1
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Zhang C, Gong Z, He D, Yan Y, Li S, Zhao K, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang X. Research Progress of Single-Photon Emitters Based on Two-Dimensional Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:918. [PMID: 38869543 PMCID: PMC11173489 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
From quantum communications to quantum computing, single-photon emitters (SPEs) are essential components of numerous quantum technologies. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have especially been found to be highly attractive for the research into nanoscale light-matter interactions. In particular, localized photonic states at their surfaces have attracted great attention due to their enormous potential applications in quantum optics. Recently, SPEs have been achieved in various 2D materials, while the challenges still remain. This paper reviews the recent research progress on these SPEs based on various 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and twisted-angle 2D materials. Additionally, we summarized the strategies to create, position, enhance, and tune the emission wavelength of these emitters by introducing external fields into these 2D system. For example, pronounced enhancement of the SPEs' properties can be achieved by coupling with external fields, such as the plasmonic field, and by locating in optical microcavities. Finally, this paper also discusses current challenges and offers perspectives that could further stimulate scientific research in this field. These emitters, due to their unique physical properties and integration potential, are highly appealing for applications in quantum information and communication, as well as other physical and technological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (J.W.)
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2
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Chuang HJ, Stevens CE, Rosenberger MR, Lee SJ, McCreary KM, Hendrickson JR, Jonker BT. Enhancing Single Photon Emission Purity via Design of van der Waals Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5529-5535. [PMID: 38668677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Quantum emitters are essential components of quantum photonic circuitry envisioned beyond the current optoelectronic state-of-the-art. Two dimensional materials are attractive hosts for such emitters. However, the high single photon purity required is rarely realized due to the presence of spectrally degenerate classical light originating from defects. Here, we show that design of a van der Waals heterostructure effectively eliminates this spurious light, resulting in purities suitable for a variety of quantum technological applications. Single photon purity from emitters in monolayer WSe2 increases from 60% to 92% by incorporating this monolayer in a simple graphite/WSe2 heterostructure. Fast interlayer charge transfer quenches a broad photoluminescence background by preventing radiative recombination through long-lived defect bound exciton states. This approach is generally applicable to other 2D emitter materials, circumvents issues of material quality, and offers a path forward to achieve the ultrahigh single photon purities ultimately required for photon-based quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Jen Chuang
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Christopher E Stevens
- KBR Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | | | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kathleen M McCreary
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Joshua R Hendrickson
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Berend T Jonker
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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3
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Burakowski M, Holewa P, Mrowiński P, Sakanas A, Musiał A, Sȩk G, Yvind K, Semenova E, Syperek M. Heterogeneous integration of single InAs/InP quantum dots with the SOI chip using direct bonding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10874-10886. [PMID: 38570950 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Quantum information processing with photons in small-footprint and highly integrated silicon-based photonic chips requires incorporating non-classical light sources. In this respect, self-assembled III-V semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are an attractive solution, however, they must be combined with the silicon platform. Here, by utilizing the large-area direct bonding technique, we demonstrate the hybridization of InP and SOI chips, which allows for coupling single photons to the SOI chip interior, offering cost-effective scalability in setting up a multi-source environment for quantum photonic chips. We fabricate devices consisting of self-assembled InAs QDs embedded in the tapered InP waveguide (WG) positioned over the SOI-defined Si WG. Focusing on devices generating light in the telecom C-band compatible with the low-loss optical fiber networks, we demonstrate the light coupling between InP and SOI platforms by observing photons outcoupled at the InP-made circular Bragg grating outcoupler fabricated at the end of an 80 µm-long Si WG, and at the cleaved edge of the Si WG. Finally, for a device with suppressed multi-photon generation events exhibiting 80% single photon generation purity, we measure the photon number outcoupled at the cleaved facet of the Si WG. We estimate the directional on-chip photon coupling between the source and the Si WG to 5.1%.
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4
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Chen P, Peng B, Liu Z, Liu J, Li D, Li Z, Xu X, Wang H, Zhou X, Zhai T. Room-Temperature Magnetic-Induced Circularly Polarized Photoluminescence in Two-Dimensional Er 2O 2S. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6053-6060. [PMID: 38404063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with spin polarization have great potential for achieving next-generation spintronic applications. However, spin polarization of 2D materials is usually produced at a cryogenic temperature because of thermal fluctuations, which severely hinder their further applications. Here, we report room-temperature intrinsic magnetic-induced circularly polarized photoluminescence (PL) in 2D Er2O2S flakes. The geff factor of 2D Er2O2S stays at around -6.3 from the liquid He temperature limit to room temperature, which is independent of temperature. This anomalous phenomenon in Er2O2S is totally different from previous materials, which all have a decreasing Zeeman splitting with increasing temperature resulting from thermal fluctuations. The anomalous temperature-dependent magnetic-induced circularly polarized PL originates from the weak electron-phonon coupling in 2D Er2O2S, which has been proven by both the temperature-dependent Raman and theoretical calculations. This work sheds light on the understanding and manipulation of 2D materials for practical spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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5
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Sun X, Suriyage M, Khan AR, Gao M, Zhao J, Liu B, Hasan MM, Rahman S, Chen RS, Lam PK, Lu Y. Twisted van der Waals Quantum Materials: Fundamentals, Tunability, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1992-2079. [PMID: 38335114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Twisted van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials have emerged as a rapidly developing field of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. These materials establish a new central research area and provide a promising platform for studying quantum phenomena and investigating the engineering of novel optoelectronic properties such as single photon emission, nonlinear optical response, magnon physics, and topological superconductivity. These captivating electronic and optical properties result from, and can be tailored by, the interlayer coupling using moiré patterns formed by vertically stacking atomic layers with controlled angle misorientation or lattice mismatch. Their outstanding properties and the high degree of tunability position them as compelling building blocks for both compact quantum-enabled devices and classical optoelectronics. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the understanding and manipulation of twisted van der Waals structures and presents a survey of the state-of-the-art research on moiré superlattices, encompassing interdisciplinary interests. It delves into fundamental theories, synthesis and fabrication, and visualization techniques, and the wide range of novel physical phenomena exhibited by these structures, with a focus on their potential for practical device integration in applications ranging from quantum information to biosensors, and including classical optoelectronics such as modulators, light emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. It highlights the unique ability of moiré superlattices to connect multiple disciplines, covering chemistry, electronics, optics, photonics, magnetism, topological and quantum physics. This comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in moiré superlattices, shedding light on their fundamental characteristics and their potential for transformative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Manuka Suriyage
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (Rachna College Campus), Gujranwala, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Boqing Liu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sharidya Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ruo-Si Chen
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ping Koy Lam
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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6
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Krumland J, Velja S, Cocchi C. Quantum Dots in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Induced by Atomic-Scale Deformations. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:586-595. [PMID: 38405397 PMCID: PMC10885200 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-photon emission from monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides requires the existence of localized, atom-like states within the extended material. Here, we predict from first-principles the existence of quantum dots around atomic-scale protrusions, which result from substrate roughness or particles trapped between layers. Using density functional theory, we find such deformations to give rise to local membrane stretching and curvature, which lead to the emergence of gap states. Having enhanced outer-surface localization, they are prone to mixing with states pertaining to chalcogen vacancies and adsorbates. If the deformation is sharp, the conduction band minimum furthermore assumes atomic and valley-mixed character, potentially enabling quantum light emission. When such structural defects are arranged in an array, the new states couple to form energetically separated sub-bands, holding promise for intriguing superlattice dynamics. All of the observed features are shown to be closely linked to elastic, deformation-induced intra- and intervalley scattering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Krumland
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Physics
Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Velja
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Physics
Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Rakhlin M, Sorokin S, Galimov A, Eliseyev I, Davydov V, Kirilenko D, Toropov A, Shubina T. Allotropic Ga 2Se 3/GaSe nanostructures grown by van der Waals epitaxy: narrow exciton lines and single-photon emission. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2039-2047. [PMID: 38204419 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability to emit narrow exciton lines, preferably with a clearly defined polarization, is one of the key conditions for the use of nanostructures based on III-VI monochalcogenides and other layered crystals in quantum technology to create non-classical light. Currently, the main method of their formation is exfoliation followed by strain and defect engineering. A factor limiting the use of epitaxy is the presence of different phases in the grown films. In this work, we show that control over their formation makes it possible to create structures with the desired properties. We propose Ga2Se3/GaSe nanostructures grown by van der Waals epitaxy with a high VI/III flux ratio as a source of narrow exciton lines. Actually, these nanostructures are a combination of allotropes: GaSe and Ga2Se3, consisting of the same atoms in different arrangements. The energy positions of the narrow lines are determined by the quantum confinement in Ga2Se3 inclusions of different sizes in the GaSe matrix, similar to quantum dots, and their linear polarization is due to the ordering of Ga vacancies in a certain crystalline direction in Ga2Se3. Such nanostructures exhibit single-photon emission with second-order correlation function g(2)(0) ∼ 0.10 at 10 K that makes them promising for quantum technologies.
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8
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Zhao H, Zhu L, Li X, Chandrasekaran V, Baldwin JK, Pettes MT, Piryatinski A, Yang L, Htoon H. Manipulating Interlayer Excitons for Near-Infrared Quantum Light Generation. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 38038967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Interlayer excitons (IXs) formed at the interface of van der Waals materials possess various novel properties. In parallel development, strain engineering has emerged as an effective means for creating 2D quantum emitters. Exploring the intersection of these two exciting areas, we use MoS2/WSe2 heterostructure as a model system and demonstrate how strain, defects, and layering can be utilized to create defect-bound IXs capable of bright, robust, and tunable quantum light emission in the technologically important near-infrared spectral range. Our work presents defect-bound IXs as a promising platform for pushing the performance of 2D quantum emitters beyond their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Linghan Zhu
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vigneshwaran Chandrasekaran
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jon Kevin Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael T Pettes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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9
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Ramzan MS, Cocchi C. Strained Monolayer MoTe 2 as a Photon Absorber in the Telecom Range. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2740. [PMID: 37887890 PMCID: PMC10608843 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the atomistic control of two-dimensional materials for emerging technological applications, such as valleytronics, spintronics, and single-photon emission, it is of paramount importance to gain an in-depth understanding of their structure-property relationships. In this work, we present a systematic analysis, carried out in the framework of density-functional theory, on the influence of uniaxial strain on the electronic and optical properties of monolayer MoTe2. By spanning a ±10% range of deformation along the armchair and zigzag direction of the two-dimensional sheet, we inspect how the fundamental gap, the dispersion of the bands, the frontier states, and the charge distribution are affected by strain. Under tensile strain, the system remains a semiconductor but a direct-to-indirect band gap transition occurs above 7%. Compressive strain, instead, is highly direction-selective. When it is applied along the armchair edge, the material remains a semiconductor, while along the zigzag direction a semiconductor-to-metal transition happens above 8%. The characteristics of the fundamental gap and wave function distribution are also largely dependent on the strain direction, as demonstrated by a thorough analysis of the band structure and of the charge density. Additional ab initio calculations based on many-body perturbation theory confirm the ability of strained MoTe2 to absorb radiation in the telecom range, thus suggesting the application of this material as a photon absorber upon suitable strain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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10
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Yang L, Yuan Y, Fu B, Yang J, Dai D, Shi S, Yan S, Zhu R, Han X, Li H, Zuo Z, Wang C, Huang Y, Jin K, Gong Q, Xu X. Revealing broken valley symmetry of quantum emitters in WSe 2 with chiral nanocavities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4265. [PMID: 37460549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Single photon emission of quantum emitters (QEs) carrying internal degrees of freedom such as spin and angular momentum plays an important role in quantum optics. Recently, QEs in two-dimensional semiconductors have attracted great interest as promising quantum light sources. However, whether those QEs are characterized by the same valley physics as delocalized valley excitons is still under debate. Moreover, the potential applications of such QEs still need to be explored. Here we show experimental evidence of valley symmetry breaking for neutral QEs in WSe2 monolayer by interacting with chiral plasmonic nanocavities. The anomalous magneto-optical behaviour of the coupled QEs suggests that the polarization state of emitted photon is modulated by the chiral nanocavity instead of the valley-dependent optical selection rules. Calculations of cavity quantum electrodynamics further show the absence of intrinsic valley polarization. The cavity-dependent circularly polarized single-photon output also offers a strategy for future applications in chiral quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Danjie Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shushu Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sai Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Han
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hancong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanchun Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Can Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Yuan Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
| | - Xiulai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China.
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11
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Yang Y, Seong J, Choi M, Park J, Kim G, Kim H, Jeong J, Jung C, Kim J, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Rho J. Integrated metasurfaces for re-envisioning a near-future disruptive optical platform. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:152. [PMID: 37339970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been continuously garnering attention in both scientific and industrial fields, owing to their unprecedented wavefront manipulation capabilities using arranged subwavelength artificial structures. To date, research has mainly focused on the full control of electromagnetic characteristics, including polarization, phase, amplitude, and even frequencies. Consequently, versatile possibilities of electromagnetic wave control have been achieved, yielding practical optical components such as metalenses, beam-steerers, metaholograms, and sensors. Current research is now focused on integrating the aforementioned metasurfaces with other standard optical components (e.g., light-emitting diodes, charged-coupled devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems, liquid crystals, heaters, refractive optical elements, planar waveguides, optical fibers, etc.) for commercialization with miniaturization trends of optical devices. Herein, this review describes and classifies metasurface-integrated optical components, and subsequently discusses their promising applications with metasurface-integrated optical platforms including those of augmented/virtual reality, light detection and ranging, and sensors. In conclusion, this review presents several challenges and prospects that are prevalent in the field in order to accelerate the commercialization of metasurfaces-integrated optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Montblanch ARP, Barbone M, Aharonovich I, Atatüre M, Ferrari AC. Layered materials as a platform for quantum technologies. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01354-x. [PMID: 37322143 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Layered materials are taking centre stage in the ever-increasing research effort to develop material platforms for quantum technologies. We are at the dawn of the era of layered quantum materials. Their optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties make them attractive for most aspects of this global pursuit. Layered materials have already shown potential as scalable components, including quantum light sources, photon detectors and nanoscale sensors, and have enabled research of new phases of matter within the broader field of quantum simulations. In this Review we discuss opportunities and challenges faced by layered materials within the landscape of material platforms for quantum technologies. In particular, we focus on applications that rely on light-matter interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R-P Montblanch
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Barbone
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, (MCQST), Munich, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Lei Y, Lin Q, Xiao S, Li J, Fang H. Optically Active Telecom Defects in MoTe 2 Fewlayers at Room Temperature. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091501. [PMID: 37177044 PMCID: PMC10180077 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The optical and electrical properties of semiconductors are strongly affected by defect states. The defects in molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) show the potential for quantum light emission at optical fiber communication bands. However, the observation of defect-related light emission is still limited to cryogenic temperatures. In this work, we demonstrate the deep defect states in MoTe2 fewlayers produced via a standard van der Waal material transfer method with a heating process, which enables light emission in the telecommunication O-band. The optical measurements show evidence of localized excitons and strong interaction among defects. Furthermore, the optical emission of defects depends on the thickness of the host materials. Our findings offer a new route for tailoring the optical properties of two-dimensional materials in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiaoling Lin
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sanshui Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hanlin Fang
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Wang X, Pettes MT, Wang Y, Zhu JX, Dhall R, Song C, Jones AC, Ciston J, Yoo J. Enhanced Exciton-to-Trion Conversion by Proton Irradiation of Atomically Thin WS 2. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3754-3761. [PMID: 37094221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering of van der Waals semiconductors has been demonstrated as an effective approach to manipulate the structural and functional characteristics toward dynamic device controls, yet correlations between physical properties with defect evolution remain underexplored. Using proton irradiation, we observe an enhanced exciton-to-trion conversion of the atomically thin WS2. The altered excitonic states are closely correlated with nanopore induced atomic displacement, W nanoclusters, and zigzag edge terminations, verified by scanning transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculation suggests that nanopores facilitate formation of in-gap states that act as sinks for free electrons to couple with excitons. The ion energy loss simulation predicts a dominating electron ionization effect upon proton irradiation, providing further evidence on band perturbations and nanopore formation without destroying the overall crystallinity. This study provides a route in tuning the excitonic properties of van der Waals semiconductors using an irradiation-based defect engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael Thompson Pettes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Materials Science in Radiation and Dynamics Extremes (MST-8), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jian-Xin Zhu
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Physics of Condensed Matter and Complex Systems (T-4), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinkyoung Yoo
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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15
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Gupta S, Wu W, Huang S, Yakobson BI. Single-Photon Emission from Two-Dimensional Materials, to a Brighter Future. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3274-3284. [PMID: 36977324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single photons, often called flying qubits, have enormous promise to realize scalable quantum technologies ranging from an unhackable communication network to quantum computers. However, finding an ideal single-photon emitter (SPE) is a great challenge. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown great potential as hosts for SPEs that are bright and operate under ambient conditions. This Perspective enumerates the metrics required for an SPE source and highlights that 2D materials, because of reduced dimensionality, exhibit interesting physical effects and satisfy several metrics, making them excellent candidates to host SPEs. The performance of SPE candidates discovered in 2D materials, hexagonal boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides, will be assessed based on the metrics, and the remaining challenges will be highlighted. Lastly, strategies to mitigate such challenges by developing design rules to deterministically create SPE sources will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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16
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Xu DD, Vong AF, Lebedev D, Ananth R, Wong AM, Brown PT, Hersam MC, Mirkin CA, Weiss EA. Conversion of Classical Light Emission from a Nanoparticle-Strained WSe 2 Monolayer into Quantum Light Emission via Electron Beam Irradiation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208066. [PMID: 36373540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state single photon emitters (SPEs) within atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently attracted interest as scalable quantum light sources for quantum photonic technologies. Among TMDs, WSe2 monolayers (MLs) are promising for the deterministic fabrication and engineering of SPEs using local strain fields. The ability to reliably produce isolatable SPEs in WSe2 is currently impeded by the presence of numerous spectrally overlapping states that occur at strained locations. Here nanoparticle (NP) arrays with precisely defined positions and sizes are employed to deterministically create strain fields in WSe2 MLs, thus enabling the systematic investigation and control of SPE formation. Using this platform, electron beam irradiation at NP-strained locations transforms spectrally overlapped sub-bandgap emission states into isolatable, anti-bunched quantum emitters. The dependence of the emission spectra of WSe2 MLs as a function of strain magnitude and exposure time to electron beam irradiation is quantified and provides insight into the mechanism for SPE production. Excitons selectively funnel through strongly coupled sub-bandgap states introduced by electron beam irradiation, which suppresses spectrally overlapping emission pathways and leads to measurable anti-bunched behavior. The findings provide a strategy to generate isolatable SPEs in 2D materials with a well-defined energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Albert F Vong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dmitry Lebedev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Riddhi Ananth
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexa M Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Paul T Brown
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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17
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Jang J, Jeong M, Lee J, Kim S, Yun H, Rho J. Planar Optical Cavities Hybridized with Low-Dimensional Light-Emitting Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203889. [PMID: 35861661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional light-emitting materials have been actively investigated due to their unprecedented optical and optoelectronic properties that are not observed in their bulk forms. However, the emission from low-dimensional light-emitting materials is generally weak and difficult to use in nanophotonic devices without being amplified and engineered by optical cavities. Along with studies on various planar optical cavities over the last decade, the physics of cavity-emitter interactions as well as various integration methods are investigated deeply. These integrations not only enhance the light-matter interaction of the emitters, but also provide opportunities for realizing nanophotonic devices based on the new physics allowed by low-dimensional emitters. In this review, the fundamentals, strengths and weaknesses of various planar optical resonators are first provided. Then, commonly used low-dimensional light-emitting materials such as 0D emitters (quantum dots and upconversion nanoparticles) and 2D emitters (transition-metal dichalcogenide and hexagonal boron nitride) are discussed. The integration of these emitters and cavities and the expect interplay between them are explained in the following chapters. Finally, a comprehensive discussion and outlook of nanoscale cavity-emitter integrated systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichang Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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18
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Stevens CE, Chuang HJ, Rosenberger MR, McCreary KM, Dass CK, Jonker BT, Hendrickson JR. Enhancing the Purity of Deterministically Placed Quantum Emitters in Monolayer WSe 2. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20956-20963. [PMID: 36445838 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a method utilizing an applied electrostatic potential for suppressing the broad defect bound excitonic emission in two-dimensional materials (2DMs) which otherwise inhibits the purity of strain induced single photon emitters (SPEs). Our heterostructure consists of a WSe2 monolayer on a polymer in which strain has been deterministically introduced via an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. We show that by applying an electrostatic potential, the broad defect bound background is suppressed at cryogenic temperatures, resulting in a substantial improvement in single photon purity demonstrated by a 10-fold reduction of the correlation function g(2)(0) value from 0.73 to 0.07. In addition, we see a 2-fold increase in the intensity of the SPEs as well as the ability to activate/deactivate the emitters at certain wavelengths. Finally, we present an increase in the operating temperature of the SPE up to 110 K, a 50 K increase when compared with the results when no electrostatic potential is present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsun-Jen Chuang
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Matthew R Rosenberger
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kathleen M McCreary
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Chandriker Kavir Dass
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Berend T Jonker
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Joshua R Hendrickson
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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19
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Parto K, Azzam SI, Lewis N, Patel SD, Umezawa S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Moody G. Cavity-Enhanced 2D Material Quantum Emitters Deterministically Integrated with Silicon Nitride Microresonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9748-9756. [PMID: 36318636 PMCID: PMC9756340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optically active defects in 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are an attractive class of single-photon emitters with high brightness, operation up to room temperature, site-specific engineering of emitter arrays with strain and irradiation techniques, and tunability with external electric fields. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely align and embed hBN and TMDs within background-free silicon nitride microring resonators. Through the Purcell effect, high-purity hBN emitters exhibit a cavity-enhanced spectral coupling efficiency of up to 46% at room temperature, exceeding the theoretical limit (up to 40%) for cavity-free waveguide-emitter coupling and demonstrating nearly a 1 order of magnitude improvement over previous work. The devices are fabricated with a CMOS-compatible process and exhibit no degradation of the 2D material optical properties, robustness to thermal annealing, and 100 nm positioning accuracy of quantum emitters within single-mode waveguides, opening a path for scalable quantum photonic chips with on-demand single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Parto
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - S. I. Azzam
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
- California
Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - N. Lewis
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - S. D. Patel
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - S. Umezawa
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - K. Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - T. Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectures, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - G. Moody
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
- California
Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
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20
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Yamusa SA, Shaari A, Alsaif NAM, Alsalamah IM, Isah I, Rekik N. Elucidating the Structural, Electronic, Elastic, and Optical Properties of Bulk and Monolayer MoS 2 Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides: A DFT Approach. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45719-45731. [PMID: 36530279 PMCID: PMC9753172 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their outstanding properties for optoelectronic and versatile electronic applications, the atomically thin layers of transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials have demonstrated a potential candidacy to succeed its analog silicon-based technology. Hence, the elucidation of the most important features of these materials is indispensable. In this study, we provide a theoretical elucidation of the structural, electronic, elastic, and optical characteristics of TMDCs. The study has been carried out by elucidating the material in its two particular forms, namely, bulk and two-dimensional (2D) layered (monolayer). The theoretical investigation was carried out within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) method using first-principles calculations. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) variant of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) scheme, as performed in the Quantum Espresso package, is used. Van der Waals density functional effects, involving the nonlocal correlation part from the rVV10 and vdW-DF2 methods, were treated to remedy the lack of the long-range vdW interaction. An illustration of the performance of both rVV10 and vdW-DF2 functionalities, with the popular PBE correlations, is elucidated. The Born stability criterion is employed to assess structural stability. The obtained results reveal an excellent stability of both systems. Furthermore, the theoretical results show that band-gap energy is in excellent agreement with experimental and theoretical data. Pugh's rule suggested that both the bulk and MoS2-2D layered systems are ductile materials. The refractive indices obtained herein are in good agreement with the available theoretical data. Moreover, the theoretical results obtained with the present approach demonstrate the ductility of both systems, namely, the bulk and the MoS2-2D layered. The results obtained herein hold promise for structural, elastic, and optical properties and pave the way for potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehu Aminu Yamusa
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department
of Physics, Federal College of Education
Zaria, P.M.B. 1041, 810282Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Amiruddin Shaari
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Norah A. M. Alsaif
- Physics
Department, College of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtihal M. Alsalamah
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, University
of Hail, Hail55211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Isah
- Department
of Science and Laboratory Technology, Jigawa
State Polytechnic, 720101Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Najeh Rekik
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, University
of Hail, Hail55211, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2G2, Canada
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21
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Parida S, Wang Y, Zhao H, Htoon H, Kucinski TM, Chubarov M, Choudhury T, Redwing JM, Dongare A, Pettes MT. Tuning of the electronic and vibrational properties of epitaxial MoS 2through He-ion beam modification. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:085702. [PMID: 36395493 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca3af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), like MoS2with high carrier mobilities and tunable electron dispersions, are unique active material candidates for next generation opto-electronic devices. Previous studies on ion irradiation show great potential applications when applied to two-dimensional (2D) materials, yet have been limited to micron size exfoliated flakes or smaller. To demonstrate the scalability of this method for industrial applications, we report the application of relatively low power (50 keV)4He+ion irradiation towards tuning the optoelectronic properties of an epitaxially grown continuous film of MoS2at the wafer scale, and demonstrate that precise manipulation of atomistic defects can be achieved in TMD films using ion implanters. The effect of4He+ion fluence on the PL and Raman signatures of the irradiated film provides new insights into the type and concentration of defects formed in the MoS2lattice, which are quantified through ion beam analysis. PL and Raman spectroscopy indicate that point defects are generated without causing disruption to the underlying lattice structure of the 2D films and hence, this technique can prove to be an effective way to achieve defect-mediated control over the opto-electronic properties of MoS2and other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayani Parida
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, CT, United States of America
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
- Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamics Extremes (MST-8), Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
| | - Huan Zhao
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
| | - Theresa Marie Kucinski
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Chubarov
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Tanushree Choudhury
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Joan Marie Redwing
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Avinash Dongare
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, CT, United States of America
| | - Michael Thompson Pettes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, United States of America
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22
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Kim G, Kim HM, Kumar P, Rahaman M, Stevens CE, Jeon J, Jo K, Kim KH, Trainor N, Zhu H, Sohn BH, Stach EA, Hendrickson JR, Glavin NR, Suh J, Redwing JM, Jariwala D. High-Density, Localized Quantum Emitters in Strained 2D Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9651-9659. [PMID: 35621266 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional chalcogenide semiconductors have recently emerged as a host material for quantum emitters of single photons. While several reports on defect- and strain-induced single-photon emission from 2D chalcogenides exist, a bottom-up, lithography-free approach to producing a high density of emitters remains elusive. Further, the physical properties of quantum emission in the case of strained 2D semiconductors are far from being understood. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-up, scalable, and lithography-free approach for creating large areas of localized emitters with high density (∼150 emitters/um2) in a WSe2 monolayer. We induce strain inside the WSe2 monolayer with high spatial density by conformally placing the WSe2 monolayer over a uniform array of Pt nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm. Cryogenic, time-resolved, and gate-tunable luminescence measurements combined with near-field luminescence spectroscopy suggest the formation of localized states in strained regions that emit single photons with a high spatial density. Our approach of using a metal nanoparticle array to generate a high density of strained quantum emitters will be applied to scalable, tunable, and versatile quantum light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangwoo Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hyong Min Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mahfujur Rahaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher E Stevens
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- KBR Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Jonghyuk Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kwan-Ho Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas Trainor
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Haoyue Zhu
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Byeong-Hyeok Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joshua R Hendrickson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Joonki Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan M Redwing
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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23
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Londoño-Calderon A, Dhall R, Ophus C, Schneider M, Wang Y, Dervishi E, Kang HS, Lee CH, Yoo J, Pettes MT. Visualizing Grain Statistics in MOCVD WSe 2 through Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2578-2585. [PMID: 35143727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate a method to visualize grains and grain boundaries in WSe2 grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) directly onto silicon dioxide. Despite the chemical purity and uniform thickness and texture of the MOCVD-grown WSe2, we observe a high density of small grains that corresponds with the overall selenium deficiency we measure through ion beam analysis. Moreover, reconstruction of grain information permits the creation of orientation maps that demonstrate the nucleation mechanism for new layers-triangular domains with the same orientation as the layer underneath induces a tensile strain increasing the lattice parameter at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Londoño-Calderon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew Schneider
- Materials Science in Radiation and Dynamics Extremes (MST-8), Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Materials Science in Radiation and Dynamics Extremes (MST-8), Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enkeleda Dervishi
- Electrochemistry and Corrosion Team, Sigma Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Hee Seong Kang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology & Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology & Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyoung Yoo
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael T Pettes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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24
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Alfieri A, Anantharaman SB, Zhang H, Jariwala D. Nanomaterials for Quantum Information Science and Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2109621. [PMID: 35139247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum information science and engineering (QISE)-which entails the use of quantum mechanical states for information processing, communications, and sensing-and the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology have dominated condensed matter physics and materials science research in the 21st century. Solid-state devices for QISE have, to this point, predominantly been designed with bulk materials as their constituents. This review considers how nanomaterials (i.e., materials with intrinsic quantum confinement) may offer inherent advantages over conventional materials for QISE. The materials challenges for specific types of qubits, along with how emerging nanomaterials may overcome these challenges, are identified. Challenges for and progress toward nanomaterials-based quantum devices are condidered. The overall aim of the review is to help close the gap between the nanotechnology and quantum information communities and inspire research that will lead to next-generation quantum devices for scalable and practical quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Alfieri
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Surendra B Anantharaman
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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