1
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Cheema SS, Shanker N, Hsu SL, Schaadt J, Ellis NM, Cook M, Rastogi R, Pilawa-Podgurski RCN, Ciston J, Mohamed M, Salahuddin S. Giant energy storage and power density negative capacitance superlattices. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07365-5. [PMID: 38593860 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric electrostatic capacitors1, due to their ultrafast charge-discharge capability, are attractive for high power energy storage applications. Along with ultrafast operation, on-chip integration can enable miniaturized energy storage devices for emerging autonomous microelectronics and microsystems2-5. Additionally, state-of-the-art miniaturized electrochemical energy storage systems - microsupercapacitors and microbatteries - currently face safety, packaging, materials, and microfabrication challenges preventing on-chip technological readiness2,3,6, leaving an opportunity for electrostatic microcapacitors. Here we report record-high electrostatic energy storage density (ESD) and power density (PD) in HfO2- ZrO2-based thin film microcapacitors integrated on silicon, through a three-pronged approach. First, to increase intrinsic energy storage, atomic-layer-deposited antiferroelectric HfO2-ZrO2 films are engineered near a field-driven ferroelectric phase transition to exhibit amplified charge storage via the negative capacitance effect7-12, which enhances volumetric-ESD beyond the best-known back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) compatible dielectrics (115 J-cm-3)13. Second, to increase total energy storage, antiferroelectric superlattice engineering14 scales the energy storage performance beyond the conventional thickness limitations of HfO2-ZrO2-based (anti)ferroelectricity15 (100-nm regime). Third, to increase storage-per-footprint, the superlattices are conformally integrated into three-dimensional capacitors, which boosts areal-ESD (areal-PD) 9-times (170-times) the best-known electrostatic capacitors: 80 mJ-cm-2 (300 kW-cm-2). This simultaneous demonstration of ultrahigh energy- and power-density overcomes the traditional capacity-speed trade-off across the electrostatic-electrochemical energy storage hierarchy1,16. Furthermore, integration of ultrahigh-density and ultrafast-charging thin films within a BEOL-compatible process enables monolithic integration of on-chip microcapacitors5, which can unlock substantial energy storage and power delivery performance for electronic microsystems17-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Cheema
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Nirmaan Shanker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Schaadt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan M Ellis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Cook
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Ravi Rastogi
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Yalcin K, Kumar R, Zuidema E, Kulkarni AR, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Katz A, Gates BC, Kronawitter CX, Runnebaum RC. Reversible Intrapore Redox Cycling of Platinum in Platinum-Ion-Exchanged HZSM-5 Catalysts. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4999-5005. [PMID: 38601777 PMCID: PMC11002820 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Isolated platinum(II) ions anchored at acid sites in the pores of zeolite HZSM-5, initially introduced by aqueous ion exchange, were reduced to form platinum nanoparticles that are stably dispersed with a narrow size distribution (1.3 ± 0.4 nm in average diameter). The nanoparticles were confined in reservoirs within the porous zeolite particles, as shown by electron beam tomography and the shape-selective catalysis of alkene hydrogenation. When the nanoparticles were oxidatively fragmented in dry air at elevated temperature, platinum returned to its initial in-pore atomically dispersed state with a charge of +2, as shown previously by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results determine the conditions under which platinum is retained within the pores of HZSM-5 particles during redox cycles that are characteristic of the reductive conditions of catalyst operation and the oxidative conditions of catalyst regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Yalcin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erik Zuidema
- Shell
Global Solutions B.V. Amsterdam 1031 HW, The Netherlands
| | - Ambarish R. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce C. Gates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Coleman X. Kronawitter
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ron C. Runnebaum
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, 95616, United States
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3
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Van Winkle M, Craig IM, Kazmierczak NP, Carr S, Dandu M, Ophus C, Bustillo KC, Ciston J, Brown HG, Raja A, Griffin SM, Bediako DK. Interferometric 4D-STEM Imaging of Rotational and Dilational Reconstruction in Moiré Superlattices. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:268-269. [PMID: 37613411 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Van Winkle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Isaac M Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Carr
- Brown Theoretical Physics Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Medha Dandu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hamish G Brown
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Archana Raja
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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4
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Byrne DO, Raja A, Noy A, Ciston J, Smolyanitsky A, Allen FI. Fabrication of Atomically Precise Nanopores in 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Electron and Ion Beam Microscopes. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1375-1376. [PMID: 37613635 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana O Byrne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Noy
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
| | - Alex Smolyanitsky
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
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5
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Gleason SP, Rakowski A, Ciston J, Ophus C. Random Forest Prediction of Crystal Structure from Diffraction Patterns. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:698-699. [PMID: 37613071 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Gleason
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Rakowski
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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6
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Zhang D, Dhall R, Song C, Ciston J, Schneider M, Kunwar S, Pettes M, McCabe R, Chen A. Operando STEM and EELS Study of Oxide Memristor Devices. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1311-1312. [PMID: 37613317 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matt Schneider
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Sundar Kunwar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Michael Pettes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Rodney McCabe
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Aiping Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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7
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Gleason SP, Lu D, Ciston J. Machine Learning Prediction of Charge State from EELS Spectra of Third Row Transition Metals. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1921-1922. [PMID: 37612971 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Gleason
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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8
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Van Winkle M, Craig IM, Carr S, Dandu M, Bustillo KC, Ciston J, Ophus C, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Raja A, Griffin SM, Bediako DK. Rotational and dilational reconstruction in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bilayers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2989. [PMID: 37225701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lattice reconstruction and corresponding strain accumulation plays a key role in defining the electronic structure of two-dimensional moiré superlattices, including those of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Imaging of TMD moirés has so far provided a qualitative understanding of this relaxation process in terms of interlayer stacking energy, while models of the underlying deformation mechanisms have relied on simulations. Here, we use interferometric four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy to quantitatively map the mechanical deformations through which reconstruction occurs in small-angle twisted bilayer MoS2 and WSe2/MoS2 heterobilayers. We provide direct evidence that local rotations govern relaxation for twisted homobilayers, while local dilations are prominent in heterobilayers possessing a sufficiently large lattice mismatch. Encapsulation of the moiré layers in hBN further localizes and enhances these in-plane reconstruction pathways by suppressing out-of-plane corrugation. We also find that extrinsic uniaxial heterostrain, which introduces a lattice constant difference in twisted homobilayers, leads to accumulation and redistribution of reconstruction strain, demonstrating another route to modify the moiré potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac M Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen Carr
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Brown Theoretical Physics Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Medha Dandu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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9
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Wang X, Pettes MT, Wang Y, Zhu JX, Dhall R, Song C, Jones AC, Ciston J, Yoo J. Enhanced Exciton-to-Trion Conversion by Proton Irradiation of Atomically Thin WS 2. Nano Lett 2023; 23:3754-3761. [PMID: 37094221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering of van der Waals semiconductors has been demonstrated as an effective approach to manipulate the structural and functional characteristics toward dynamic device controls, yet correlations between physical properties with defect evolution remain underexplored. Using proton irradiation, we observe an enhanced exciton-to-trion conversion of the atomically thin WS2. The altered excitonic states are closely correlated with nanopore induced atomic displacement, W nanoclusters, and zigzag edge terminations, verified by scanning transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculation suggests that nanopores facilitate formation of in-gap states that act as sinks for free electrons to couple with excitons. The ion energy loss simulation predicts a dominating electron ionization effect upon proton irradiation, providing further evidence on band perturbations and nanopore formation without destroying the overall crystallinity. This study provides a route in tuning the excitonic properties of van der Waals semiconductors using an irradiation-based defect engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael Thompson Pettes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Materials Science in Radiation and Dynamics Extremes (MST-8), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jian-Xin Zhu
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Physics of Condensed Matter and Complex Systems (T-4), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinkyoung Yoo
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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10
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Crook MF, Moreno-Hernandez IA, Ondry JC, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Vargas A, Alivisatos AP. EELS Studies of Cerium Electrolyte Reveal Substantial Solute Concentration Effects in Graphene Liquid Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6648-6657. [PMID: 36939571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is a powerful technique to visualize nanoscale dynamics and transformations at atomic resolution. However, the solution in liquid cells is known to be affected by radiolysis, and the stochastic formation of graphene liquid cells raises questions about the solution chemistry in individual pockets. In this study, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to evaluate a model encapsulated solution, aqueous CeCl3. First, the ratio between the O K-edge and Ce M-edge was used to approximate the concentration of cerium salt in the graphene liquid cell. It was determined that the ratio between oxygen and cerium was orders of magnitude lower than what is expected for a dilute solution, indicating that the encapsulated solution is highly concentrated. To probe how this affects the chemistry within graphene liquid cells, the oxidation of Ce3+ was measured using time-resolved parallel EELS. It was determined that Ce3+ oxidizes faster under high electron fluxes, but reaches the same steady-state Ce4+ concentration regardless of flux. The time-resolved concentration profiles enabled direct comparison to radiolysis models, which indicate rate constants and g-values of certain molecular species are substantially different in the highly concentrated environment. Finally, electron flux-dependent gold nanocrystal etching trajectories showed that gold nanocrystals etch faster at higher electron fluxes, correlating well with the Ce3+ oxidation kinetics. Understanding the effects of the highly concentrated solution in graphene liquid cells will provide new insight on previous studies and may open up opportunities to systematically study systems in highly concentrated solutions at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan A Moreno-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alfred Vargas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Chang DJ, O'Leary CM, Su C, Jacobs DA, Kahn S, Zettl A, Ciston J, Ercius P, Miao J. Deep-Learning Electron Diffractive Imaging. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:016101. [PMID: 36669218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of deep-learning coherent electron diffractive imaging at subangstrom resolution using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with only simulated data. We experimentally demonstrate this method by applying the trained CNNs to recover the phase images from electron diffraction patterns of twisted hexagonal boron nitride, monolayer graphene, and a gold nanoparticle with comparable quality to those reconstructed by a conventional ptychographic algorithm. Fourier ring correlation between the CNN and ptychographic images indicates the achievement of a resolution in the range of 0.70 and 0.55 Å. We further develop CNNs to recover the probe function from the experimental data. The ability to replace iterative algorithms with CNNs and perform real-time atomic imaging from coherent diffraction patterns is expected to find applications in the physical and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillan J Chang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Colum M O'Leary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A Jacobs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Salman Kahn
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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12
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Aitbekova A, Zhou C, Stone ML, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Yang AC, Hoffman AS, Goodman ED, Huber P, Stebbins JF, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Ciston J, Bare SR, Plessow PN, Cargnello M. Templated encapsulation of platinum-based catalysts promotes high-temperature stability to 1,100 °C. Nat Mater 2022; 21:1290-1297. [PMID: 36280703 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stable catalysts are essential to address energy and environmental challenges, especially for applications in harsh environments (for example, high temperature, oxidizing atmosphere and steam). In such conditions, supported metal catalysts deactivate due to sintering-a process where initially small nanoparticles grow into larger ones with reduced active surface area-but strategies to stabilize them can lead to decreased performance. Here we report stable catalysts prepared through the encapsulation of platinum nanoparticles inside an alumina framework, which was formed by depositing an alumina precursor within a separately prepared porous organic framework impregnated with platinum nanoparticles. These catalysts do not sinter at 800 °C in the presence of oxygen and steam, conditions in which conventional catalysts sinter to a large extent, while showing similar reaction rates. Extending this approach to Pd-Pt bimetallic catalysts led to the small particle size being maintained at temperatures as high as 1,100 °C in air and 10% steam. This strategy can be broadly applied to other metal and metal oxides for applications where sintering is a major cause of material deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisulu Aitbekova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengshuang Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Stone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Emmett D Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Huber
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Cheema SS, Shanker N, Hsu SL, Rho Y, Hsu CH, Stoica VA, Zhang Z, Freeland JW, Shafer P, Grigoropoulos CP, Ciston J, Salahuddin S. Emergent ferroelectricity in subnanometer binary oxide films on silicon. Science 2022; 376:648-652. [PMID: 35536900 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The critical size limit of voltage-switchable electric dipoles has extensive implications for energy-efficient electronics, underlying the importance of ferroelectric order stabilized at reduced dimensionality. We report on the thickness-dependent antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition in zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) thin films on silicon. The emergent ferroelectricity and hysteretic polarization switching in ultrathin ZrO2, conventionally a paraelectric material, notably persists down to a film thickness of 5 angstroms, the fluorite-structure unit-cell size. This approach to exploit three-dimensional centrosymmetric materials deposited down to the two-dimensional thickness limit, particularly within this model fluorite-structure system that possesses unconventional ferroelectric size effects, offers substantial promise for electronics, demonstrated by proof-of-principle atomic-scale nonvolatile ferroelectric memory on silicon. Additionally, it is also indicative of hidden electronic phenomena that are achievable across a wide class of simple binary materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Cheema
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nirmaan Shanker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Stoica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - John W Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Cheema SS, Shanker N, Wang LC, Hsu CH, Hsu SL, Liao YH, San Jose M, Gomez J, Chakraborty W, Li W, Bae JH, Volkman SK, Kwon D, Rho Y, Pinelli G, Rastogi R, Pipitone D, Stull C, Cook M, Tyrrell B, Stoica VA, Zhang Z, Freeland JW, Tassone CJ, Mehta A, Saheli G, Thompson D, Suh DI, Koo WT, Nam KJ, Jung DJ, Song WB, Lin CH, Nam S, Heo J, Parihar N, Grigoropoulos CP, Shafer P, Fay P, Ramesh R, Mahapatra S, Ciston J, Datta S, Mohamed M, Hu C, Salahuddin S. Ultrathin ferroic HfO 2-ZrO 2 superlattice gate stack for advanced transistors. Nature 2022; 604:65-71. [PMID: 35388197 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the scaling of lateral dimensions in advanced transistors, an increased gate capacitance is desirable both to retain the control of the gate electrode over the channel and to reduce the operating voltage1. This led to a fundamental change in the gate stack in 2008, the incorporation of high-dielectric-constant HfO2 (ref. 2), which remains the material of choice to date. Here we report HfO2-ZrO2 superlattice heterostructures as a gate stack, stabilized with mixed ferroelectric-antiferroelectric order, directly integrated onto Si transistors, and scaled down to approximately 20 ångströms, the same gate oxide thickness required for high-performance transistors. The overall equivalent oxide thickness in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors is equivalent to an effective SiO2 thickness of approximately 6.5 ångströms. Such a low effective oxide thickness and the resulting large capacitance cannot be achieved in conventional HfO2-based high-dielectric-constant gate stacks without scavenging the interfacial SiO2, which has adverse effects on the electron transport and gate leakage current3. Accordingly, our gate stacks, which do not require such scavenging, provide substantially lower leakage current and no mobility degradation. This work demonstrates that ultrathin ferroic HfO2-ZrO2 multilayers, stabilized with competing ferroelectric-antiferroelectric order in the two-nanometre-thickness regime, provide a path towards advanced gate oxide stacks in electronic devices beyond conventional HfO2-based high-dielectric-constant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Cheema
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Nirmaan Shanker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Li-Chen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hung Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew San Jose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jorge Gomez
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wriddhi Chakraborty
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wenshen Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Ho Bae
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steve K Volkman
- Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daewoong Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gianni Pinelli
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Ravi Rastogi
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Dominick Pipitone
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Corey Stull
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Cook
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Brian Tyrrell
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Stoica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - John W Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dong Ik Suh
- Research & Development Division, SK hynix, Icheon, Korea
| | - Won-Tae Koo
- Research & Development Division, SK hynix, Icheon, Korea
| | - Kab-Jin Nam
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Jung
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Woo-Bin Song
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chung-Hsun Lin
- Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Seunggeol Nam
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jinseong Heo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea
| | - Narendra Parihar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Fay
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Souvik Mahapatra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suman Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Chenming Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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15
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Jeon S, Hwang SY, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Reed BW, Hong S, Zettl A, Kim WY, Ercius P, Park J, Lee WC. Response to Comment on "Reversible disorder-order transitions in atomic crystal nucleation". Science 2022; 375:eabj3683. [PMID: 35324302 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Yu et al. suggested calculating precisely the size ranges of the three parts of our figure 3A, adjusting the free-energy levels in figure 3B, and considering the shape effect in the first-principles calculation. The first and second suggestions raise strong concerns for misinterpretation and overinterpretation of our experiments. The original calculation is sufficient to support our claim about crystalline-to-disordered transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
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16
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Jiang L, Gong M, Wang J, Pan Z, Wang X, Zhang D, Wang YM, Ciston J, Minor AM, Xu M, Pan X, Rupert TJ, Mahajan S, Lavernia EJ, Beyerlein IJ, Schoenung JM. Visualization and validation of twin nucleation and early-stage growth in magnesium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:20. [PMID: 35013175 PMCID: PMC8748725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abrupt occurrence of twinning when Mg is deformed leads to a highly anisotropic response, making it too unreliable for structural use and too unpredictable for observation. Here, we describe an in-situ transmission electron microscopy experiment on Mg crystals with strategically designed geometries for visualization of a long-proposed but unverified twinning mechanism. Combining with atomistic simulations and topological analysis, we conclude that twin nucleation occurs through a pure-shuffle mechanism that requires prismatic-basal transformations. Also, we verified a crystal geometry dependent twin growth mechanism, that is the early-stage growth associated with instability of plasticity flow, which can be dominated either by slower movement of prismatic-basal boundary steps, or by faster glide-shuffle along the twinning plane. The fundamental understanding of twinning provides a pathway to understand deformation from a scientific standpoint and the microstructure design principles to engineer metals with enhanced behavior from a technological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Materials & Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Mingyu Gong
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Zhiliang Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dalong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Y Morris Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94701, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94701, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Timothy J Rupert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Subhash Mahajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Irene J Beyerlein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Julie M Schoenung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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17
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Findlay SD, Brown HG, Pelz PM, Ophus C, Ciston J, Allen LJ. Scattering Matrix Determination in Crystalline Materials from 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy at a Single Defocus Value. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:744-757. [PMID: 34311809 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has revived interest in the scattering matrix formulation of electron scattering in transmission electron microscopy as a stepping stone toward atomic-resolution structure determination in the presence of multiple scattering. We discuss ways of visualizing the scattering matrix that make its properties clear. Through a simulation-based case study incorporating shot noise, we shown how regularizing on this continuity enables the scattering matrix to be reconstructed from 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements from a single defocus value. Intriguingly, for crystalline samples, this process also yields the sample thickness to nanometer accuracy with no a priori knowledge about the sample structure. The reconstruction quality is gauged by using the reconstructed scattering matrix to simulate STEM images at defocus values different from that of the data from which it was reconstructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Findlay
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Hamish G Brown
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Ian Holmes Imaging Center, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Philipp M Pelz
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Leslie J Allen
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
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18
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Savitzky BH, Zeltmann SE, Hughes LA, Brown HG, Zhao S, Pelz PM, Pekin TC, Barnard ES, Donohue J, Rangel DaCosta L, Kennedy E, Xie Y, Janish MT, Schneider MM, Herring P, Gopal C, Anapolsky A, Dhall R, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Scott MC, Ciston J, Minor AM, Ophus C. py4DSTEM: A Software Package for Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data Analysis. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:712-743. [PMID: 34018475 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials on length scales ranging from microns to atoms. By using a high-speed, direct electron detector, it is now possible to record a full two-dimensional (2D) image of the diffracted electron beam at each probe position, typically a 2D grid of probe positions. These 4D-STEM datasets are rich in information, including signatures of the local structure, orientation, deformation, electromagnetic fields, and other sample-dependent properties. However, extracting this information requires complex analysis pipelines that include data wrangling, calibration, analysis, and visualization, all while maintaining robustness against imaging distortions and artifacts. In this paper, we present py4DSTEM, an analysis toolkit for measuring material properties from 4D-STEM datasets, written in the Python language and released with an open-source license. We describe the algorithmic steps for dataset calibration and various 4D-STEM property measurements in detail and present results from several experimental datasets. We also implement a simple and universal file format appropriate for electron microscopy data in py4DSTEM, which uses the open-source HDF5 standard. We hope this tool will benefit the research community and help improve the standards for data and computational methods in electron microscopy, and we invite the community to contribute to this ongoing project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Steven E Zeltmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Lauren A Hughes
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Hamish G Brown
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Shiteng Zhao
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Philipp M Pelz
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Thomas C Pekin
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jennifer Donohue
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Luis Rangel DaCosta
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Ellis Kennedy
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Yujun Xie
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
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19
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Allen FI, Pekin TC, Persaud A, Rozeveld SJ, Meyers GF, Ciston J, Ophus C, Minor AM. Fast Grain Mapping with Sub-Nanometer Resolution Using 4D-STEM with Grain Classification by Principal Component Analysis and Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:794-803. [PMID: 34169813 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621011946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput grain mapping with sub-nanometer spatial resolution is demonstrated using scanning nanobeam electron diffraction (also known as 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy, or 4D-STEM) combined with high-speed direct-electron detection. An electron probe size down to 0.5 nm in diameter is used and the sample investigated is a gold–palladium nanoparticle catalyst. Computational analysis of the 4D-STEM data sets is performed using a disk registration algorithm to identify the diffraction peaks followed by feature learning to map the individual grains. Two unsupervised feature learning techniques are compared: principal component analysis (PCA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF). The characteristics of the PCA versus NNMF output are compared and the potential of the 4D-STEM approach for statistical analysis of grain orientations at high spatial resolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, LBNL, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Thomas C Pekin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, LBNL, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Arun Persaud
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Steven J Rozeveld
- Core R&D - Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI48674, USA
| | - Gregory F Meyers
- Core R&D - Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI48674, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, LBNL, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, LBNL, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, LBNL, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
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20
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Kazmierczak NP, Van Winkle M, Ophus C, Bustillo KC, Carr S, Brown HG, Ciston J, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Bediako DK. Strain fields in twisted bilayer graphene. Nat Mater 2021; 20:956-963. [PMID: 33859383 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals heteroepitaxy allows deterministic control over lattice mismatch or azimuthal orientation between atomic layers to produce long-wavelength superlattices. The resulting electronic phases depend critically on the superlattice periodicity and localized structural deformations that introduce disorder and strain. In this study we used Bragg interferometry to capture atomic displacement fields in twisted bilayer graphene with twist angles <2°. Nanoscale spatial fluctuations in twist angle and uniaxial heterostrain were statistically evaluated, revealing the prevalence of short-range disorder in moiré heterostructures. By quantitatively mapping strain tensor fields, we uncovered two regimes of structural relaxation and disentangled the electronic contributions of constituent rotation modes. Further, we found that applied heterostrain accumulates anisotropically in saddle-point regions, generating distinctive striped strain phases. Our results establish the reconstruction mechanics underpinning the twist-angle-dependent electronic behaviour of twisted bilayer graphene and provide a framework for directly visualizing structural relaxation, disorder and strain in moiré materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Carr
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown Theoretical Physics Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hamish G Brown
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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21
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Abstract
ConspectusScanning electron nanobeam diffraction, or 4D-STEM (four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy), is a flexible and powerful approach to elucidate structure from "soft" materials that are challenging to image in the transmission electron microscope because their structure is easily damaged by the electron beam. In a 4D-STEM experiment, a converged electron beam is scanned across the sample, and a pixelated camera records a diffraction pattern at each scan position. This four-dimensional data set can be mined for various analyses, producing maps of local crystal orientation, structural distortions, crystallinity, or different structural classes. Holding the sample at cryogenic temperatures minimizes diffusion of radicals and the resulting damage and disorder caused by the electron beam. The total fluence of incident electrons can easily be controlled during 4D-STEM experiments by careful use of the beam blanker, steering of the localized electron dose, and by minimizing the fluence in the convergent beam thus minimizing beam damage. This technique can be applied to both organic and inorganic materials that are known to be beam-sensitive; they can be highly crystalline, semicrystalline, mixed phase, or amorphous.One common example is the case for many organic materials that have a π-π stacking of polymer chains or rings on the order of 3.4-4.2 Å separation. If these chains or rings are aligned in some regions, they will produce distinct diffraction spots (as would other crystalline spacings in this range), though they may be weak or diffuse for disordered or weakly scattering materials. We can reconstruct the orientation of the π-π stacking, the degree of π-π stacking in the sample, and the domain size of the aligned regions. This Account summarizes illumination conditions and experimental parameters for 4D-STEM experiments with the goal of producing images of structural features for materials that are beam-sensitive. We will discuss experimental parameters including sample cooling, probe size and shape, fluence, and cameras. 4D-STEM has been applied to a variety of materials, not only as an advanced technique for model systems, but as a technique for the beginning microscopist to answer materials science questions. It is noteworthy that the experimental data acquisition does not require an aberration-corrected TEM but can be produced on a variety of instruments with the right attention to experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C. Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven E. Zeltmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer Donohue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Jeon S, Heo T, Hwang SY, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Reed BW, Ham J, Kang S, Kim S, Lim J, Lim K, Kim JS, Kang MH, Bloom RS, Hong S, Kim K, Zettl A, Kim WY, Ercius P, Park J, Lee WC. Reversible disorder-order transitions in atomic crystal nucleation. Science 2021; 371:498-503. [PMID: 33510024 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nucleation in atomic crystallization remains poorly understood, despite advances in classical nucleation theory. The nucleation process has been described to involve a nonclassical mechanism that includes a spontaneous transition from disordered to crystalline states, but a detailed understanding of dynamics requires further investigation. In situ electron microscopy of heterogeneous nucleation of individual gold nanocrystals with millisecond temporal resolution shows that the early stage of atomic crystallization proceeds through dynamic structural fluctuations between disordered and crystalline states, rather than through a single irreversible transition. Our experimental and theoretical analyses support the idea that structural fluctuations originate from size-dependent thermodynamic stability of the two states in atomic clusters. These findings, based on dynamics in a real atomic system, reshape and improve our understanding of nucleation mechanisms in atomic crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeong Heo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Jimin Ham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungin Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joowon Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitaek Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruth S Bloom
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomedicine, IBS, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Streubel R, Bouma DS, Bruni F, Chen X, Ercius P, Ciston J, N'Diaye AT, Roy S, Kevan SD, Fischer P, Hellman F. Chiral Spin Textures in Amorphous Iron-Germanium Thick Films. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004830. [PMID: 33432657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Topological solitary fields, such as magnetic and polar skyrmions, are envisioned to revolutionize microelectronics. These configurations have been stabilized in solid-state materials with a global inversion symmetry breaking, which translates in magnetic materials into a vector spin exchange known as the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), as well as spin chirality selection and isotropic solitons. This work reports experimental evidence of 3D chiral spin textures, such as helical spins and skyrmions with different chirality and topological charge, stabilized in amorphous Fe-Ge thick films. These results demonstrate that structurally and chemically disordered materials with a random DMI can resemble inversion symmetry broken systems with similar magnetic properties, moments, and states. Disordered systems are distinguished from systems with global inversion symmetry breaking by their degenerate spin chirality that allows for forming isotropic and anisotropic topological spin textures at remanence, while offering greater flexibility in materials synthesis, voltage, and strain manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Streubel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Nebraska, Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - D Simca Bouma
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Frank Bruni
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alpha T N'Diaye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sujoy Roy
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Steve D Kevan
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Frances Hellman
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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24
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Gallagher-Jones M, Bustillo K, Ophus C, Richards L, Ciston J, Lee S, Minor A, Rodriguez J. Determining atomic structures from digitally defined regions of nanocrystals. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876732009889x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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25
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Brown HG, Ciston J. Atomic Resolution Imaging of Light Elements in a Crystalline Environment using Dynamic Hollow-Cone Illumination Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2020; 26:623-629. [PMID: 32519630 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple electron scattering and the nonintuitive nature of image formation with coherent radiation complicate the interpretation of conventional transmission electron microscopy images. Precession of the illuminating beam in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can lead to more robust and interpretable images with some penalty to image contrast, a technique known as dynamic hollow-cone illumination TEM. We demonstrate direct and robust imaging of light and heavy atoms in a crystalline environment with this technique. This method is similar to the annular bright-field technique in scanning transmission electron microscopy, via the principle of reciprocity. Dynamic hollow-cone illumination TEM is challenging in practice due to sensitivity to the misalignment of the precession axis, microscope objective aperture, and crystal zone axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish G Brown
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjia Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon R. Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ron C. Runnebaum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Coleman X. Kronawitter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bruce C. Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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27
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Deng Y, Zhang R, Pekin TC, Gammer C, Ciston J, Ercius P, Ophus C, Bustillo K, Song C, Zhao S, Guo H, Zhao Y, Dong H, Chen Z, Minor AM. Functional Materials Under Stress: In Situ TEM Observations of Structural Evolution. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1906105. [PMID: 31746516 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The operating conditions of functional materials usually involve varying stress fields, resulting in structural changes, whether intentional or undesirable. Complex multiscale microstructures including defects, domains, and new phases, can be induced by mechanical loading in functional materials, providing fundamental insight into the deformation process of the involved materials. On the other hand, these microstructures, if induced in a controllable fashion, can be used to tune the functional properties or to enhance certain performance. In situ nanomechanical tests conducted in scanning/transmission electron microscopes (STEM/TEM) provide a critical tool for understanding the microstructural evolution in functional materials. Here, select results on a variety of functional material systems in the field are presented, with a brief introduction into some newly developed multichannel experimental capabilities to demonstrate the impact of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Solid State Microstructure National Key Lab and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ruopeng Zhang
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas C Pekin
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Gammer
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shiteng Zhao
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA
| | - Yunlei Zhao
- Solid State Microstructure National Key Lab and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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28
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Cheema SS, Kwon D, Shanker N, Dos Reis R, Hsu SL, Xiao J, Zhang H, Wagner R, Datar A, McCarter MR, Serrao CR, Yadav AK, Karbasian G, Hsu CH, Tan AJ, Wang LC, Thakare V, Zhang X, Mehta A, Karapetrova E, Chopdekar RV, Shafer P, Arenholz E, Hu C, Proksch R, Ramesh R, Ciston J, Salahuddin S. Publisher Correction: Enhanced ferroelectricity in ultrathin films grown directly on silicon. Nature 2020; 581:E5. [PMID: 32433606 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S Cheema
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Daewoong Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nirmaan Shanker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jun Xiao
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Haigang Zhang
- Asylum Research, Oxford Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Wagner
- Asylum Research, Oxford Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Adhiraj Datar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Margaret R McCarter
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Claudy R Serrao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ajay K Yadav
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Golnaz Karbasian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ava J Tan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Li-Chen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Thakare
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Rajesh V Chopdekar
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chenming Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum Research, Oxford Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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29
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Gallagher-Jones M, Bustillo KC, Ophus C, Richards LS, Ciston J, Lee S, Minor AM, Rodriguez JA. Atomic structures determined from digitally defined nanocrystalline regions. IUCrJ 2020; 7:490-499. [PMID: 32431832 PMCID: PMC7201287 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520004030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystallography has transformed our ability to interrogate the atomic structures of proteins, peptides, organic molecules and materials. By probing atomic level details in ordered sub-10 nm regions of nanocrystals, scanning nanobeam electron diffraction extends the reach of nanocrystallography and in principle obviates the need for diffraction from large portions of one or more crystals. Scanning nanobeam electron diffraction is now applied to determine atomic structures from digitally defined regions of beam-sensitive peptide nanocrystals. Using a direct electron detector, thousands of sparse diffraction patterns over multiple orientations of a given crystal are recorded. Each pattern is assigned to a specific location on a single nanocrystal with axial, lateral and angular coordinates. This approach yields a collection of patterns that represent a tilt series across an angular wedge of reciprocal space: a scanning nanobeam diffraction tomogram. Using this diffraction tomogram, intensities can be digitally extracted from any desired region of a scan in real or diffraction space, exclusive of all other scanned points. Intensities from multiple regions of a crystal or from multiple crystals can be merged to increase data completeness and mitigate missing wedges. It is demonstrated that merged intensities from digitally defined regions of two crystals of a segment from the OsPYL/RCAR5 protein produce fragment-based ab initio solutions that can be refined to atomic resolution, analogous to structures determined by selected-area electron diffraction. In allowing atomic structures to now be determined from digitally outlined regions of a nanocrystal, scanning nanobeam diffraction tomography breaks new ground in nanocrystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA
| | - Logan S. Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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30
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Veber G, Diercks CS, Rogers C, Perkins WS, Ciston J, Lee K, Llinas JP, Liebman-Peláez A, Zhu C, Bokor J, Fischer FR. Reticular Growth of Graphene Nanoribbon 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Li X, Wang H, Chen H, Zheng Q, Zhang Q, Mao H, Liu Y, Cai S, Sun B, Dun C, Gordon MP, Zheng H, Reimer JA, Urban JJ, Ciston J, Tan T, Chan EM, Zhang J, Liu Y. Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Crystalline Porous Graphitic Frameworks. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Liu Y, Siron M, Lu D, Yang J, dos Reis R, Cui F, Gao M, Lai M, Lin J, Kong Q, Lei T, Kang J, Jin J, Ciston J, Yang P. Self-Assembly of Two-Dimensional Perovskite Nanosheet Building Blocks into Ordered Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13028-13032. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Siron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dylan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Roberto dos Reis
- National Center
for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Minliang Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qiao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joohoon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
- Y-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jianbo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center
for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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33
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Cao C, Yao G, Jiang L, Sokoluk M, Wang X, Ciston J, Javadi A, Guan Z, De Rosa I, Xie W, Lavernia EJ, Schoenung JM, Li X. Bulk ultrafine grained/nanocrystalline metals via slow cooling. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw2398. [PMID: 31467973 PMCID: PMC6707776 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cooling, nucleation, and phase growth are ubiquitous processes in nature. Effective control of nucleation and phase growth is of significance to yield refined microstructures with enhanced performance for materials. Recent studies reveal that ultrafine grained (UFG)/nanocrystalline metals exhibit extraordinary properties. However, conventional microstructure refinement methods, such as fast cooling and inoculation, have reached certain fundamental limits. It has been considered impossible to fabricate bulk UFG/nanocrystalline metals via slow cooling. Here, we report a new discovery that nanoparticles can refine metal grains to ultrafine/nanoscale by instilling a continuous nucleation and growth control mechanism during slow cooling. The bulk UFG/nanocrystalline metal with nanoparticles also reveals an unprecedented thermal stability. This method overcomes the grain refinement limits and may be extended to any other processes that involve cooling, nucleation, and phase growth for widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chezheng Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gongcheng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 96297, USA
- Materials & Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA
| | - Maximilian Sokoluk
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 96297, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Abdolreza Javadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zeyi Guan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Igor De Rosa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Weiguo Xie
- Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Enrique J. Lavernia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 96297, USA
| | - Julie M. Schoenung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 96297, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Gallagher-Jones M, Bustillo KC, Ophus C, Ciston J, Minor AM, Rodriguez JA. Determination of structures from defined nanocrystalline regions by scanning nanobeam diffraction tomography. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767319096193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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35
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Gallagher-Jones M, Ophus C, Bustillo KC, Boyer DR, Panova O, Glynn C, Zee CT, Ciston J, Mancia KC, Minor AM, Rodriguez JA. Nanoscale mosaicity revealed in peptide microcrystals by scanning electron nanodiffraction. Commun Biol 2019; 2:26. [PMID: 30675524 PMCID: PMC6338664 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in lattice structure across sub-regions of protein crystals are challenging to assess when relying on whole crystal measurements. Because of this difficulty, macromolecular structure determination from protein micro and nanocrystals requires assumptions of bulk crystallinity and domain block substructure. Here we map lattice structure across micron size areas of cryogenically preserved three-dimensional peptide crystals using a nano-focused electron beam. This approach produces diffraction from as few as 1500 molecules in a crystal, is sensitive to crystal thickness and three-dimensional lattice orientation. Real-space maps reconstructed from unsupervised classification of diffraction patterns across a crystal reveal regions of crystal order/disorder and three-dimensional lattice tilts on the sub-100nm scale. The nanoscale lattice reorientation observed in the micron-sized peptide crystal lattices studied here provides a direct view of their plasticity. Knowledge of these features facilitates an improved understanding of peptide assemblies that could aid in the determination of structures from nano- and microcrystals by single or serial crystal electron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - David R. Boyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Calina Glynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chih-Te Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Kevin Canton Mancia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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36
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Brown HG, Chen Z, Weyland M, Ophus C, Ciston J, Allen LJ, Findlay SD. Structure Retrieval at Atomic Resolution in the Presence of Multiple Scattering of the Electron Probe. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:266102. [PMID: 30636159 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.266102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The projected electrostatic potential of a thick crystal is reconstructed at atomic resolution from experimental scanning transmission electron microscopy data recorded using a new generation fast-readout electron camera. This practical and deterministic inversion of the equations encapsulating multiple scattering that were written down by Bethe in 1928 removes the restriction of established methods to ultrathin (≲50 Å) samples. Instruments already coming on line can overcome the remaining resolution-limiting effects in this method due to finite probe-forming aperture size, spatial incoherence, and residual lens aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Brown
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Z Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - M Weyland
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - C Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L J Allen
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S D Findlay
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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37
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Zhang W, Yang W, Chandrasena RU, Özdöl VB, Ciston J, Kornecki M, Raju S, Brennan R, Gray AX, Ren S. The effect of core-shell engineering on the energy product of magnetic nanometals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11005-11008. [PMID: 30215089 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05978k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution-based growth of magnetic FePt-FeCo (core-shell) nanoparticles with a controllable shell thickness has been demonstrated. The transition from spin canting to exchange coupling of FePt-FeCo core-shell nanostructures leads to a 28% increase in the coercivity (12.8 KOe) and a two-fold enhancement in the energy product (9.11 MGOe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Research and Education in Energy, Environment & Water (RENEW) Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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38
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Li X, Zhang C, Cai S, Lei X, Altoe V, Hong F, Urban JJ, Ciston J, Chan EM, Liu Y. Facile transformation of imine covalent organic frameworks into ultrastable crystalline porous aromatic frameworks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2998. [PMID: 30065278 PMCID: PMC6068140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in two-dimensional imine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is inspired by their crystalline porous structures and the potential for extensive π-electron delocalization. The intrinsic reversibility and strong polarization of imine linkages, however, leads to insufficient chemical stability and optoelectronic properties. Developing COFs with improved robustness and π-delocalization is highly desirable but remains an unsettled challenge. Here we report a facile strategy that transforms imine-linked COFs into ultrastable porous aromatic frameworks by kinetically fixing the reversible imine linkage via an aza-Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. The as-formed, quinoline-linked COFs not only retain crystallinity and porosity, but also display dramatically enhanced chemical stability over their imine-based COF precursors, rendering them among the most robust COFs up-to-date that can withstand strong acidic, basic and redox environment. Owing to the chemical diversity of the cycloaddition reaction and structural tunability of COFs, the pores of COFs can be readily engineered to realize pre-designed surface functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Changlin Zhang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Songliang Cai
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohe Lei
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Virginia Altoe
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fang Hong
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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39
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Ciston J, Yang H, dos Reis R, Ophus C, Johnson I, Draney B, Denes P. Quantitative determination of polarization from 4D scanning electron diffraction experiments. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767318096733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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dos Reis R, Yang W, Chandrasena RU, Gu M, May SJ, Ozdol BV, Rondinelli J, Gray A, Ciston J. Probing properties and structure of complex oxides superlattices using scanning electron nanodiffraction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767318096083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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41
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Tongying P, Lu YG, Hall LMG, Lee K, Sulima M, Ciston J, Dukovic G. Control of Elemental Distribution in the Nanoscale Solid-State Reaction That Produces (Ga 1-xZn x)(N 1-xO x) Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2017; 11:8401-8412. [PMID: 28759200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state chemical transformations at the nanoscale can be a powerful tool for achieving compositional complexity in nanomaterials. It is desirable to understand the mechanisms of such reactions and characterize the local-level composition of the resulting materials. Here, we examine how reaction temperature controls the elemental distribution in (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized via the solid-state nitridation of a mixture of nanoscale ZnO and ZnGa2O4 NCs. (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) is a visible-light absorbing semiconductor that is of interest for applications in solar photochemistry. We couple elemental mapping using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EDS) with colocation analysis to study the elemental distribution and the degree of homogeneity in the (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) samples synthesized at temperatures ranging from 650 to 900 °C with varying ensemble compositions (i.e., x values). Over this range of temperatures, the elemental distribution ranges from highly heterogeneous at 650 °C, consisting of a mixture of larger particles with Ga and N enrichment near the surface and very small NCs, to uniform particles with evenly distributed constituent elements for most compositions at 800 °C and above. We propose a mechanism for the formation of the (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) NCs in the solid state that involves phase transformation of cubic spinel ZnGa2O4 to wurtzite (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) and diffusion of the elements along with nitrogen incorporation. The temperature-dependence of nitrogen incorporation, bulk diffusion, and vacancy-assisted diffusion processes determines the elemental distribution at each synthesis temperature. Finally, we discuss how the visible band gap of (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) NCs varies with composition and elemental distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornthip Tongying
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ying-Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Leah M G Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyureon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marta Sulima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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42
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Singh A, Singh A, Ong GK, Jones MR, Nordlund D, Bustillo K, Ciston J, Alivisatos AP, Milliron DJ. Dopant Mediated Assembly of Cu 2ZnSnS 4 Nanorods into Atomically Coupled 2D Sheets in Solution. Nano Lett 2017; 17:3421-3428. [PMID: 28485598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of anisotropic nanocrystals into ordered superstructures is an area of intense research interest due to its relevance to bring nanocrystal properties to macroscopic length scales and to impart additional collective properties owing to the superstructure. Numerous routes have been explored to assemble such nanocrystal superstructures ranging from self-directed to external field-directed methods. Most of the approaches require sensitive control of experimental parameters that are largely environmental and require extra processing steps, increasing complexity and limiting reproducibility. Here, we demonstrate a simple approach to assemble colloidal nanorods in situ, wherein dopant incorporation during the particle synthesis results in the formation of preassembled 2D sheets of close-packed ordered arrays of vertically oriented nanorods in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amita Singh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gary K Ong
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , P.O. Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, United States
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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43
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Reis RD, Yang H, Ophus C, Shalapska T, Bizarri G, Perrodin D, Ercius P, Ciston J, Bourret E, Dahmen U. Symmetry group determination and direct imaging of all-inorganic halide perovskites CsPbBr 3−x
Cl
x
. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767317097860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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44
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Zhu Y, Ciston J, Zheng B, Miao X, Czarnik C, Pan Y, Sougrat R, Lai Z, Hsiung CE, Yao K, Pinnau I, Pan M, Han Y. Unravelling surface and interfacial structures of a metal-organic framework by transmission electron microscopy. Nat Mater 2017; 16:532-536. [PMID: 28218922 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with designable topology, porosity and functionality, having promising applications in gas storage and separation, ion conduction and catalysis. It is challenging to observe MOFs with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) due to the extreme instability of MOFs upon electron beam irradiation. Here, we use a direct-detection electron-counting camera to acquire TEM images of the MOF ZIF-8 with an ultralow dose of 4.1 electrons per square ångström to retain the structural integrity. The obtained image involves structural information transferred up to 2.1 Å, allowing the resolution of individual atomic columns of Zn and organic linkers in the framework. Furthermore, TEM reveals important local structural features of ZIF-8 crystals that cannot be identified by diffraction techniques, including armchair-type surface terminations and coherent interfaces between assembled crystals. These observations allow us to understand how ZIF-8 crystals self-assemble and the subsequent influence of interfacial cavities on mass transport of guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yichang Pan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiping Lai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chia-En Hsiung
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kexin Yao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ming Pan
- Gatan, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Yu Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Ophus C, Rasool HI, Linck M, Zettl A, Ciston J. Automatic software correction of residual aberrations in reconstructed HRTEM exit waves of crystalline samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:15. [PMID: 28003952 PMCID: PMC5127900 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-016-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We develop an automatic and objective method to measure and correct residual aberrations in atomic-resolution HRTEM complex exit waves for crystalline samples aligned along a low-index zone axis. Our method uses the approximate rotational point symmetry of a column of atoms or single atom to iteratively calculate a best-fit numerical phase plate for this symmetry condition, and does not require information about the sample thickness or precise structure. We apply our method to two experimental focal series reconstructions, imaging a β-Si3N4 wedge with O and N doping, and a single-layer graphene grain boundary. We use peak and lattice fitting to evaluate the precision of the corrected exit waves. We also apply our method to the exit wave of a Si wedge retrieved by off-axis electron holography. In all cases, the software correction of the residual aberration function improves the accuracy of the measured exit waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, USA
| | - Haider I Rasool
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall, Berkeley, MC 7300 USA ; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, USA
| | - Martin Linck
- Corrected Electron Optical Systems GmbH, Englerstrasse 28, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall, Berkeley, MC 7300 USA ; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, USA
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Koirala P, Lin Y, Ciston J, Marks LD. When does atomic resolution plan view imaging of surfaces work? Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:35-42. [PMID: 27526257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface structures that are different from the corresponding bulk, reconstructions, are exceedingly difficult to characterize with most experimental methods. Scanning tunneling microscopy, the workhorse for imaging complex surface structures of metals and semiconductors, is not as effective for oxides and other insulating materials. This paper details the use of transmission electron microscopy plan view imaging in conjunction with image processing for solving complex surface structures. We address the issue of extracting the surface structure from a weak signal with a large bulk contribution. This method requires the sample to be thin enough for kinematical assumptions to be valid. The analysis was performed on two sets of data, c(6×2) on the (100) surface and (3×3) on the (111) surface of SrTiO3, and was unsuccessful in the latter due to the thickness of the sample and a lack of inversion symmetry. The limits and the functionality of this method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Koirala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuyuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laurence D Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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House SD, Bonifacio CS, Grieshaber RV, Li L, Zhang Z, Ciston J, Stach EA, Yang JC. Statistical analysis of support thickness and particle size effects in HRTEM imaging of metal nanoparticles. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 169:22-29. [PMID: 27421079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) examination of nanoparticles requires their placement on some manner of support - either TEM grid membranes or part of the material itself, as in many heterogeneous catalyst systems - but a systematic quantification of the practical imaging limits of this approach has been lacking. Here we address this issue through a statistical evaluation of how nanoparticle size and substrate thickness affects the ability to resolve structural features of interest in HRTEM images of metallic nanoparticles on common support membranes. The visibility of lattice fringes from crystalline Au nanoparticles on amorphous carbon and silicon supports of varying thickness was investigated with both conventional and aberration-corrected TEM. Over the 1-4nm nanoparticle size range examined, the probability of successfully resolving lattice fringes differed significantly as a function both of nanoparticle size and support thickness. Statistical analysis was used to formulate guidelines for the selection of supports and to quantify the impact a given support would have on HRTEM imaging of crystalline structure. For nanoparticles ≥1nm, aberration-correction was found to provide limited benefit for the purpose of visualizing lattice fringes; electron dose is more predictive of lattice fringe visibility than aberration correction. These results confirm that the ability to visualize lattice fringes is ultimately dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio of the HRTEM images, rather than the point-to-point resolving power of the microscope. This study provides a benchmark for HRTEM imaging of crystalline supported metal nanoparticles and is extensible to a wide variety of supports and nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D House
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Cecile S Bonifacio
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ross V Grieshaber
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Long Li
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhongfan Zhang
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Judith C Yang
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Ophus C, Ciston J, Pierce J, Harvey TR, Chess J, McMorran BJ, Czarnik C, Rose HH, Ercius P. Efficient linear phase contrast in scanning transmission electron microscopy with matched illumination and detector interferometry. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10719. [PMID: 26923483 PMCID: PMC4773450 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image light elements in soft matter at atomic resolution enables unprecedented insight into the structure and properties of molecular heterostructures and beam-sensitive nanomaterials. In this study, we introduce a scanning transmission electron microscopy technique combining a pre-specimen phase plate designed to produce a probe with structured phase with a high-speed direct electron detector to generate nearly linear contrast images with high efficiency. We demonstrate this method by using both experiment and simulation to simultaneously image the atomic-scale structure of weakly scattering amorphous carbon and strongly scattering gold nanoparticles. Our method demonstrates strong contrast for both materials, making it a promising candidate for structural determination of heterogeneous soft/hard matter samples even at low electron doses comparable to traditional phase-contrast transmission electron microscopy. Simulated images demonstrate the extension of this technique to the challenging problem of structural determination of biological material at the surface of inorganic crystals. Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a powerful material probe, but constrained to large atomic number samples due to the issues of beam damage and weak scattering. Here, Ophus et al. propose a method that produces linear phase contrast in a focused electron beam to image dose-sensitive objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jordan Pierce
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Tyler R Harvey
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Jordan Chess
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Benjamin J McMorran
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Avenue, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Cory Czarnik
- Gatan Inc., 5794 W Las Positas Boulevard, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Harald H Rose
- Department of Physics, Center for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Kim B, Chiu CY, Kang SJ, Kim KS, Lee GH, Chen Z, Ahn S, Yager KG, Ciston J, Nuckolls C, Schiros T. Vertically grown nanowire crystals of dibenzotetrathienocoronene (DBTTC) on large-area graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate controlled growth of vertical organic crystal nanowires on single layer graphene.
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Ciston J, Brown HG, D'Alfonso AJ, Koirala P, Ophus C, Lin Y, Suzuki Y, Inada H, Zhu Y, Allen LJ, Marks LD. Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7358. [PMID: 26082275 PMCID: PMC4557350 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique determination of the atomic structure of technologically relevant surfaces is often limited by both a need for homogeneous crystals and ambiguity of registration between the surface and bulk. Atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging is extremely sensitive to this registration and is compatible with faceted nanomaterials, but has not been previously utilized for surface structure determination. Here we report a detailed experimental atomic-resolution secondary-electron microscopy analysis of the c(6 × 2) reconstruction on strontium titanate (001) coupled with careful simulation of secondary-electron images, density functional theory calculations and surface monolayer-sensitive aberration-corrected plan-view high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Our work reveals several unexpected findings, including an amended registry of the surface on the bulk and strontium atoms with unusual seven-fold coordination within a typically high surface coverage of square pyramidal TiO5 units. Dielectric screening is found to play a critical role in attenuating secondary-electron generation processes from valence orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H. G. Brown
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A. J. D'Alfonso
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P. Koirala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - C. Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Y. Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Y. Suzuki
- Application Development Department, Hitachi High Technologies Corp., Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
| | - H. Inada
- Advanced Microscope Design Department, Hitachi High Technologies Corp., Ibaraki 312-8504, Japan
| | - Y. Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - L. J. Allen
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - L. D. Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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