and tumor relapse. Cell adhesion molecules of the cadherin family are involved in cell migration and are known as master regulators of epithelial tumor invasiveness, but their role in glioblastoma is less understood. In particular, we recently demonstrated, in the syngeneic murine model, the occurrence of a previously undescribed cadherin switch between Cdh2 and Cdh4 during gliomagenesis, which is necessary for the acquisition of the highly infiltrative and tumorigenic phenotype of these cells. In the present study, we tested the role of Cdh4 in human gliomas. Our results on patient-derived glioma cells demonstrate a positive correlation between Cdh4 expression levels and the loss of cell-cell contact inhibition of proliferation controls that allows cells to proliferate over confluence. Moreover, the silencing of Cdh4 by artificial microRNAs induced a decrease in the infiltrative ability of human glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. More strikingly, Cdh4 silencing induced an impairment of the tumorigenic potential of these cells after orthotopic transplantation in immunodeficient mice. Overall, we conclude that in human glioblastoma, Cdh4 can also actively contribute in regulating cell invasiveness and malignancy.