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Sahin IH, Saridogan T, Ayasun R, Syed MP, Gorantla V, Malhotra M, Thomas R, Rhee J, Zhang J, Hsu D, Singhi AD, Saeed A. Targeting KRAS Oncogene for Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A New Step Toward Precision Medicine. JCO Oncol Pract 2024:OP2300787. [PMID: 38739872 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are common driver oncogenes associated with the development of several solid tumors. KRAS oncogene has been considered a highly challenging target for drug development because of structural features, including the lack of deep groove on its catalytic unit. However, by leveraging cysteine residues, covalent KRAS inhibitors irreversibly trap KRAS G12C mutants in their inactive GDP-bound state. These agents have resulted in significant clinical responses among patients with KRAS G12C-mutant solid tumors, including patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Other allele-specific inhibitors of KRAS oncogene and panKRAS and panRAS inhibitors are also currently being investigated in clinical trials. This review article overviews recent clinical progress on KRAS G12C targeting for the management of patients with KRAS G12C-mutant CRC and provides an update on other RAS targeting approaches. We also discuss the unique biological features of RAS-mutant CRC, which require the combination of KRAS inhibitors and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy, and elaborate on resistance mechanisms and novel therapeutic avenues that may define future treatment paradigms of patients with RAS-mutant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Halil Sahin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Ruveyda Ayasun
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Masood Pasha Syed
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Roby Thomas
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Rhee
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Janie Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dennis Hsu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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2
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Gu M, Liu Y, Xin P, Guo W, Zhao Z, Yang X, Ma R, Jiao T, Zheng W. Fundamental insights and molecular interactions in pancreatic cancer: Pathways to therapeutic approaches. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216738. [PMID: 38401887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can be affected by a number of diseases that pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant manifestation of them. The prognosis of PC patients is unfavorable and because of their diagnosis at advanced stage, the treatment of this tumor is problematic. Owing to low survival rate, there is much interest towards understanding the molecular profile of PC in an attempt in developing more effective therapeutics. The conventional therapeutics for PC include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as emerging immunotherapy. However, PC is still incurable and more effort should be performed. The molecular landscape of PC is an underlying factor involved in increase in progression of tumor cells. In the presence review, the newest advances in understanding the molecular and biological events in PC are discussed. The dysregulation of molecular pathways including AMPK, MAPK, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and non-coding RNA transcripts has been suggested as a factor in development of tumorigenesis in PC. Moreover, cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and necroptosis demonstrate abnormal levels. The EMT and glycolysis in PC cells enhance to ensure their metastasis and proliferation. Furthermore, such abnormal changes have been used to develop corresponding pharmacological and nanotechnological therapeutics for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Peng Xin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zimo Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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3
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Liou GY, Byrd CJ, Storz P, Messex JK. Cytokine CCL9 Mediates Oncogenic KRAS-Induced Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia by Promoting Reactive Oxygen Species and Metalloproteinases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4726. [PMID: 38731942 PMCID: PMC11083758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can originate from acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). Pancreatic acini harboring oncogenic Kras mutations are transdifferentiated to a duct-like phenotype that further progresses to become pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions, giving rise to PDAC. Although ADM formation is frequently observed in KrasG12D transgenic mouse models of PDAC, the exact mechanisms of how oncogenic KrasG12D regulates this process remain an enigma. Herein, we revealed a new downstream target of oncogenic Kras, cytokine CCL9, during ADM formation. Higher levels of CCL9 and its receptors, CCR1 and CCR3, were detected in ADM regions of the pancreas in p48cre:KrasG12D mice and human PDAC patients. Knockdown of CCL9 in KrasG12D-expressed pancreatic acini reduced KrasG12D-induced ADM in a 3D organoid culture system. Moreover, exogenously added recombinant CCL9 and overexpression of CCL9 in primary pancreatic acini induced pancreatic ADM. We also showed that, functioning as a downstream target of KrasG12D, CCL9 promoted pancreatic ADM through upregulation of the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP14, MMP3 and MMP2. Blockade of MMPs via its generic inhibitor GM6001 or knockdown of specific MMP such as MMP14 and MMP3 decreased CCL9-induced pancreatic ADM. In p48cre:KrasG12D transgenic mice, blockade of CCL9 through its specific neutralizing antibody attenuated pancreatic ADM structures and PanIN lesion formation. Furthermore, it also diminished infiltrating macrophages and expression of MMP14, MMP3 and MMP2 in the ADM areas. Altogether, our results provide novel mechanistic insight into how oncogenic Kras enhances pancreatic ADM through its new downstream target molecule, CCL9, to initiate PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Crystal J. Byrd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Justin K. Messex
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
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Imperial R, Mosalem O, Majeed U, Tran NH, Borad MJ, Babiker H. Second-Line Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Shedding Light on New Opportunities and Key Talking Points from Clinical Trials. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2024; 17:121-134. [PMID: 38650920 PMCID: PMC11034511 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s390655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in overall cancer mortality, deaths related to pancreatic cancer continue to rise. Following first-line treatment, second-line options are significantly limited. Classically, first-line treatment consisted of either gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil based systemic chemotherapy. Upon progression of disease or recurrence, subsequent second-line treatment is still gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy, depending on what was used in the first line and the timing of progression or recurrence. A better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has led to new treatment strategies including specifically targeting the desmoplastic stroma, cytokine signaling and actionable mutations. Furthermore, efforts are also directed to enhance the immunogenicity profile of PDAC's well-established immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment. More recently, the outstanding response rates of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells in hematologic malignancies, have led to clinical trials to evaluate the treatment modality in PDAC. In this review, we summarize recently presented clinical trials for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma with novel treatment approaches in the second line and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Imperial
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Osama Mosalem
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Umair Majeed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hani Babiker
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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D'Amico S, Kirillov V, Petrenko O, Reich NC. STAT3 is a genetic modifier of TGF-beta induced EMT in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer. eLife 2024; 13:RP92559. [PMID: 38573819 PMCID: PMC10994661 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in KRAS are among the most common in cancer. Classical models suggest that loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal traits are associated with cancer aggressiveness and therapy resistance. However, the mechanistic link between these phenotypes and mutant KRAS biology remains to be established. Here, we identify STAT3 as a genetic modifier of TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic cancer cells identifies more than 200 genes commonly regulated by STAT3 and oncogenic KRAS. Functional classification of the STAT3-responsive program reveals its major role in tumor maintenance and epithelial homeostasis. The signatures of STAT3-activated cell states can be projected onto human KRAS mutant tumors, suggesting that they faithfully reflect characteristics of human disease. These observations have implications for therapeutic intervention and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D'Amico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Nancy C Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
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Hussain MS, Moglad E, Afzal M, Bansal P, Kaur H, Deorari M, Ali H, Shahwan M, Hassan Almalki W, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, Singh SK, Dua K, Gupta G. Circular RNAs in the KRAS pathway: Emerging players in cancer progression. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155259. [PMID: 38503004 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recognized as key components in the intricate regulatory network of the KRAS pathway across various cancers. The KRAS pathway, a central signalling cascade crucial in tumorigenesis, has gained substantial emphasis as a possible therapeutic target. CircRNAs, a subgroup of non-coding RNAs known for their closed circular arrangement, play diverse roles in gene regulation, contributing to the intricate landscape of cancer biology. This review consolidates existing knowledge on circRNAs within the framework of the KRAS pathway, emphasizing their multifaceted functions in cancer progression. Notable circRNAs, such as Circ_GLG1 and circITGA7, have been identified as pivotal regulators in colorectal cancer (CRC), influencing KRAS expression and the Ras signaling pathway. Aside from their significance in gene regulation, circRNAs contribute to immune evasion, apoptosis, and drug tolerance within KRAS-driven cancers, adding complexity to the intricate interplay. While our comprehension of circRNAs in the KRAS pathway is evolving, challenges such as the diverse landscape of KRAS mutant tumors and the necessity for synergistic combination therapies persist. Integrating cutting-edge technologies, including deep learning-based prediction methods, holds the potential for unveiling disease-associated circRNAs and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Sustained research efforts are crucial to comprehensively unravel the molecular mechanisms governing the intricate interplay between circRNAs and the KRAS pathway, offering insights that could potentially revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560069, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh 247341, India; Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831001, India
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Haider Ali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India.
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Kumarasamy V, Wang J, Frangou C, Wan Y, Dynka A, Rosenheck H, Dey P, Abel EV, Knudsen ES, Witkiewicz AK. The Extracellular Niche and Tumor Microenvironment Enhance KRAS Inhibitor Efficacy in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1115-1132. [PMID: 38294344 PMCID: PMC10982648 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease that lacks effective treatment options, highlighting the need for developing new therapeutic interventions. Here, we assessed the response to pharmacologic inhibition of KRAS, the central oncogenic driver of PDAC. In a panel of PDAC cell lines, inhibition of KRASG12D with MRTX1133 yielded variable efficacy in suppressing cell growth and downstream gene expression programs in 2D cultures. On the basis of CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens, ITGB1 was identified as a target to enhance the therapeutic response to MRTX1133 by regulating mechanotransduction signaling and YAP/TAZ expression, which was confirmed by gene-specific knockdown and combinatorial drug synergy. Interestingly, MRTX1133 was considerably more efficacious in 3D cell cultures. Moreover, MRTX1133 elicited a pronounced cytostatic effect in vivo and controlled tumor growth in PDAC patient-derived xenografts. In syngeneic models, KRASG12D inhibition led to tumor regression that did not occur in immune-deficient hosts. Digital spatial profiling on tumor tissues indicated that MRTX1133-mediated KRAS inhibition enhanced IFNγ signaling and induced antigen presentation that modulated the tumor microenvironment. Further investigation of the immunologic response using single-cell sequencing and multispectral imaging revealed that tumor regression was associated with suppression of neutrophils and influx of effector CD8+ T cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that both tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic events contribute to response to MRTX1133 and credential KRASG12D inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy for a large percentage of patients with PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE Pharmacologic inhibition of KRAS elicits varied responses in pancreatic cancer 2D cell lines, 3D organoid cultures, and xenografts, underscoring the importance of mechanotransduction and the tumor microenvironment in regulating therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Kumarasamy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Costakis Frangou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Yin Wan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Andrew Dynka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hanna Rosenheck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ethan V. Abel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Erik S. Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Agnieszka K. Witkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Shang Y, Fu S, Hao Q, Ying H, Wang J, Shen T. Multiple medicinal chemistry strategies of targeting KRAS: State-of-the art and future directions. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107092. [PMID: 38271825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene and drives the development and progression of malignancies, most notably non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, KRAS proteins have maintained the reputation of being "undruggable" due to the lack of suitable deep pockets on its surface. One major milestone for KRAS inhibition was the discovery of the covalent inhibitors bond to the allosteric switch-II pocket of the KRASG12C protein. To date, the FDA has approved two KRASG12C inhibitors, sotorasib and adagrasib, for the treatment of patients with KRASG12C-driven cancers. Researchers have paid close attention to the development of inhibitors for other KRAS mutations and upstream regulatory factors. The KRAS targeted drug discovery has entered a state of rapid development. This article has aimed to present the current state of the art of drug development in the KRAS field. We systematically summarize recent advances in the discovery and optimization processes of direct KRAS inhibitors (including KRASG12C, KRASG12D, KRASG12A and KRASG12R inhibitors), indirect KRAS inhibitors (SOS1 and SHP2 inhibitors), pan-KRAS inhibitors, as well as proteolysis-targetingchimeras degrades and molecular chaperone modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry. We also discuss the current challenges and opportunities of KRAS inhibition and hope to shed light on future KRAS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Shang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingjing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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Xu M, Zhao X, Wen T, Qu X. Unveiling the role of KRAS in tumor immune microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116058. [PMID: 38171240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rats sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), the first discovered human oncogene, has long been recognized as "undruggable". KRAS mutations frequently occur in multiple human cancers including non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), colorectal cancer(CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC), functioning as a "molecule switch" determining the activation of various oncogenic signaling pathways. Except for its intrinsic pro-tumorigenic role, KRAS alteration also exhibits an unique immune signature characterized by elevated PD-L1 level and high tumor mutational burden(TMB). KRAS mutation shape an immune suppressive microenvironment by impeding effective T cells infiltration and recruiting suppressive immune cells including myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs), regulatory T cells(Tregs), cancer associated fibroblasts(CAFs). In immune checkpoint inhibitor(ICI) era, NSCLC patients with mutated KRAS tend to be more responsive to ICI than patients with intact KRAS. The hallmark for KRAS mutation is the existence of multiple kinds of co-mutations. Different types of co-alterations have distinct tumor microenvironment(TME) signatures and responses to ICI. TP53 co-mutation possess a "hot" TME and achieve higher response to immunotherapy while other loss of function mutation correlated with a "colder" TME and a poor outcome to ICI-based therapy. The groundbreaking discovery of KRAS G12C inhibitors significantly improved outcomes for this KRAS subtype even though efficacy was limited to NSCLC patients. KRAS G12C inhibitors also restore the suppressive TME, creating an opportunity for combinations with ICI. However, an inevitable challenge to KRAS inhibitors is drug resistance. Promising combination strategies such as combination with SHP2 is an approach deserve further exploration because of their immune modulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Provinces, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ti Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Provinces, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Provinces, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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10
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Foote JB, Mattox TE, Keeton AB, Chen X, Smith FT, Berry KL, Holmes T, Wang J, Huang CH, Ward AB, Hardy C, Fleten KG, Flatmark K, Yoon KJ, Sarvesh S, Ganji PN, Maxuitenko Y, Valiyaveettil J, Carstens JL, Buchsbaum DJ, Yang J, Zhou G, Nurmemmedov E, Babic I, Gaponenko V, Abdelkarim H, Mitra AK, Boyd MR, Manne U, Bae S, El-Rayes BF, Piazza GA. A Novel Pan-RAS Inhibitor with a Unique Mechanism of Action Blocks Tumor Growth in Mouse Models of GI Cancer. bioRxiv 2024:2023.05.17.541233. [PMID: 38328254 PMCID: PMC10849544 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Here we characterize a novel pan-RAS inhibitor, ADT-007, that potently and selectively inhibited the growth of histologically diverse cancer cell lines with mutant or activated RAS irrespective of the RAS mutation or isozyme. Growth inhibition was dependent on activated RAS and associated with reduced GTP-RAS levels and MAPK/AKT signaling. ADT-007 bound RAS in lysates from sensitive cells with sub-nanomolar EC 50 values but did not bind RAS in lysates from insensitive cells with low activated RAS. Insensitivity to ADT-007 was attributed to metabolic deactivation by UGT-mediated glucuronidation, providing a detoxification mechanism to protect normal cells from pan-RAS inhibition. Molecular modeling and experiments using recombinant RAS revealed that ADT-007 binds RAS in a nucleotide-free conformation to block GTP activation. Local injection of ADT-007 strongly inhibited tumor growth in syngeneic immune competent and xenogeneic immune deficient mouse models of colorectal and pancreatic cancer and activated innate and adaptive immunity in the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE ADT-007 is a novel pan-RAS inhibitor with a unique mechanism of action having potential to circumvent resistance to mutant-specific KRAS inhibitors and activate antitumor immunity. The findings support further development of ADT-007 analogs and/or prodrugs with oral bioavailability as a generalizable monotherapy or combined with immunotherapy for RAS mutant cancers. BACKGROUND It is projected that colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) will cause 52,580 and 49,830 deaths in the US in 2023, respectively (1). The 5-year survival rates for CRC and PDA are 65% and 12%, respectively (1). Over 50% of CRC and 90% of PDA patients harbor mutations in KRAS genes that are associated with poor prognosis, making the development of novel KRAS inhibitors an urgent unmet medical need (2).
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Gong X, Du J, Peng RW, Chen C, Yang Z. CRISPRing KRAS: A Winding Road with a Bright Future in Basic and Translational Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:460. [PMID: 38275900 PMCID: PMC10814442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Once considered "undruggable" due to the strong affinity of RAS proteins for GTP and the structural lack of a hydrophobic "pocket" for drug binding, the development of proprietary therapies for KRAS-mutant tumors has long been a challenging area of research. CRISPR technology, the most successful gene-editing tool to date, is increasingly being utilized in cancer research. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the application of the CRISPR system in basic and translational research in KRAS-mutant cancer, summarizing recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of KRAS biology and the underlying principles of drug resistance, anti-tumor immunity, epigenetic regulatory networks, and synthetic lethality co-opted by mutant KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jianting Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 28, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Duan X, Zhang T, Feng L, de Silva N, Greenspun B, Wang X, Moyer J, Martin ML, Chandwani R, Elemento O, Leach SD, Evans T, Chen S, Pan FC. A pancreatic cancer organoid platform identifies an inhibitor specific to mutant KRAS. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:71-88.e8. [PMID: 38151022 PMCID: PMC11022279 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutations, mainly G12D and G12V, are found in more than 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases. The success of drugs targeting KRASG12C suggests the potential for drugs specifically targeting these alternative PDAC-associated KRAS mutations. Here, we report a high-throughput drug-screening platform using a series of isogenic murine pancreatic organoids that are wild type (WT) or contain common PDAC driver mutations, representing both classical and basal PDAC phenotypes. We screened over 6,000 compounds and identified perhexiline maleate, which can inhibit the growth and induce cell death of pancreatic organoids carrying the KrasG12D mutation both in vitro and in vivo and primary human PDAC organoids. scRNA-seq analysis suggests that the cholesterol synthesis pathway is upregulated specifically in the KRAS mutant organoids, including the key cholesterol synthesis regulator SREBP2. Perhexiline maleate decreases SREBP2 expression levels and reverses the KRAS mutant-induced upregulation of the cholesterol synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Duan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lingling Feng
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Neranjan de Silva
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenspun
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jenna Moyer
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Laura Martin
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohit Chandwani
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven D Leach
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Bi W, Xu Z, Liu F, Xie Z, Liu H, Zhu X, Zhong W, Zhang P, Tang X. Genome-wide analyses reveal the contribution of somatic variants to the immune landscape of multiple cancer types. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011134. [PMID: 38241355 PMCID: PMC10829993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that cancer cells can evade immune surveillance by mutating themselves. Understanding genetic alterations in cancer cells that contribute to immune regulation could lead to better immunotherapy patient stratification and identification of novel immune-oncology (IO) targets. In this report, we describe our effort of genome-wide association analyses across 22 TCGA cancer types to explore the associations between genetic alterations in cancer cells and 74 immune traits. Results showed that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by different gene mutations in different cancer types. Out of the key genes that drive multiple immune traits, top hit KEAP1 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was selected for validation. It was found that KEAP1 mutations can explain more than 10% of the variance for multiple immune traits in LUAD. Using public scRNA-seq data, further analysis confirmed that KEAP1 mutations activate the NRF2 pathway and promote a suppressive TME. The activation of the NRF2 pathway is negatively correlated with lower T cell infiltration and higher T cell exhaustion. Meanwhile, several immune check point genes, such as CD274 (PD-L1), are highly expressed in NRF2-activated cancer cells. By integrating multiple RNA-seq data, a NRF2 gene signature was curated, which predicts anti-PD1 therapy response better than CD274 gene alone in a mixed cohort of different subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including LUAD, highlighting the important role of KEAP1-NRF2 axis in shaping the TME in NSCLC. Finally, a list of overexpressed ligands in NRF2 pathway activated cancer cells were identified and could potentially be targeted for TME remodeling in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Bi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Medicine Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Major Immunology-related Diseases, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Xu
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Feng Liu
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhi Xie
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hao Liu
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaotian Zhu
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wenge Zhong
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Tang
- Regor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Oketch DJA, Giulietti M, Piva F. Copy Number Variations in Pancreatic Cancer: From Biological Significance to Clinical Utility. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:391. [PMID: 38203561 PMCID: PMC10779192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, characterized by high tumor heterogeneity and a poor prognosis. Inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity in PDAC is a major obstacle to effective PDAC treatment; therefore, it is highly desirable to explore the tumor heterogeneity and underlying mechanisms for the improvement of PDAC prognosis. Gene copy number variations (CNVs) are increasingly recognized as a common and heritable source of inter-individual variation in genomic sequence. In this review, we outline the origin, main characteristics, and pathological aspects of CNVs. We then describe the occurrence of CNVs in PDAC, including those that have been clearly shown to have a pathogenic role, and further highlight some key examples of their involvement in tumor development and progression. The ability to efficiently identify and analyze CNVs in tumor samples is important to support translational research and foster precision oncology, as copy number variants can be utilized to guide clinical decisions. We provide insights into understanding the CNV landscapes and the role of both somatic and germline CNVs in PDAC, which could lead to significant advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Although there has been significant progress in this field, understanding the full contribution of CNVs to the genetic basis of PDAC will require further research, with more accurate CNV assays such as single-cell techniques and larger cohorts than have been performed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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15
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Li L, Shen L, Wu H, Li M, Chen L, Zhou Q, Ma J, Huai C, Zhou W, Wei M, Zhao M, Zhao X, Du H, Jiang B, Sun Y, Zhang N, Qin S, Xing T. An integrated analysis identifies six molecular subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma revealing cellular and molecular landscape. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:726-740. [PMID: 37747815 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has been found to have a high mortality rate. Despite continuous efforts, current histopathological classification is insufficient to guide individualized therapies of PDA. We first define the molecular subtypes of PDA (MSOP) based on a meta-cohort of 845 samples from 11 PDA datasets. We then performed functional analyses involving immunity, fibrosis and metabolism. We recognized six molecular subtypes with different survival statistics and molecular composition. The squamous basal-like (SBL) subtype had a poor prognosis and high infiltration of ENO1+ (Enolase 1)/ADM+ (Adrenomedullin) cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The immune mesenchymal-like (IML) subtype and the normal mesenchymal-like (NML) subtype were characterized by genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) activities and immune responses, having favorable prognoses. IML was featured by elevated exhausted immune signaling and inflammatory CAFs infiltration, whereas NML was featured with myofibroblastic CAFs infiltration. The exocrine-like (EL) subtype was high in exocrine signals, while the pure classical-like (PCL) subtype lacked immunocytes infiltration. The quiescent-like (QL) subtype had diminished metabolic signaling and high infiltration of NK cells. SBL, IML and NML were enriched in innate anti-PD-1 resistance signatures. In sum, this MSOP depicts a vivid cell-to-molecular atlas of the tumor microenvironment of PDA and might facilitate to design a precise combination of therapies that target immunity, metabolism and stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luan Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsong Ma
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cong Huai
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muyun Wei
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianglong Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Du
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bixuan Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Sun
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tonghai Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Boumelha J, Molina-Arcas M, Downward J. Facts and Hopes on RAS Inhibitors and Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5012-5020. [PMID: 37581538 PMCID: PMC10722141 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the past decade has seen great strides in the development of immunotherapies that reactivate the immune system against tumors, there have also been major advances in the discovery of drugs blocking oncogenic drivers of cancer growth. However, there has been very little progress in combining immunotherapies with drugs that target oncogenic driver pathways. Some of the most important oncogenes in human cancer encode RAS family proteins, although these have proven challenging to target. Recently drugs have been approved that inhibit a specific mutant form of KRAS: G12C. These have improved the treatment of patients with lung cancer harboring this mutation, but development of acquired drug resistance after initial responses has limited the impact on overall survival. Because of the immunosuppressive nature of the signaling network controlled by oncogenic KRAS, targeted KRAS G12C inhibition can indirectly affect antitumor immunity, and does so without compromising the critical role of normal RAS proteins in immune cells. This serves as a rationale for combination with immune checkpoint blockade, which can provide additional combinatorial therapeutic benefit in some preclinical cancer models. However, in clinical trials, combination of KRAS G12C inhibitors with PD-(L)1 blockade has yet to show improved outcome, in part due to treatment toxicities. A greater understanding of how oncogenic KRAS drives immune evasion and how mutant-specific KRAS inhibition impacts the tumor microenvironment can lead to novel approaches to combining RAS inhibition with immunotherapies.
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17
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Hilmi M, Delaye M, Muzzolini M, Nicolle R, Cros J, Hammel P, Cardot-Ruffino V, Neuzillet C. The immunological landscape in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and overcoming resistance to immunotherapy. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8:1129-1142. [PMID: 37866368 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is associated with a poor prognosis and there are few treatment options. The development of immunotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has been difficult, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are only effective in a very small subset of patients. Most obstacles for treatment have been related to intertumoural and intratumoural heterogeneity, the composition of tumour stroma, and crosstalk with cancer cells. Improved molecular characterisation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and a better understanding of its microenvironment have paved the way for novel immunotherapy strategies, including the identification of predictive biomarkers, the development of rational combinations to optimise effectiveness, and the targeting of new mechanisms. Future immunotherapy strategies should consider individual characteristics to move beyond the traditional immune targets and circumvent the resistance to therapies that have been developed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilmi
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Cloud, France; Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Delaye
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Cloud, France; Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Milena Muzzolini
- Digestive Surgery Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Rémy Nicolle
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL 8252, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Université Paris Cité, Pathology Department, Beaujon Hospital, FHU MOSAIC, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - Pascal Hammel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Digestive and Medical Oncology, Paul-Brousse Hospital (APHP Sud), Villejuif, France
| | | | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Cloud, France; Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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18
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Gehl V, O'Rourke CJ, Andersen JB. Immunogenomics of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00649. [PMID: 37972940 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of cholangiocarcinoma spans years, if not decades, during which the immune system becomes corrupted and permissive to primary tumor development and metastasis. This involves subversion of local immunity at tumor sites, as well as systemic immunity and the wider host response. While immune dysfunction is a hallmark of all cholangiocarcinoma, the specific steps of the cancer-immunity cycle that are perturbed differ between patients. Heterogeneous immune functionality impacts the evolutionary development, pathobiological behavior, and therapeutic response of these tumors. Integrative genomic analyses of thousands of primary tumors have supported a biological rationale for immune-based stratification of patients, encompassing immune cell composition and functionality. However, discerning immune alterations responsible for promoting tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression from those present as bystander events remains challenging. Functionally uncoupling the tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing roles of immune profiles will be critical for identifying new immunomodulatory treatment strategies and associated biomarkers for patient stratification. This review will discuss the immunogenomics of cholangiocarcinoma, including the impact of genomic alterations on immune functionality, subversion of the cancer-immunity cycle, as well as clinical implications for existing and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virag Gehl
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Baird L, Yamamoto M. Immunoediting of KEAP1-NRF2 mutant tumours is required to circumvent NRF2-mediated immune surveillance. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102904. [PMID: 37839356 PMCID: PMC10590843 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cancer, activating mutations in the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway are frequently observed, and positively selected for, as they confer the cytoprotective functions of the transcription factor NRF2 on the cancer cells. This results in the development of aggressive tumours which are resistant to treatment with chemotherapeutic compounds. Recent clinical developments have also revealed that NRF2-activated cancers are similarly resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs. As the mechanism of action of these immune modulating therapies is tangential to the classical cytoprotective function of NRF2, it is unclear how aberrant NRF2 activity could impact the anti-cancer functionality of the immune system. In this context, we found that in human cancer, NRF2-activated cells are highly immunoedited, which allows the cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and develop into malignant tumours. This immunoediting takes the form of reduced antigen presentation by the MHC-I complex, coupled with reduced expression of activating ligands for NK cells. Together, these modifications to the immunogenicity of NRF2-activated cancers inhibit immune effector cell infiltration and engagement, and contribute to the formation of the immunologically cold tumour microenvironment which is a characteristic feature of NRF2-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Baird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku University, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku University, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
The 40-year desire to target the mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene (mKRAS) therapeutically is being realized with more and more broadly applicable and tumor-specific small-molecule inhibitors. Immunologically, mKRAS has equal desirability as a target. Tumor KRAS signaling plays a large role in shaping the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment, especially in pancreatic cancer, leaving mKRAS inhibitors with potentially powerful immune modulatory capabilities that could be exploited in immunological-oncological combinations. mKRAS is itself an immunological antigen, a 'shared neoepitope' linked to the oncogenic process, validated biochemically and immunologically. Novel approaches in the clinic are taking advantage of the fact that mKRAS peptides are naturally processed and presented in tumors by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C Cheng
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Yao S, Han Y, Yang M, Jin K, Lan H. It's high-time to re-evaluate the value of induced-chemotherapy for reinforcing immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241208. [PMID: 37920463 PMCID: PMC10619163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made significant advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), revolutionizing the therapeutic landscape and highlighting the indispensable role of the tumor immune microenvironment. However, some CRCs have shown poor response to immunotherapy, prompting investigation into the underlying reasons. It has been discovered that certain chemotherapeutic agents possess immune-stimulatory properties, including the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), the generation and processing of non-mutated neoantigens (NM-neoAgs), and the B cell follicle-driven T cell response. Based on these findings, the concept of inducing chemotherapy has been introduced, and the combination of inducing chemotherapy and immunotherapy has become a standard treatment option for certain cancers. Clinical trials have confirmed the feasibility and safety of this approach in CRC, offering a promising method for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges and difficulties ahead, and further research is required to optimize its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuejun Han
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengxiang Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Barar E, Shi J. Genome, Metabolism, or Immunity: Which Is the Primary Decider of Pancreatic Cancer Fate through Non-Apoptotic Cell Death? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2792. [PMID: 37893166 PMCID: PMC10603981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a solid tumor characterized by poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. Resistance to apoptosis, a cell death process, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, are some of the hallmarks of cancer. Exploring non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms provides an opportunity to overcome apoptosis resistance in PDAC. Several recent studies evaluated ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis as the non-apoptotic cell death processes in PDAC that play a crucial role in the prognosis and treatment of this disease. Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis play a crucial role in PDAC development via several signaling pathways, gene expression, and immunity regulation. This review summarizes the current understanding of how ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis interact with signaling pathways, the genome, the immune system, the metabolism, and other factors in the prognosis and treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfaneh Barar
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Labs, Rogel Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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23
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Li J, D’Amico S, Kirillov V, Petrenko O, Reich NC. Oncogenic dependency plays a dominant role in the immune response to cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308635120. [PMID: 37782788 PMCID: PMC10576078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308635120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest human malignancies. Advanced PDAC is considered incurable. Nearly 90% of pancreatic cancers are caused by oncogenic KRAS mutations. The mechanisms of primary or acquired resistance to KRAS inhibition are currently unknown. Here, we propose that oncogenic dependency, rather than KRAS mutation per se, plays a dominant role in the immune response to cancer, including late-stage PDAC. Classifying tumor samples according to KRAS activity scores allows accurate prediction of tumor immune composition and therapy response. Dual RAS/MAPK pathway blockade combining KRAS and MEK inhibitors is more effective than the selective KRAS inhibitor alone in attenuating MAPK activation and unblocking the influx of T cells into the tumor. Lowering KRAS activity in established tumors promotes immune infiltration, but with a limited antitumor effect, whereas combining KRAS/MEK inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade achieves durable regression in preclinical models. The results are directly applicable to stratifying human PDAC based on KRAS dependency values and immune cell composition to improve therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Stephen D’Amico
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
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24
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Aktar S, Islam F, Cheng T, Gamage SMK, Choudhury IN, Islam MS, Lu CT, Hamid FB, Ishida H, Abe I, Xie N, Gopalan V, Lam AK. Correlation between KRAS Mutation and CTLA-4 mRNA Expression in Circulating Tumour Cells: Clinical Implications in Colorectal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1808. [PMID: 37761948 PMCID: PMC10530465 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination strategies of KRAS inhibition with immunotherapy in treating advanced or recurrent colorectal carcinoma (CRC) may need to be assessed in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) to achieve better clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the genomic variations of KRAS in CTCs and matched CRC tissues and compared mRNA expression of KRAS and CTLA-4 between wild-type and KRAS-mutated CTCs and CRC tissues. Clinicopathological correlations were also compared. Six known mutations of KRAS were identified at both codon 12 and codon 13 (c.35G>T/G12V, c.35G>A7/G12D, c.35G>C/G12A, c.34G>A/G12S, c.38G>C/G13A, and c.38G>A/G13D). Three CTC samples harboured the identified mutations (16.7%; 3/18), while fifteen matched primary tumour tissues (65.2%, 15/23) showed the mutations. CTCs harbouring the KRAS variant were different from matched CRC tissue. All the mutations were heterozygous. Though insignificant, CTLA-4 mRNA expression was higher in patients carrying KRAS mutations. Patients harbouring KRAS mutations in CTCs were more likely to have poorly differentiated tumours (p = 0.039) and with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.027) and perineural invasion (p = 0.014). KRAS mutations in CTCs were also significantly correlated with overall pathological stages (p = 0.027). These findings imply the genetic basis of KRAS with immunotherapeutic target molecules based on a real-time platform. This study also suggests the highly heterogeneous nature of cancer cells, which may facilitate the assessment of clonal dynamics across a single patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Aktar
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Tracie Cheng
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Sujani Madhurika Kodagoda Gamage
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Indra Neil Choudhury
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Md Sajedul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Barishal, Barishal 8254, Bangladesh
| | - Cu Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Faysal Bin Hamid
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Hirotaka Ishida
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
| | - Ichiro Abe
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
| | - Nan Xie
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (S.A.); (T.C.); (S.M.K.G.); (M.S.I.); (F.B.H.); (H.I.); (I.A.); (N.X.)
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
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25
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Guo J, Wang S, Gao Q. An integrated overview of the immunosuppression features in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1258538. [PMID: 37771596 PMCID: PMC10523014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. It is characterized by a complex and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which is primarily composed of tumor cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and acellular components. The cross-interactions and -regulations among various cell types in the TME have been recognized to profoundly shape the immunosuppression features that meaningfully affect PDAC biology and treatment outcomes. In this review, we first summarize five cellular composition modules by integrating the cellular (sub)types, phenotypes, and functions in PDAC TME. Then we discuss an integrated overview of the cross-module regulations as a determinant of the immunosuppressive TME in PDAC. We also briefly highlight TME-targeted strategies that potentially improve PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyue Wang
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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26
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D’Amico S, Kirillov V, Petrenko O, Reich NC. STAT3 is a genetic modifier of TGF-beta induced EMT in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.01.555946. [PMID: 37732258 PMCID: PMC10508731 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in KRAS are among the most common in cancer. Classical models suggest that loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal traits are associated with cancer aggressiveness and therapy resistance. However, the mechanistic link between these phenotypes and mutant KRAS biology remains to be established. Here we identify STAT3 as a genetic modifier of TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic cancer cells identifies more than 200 genes commonly regulated by STAT3 and oncogenic KRAS. Functional classification of STAT3 responsive program reveals its major role in tumor maintenance and epithelial homeostasis. The signatures of STAT3-activated cell states can be projected onto human KRAS mutant tumors, suggesting that they faithfully reflect characteristics of human disease. These observations have implications for therapeutic intervention and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D’Amico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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27
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Urbanova M, Cihova M, Buocikova V, Slopovsky J, Dubovan P, Pindak D, Tomas M, García-Bermejo L, Rodríguez-Garrote M, Earl J, Kohl Y, Kataki A, Dusinska M, Sainz B, Smolkova B, Gabelova A. Nanomedicine and epigenetics: New alliances to increase the odds in pancreatic cancer survival. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115179. [PMID: 37481927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest cancers worldwide, primarily due to its robust desmoplastic stroma and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, fibrous tissue leads to sparse vasculature, high interstitial fluid pressure, and hypoxia, thereby hindering effective systemic drug delivery and immune cell infiltration. Thus, remodeling the TME to enhance tumor perfusion, increase drug retention, and reverse immunosuppression has become a key therapeutic strategy. In recent years, targeting epigenetic pathways has emerged as a promising approach to overcome tumor immunosuppression and cancer progression. Moreover, the progress in nanotechnology has provided new opportunities for enhancing the efficacy of conventional and epigenetic drugs. Nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) offer several advantages, including improved drug pharmacokinetics, enhanced tumor penetration, and reduced systemic toxicity. Smart NDDSs enable precise targeting of stromal components and augment the effectiveness of immunotherapy through multiple drug delivery options. This review offers an overview of the latest nano-based approaches developed to achieve superior therapeutic efficacy and overcome drug resistance. We specifically focus on the TME and epigenetic-targeted therapies in the context of PDAC, discussing the advantages and limitations of current strategies while highlighting promising new developments. By emphasizing the immense potential of NDDSs in improving therapeutic outcomes in PDAC, our review paves the way for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Urbanova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marina Cihova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Verona Buocikova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Slopovsky
- 2nd Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Klenova 1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Spitalska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Dubovan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Surgical Oncology, National CancerInstitute in Bratislava, Klenova 1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová12, 833 03 Bratislava
| | - Daniel Pindak
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National CancerInstitute in Bratislava, Klenova 1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová12, 833 03 Bratislava
| | - Miroslav Tomas
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Surgical Oncology, National CancerInstitute in Bratislava, Klenova 1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová12, 833 03 Bratislava
| | - Laura García-Bermejo
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group, Area4, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez-Garrote
- Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumor Markers Group, Area 3, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie Earl
- Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumor Markers Group, Area 3, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar Km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Department Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Agapi Kataki
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 114, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Bruno Sainz
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas"Alberto Sols" (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Biomarkers and Personalized Approach to Cancer (BIOPAC) Group, Area 3, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia..
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28
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Masugi Y, Takamatsu M, Tanaka M, Hara K, Inoue Y, Hamada T, Suzuki T, Arita J, Hirose Y, Kawaguchi Y, Nakai Y, Oba A, Sasahira N, Shimane G, Takeda T, Tateishi K, Uemura S, Fujishiro M, Hasegawa K, Kitago M, Takahashi Y, Ushiku T, Takeuchi K, Sakamoto M. Post-operative mortality and recurrence patterns in pancreatic cancer according to KRAS mutation and CDKN2A, p53, and SMAD4 expression. J Pathol Clin Res 2023; 9:339-353. [PMID: 37291757 PMCID: PMC10397380 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in KRAS, CDKN2A (p16), TP53, and SMAD4 genes have been major drivers of pancreatic carcinogenesis. The clinical course of patients with pancreatic cancer in relation to these driver alterations has not been fully characterised in large populations. We hypothesised that pancreatic carcinomas with different combinations of KRAS mutation and aberrant expression of CDKN2A, p53, and SMAD4 might show distinctive recurrence patterns and post-operative survival outcomes. To test this hypothesis, we utilised a multi-institutional cohort of 1,146 resected pancreatic carcinomas and assessed KRAS mutations by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and CDKN2A, p53, and SMAD4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were computed according to each molecular alteration and the number of altered genes using the Cox regression models. Multivariable competing risks regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations of the number of altered genes with specific patterns of recurrence. Loss of SMAD4 expression was associated with short DFS (multivariable HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09-1.43) and OS times (multivariable HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10-1.46). Compared to cases with 0-2 altered genes, cases with three and four altered genes had multivariable HRs for OS of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.09-1.51) and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.22-1.78), respectively (ptrend < 0.001). Patients with an increasing number of altered genes were more likely to have short DFS time (ptrend = 0.003) and to develop liver metastasis (ptrend = 0.006) rather than recurrence at local or other distant sites. In conclusion, loss of SMAD4 expression and an increasing number of altered genes were associated with unfavourable outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients. This study suggests that the accumulation of the four major driver alterations can confer a high metastatic potential to the liver, thereby impairing post-operative survival among patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Masugi
- Department of PathologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Division of Diagnostic PathologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Manabu Takamatsu
- Division of PathologyCancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
- Department of PathologyCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kensuke Hara
- Department of PathologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Tatsunori Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Junichi Arita
- Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Yuki Hirose
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshikuni Kawaguchi
- Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic SurgeryThe University of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Atsushi Oba
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Gaku Shimane
- Department of SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Sho Uemura
- Department of SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Division of PathologyCancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
- Department of PathologyCancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of PathologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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29
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Liu X, Zhuang Y, Huang W, Wu Z, Chen Y, Shan Q, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Ding X, Qiu Z, Cui W, Wang Z. Interventional hydrogel microsphere vaccine as an immune amplifier for activated antitumour immunity after ablation therapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4106. [PMID: 37433774 PMCID: PMC10336067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The response rate of pancreatic cancer to chemotherapy or immunotherapy pancreatic cancer is low. Although minimally invasive irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a promising option for irresectable pancreatic cancers, the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment that characterizes this tumour type enables tumour recurrence. Thus, strengthening endogenous adaptive antitumour immunity is critical for improving the outcome of ablation therapy and post-ablation immune therapy. Here we present a hydrogel microsphere vaccine that amplifies post-ablation anti-cancer immune response via releasing its cargo of FLT3L and CD40L at the relatively lower pH of the tumour bed. The vaccine facilitates migration of the tumour-resident type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to the tumour-draining lymph nodes (TdLN), thus initiating the cDC1-mediated antigen cross-presentation cascade, resulting in enhanced endogenous CD8+ T cell response. We show in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model in male mice that the hydrogel microsphere vaccine transforms the immunologically cold tumour microenvironment into hot in a safe and efficient manner, thus significantly increasing survival and inhibiting the growth of distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhuozhuo Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qungang Shan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuefang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, No.320 Yueyang Road, 200032, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, No.320 Yueyang Road, 200032, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.149, South Chongqing Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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30
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Korc M. Heparin Prowess: Favorable Vascular-Immune Reprogramming in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2348-2350. [PMID: 37099035 PMCID: PMC10320458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Several approaches for overcoming immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic and colorectal cancer syngeneic models were assessed using heparin and immunotherapy. Beneficial responses were attributed to heparin-induced vascular normalization, ensuing CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and M1 macrophage polarization, suggesting the potential for heparin-anchored therapies in cold tumors such as pancreatic cancer. See related article by Wei et al., p. 2525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Korc
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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31
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Rodrigues M, Vanoni G, Loap P, Dubot C, Timperi E, Minsat M, Bazire L, Durdux C, Fourchotte V, Laas E, Pouget N, Castel-Ajgal Z, Marret G, Lesage L, Meseure D, Vincent-Salomon A, Lecompte L, Servant N, Vacher S, Bieche I, Malhaire C, Huchet V, Champion L, Kamal M, Amigorena S, Lantz O, Chevrier M, Romano E. Nivolumab plus chemoradiotherapy in locally-advanced cervical cancer: the NICOL phase 1 trial. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3698. [PMID: 37349318 PMCID: PMC10287640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with blockade of the PD-1 pathway may enhance immune-mediated tumor control through increased phagocytosis, cell death, and antigen presentation. The NiCOL phase 1 trial (NCT03298893) is designed to determine the safety/tolerance profile and the recommended phase-II dose of nivolumab with and following concurrent CRT in 16 women with locally advanced cervical cancer. Secondary endpoints include objective response rate (ORR), progression free survival (PFS), disease free survival, and immune correlates of response. Three patients experience grade 3 dose-limiting toxicities. The pre-specified endpoints are met, and overall response rate is 93.8% [95%CI: 69.8-99.8%] with a 2-year PFS of 75% [95% CI: 56.5-99.5%]. Compared to patients with progressive disease (PD), progression-free (PF) subjects show a brisker stromal immune infiltrate, higher proximity of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ T cells to PD-L1+ tumor cells and of FOXP3+ T cells to proliferating CD11c+ myeloid cells. PF show higher baseline levels of PD-1 and ICOS-L on tumor-infiltrating EMRA CD4+ T cells and tumor-associated macrophages, respectively; PD instead, display enhanced PD-L1 expression on TAMs, higher peripheral frequencies of proliferating Tregs at baseline and higher PD-1 levels at week 6 post-treatment initiation on CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets. Concomitant nivolumab plus definitive CRT is safe and associated with encouraging PFS rates. Further validation in the subset of locally advanced cervical cancer displaying pre-existing, adaptive immune activation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodrigues
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Giulia Vanoni
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Loap
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint Cloud, France
| | - Coraline Dubot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Eleonora Timperi
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Minsat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint Cloud, France
| | - Louis Bazire
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint Cloud, France
| | - Catherine Durdux
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Radiation Oncology, Paris, France
| | | | - Enora Laas
- Service of Breast and Gynecologic Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pouget
- Service of Breast and Gynecologic Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Zahra Castel-Ajgal
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gregoire Marret
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Lesage
- Department of Pathology Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Department of Pathology Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Department of Pathology Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lolita Lecompte
- Institut Curie Bioinformatics Platform, INSERM U900, Mines ParisTech, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Servant
- Institut Curie Bioinformatics Platform, INSERM U900, Mines ParisTech, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Service of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Service of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Virginie Huchet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Laurence Champion
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Maud Kamal
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marion Chevrier
- Service of Biostatistics, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France.
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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32
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Chibaya L, Murphy KC, DeMarco KD, Gopalan S, Liu H, Parikh CN, Lopez-Diaz Y, Faulkner M, Li J, Morris JP, Ho YJ, Chana SK, Simon J, Luan W, Kulick A, de Stanchina E, Simin K, Zhu LJ, Fazzio TG, Lowe SW, Ruscetti M. EZH2 inhibition remodels the inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype to potentiate pancreatic cancer immune surveillance. Nat Cancer 2023; 4:872-892. [PMID: 37142692 PMCID: PMC10516132 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies that produce durable responses in some malignancies have failed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) due to rampant immune suppression and poor tumor immunogenicity. We and others have demonstrated that induction of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can be an effective approach to activate anti-tumor natural killer (NK) cell and T cell immunity. In the present study, we found that the pancreas tumor microenvironment suppresses NK cell and T cell surveillance after therapy-induced senescence through enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-mediated epigenetic repression of proinflammatory SASP genes. EZH2 blockade stimulated production of SASP chemokines CCL2 and CXCL9/10, leading to enhanced NK cell and T cell infiltration and PDAC eradication in mouse models. EZH2 activity was also associated with suppression of chemokine signaling and cytotoxic lymphocytes and reduced survival in patients with PDAC. These results demonstrate that EZH2 represses the proinflammatory SASP and that EZH2 inhibition combined with senescence-inducing therapy could be a powerful means to achieve immune-mediated tumor control in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretah Chibaya
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine C Murphy
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kelly D DeMarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sneha Gopalan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chaitanya N Parikh
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yvette Lopez-Diaz
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Faulkner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John P Morris
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sachliv K Chana
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Janelle Simon
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Luan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Kulick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl Simin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Thomas G Fazzio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Marcus Ruscetti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical Chan School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Chan School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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33
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Yin G, Huang J, Petela J, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Gong S, Wu J, Liu B, Shi J, Gao Y. Targeting small GTPases: emerging grasps on previously untamable targets, pioneered by KRAS. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:212. [PMID: 37221195 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases including Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran are omnipresent molecular switches in regulating key cellular functions. Their dysregulation is a therapeutic target for tumors, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathies, and infection. However, small GTPases have been historically recognized as "undruggable". Targeting KRAS, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, has only come into reality in the last decade due to the development of breakthrough strategies such as fragment-based screening, covalent ligands, macromolecule inhibitors, and PROTACs. Two KRASG12C covalent inhibitors have obtained accelerated approval for treating KRASG12C mutant lung cancer, and allele-specific hotspot mutations on G12D/S/R have been demonstrated as viable targets. New methods of targeting KRAS are quickly evolving, including transcription, immunogenic neoepitopes, and combinatory targeting with immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the vast majority of small GTPases and hotspot mutations remain elusive, and clinical resistance to G12C inhibitors poses new challenges. In this article, we summarize diversified biological functions, shared structural properties, and complex regulatory mechanisms of small GTPases and their relationships with human diseases. Furthermore, we review the status of drug discovery for targeting small GTPases and the most recent strategic progress focused on targeting KRAS. The discovery of new regulatory mechanisms and development of targeting approaches will together promote drug discovery for small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Johnny Petela
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yuetong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Siqi Gong
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bei Liu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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34
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Guo K, Ren S, Zhang H, Cao Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Qiu W, Tian Y, Song L, Wang Z. Biomimetic Gold Nanorods Modified with Erythrocyte Membranes for Imaging-Guided Photothermal/Gene Synergistic Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37207282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most malignant cancers that develops rapidly and carries a poor prognosis. Synergistic cancer therapy strategy could enhance the clinical efficacy compared to either treatment alone. In this study, gold nanorods (AuNRs) were used as siRNA delivery vehicles to interfere with the oncogenes of KRAS. In addition, AuNRs were one of anisotropic nanomaterials that can absorb near-infrared (NIR) laser and achieve rapid photothermal therapy for malignant cancer cells. Modification of the erythrocyte membrane and antibody Plectin-1 occurred on the surface of the AuNRs, making them a promising target nanocarrier for enhancing antitumor effects. As a result, biomimetic nanoprobes presented advantages in biocompatibility, targeting capability, and drug-loading efficiency. Moreover, excellent antitumor effects have been achieved by synergistic photothermal/gene treatment. Therefore, our study would provide a general strategy to construct a multifunctional biomimetic theranostic multifunctional nanoplatform for preclinical studies of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuai Ren
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yatong Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenli Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lina Song
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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35
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Maier CR, Hartmann O, Prieto-Garcia C, Al-Shami KM, Schlicker L, Vogel FCE, Haid S, Klann K, Buck V, Münch C, Schmitz W, Einig E, Krenz B, Calzado MA, Eilers M, Popov N, Rosenfeldt MT, Diefenbacher ME, Schulze A. USP28 controls SREBP2 and the mevalonate pathway to drive tumour growth in squamous cancer. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01173-6. [PMID: 37202505 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SREBP2 is a master regulator of the mevalonate pathway (MVP), a biosynthetic process that drives the synthesis of dolichol, heme A, ubiquinone and cholesterol and also provides substrates for protein prenylation. Here, we identify SREBP2 as a novel substrate for USP28, a deubiquitinating enzyme that is frequently upregulated in squamous cancers. Our results show that silencing of USP28 reduces expression of MVP enzymes and lowers metabolic flux into this pathway. We also show that USP28 binds to mature SREBP2, leading to its deubiquitination and stabilisation. USP28 depletion rendered cancer cells highly sensitive to MVP inhibition by statins, which was rescued by the addition of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate. Analysis of human tissue microarrays revealed elevated expression of USP28, SREBP2 and MVP enzymes in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) compared to lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Moreover, CRISPR/Cas-mediated deletion of SREBP2 selectively attenuated tumour growth in a KRas/p53/LKB1 mutant mouse model of lung cancer. Finally, we demonstrate that statins synergise with a dual USP28/25 inhibitor to reduce viability of SCC cells. Our findings suggest that combinatorial targeting of MVP and USP28 could be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina R Maier
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Protein Stability and Cancer Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Protein Stability and Cancer Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Prieto-Garcia
- Protein Stability and Cancer Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 75, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kamal M Al-Shami
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schlicker
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix C E Vogel
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Haid
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Klann
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 75, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viktoria Buck
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 75, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elias Einig
- Internal Medicine VIII-Clinical Tumor Biology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Krenz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikita Popov
- Internal Medicine VIII-Clinical Tumor Biology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias T Rosenfeldt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus E Diefenbacher
- Protein Stability and Cancer Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Almut Schulze
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Zhen DB, Safyan RA, Konick EQ, Nguyen R, Prichard CC, Chiorean EG. The role of molecular testing in pancreatic cancer. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231171456. [PMID: 37197396 PMCID: PMC10184226 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231171456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is highly aggressive and has few treatment options. To personalize therapy, it is critical to delineate molecular subtypes and understand inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Germline testing for hereditary genetic abnormalities is recommended for all patients with PDA and somatic molecular testing is recommended for all patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. KRAS mutations are present in 90% of PDA, while 10% are KRAS wild type and are potentially targetable with epidermal growth factor receptor blockade. KRASG12C inhibitors have shown activity in G12C-mutated cancers, and novel G12D and pan-RAS inhibitors are in clinical trials. DNA damage repair abnormalities, germline or somatic, occur in 5-10% of patients and are likely to benefit from DNA damaging agents and maintenance therapy with poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors. Fewer than 1% of PDA harbor microsatellite instability high status and are susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. Albeit very rare, occurring in <1% of patients with KRAS wild-type PDAs, BRAF V600E mutations, RET and NTRK fusions are targetable with cancer agnostic Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies. Genetic, epigenetic, and tumor microenvironment targets continue to be identified at an unprecedented pace, enabling PDA patients to be matched to targeted and immune therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates, and genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor or T-cell receptor - T-cell therapies. In this review, we highlight clinically relevant molecular alterations and focus on targeted strategies that can improve patient outcomes through precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Zhen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachael A. Safyan
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Q. Konick
- University of Washington, School of Medicine Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Nguyen
- University of Washington, School of Medicine Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - E. Gabriela Chiorean
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 825 Eastlake Avenue East, LG-465, Seattle, WA 98109, USA Fred Hutchinson
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Mortaezaee K, Majidpoor J. Mechanisms of CD8 + T cell exclusion and dysfunction in cancer resistance to anti-PD-(L)1. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114824. [PMID: 37141735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the front-line defensive cells against cancer. Reduced infiltration and effector function of CD8+ T cells occurs in cancer and is contributed to defective immunity and immunotherapy resistance. Exclusion and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells are the two key factors associated with reduced durability of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Initially activated T cells upon exposure to chronic antigen stimulation or immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) acquire a hyporesponsive state that progressively lose their effector function. Thus, a key strategy in cancer immunotherapy is to look for factors contributed to defective CD8+ T cell infiltration and function. Targeting such factors can define a promising supplementary approach in patients receiving anti-programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1)/anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy. Recently, bispecific antibodies are developed against PD-(L)1 and a dominant factor within TME, representing higher safety profile and exerting more desired outcomes. The focus of this review is to discuss about promoters of deficient infiltration and effector function of CD8+ T cells and their addressing in cancer ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortaezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Wiedmann L, De Angelis Rigotti F, Vaquero-Siguero N, Donato E, Espinet E, Moll I, Alsina-Sanchis E, Bohnenberger H, Fernandez-Florido E, Mülfarth R, Vacca M, Gerwing J, Conradi LC, Ströbel P, Trumpp A, Mogler C, Fischer A, Rodriguez-Vita J. HAPLN1 potentiates peritoneal metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2353. [PMID: 37095087 PMCID: PMC10126109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) frequently metastasizes into the peritoneum, which contributes to poor prognosis. Metastatic spreading is promoted by cancer cell plasticity, yet its regulation by the microenvironment is incompletely understood. Here, we show that the presence of hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein-1 (HAPLN1) in the extracellular matrix enhances tumor cell plasticity and PDAC metastasis. Bioinformatic analysis showed that HAPLN1 expression is enriched in the basal PDAC subtype and associated with worse overall patient survival. In a mouse model for peritoneal carcinomatosis, HAPLN1-induced immunomodulation favors a more permissive microenvironment, which accelerates the peritoneal spread of tumor cells. Mechanistically, HAPLN1, via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), promotes TNF-mediated upregulation of Hyaluronan (HA) production, facilitating EMT, stemness, invasion and immunomodulation. Extracellular HAPLN1 modifies cancer cells and fibroblasts, rendering them more immunomodulatory. As such, we identify HAPLN1 as a prognostic marker and as a driver for peritoneal metastasis in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wiedmann
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca De Angelis Rigotti
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Tumor-Stroma Communication Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Vaquero-Siguero
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Donato
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- HI-STEM - Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine gGmbH, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Espinet
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- HI-STEM - Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine gGmbH, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
| | - Iris Moll
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisenda Alsina-Sanchis
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanibal Bohnenberger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elena Fernandez-Florido
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronja Mülfarth
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margherita Vacca
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gerwing
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Clinic of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- HI-STEM - Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine gGmbH, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Vita
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Tumor-Stroma Communication Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
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Kumarasamy V, Frangou C, Wang J, Wan Y, Dynka A, Rosenheck H, Dey P, Abel EV, Knudsen ES, Witkiewicz AK. Pharmacologically targeting KRAS G12D in PDAC models: tumor cell intrinsic and extrinsic impact. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.18.533261. [PMID: 37162905 PMCID: PMC10168422 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease for which new therapeutic interventions are needed. Here we assessed the cellular response to pharmacological KRAS inhibition, which target the central oncogenic factor in PDAC. In a panel of PDAC cell lines, pharmaceutical inhibition of KRAS G12D allele, with MRTX1133 yields variable efficacy in the suppression of cell growth and downstream gene expression programs in 2D culture. CRISPR screens identify new drivers for enhanced therapeutic response that regulate focal adhesion and signaling cascades, which were confirmed by gene specific knockdowns and combinatorial drug synergy. Interestingly, MRTX1133 is considerably more efficacious in the context of 3D cell cultures and in vivo PDAC patient-derived xenografts. In syngeneic models, KRAS G12D inhibition elicits potent tumor regression that did not occur in immune-deficient hosts. Digital spatial profiling on tumor tissues indicates that MRTX1133 activates interferon-γ signaling and induces antigen presentation that modulate the tumor microenvironment. Further investigation on the immunological response using single cell sequencing and multispectral imaging reveals that tumor regression is associated with suppression of neutrophils and influx of effector CD8 + T-cells. Thus, both tumor cell intrinsic and extrinsic events contribute to response and credential KRAS G12D inhibition as promising strategy for a large percentage of PDAC tumors.
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Montagne JM, Jaffee EM, Fertig EJ. Multiomics Empowers Predictive Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol 2023; 210:859-868. [PMID: 36947820 PMCID: PMC10236355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, have dramatically improved the prognosis for patients with metastatic melanoma and other previously incurable cancers. However, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) generally do not respond to these therapies. PDAC is exceptionally difficult to treat because of its often late stage at diagnosis, modest mutation burden, and notoriously complex and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Simultaneously interrogating features of cancer, immune, and other cellular components of the PDAC tumor microenvironment is therefore crucial for identifying biomarkers of immunotherapeutic resistance and response. Notably, single-cell and multiomics technologies, along with the analytical tools for interpreting corresponding data, are facilitating discoveries of the systems-level cellular and molecular interactions contributing to the overall resistance of PDAC to immunotherapy. Thus, in this review, we will explore how multiomics and single-cell analyses provide the unprecedented opportunity to identify biomarkers of resistance and response to successfully sensitize PDAC to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Montagne
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Bärthel S, Falcomatà C, Rad R, Theis FJ, Saur D. Single-cell profiling to explore pancreatic cancer heterogeneity, plasticity and response to therapy. Nat Cancer 2023; 4:454-467. [PMID: 36959420 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer entity characterized by a heterogeneous genetic landscape and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recent advances in high-resolution single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics technologies have enabled an in-depth characterization of both malignant and host cell types and increased our understanding of the heterogeneity and plasticity of PDAC in the steady state and under therapeutic perturbation. In this Review we outline single-cell analyses in PDAC, discuss their implications on our understanding of the disease and present future perspectives of multimodal approaches to elucidate its biology and response to therapy at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bärthel
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Aktar S, Gamage SMK, Cheng T, Parkneshan N, Lu CT, Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AK. Gene Expression Analysis of Immune Regulatory Genes in Circulating Tumour Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Colorectal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36902476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Information regarding genetic alterations of driver cancer genes in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and their surrounding immune microenvironment nowadays can be employed as a real-time monitoring platform for translational applications such as patient response to therapeutic targets, including immunotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the expression profiling of these genes along with immunotherapeutic target molecules in CTCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Expression of p53, APC, KRAS, c-Myc, and immunotherapeutic target molecules PD-L1, CTLA-4, and CD47 in CTCs and PBMCs were analysed by qPCR. Their expression in high versus low CTC-positive patients with CRC was compared and clinicopathological correlations between these patient groups were analysed. CTCs were detected in 61% (38 of 62) of patients with CRC. The presence of higher numbers of CTCs was significantly correlated with advanced cancer stages (p = 0.045) and the subtypes of adenocarcinoma (conventional vs. mucinous, p = 0.019), while being weakly correlated with tumour size (p = 0.051). Patients with lower numbers of CTCs had higher expression of KRAS. Higher KRAS expression in CTCs was negatively correlated with tumour perforation (p = 0.029), lymph node status (p = 0.037), distant metastasis (p = 0.046) and overall staging (p = 0.004). CTLA-4 was highly expressed in both CTCs and PBMCs. In addition, CTLA-4 expression was positively correlated with KRAS (r = 0.6878, p = 0.002) in the enriched CTC fraction. Dysregulation of KRAS in CTCs might evade the immune system by altering the expression of CTLA-4, providing new insights into the selection of therapeutic targets at the onset of the disease. Monitoring CTCs counts, as well as gene expression profiling of PBMCs, can be helpful in predicting tumour progression, patient outcome and treatment.
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Watterson A, Coelho MA. Cancer immune evasion through KRAS and PD-L1 and potential therapeutic interventions. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:45. [PMID: 36864508 PMCID: PMC9979509 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic driver mutations have implications that extend beyond cancer cells themselves. Aberrant tumour cell signalling has various effects on the tumour microenvironment and anti-tumour immunity, with important consequences for therapy response and resistance. We provide an overview of how mutant RAS, one of the most prevalent oncogenic drivers in cancer, can instigate immune evasion programs at the tumour cell level and through remodelling interactions with the innate and adaptive immune cell compartments. Finally, we describe how immune evasion networks focused on RAS, and the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1 can be disrupted through therapeutic intervention, and discuss potential strategies for combinatorial treatment. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Watterson
- Translational Cancer Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Open Targets, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew A Coelho
- Translational Cancer Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. .,Open Targets, Cambridge, UK.
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Andrade RB, Cohen-Paes ADN, Leal DFDVB, Pantoja KBCC, Gellen LPA, de Carvalho DC, Piedade de Souza T, Fernandes MR, de Assumpcão PP, Burbano RMR, dos Santos SEB, dos Santos NPC. Impact of pri-let-7a-1 rs10739971 for Gastric Cancer Predisposition in an Amazon Region. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:453. [PMID: 36833380 PMCID: PMC9956087 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. In Brazil, GC has a high incidence and mortality rates, and it is highly variable by region. The Amazon region has significant rising rates among all Brazil regions. Only very few studies have evaluated the association between genetic variants and the risk of gastric cancer in the Brazilian Amazon population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms of miRNA processing genes and the risk for GC in this population. Potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms from miRNA processing genes were genotyped in 159 cases and 193 healthy controls by QuantStudio Real Time PCR. According to our findings, the genotype GG of the variant rs10739971 presents a lower risk to the development of GC in comparison to the remaining genotypes (p = 0.000016; OR = 0.055; 95% CI = 0.015-0.206). This is the first study to report the association of pri-let-7a-1 rs10739971 with GC in the Brazilian Amazon population, which is a highly mixed population with a unique genetic constitution that is different from other populations that are studied in the vast majority of scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Pará, Brazil
- Ophir Loyola Hospital, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Belém 66063-240, Pará, Brazil
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Falcomatà C, Bärthel S, Schneider G, Rad R, Schmidt-Supprian M, Saur D. Context-Specific Determinants of the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:278-297. [PMID: 36622087 PMCID: PMC9900325 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have shown benefits across a range of human cancers, but not pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recent evidence suggests that the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes an important roadblock to their efficacy. The landscape of the TME differs substantially across PDAC subtypes, indicating context-specific principles of immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss how PDAC cells, the local TME, and systemic host and environmental factors drive immunosuppression in context. We argue that unraveling the mechanistic drivers of the context-specific modes of immunosuppression will open new possibilities to target PDAC more efficiently by using multimodal (immuno)therapeutic interventions. SIGNIFICANCE Immunosuppression is an almost universal hallmark of pancreatic cancer, although this tumor entity is highly heterogeneous across its different subtypes and phenotypes. Here, we provide evidence that the diverse TME of pancreatic cancer is a central executor of various different context-dependent modes of immunosuppression, and discuss key challenges and novel opportunities to uncover, functionalize, and target the central drivers and functional nodes of immunosuppression for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Falcomatà
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bärthel
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding Authors: Dieter Saur, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. Phone: 49-89-4140-5255; Fax: 49-89-4140-7289; E-mail: ; and Chiara Falcomatà,
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46
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Ros J, Balconi F, Baraibar I, Saoudi Gonzalez N, Salva F, Tabernero J, Elez E. Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitor combination strategies for microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1112276. [PMID: 36816981 PMCID: PMC9932591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have reshaped the prognostic of several tumor types, including metastatic colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI). However, 90-95% of metastatic colorectal tumors are microsatellite stable (MSS) in which immunotherapy has failed to demonstrate meaningful clinical results. MSS colorectal tumors are considered immune-cold tumors. Several factors have been proposed to account for this lack of response to immune checkpoint blockade including low levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, low tumor mutational burden, a high rate of WNT/β-catenin pathway mutations, and liver metastases which have been associated with immunosuppression. However, studies with novel combinations based on immune checkpoint inhibitors are showing promising activity in MSS colorectal cancer. Here, we review the underlying biological facts that preclude immunotherapy activity, and detail the different immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations evaluated, along with novel immune-based therapies, to overcome innate mechanisms of resistance in MSS colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ros
- Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain,Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Balconi
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Salva
- Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Elez
- Medical Oncology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Elena Elez,
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Ma Z, Han H, Zhao Y. Mitochondrial dysfunction-targeted nanosystems for precise tumor therapeutics. Biomaterials 2023; 293:121947. [PMID: 36512861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play critical roles in the regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of cancerous cells. Targeted induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells by multifunctional nanosystems for cancer treatment has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. Numerous therapeutic nanosystems have been designed for precise tumor therapy by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, including reducing adenosine triphosphate, breaking redox homeostasis, inhibiting glycolysis, regulating proteins, membrane potential depolarization, mtDNA damage, mitophagy dysregulation and so on. Understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction would be helpful for efficient treatment of diseases and accelerating the translation of these therapeutic strategies into the clinic. Then, various strategies to construct mitochondria-targeted nanosystems and induce mitochondrial dysfunction are summarized, and the recent research progress regarding precise tumor therapeutics is highlighted. Finally, the major challenges and an outlook in this rapidly developing field are discussed. This review is expected to inspire further development of novel mitochondrial dysfunction-based strategies for precise treatments of cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Heyou Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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Lozano A, Souche FR, Chavey C, Dardalhon V, Ramirez C, Vegna S, Desandre G, Riviere A, Zine El Aabidine A, Fort P, Akkari L, Hibner U, Grégoire D. Ras/MAPK signalling intensity defines subclonal fitness in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife 2023; 12:76294. [PMID: 36656749 PMCID: PMC9891719 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative differences in signal transduction are to date an understudied feature of tumour heterogeneity. The MAPK Erk pathway, which is activated in a large proportion of human tumours, is a prototypic example of distinct cell fates being driven by signal intensity. We have used primary hepatocyte precursors transformed with different dosages of an oncogenic form of Ras to model subclonal variations in MAPK signalling. Orthotopic allografts of Ras-transformed cells in immunocompromised mice gave rise to fast-growing aggressive tumours, both at the primary location and in the peritoneal cavity. Fluorescent labelling of cells expressing different oncogene levels, and consequently varying levels of MAPK Erk activation, highlighted the selection processes operating at the two sites of tumour growth. Indeed, significantly higher Ras expression was observed in primary as compared to secondary, metastatic sites, despite the apparent evolutionary trade-off of increased apoptotic death in the liver that correlated with high Ras dosage. Analysis of the immune tumour microenvironment at the two locations suggests that fast peritoneal tumour growth in the immunocompromised setting is abrogated in immunocompetent animals due to efficient antigen presentation by peritoneal dendritic cells. Furthermore, our data indicate that, in contrast to the metastatic-like outgrowth, strong MAPK signalling is required in the primary liver tumours to resist elimination by NK (natural killer) cells. Overall, this study describes a quantitative aspect of tumour heterogeneity and points to a potential vulnerability of a subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma as a function of MAPK Erk signalling intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lozano
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Francois-Régis Souche
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Department of surgery and liver transplantation, Hopital Saint Eloi Hopitaux universitaires de MontpelierMontpellierFrance
| | - Carine Chavey
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Valérie Dardalhon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Christel Ramirez
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode InstituteAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Serena Vegna
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode InstituteAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Guillaume Desandre
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Anaïs Riviere
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Amal Zine El Aabidine
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Philippe Fort
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRSMontpellierFrance
| | - Leila Akkari
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode InstituteAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Urszula Hibner
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Damien Grégoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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Liu Y, Ouyang W, Huang H, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Yao H. Identification of a tumor immune-inflammation signature predicting prognosis and immune status in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 12:960579. [PMID: 36713514 PMCID: PMC9881411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer has become the malignancy with the highest mortality rate in female patients worldwide. The limited efficacy of immunotherapy as a breast cancer treatment has fueled the development of research on the tumor immune microenvironment. Methods In this study, data on breast cancer patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Invasive Carcinoma (TCGA-BRCA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) cohorts. Differential gene expression analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis were performed to select overall survival (OS)-related, tumor tissue highly expressed, and immune- and inflammation-related genes. A tumor immune-inflammation signature (TIIS) consisting of 18 genes was finally screened out in the LASSO Cox regression model. Model performance was assessed by time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition, the CIBERSORT algorithm and abundant expression of immune checkpoints were utilized to clarify the correlation between the risk signature and immune landscape in breast cancer. Furthermore, the association of IL27 with the immune signature was analyzed in pan-cancer and the effect of IL27 on the migration of breast cancer cells was investigated since the regression coefficient of IL27 was the highest. Results A TIIS based on 18 genes was constructed via LASSO Cox regression analysis. In the TCGA-BRCA training cohort, 10-year AUC reached 0.89, and prediction performance of this signature was also validated in the METABRIC set. The high-risk group was significantly correlated with less infiltration of tumor-killing immune cells and the lower expression level of the immune checkpoint. Furthermore, we recommended some small-molecule drugs as novel targeted drugs for new breast cancer types. Finally, the relationship between IL27, a significant prognostic immune and inflammation cytokine, and immune status was analyzed in pan-cancer. Expression of IL27 was significantly correlated with immune regulatory gene expression and immune cell infiltration in pan-cancer. Furthermore, IL27 treatment improved breast cancer cell migration. Conclusion The TIIS represents a promising prognostic tool for estimating OS in patients with breast cancer and is correlated with immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Tumor Center, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Tumor Center, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Medicine, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China
| | - Yujie Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Tumor Center, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Tumor Center, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Tumor Center, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China,*Correspondence: Herui Yao, ; Yunfang Yu,
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Tumor Center, Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Herui Yao, ; Yunfang Yu,
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50
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Niu N, Shen X, Zhang L, Chen Y, Lu P, Yang W, Liu M, Shi J, Xu D, Tang Y, Yang X, Weng Y, Zhao X, Wu L, Sun Y, Xue J. Tumor Cell-Intrinsic SETD2 Deficiency Reprograms Neutrophils to Foster Immune Escape in Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2202937. [PMID: 36453584 PMCID: PMC9839845 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic alterations play central roles in shaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to evade immune surveillance. The previous study shows that SETD2-H3K36me3 loss promotes KRAS-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis. However, little is known about its role in remodeling the TME and immune evasion. Here, it is shown that SETD2 deficiency can reprogram neutrophils to an immunosuppressive phenotype, thereby promoting immune escape during pancreatic tumor progression. By comprehensive profiling of the intratumoral immune cells, neutrophils are identified as the subset with the most significant changes upon Setd2 loss. Setd2-deficient pancreatic tumor cells directly enhance neutrophil recruitment and reprogramming, thereby inhibiting the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells to foster tumor progression. Mechanistically, it is revealed that Setd2-H3K36me3 loss leads to ectopic gain of H3K27me3 to downregulate Cxadr expression, which boosts the PI3K-AKT pathway and excessive expression of CXCL1 and GM-CSF, thereby promoting neutrophil recruitment and reprogramming toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. The study provides mechanistic insights into how tumor cell-intrinsic Setd2 deficiency strengthens the immune escape during pancreatic tumorigenesis, which may offer potential therapeutic implications for pancreatic cancer patients with SETD2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Xuqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Xu
- Department of Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Yingying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Yawen Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of RadiologyRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Lian‐Ming Wu
- Department of RadiologyRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Yongwei Sun
- Department of Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesStem Cell Research CenterShanghai Cancer InstituteRen Ji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine160 Pujian RdShanghai200127P. R. China
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