1
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Schwartz J, Di ZW, Jiang Y, Manassa J, Pietryga J, Qian Y, Cho MG, Rowell JL, Zheng H, Robinson RD, Gu J, Kirilin A, Rozeveld S, Ercius P, Fessler JA, Xu T, Scott M, Hovden R. Imaging 3D chemistry at 1 nm resolution with fused multi-modal electron tomography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3555. [PMID: 38670945 PMCID: PMC11053043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of chemistry in nanoscale matter is a longstanding challenge for metrological science. The inelastic scattering events required for 3D chemical imaging are too rare, requiring high beam exposure that destroys the specimen before an experiment is completed. Even larger doses are required to achieve high resolution. Thus, chemical mapping in 3D has been unachievable except at lower resolution with the most radiation-hard materials. Here, high-resolution 3D chemical imaging is achieved near or below one-nanometer resolution in an Au-Fe3O4 metamaterial within an organic ligand matrix, Co3O4-Mn3O4 core-shell nanocrystals, and ZnS-Cu0.64S0.36 nanomaterial using fused multi-modal electron tomography. Multi-modal data fusion enables high-resolution chemical tomography often with 99% less dose by linking information encoded within both elastic (HAADF) and inelastic (EDX/EELS) signals. We thus demonstrate that sub-nanometer 3D resolution of chemistry is measurable for a broad class of geometrically and compositionally complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schwartz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jason Manassa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Pietryga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yiwen Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Min Gee Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Rowell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Huihuo Zheng
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Richard D Robinson
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Junsi Gu
- Dow Chemical Co., Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fessler
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Hovden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Yalcin K, Kumar R, Zuidema E, Kulkarni AR, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Katz A, Gates BC, Kronawitter CX, Runnebaum RC. Reversible Intrapore Redox Cycling of Platinum in Platinum-Ion-Exchanged HZSM-5 Catalysts. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4999-5005. [PMID: 38601777 PMCID: PMC11002820 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Isolated platinum(II) ions anchored at acid sites in the pores of zeolite HZSM-5, initially introduced by aqueous ion exchange, were reduced to form platinum nanoparticles that are stably dispersed with a narrow size distribution (1.3 ± 0.4 nm in average diameter). The nanoparticles were confined in reservoirs within the porous zeolite particles, as shown by electron beam tomography and the shape-selective catalysis of alkene hydrogenation. When the nanoparticles were oxidatively fragmented in dry air at elevated temperature, platinum returned to its initial in-pore atomically dispersed state with a charge of +2, as shown previously by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results determine the conditions under which platinum is retained within the pores of HZSM-5 particles during redox cycles that are characteristic of the reductive conditions of catalyst operation and the oxidative conditions of catalyst regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Yalcin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erik Zuidema
- Shell
Global Solutions B.V. Amsterdam 1031 HW, The Netherlands
| | - Ambarish R. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce C. Gates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Coleman X. Kronawitter
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ron C. Runnebaum
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Viticulture & Enology, University
of California, Davis, 95616, United States
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3
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Wietfeldt H, Meana-Pañeda R, Machello C, Reboul CF, Van CTS, Kim S, Heo J, Kim BH, Kang S, Ercius P, Park J, Elmlund H. Small, solubilized platinum nanocrystals consist of an ordered core surrounded by mobile surface atoms. Commun Chem 2024; 7:4. [PMID: 38172567 PMCID: PMC10764312 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In situ structures of Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) can be determined with graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Atomic-scale three-dimensional structural information about their physiochemical properties in solution is critical for understanding their chemical function. We here analyze eight atomic-resolution maps of small (<3 nm) colloidal Pt NPs. Their structures are composed of an ordered crystalline core surrounded by surface atoms with comparatively high mobility. 3D reconstructions calculated from cumulative doses of 8500 and 17,000 electrons/pixel, respectively, are characterized in terms of loss of atomic densities and atomic displacements. Less than 5% of the total number of atoms are lost due to dissolution or knock-on damage in five of the structures analyzed, whereas 10-16% are lost in the remaining three. Less than 5% of the atomic positions are displaced due to the increased electron irradiation in all structures. The surface dynamics will play a critical role in the diverse catalytic function of Pt NPs and must be considered in efforts to model Pt NP function computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Wietfeldt
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Rubén Meana-Pañeda
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chiara Machello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Cong T S Van
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Heo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hans Elmlund
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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4
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Lin AYW, Wu ZY, Pattison AJ, Müller IE, Yoshikuni Y, Theis W, Ercius P. Statistical 3D morphology characterization of vaterite microspheres produced by engineered Escherichia coli. Biomater Adv 2024; 156:213711. [PMID: 38061158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Hollow vaterite microspheres are important materials for biomedical applications such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine owing to their biocompatibility, high specific surface area, and ability to encapsulate a large number of bioactive molecules and compounds. We demonstrated that hollow vaterite microspheres are produced by an Escherichia coli strain engineered with a urease gene cluster from the ureolytic bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii in the presence of bovine serum albumin. We characterized the 3D nanoscale morphology of five biogenic hollow vaterite microspheres using 3D high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) tomography. Using automated high-throughput HAADF-STEM imaging across several sample tilt orientations, we show that the microspheres evolved from a smaller more ellipsoidal shape to a larger more spherical shape while the internal hollow core increased in size and remained relatively spherical, indicating that the microspheres produced by this engineered strain likely do not contain the bacteria. The statistical 3D morphology information demonstrates the potential for using biogenic calcium carbonate mineralization to produce hollow vaterite microspheres with controlled morphologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The nanoscale 3D structures of biomaterials determine their physical, chemical, and biological properties, however significant efforts are required to obtain a statistical understanding of the internal 3D morphology of materials without damaging the structures. In this study, we developed a non-destructive, automated technique that allows us to understand the nanoscale 3D morphology of many unique hollow vaterite microspheres beyond the spectroscopy methods that lack local information and microscopy methods that cannot interrogate the full 3D structure. The method allowed us to quantitatively correlate the external diameters and aspect ratios of vaterite microspheres with their hollow internal structures at the nanoscale. This work demonstrates the opportunity to use automated transmission electron microscopy to characterize nanoscale 3D morphologies of many biomaterials and validate the chemical and biological functionality of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y W Lin
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zong-Yen Wu
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander J Pattison
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Isaak E Müller
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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5
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Moniri S, Yang Y, Ding J, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Yang L, Zhu F, Liao Y, Yao Y, Hu L, Ercius P, Miao J. Three-dimensional atomic structure and local chemical order of medium- and high-entropy nanoalloys. Nature 2023; 624:564-569. [PMID: 38123807 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Medium- and high-entropy alloys (M/HEAs) mix several principal elements with near-equiatomic composition and represent a model-shift strategy for designing previously unknown materials in metallurgy1-8, catalysis9-14 and other fields15-18. One of the core hypotheses of M/HEAs is lattice distortion5,19,20, which has been investigated by different numerical and experimental techniques21-26. However, determining the three-dimensional (3D) lattice distortion in M/HEAs remains a challenge. Moreover, the presumed random elemental mixing in M/HEAs has been questioned by X-ray and neutron studies27, atomistic simulations28-30, energy dispersive spectroscopy31,32 and electron diffraction33,34, which suggest the existence of local chemical order in M/HEAs. However, direct experimental observation of the 3D local chemical order has been difficult because energy dispersive spectroscopy integrates the composition of atomic columns along the zone axes7,32,34 and diffuse electron reflections may originate from planar defects instead of local chemical order35. Here we determine the 3D atomic positions of M/HEA nanoparticles using atomic electron tomography36 and quantitatively characterize the local lattice distortion, strain tensor, twin boundaries, dislocation cores and chemical short-range order (CSRO). We find that the high-entropy alloys have larger local lattice distortion and more heterogeneous strain than the medium-entropy alloys and that strain is correlated to CSRO. We also observe CSRO-mediated twinning in the medium-entropy alloys, that is, twinning occurs in energetically unfavoured CSRO regions but not in energetically favoured CSRO ones, which represents, to our knowledge, the first experimental observation of correlating local chemical order with structural defects in any material. We expect that this work will not only expand our fundamental understanding of this important class of materials but also provide the foundation for tailoring M/HEA properties through engineering lattice distortion and local chemical order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yakun Yuan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuxuan Liao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Pelz PM, Griffin SM, Stonemeyer S, Popple D, DeVyldere H, Ercius P, Zettl A, Scott MC, Ophus C. Solving complex nanostructures with ptychographic atomic electron tomography. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7906. [PMID: 38036516 PMCID: PMC10689721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is essential for determining atomic scale structures in structural biology and materials science. In structural biology, three-dimensional structures of proteins are routinely determined from thousands of identical particles using phase-contrast TEM. In materials science, three-dimensional atomic structures of complex nanomaterials have been determined using atomic electron tomography (AET). However, neither of these methods can determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of heterogeneous nanomaterials containing light elements. Here, we perform ptychographic electron tomography from 34.5 million diffraction patterns to reconstruct an atomic resolution tilt series of a double wall-carbon nanotube (DW-CNT) encapsulating a complex ZrTe sandwich structure. Class averaging the resulting tilt series images and subpixel localization of the atomic peaks reveals a Zr11Te50 structure containing a previously unobserved ZrTe2 phase in the core. The experimental realization of atomic resolution ptychographic electron tomography will allow for the structural determination of a wide range of beam-sensitive nanomaterials containing light elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Pelz
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Scott Stonemeyer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Derek Popple
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hannah DeVyldere
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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7
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Pattison AJ, Pedroso CCS, Cohen BE, Ondry JC, Alivisatos AP, Theis W, Ercius P. Advanced techniques in automated high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Nanotechnology 2023; 35:015710. [PMID: 37703845 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a common tool used to study the atomic structure of materials. It is an inherently multimodal tool allowing for the simultaneous acquisition of multiple information channels. Despite its versatility, however, experimental workflows currently rely heavily on experienced human operators and can only acquire data from small regions of a sample at a time. Here, we demonstrate a flexible pipeline-based system for high-throughput acquisition of atomic-resolution structural data using an all-piezo sample stage applied to large-scale imaging of nanoparticles and multimodal data acquisition. The system is available as part of the user program of the Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Pattison
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
| | - Cassio C S Pedroso
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
- Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ercius
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
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8
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Lee Y, Choi YW, Lee K, Song C, Ercius P, Cohen ML, Kim K, Zettl A. 1D Magnetic MX 3 Single-Chains (M = Cr, V and X = Cl, Br, I). Adv Mater 2023:e2307942. [PMID: 37771062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic materials in reduced dimensions are not only excellent platforms for fundamental studies of magnetism, but they play crucial roles in technological advances. The discovery of intrinsic magnetism in monolayer 2D van der Waals systems has sparked enormous interest, but the single-chain limit of 1D magnetic van der Waals materials has been largely unexplored. This paper reports on a family of 1D magnetic van der Waals materials with composition MX3 (M = Cr, V, and X = Cl, Br, I), prepared in fully-isolated fashion within the protective cores of carbon nanotubes. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy identifies unique structures that differ from the well-known 2D honeycomb lattice MX3 structure. Density functional theory calculations reveal charge-driven reversible magnetic phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Young Woo Choi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marvin L Cohen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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9
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Susarla S, Hsu S, Gómez-Ortiz F, García-Fernández P, Savitzky BH, Das S, Behera P, Junquera J, Ercius P, Ramesh R, Ophus C. The emergence of three-dimensional chiral domain walls in polar vortices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4465. [PMID: 37491370 PMCID: PMC10368707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality or handedness of a material can be used as an order parameter to uncover the emergent electronic properties for quantum information science. Conventionally, chirality is found in naturally occurring biomolecules and magnetic materials. Chirality can be engineered in a topological polar vortex ferroelectric/dielectric system via atomic-scale symmetry-breaking operations. We use four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) to map out the topology-driven three-dimensional domain walls, where the handedness of two neighbor topological domains change or remain the same. The nature of the domain walls is governed by the interplay of the local perpendicular (lateral) and parallel (axial) polarization with respect to the tubular vortex structures. Unique symmetry-breaking operations and the finite nature of domain walls result in a triple point formation at the junction of chiral and achiral domain walls. The unconventional nature of the domain walls with triple point pairs may result in unique electrostatic and magnetic properties potentially useful for quantum sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Susarla
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85280, AZ, USA.
| | - Shanglin Hsu
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Gómez-Ortiz
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional Santander, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional Santander, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Benjamin H Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Sujit Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Piush Behera
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Javier Junquera
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional Santander, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, Rice University, Houston, 77005, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Houston, 77005, TX, USA.
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
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10
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Schwartz J, Di ZW, Jiang Y, Cho MG, Qian Y, Gu J, Rozeveld S, Ercius P, Fessler JA, Xu T, Scott M, Hovden R. Measuring 3D Chemistry at 1 nm Resolution with Fused Multi-Modal Electron Tomography. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1394-1395. [PMID: 37613713 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schwartz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Min Gee Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yiwen Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Junsi Gu
- Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, United States
| | | | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Fessler
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mary Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Robert Hovden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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11
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O'Leary CM, Chang DJ, Ercius P, Nellist PD, Kirkland AI, Miao J. Confessions of a Ptychopath: Detection, Dimensions, Damage and Despair. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:432-433. [PMID: 37613186 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colum M O'Leary
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dillan J Chang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre (ePSIC), Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Sankar S, Hays P, Dandu M, Naik MH, Barre E, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Louie S, da Jornada F, Tongay S, Hachtel J, Ercius P, Raja A, Susarla S. Spatially Resolved Moiré Excitons Fine Structure Using Cryogenic Low-loss EELS. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1716-1717. [PMID: 37613905 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Sankar
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Patrick Hays
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Medha Dandu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States
| | - Mit H Naik
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Elyse Barre
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Steven Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Felipe da Jornada
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Jordan Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, United States
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13
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Xie Y, Ophus C, Ercius P, Zheng H. Spatially Resolved Structural Order in Low-Temperature Liquid Electrolyte. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1306-1307. [PMID: 37613641 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Xie
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Pattison AJ, Noack M, Ercius P. Automating STEM Aberration Correction via Bayesian Optimization. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1881-1882. [PMID: 37613846 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Pattison
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Marcus Noack
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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15
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Funni SD, Ercius P, Dickey EC. Resolving the Octahedral Tilting Modulation in Incommensurate Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze by DPC STEM. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:350-352. [PMID: 37613501 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Funni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Dickey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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16
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Wietfeldt H, Machello C, Van CTS, Reboul CF, Heo J, Kim BH, Kim S, Ercius P, Park J, Elmlund H. The Structures of Small (< 3 nm), Solubilized Platinum Nanocrystals are Composed of an Ordered Core Surrounded by Mobile Surface Atoms. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1403. [PMID: 37613573 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Wietfeldt
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chiara Machello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cong T S Van
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Junyoung Heo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hans Elmlund
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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17
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Saha A, Pattison A, Mecklenburg M, Brewster A, Ercius P, Rodriguez JA. Beyond MicroED: Ab Initio Structure Elucidation using 4D-STEM. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:309-310. [PMID: 37613469 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambarneil Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander Pattison
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Matthew Mecklenburg
- Electron Imaging Center for NanoMachines, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Aaron Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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18
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Martis J, Susarla S, Rayabharam A, Su C, Paule T, Pelz P, Huff C, Xu X, Li HK, Jaikissoon M, Chen V, Pop E, Saraswat K, Zettl A, Aluru NR, Ramesh R, Ercius P, Majumdar A. Imaging the electron charge density in monolayer MoS 2 at the Ångstrom scale. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4363. [PMID: 37474521 PMCID: PMC10359339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) has recently gained widespread attention for its ability to image atomic electric fields with sub-Ångstrom spatial resolution. These electric field maps represent the integrated effect of the nucleus, core electrons and valence electrons, and separating their contributions is non-trivial. In this paper, we utilized simultaneously acquired 4D-STEM center of mass (CoM) images and annular dark field (ADF) images to determine the projected electron charge density in monolayer MoS2. We evaluate the contributions of both the core electrons and the valence electrons to the derived electron charge density; however, due to blurring by the probe shape, the valence electron contribution forms a nearly featureless background while most of the spatial modulation comes from the core electrons. Our findings highlight the importance of probe shape in interpreting charge densities derived from 4D-STEM and the need for smaller electron probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Paule
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Pelz
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cassandra Huff
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Jaikissoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Saraswat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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Lee C, Xu EZ, Kwock KWC, Teitelboim A, Liu Y, Park HS, Ursprung B, Ziffer ME, Karube Y, Fardian-Melamed N, Pedroso CCS, Kim J, Pritzl SD, Nam SH, Lohmueller T, Owen JS, Ercius P, Suh YD, Cohen BE, Chan EM, Schuck PJ. Indefinite and bidirectional near-infrared nanocrystal photoswitching. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06076-7. [PMID: 37258675 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Materials whose luminescence can be switched by optical stimulation drive technologies ranging from superresolution imaging1-4, nanophotonics5, and optical data storage6,7, to targeted pharmacology, optogenetics, and chemical reactivity8. These photoswitchable probes, including organic fluorophores and proteins, can be prone to photodegradation and often operate in the ultraviolet or visible spectral regions. Colloidal inorganic nanoparticles6,9 can offer improved stability, but the ability to switch emission bidirectionally, particularly with near-infrared (NIR) light, has not, to our knowledge, been reported in such systems. Here, we present two-way, NIR photoswitching of avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs), showing full optical control of upconverted emission using phototriggers in the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral regions useful for subsurface imaging. Employing single-step photodarkening10-13 and photobrightening12,14-16, we demonstrate indefinite photoswitching of individual nanoparticles (more than 1,000 cycles over 7 h) in ambient or aqueous conditions without measurable photodegradation. Critical steps of the photoswitching mechanism are elucidated by modelling and by measuring the photon avalanche properties of single ANPs in both bright and dark states. Unlimited, reversible photoswitching of ANPs enables indefinitely rewritable two-dimensional and three-dimensional multilevel optical patterning of ANPs, as well as optical nanoscopy with sub-Å localization superresolution that allows us to distinguish individual ANPs within tightly packed clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Z Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin W C Kwock
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ayelet Teitelboim
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yawei Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Benedikt Ursprung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark E Ziffer
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuzuka Karube
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassio C S Pedroso
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Stefanie D Pritzl
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sang Hwan Nam
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Theobald Lohmueller
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Lee Y, Choi YW, Lee K, Song C, Ercius P, Cohen ML, Kim K, Zettl A. Tuning the Sharing Modes and Composition in a Tetrahedral GeX 2 (X = S, Se) System via One-Dimensional Confinement. ACS Nano 2023; 17:8734-8742. [PMID: 37127288 PMCID: PMC10173682 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The packing and connectivity of tetrahedral units are central themes in the structural and electronic properties of a host of solids. Here, we report one-dimensional (1D) chains of GeX2 (X = S or Se) with modification of the tetrahedral connectivity at the single-chain limit. Precise tuning of the edge- and corner-sharing modes between GeX2 blocks is achieved by diameter-dependent 1D confinement inside a carbon nanotube. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy directly confirms the existence of two distinct types of GeX2 chains. Density functional theory calculations corroborate the diameter-dependent stability of the system and reveal an intriguing electronic structure that sensitively depends on tetrahedral connectivity and composition. GeS2(1-x)Se2x compound chains are also realized, which demonstrate the tunability of the system's semiconducting properties through composition engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young Woo Choi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marvin L Cohen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Xie Y, Wang J, Savitzky BH, Chen Z, Wang Y, Betzler S, Bustillo K, Persson K, Cui Y, Wang LW, Ophus C, Ercius P, Zheng H. Spatially resolved structural order in low-temperature liquid electrolyte. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadc9721. [PMID: 36638171 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determining the degree and the spatial extent of structural order in liquids is a grand challenge. Here, we are able to resolve the structural order in a model organic electrolyte of 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dissolved in 1:1 (v/v) ethylene carbonate:diethylcarbonate by developing an integrated method of liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo-TEM operated at -30°C, four-dimensional scanning TEM, and data analysis based on deep learning. This study reveals the presence of short-range order (SRO) in the high-salt concentration domains of the liquid electrolyte from liquid phase separation at the low temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest the SRO originates from the Li+-(PF6-)n (n > 2) local structural order induced by high LiPF6 salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Xie
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin H Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sophia Betzler
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristin Persson
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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22
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Chang DJ, O'Leary CM, Su C, Jacobs DA, Kahn S, Zettl A, Ciston J, Ercius P, Miao J. Deep-Learning Electron Diffractive Imaging. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:016101. [PMID: 36669218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of deep-learning coherent electron diffractive imaging at subangstrom resolution using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with only simulated data. We experimentally demonstrate this method by applying the trained CNNs to recover the phase images from electron diffraction patterns of twisted hexagonal boron nitride, monolayer graphene, and a gold nanoparticle with comparable quality to those reconstructed by a conventional ptychographic algorithm. Fourier ring correlation between the CNN and ptychographic images indicates the achievement of a resolution in the range of 0.70 and 0.55 Å. We further develop CNNs to recover the probe function from the experimental data. The ability to replace iterative algorithms with CNNs and perform real-time atomic imaging from coherent diffraction patterns is expected to find applications in the physical and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillan J Chang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Colum M O'Leary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A Jacobs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Salman Kahn
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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23
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Wang Y, Song Z, Wan J, Betzler S, Xie Y, Ophus C, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Wang LW, Zheng H. Strong Structural and Electronic Coupling in Metavalent PbS Moiré Superlattices. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23474-23482. [PMID: 36512727 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices are twisted bilayer materials in which the tunable interlayer quantum confinement offers access to new physics and novel device functionalities. Previously, moiré superlattices were built exclusively using materials with weak van der Waals interactions, and synthesizing moiré superlattices with strong interlayer chemical bonding was considered to be impractical. Here, using lead sulfide (PbS) as an example, we report a strategy for synthesizing moiré superlattices coupled by strong chemical bonding. We use water-soluble ligands as a removable template to obtain free-standing ultrathin PbS nanosheets and assemble them into direct-contact bilayers with various twist angles. Atomic-resolution imaging shows the moiré periodic structural reconstruction at the superlattice interface due to the strong metavalent coupling. Electron energy loss spectroscopy and theoretical calculations collectively reveal the twist-angle-dependent electronic structure, especially the emergent separation of flat bands at small twist angles. The localized states of flat bands are similar to well-arranged quantum dots, promising an application in devices. This study opens a new door to the exploration of deep energy modulations within moiré superlattices alternative to van der Waals twistronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States.,Center for Electron Microscopy and South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Jiawei Wan
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Sophia Betzler
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Yujun Xie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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24
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Susarla S, Naik MH, Blach DD, Zipfel J, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Huang L, Ramesh R, da Jornada FH, Louie SG, Ercius P, Raja A. Hyperspectral imaging of exciton confinement within a moiré unit cell with a subnanometer electron probe. Science 2022; 378:1235-1239. [PMID: 36520893 DOI: 10.1126/science.add9294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electronic and optical excitations in two-dimensional systems are distinctly sensitive to the presence of a moiré superlattice. We used cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy to simultaneously image the structural reconstruction and associated localization of the lowest-energy intralayer exciton in a rotationally aligned WS2-WSe2 moiré superlattice. In conjunction with optical spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we determined that the exciton center-of-mass wave function is confined to a radius of approximately 2 nanometers around the highest-energy stacking site in the moiré unit cell. Our results provide direct evidence that atomic reconstructions lead to the strongly confining moiré potentials and that engineering strain at the nanoscale will enable new types of excitonic lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mit H Naik
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daria D Blach
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Zipfel
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felipe H da Jornada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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25
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Aitbekova A, Zhou C, Stone ML, Lezama-Pacheco JS, Yang AC, Hoffman AS, Goodman ED, Huber P, Stebbins JF, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Ciston J, Bare SR, Plessow PN, Cargnello M. Templated encapsulation of platinum-based catalysts promotes high-temperature stability to 1,100 °C. Nat Mater 2022; 21:1290-1297. [PMID: 36280703 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stable catalysts are essential to address energy and environmental challenges, especially for applications in harsh environments (for example, high temperature, oxidizing atmosphere and steam). In such conditions, supported metal catalysts deactivate due to sintering-a process where initially small nanoparticles grow into larger ones with reduced active surface area-but strategies to stabilize them can lead to decreased performance. Here we report stable catalysts prepared through the encapsulation of platinum nanoparticles inside an alumina framework, which was formed by depositing an alumina precursor within a separately prepared porous organic framework impregnated with platinum nanoparticles. These catalysts do not sinter at 800 °C in the presence of oxygen and steam, conditions in which conventional catalysts sinter to a large extent, while showing similar reaction rates. Extending this approach to Pd-Pt bimetallic catalysts led to the small particle size being maintained at temperatures as high as 1,100 °C in air and 10% steam. This strategy can be broadly applied to other metal and metal oxides for applications where sintering is a major cause of material deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisulu Aitbekova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengshuang Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Stone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Emmett D Goodman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Huber
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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26
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Jo H, Wi DH, Lee T, Kwon Y, Jeong C, Lee J, Baik H, Pattison AJ, Theis W, Ophus C, Ercius P, Lee YL, Ryu S, Han SW, Yang Y. Direct strain correlations at the single-atom level in three-dimensional core-shell interface structures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5957. [PMID: 36216798 PMCID: PMC9551052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials with core-shell architectures are prominent examples of strain-engineered materials. The lattice mismatch between the core and shell materials can cause strong interface strain, which affects the surface structures. Therefore, surface functional properties such as catalytic activities can be designed by fine-tuning the misfit strain at the interface. To precisely control the core-shell effect, it is essential to understand how the surface and interface strains are related at the atomic scale. Here, we elucidate the surface-interface strain relations by determining the full 3D atomic structure of Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles at the single-atom level via atomic electron tomography. Full 3D displacement fields and strain profiles of core-shell nanoparticles were obtained, which revealed a direct correlation between the surface and interface strain. The strain distributions show a strong shape-dependent anisotropy, whose nature was further corroborated by molecular statics simulations. From the observed surface strains, the surface oxygen reduction reaction activities were predicted. These findings give a deep understanding of structure-property relationships in strain-engineerable core-shell systems, which can lead to direct control over the resulting catalytic properties. Understanding 3D interfacial strain at the atomic level has been a long-sought challenge in the field of core-shell nanomaterials. Here, the authors address this challenge by revealing the full 3D atomic structures of Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesung Jo
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dae Han Wi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Taegu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Yongmin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Chaehwa Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Alexander J Pattison
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yea-Lee Lee
- Chemical Data-Driven Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sang Woo Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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27
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Zhang Q, Song Z, Wang Y, Nie Y, Wan J, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Wang L, Sun L, Zheng H. Swap motion-directed twinning of nanocrystals. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabp9970. [PMID: 36206337 PMCID: PMC9544326 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Twinning frequently occurs in nanocrystals during various thermal, chemical, or mechanical processes. However, the nucleation and propagation mechanisms of twinning in nanocrystals remain poorly understood. Through in situ atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy observation at millisecond temporal resolution, we show the twinning in Pb individual nanocrystals via a double-layer swap motion where two adjacent atomic layers shift relative to one another. The swap motion results in twin nucleation, and it also serves as a basic unit of movement for twin propagation. Our calculations reveal that the swap motion is a phonon eigenmode of the face-centered cubic crystal structure of Pb, and it is enhanced by the quantum size effect of nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhigang Song
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yifan Nie
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiawei Wan
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Linwang Wang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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28
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Yan C, Byrne D, Ondry JC, Kahnt A, Moreno-Hernandez IA, Kamat GA, Liu ZJ, Laube C, Crook MF, Zhang Y, Ercius P, Alivisatos AP. Facet-selective etching trajectories of individual semiconductor nanocrystals. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq1700. [PMID: 35947667 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The size and shape of semiconductor nanocrystals govern their optical and electronic properties. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) is an emerging tool that can directly visualize nanoscale chemical transformations and therefore inform the precise synthesis of nanostructures with desired functions. However, it remains difficult to controllably investigate the reactions of semiconductor nanocrystals with LCTEM, because of the highly reactive environment formed by radiolysis of liquid. Here, we harness the radiolysis processes and report the single-particle etching trajectories of prototypical semiconductor nanomaterials with well-defined crystalline facets. Lead selenide nanocubes represent an isotropic structure that retains the cubic shape during etching via a layer-by-layer mechanism. The anisotropic arrow-shaped cadmium selenide nanorods have polar facets terminated by either cadmium or selenium atoms, and the transformation trajectory is driven by etching the selenium-terminated facets. LCTEM trajectories reveal how nanoscale shape transformations of semiconductors are governed by the reactivity of specific facets in liquid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dana Byrne
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gaurav A Kamat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zi-Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christian Laube
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michelle F Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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29
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Abbas AS, Vargo E, Jamali V, Ercius P, Pieters PF, Brinn RM, Ben-Moshe A, Cho MG, Xu T, Alivisatos AP. Observation of an Orientational Glass in a Superlattice of Elliptically-Faceted CdSe Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2022; 16:9339-9347. [PMID: 35608159 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extensive prior work has shown that colloidal inorganic nanocrystals coated with organic ligand shells can behave as artificial atoms and, as such, form superlattices with different crystal structures and packing densities. Although ordered superlattices present a high degree of long-range positional order, the relative crystallographic orientation of the inorganic nanocrystals with respect to each other tends to be random. Recent works have shown that superlattices can achieve orientational alignment through combinations of nanocrystal faceting and ligand modification, as well as selective metal particle attachment to particular facets. These studies have focused on the assembly of high-symmetry nanocrystals, such as cubes and cuboctahedra. Here, we study the assembly of elliptically faceted CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with one distinctive crystallographic orientation along the major elliptical axis. We show that the nanocrystals form an unexpectedly well-ordered translational superlattice, with a degree of order comparable to that achieved with higher-symmetry nanocrystals. Additionally, we show that, due to the particles' faceted shape, the superlattice is characterized by an orientational glass phase in which only certain orientations are possible due to entropically frustrated crystallization. In this phase, the nanocrystals do not exhibit a local orientational ordering but rather have distinct orientations that emerge at different locations within the same domain. The distinct orientations are a result of a facet-to-facet lock-in mechanism that occurs during the self-assembly process. These facet-to-facet alignments force the nanocrystals to tilt on different lattice planes forming different projections that we termed apparent polydispersity. Our experimental realization of an orientational glass phase for multifaceted semiconducting nanocrystals can be used to investigate how this phase is formed and how it can be utilized for potential optical, electrical, and thermal transport applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Abbas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emma Vargo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Priscilla F Pieters
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rafaela M Brinn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Assaf Ben-Moshe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Min Gee Cho
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Ma L, Huang H, Ercius P, Alexander-Katz A, Xu T. Symmetry-Breaking and Self-Sorting in Block Copolymer-Based Multicomponent Nanocomposites. ACS Nano 2022; 16:9368-9377. [PMID: 35638517 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Co-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured polymer matrix represents an intricate interplay of enthalpic or entropic forces. Particle size largely affects the phase behavior of the nanocomposite. Theoretical studies indicate that new morphologies would emerge when the particles become comparable to the soft matrix's size, but this has rarely been supported experimentally. By designing a multicomponent blend composed of NPs, block copolymer-based supramolecules, and small molecules, a 3-D ordered lattice beyond the native BCP's morphology was recently reported when the particle is larger than the microdomain of BCP. The blend can accommodate various formulation variables. In this paper, when the particle size equals the microdomain size, a symmetry-broken phase appears in a narrow range of particle sizes and compositions, which we named the "train track" structure. In this phase, the NPs aligned into a 3-D hexagonal lattice and packed asymmetrically along the c axis, making the projection of the ac and the bc plane resemble train tracks. Computational studies show that the broken symmetry reduces the polymer chain deformation and stabilizes the metastable hexagonally perforated lamellar morphology. Given the mobility of the multicomponent blend, the system shows a self-sorting behavior: segregating into two macroscopic phases with different nanostructures based on only a few nanometers NP size differences. Smaller NPs form "train track" morphology, while larger NPs form a "simple hexagon" structure, where the NPs take a symmetric hexagonal arrangement. Detailed structural evolution and simulation studies confirm the systematic-wide cooperativity across different components, indicating the strong self-regulation of the multicomponent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hejin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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31
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Husremović S, Groschner CK, Inzani K, Craig IM, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Kazmierczak NP, Syndikus J, Van Winkle M, Aloni S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Griffin SM, Bediako DK. Hard Ferromagnetism Down to the Thinnest Limit of Iron-Intercalated Tantalum Disulfide. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12167-12176. [PMID: 35732002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic crystals hold promise for miniaturized and ultralow power electronic devices that exploit spin manipulation. In these materials, large, controllable magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) is a prerequisite for the stabilization and manipulation of long-range magnetic order. In known 2D magnetic crystals, relatively weak MCA typically results in soft ferromagnetism. Here, we demonstrate that ferromagnetic order persists down to the thinnest limit of FexTaS2 (Fe-intercalated bilayer 2H-TaS2) with giant coercivities up to 3 T. We prepare Fe-intercalated TaS2 by chemical intercalation of van der Waals-layered 2H-TaS2 crystals and perform variable-temperature transport, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal Raman spectroscopy measurements to shed new light on the coupled effects of dimensionality, degree of intercalation, and intercalant order/disorder on the hard ferromagnetic behavior of FexTaS2. More generally, we show that chemical intercalation gives access to a rich synthetic parameter space for low-dimensional magnets, in which magnetic properties can be tailored by the choice of the host material and intercalant identity/amount, in addition to the manifold distinctive degrees of freedom available in atomically thin, van der Waals crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Husremović
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Catherine K Groschner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katherine Inzani
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isaac M Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacob Syndikus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madeline Van Winkle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shaul Aloni
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Alam SB, Soligno G, Yang J, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Zheng H, Whitelam S, Chan EM. Dynamics of Polymer Nanocapsule Buckling and Collapse Revealed by In Situ Liquid-Phase TEM. Langmuir 2022; 38:7168-7178. [PMID: 35621188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules are hollow nanoscale shells that have applications in drug delivery, batteries, self-healing materials, and as model systems for naturally occurring shell geometries. In many applications, nanocapsules are designed to release their cargo as they buckle and collapse, but the details of this transient buckling process have not been directly observed. Here, we use in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy to record the electron-irradiation-induced buckling in spherical 60-187 nm polymer capsules with ∼3.5 nm walls. We observe in real time the release of aqueous cargo from these nanocapsules and their buckling into morphologies with single or multiple indentations. The in situ buckling of nanoscale capsules is compared to ex situ measurements of collapsed and micrometer-sized capsules and to Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The shape and dynamics of the collapsing nanocapsules are consistent with MC simulations, which reveal that the excessive wrinkling of nanocapsules with ultrathin walls results from their large Föppl-von Kármán numbers around 105. Our experiments suggest design rules for nanocapsules with the desired buckling response based on parameters such as capsule radius, wall thickness, and collapse rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar B Alam
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Giuseppe Soligno
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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33
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Chen X, Shao YT, Chen R, Susarla S, Hogan T, He Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Yao J, Ercius P, Muller DA, Ramesh R, Birgeneau RJ. Pervasive beyond Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in a Doped van der Waals Magnet. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:217203. [PMID: 35687434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.217203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The existence of long-range magnetic order in low-dimensional magnetic systems, such as the quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnets, has attracted intensive studies of new physical phenomena. The vdW Fe_{N}GeTe_{2} (N=3, 4, 5; FGT) family is exceptional, owing to its vast tunability of magnetic properties. In particular, a ferromagnetic ordering temperature (T_{C}) above room temperature at N=5 (F5GT) is observed. Here, our study shows that, by nickel (Ni) substitution of iron in F5GT, a record high T_{C}=478(6) K is achieved. Importantly, pervasive, beyond room-temperature ferromagnetism exists in almost the entire doping range of the phase diagram of Ni-F5GT. We argue that this striking observation in Ni-F5GT can be possibly due to several contributing factors, including increased 3D magnetic couplings due to the structural alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tom Hogan
- Quantum Design, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Yu He
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Siqi Wang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert J Birgeneau
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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34
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Zhang Q, Peng X, Nie Y, Zheng Q, Shangguan J, Zhu C, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Wang L, Limmer DT, Zheng H. Defect-mediated ripening of core-shell nanostructures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2211. [PMID: 35468902 PMCID: PMC9038757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding nanostructure ripening mechanisms is desirable for gaining insight on the growth and potential applications of nanoscale materials. However, the atomic pathways of nanostructure ripening in solution have rarely been observed directly. Here, we report defect-mediated ripening of Cd-CdCl2 core-shell nanoparticles (CSN) revealed by in-situ atomic resolution imaging with liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. We find that ripening is initiated by dissolution of the nanoparticle with an incomplete CdCl2 shell, and that the areas of the Cd core that are exposed to the solution are etched first. The growth of the other nanoparticles is achieved by generating crack defects in the shell, followed by ion diffusion through the cracks. Subsequent healing of crack defects leads to a highly crystalline CSN. The formation and annihilation of crack defects in the CdCl2 shell, accompanied by disordering and crystallization of the shell structure, mediate the ripening of Cd-CdCl2 CSN in the solution. Understanding the ripening of core-shell nanostructures is challenging. Here, the authors use liquid cell transmission electron microscopy to show that the atomic ripening pathway for Cd-CdCl2 core-shell nanoparticles is mediated by crack defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinxing Peng
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yifan Nie
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qi Zheng
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Junyi Shangguan
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chao Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Linwang Wang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David T Limmer
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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35
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Jeon S, Hwang SY, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Reed BW, Hong S, Zettl A, Kim WY, Ercius P, Park J, Lee WC. Response to Comment on "Reversible disorder-order transitions in atomic crystal nucleation". Science 2022; 375:eabj3683. [PMID: 35324302 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Yu et al. suggested calculating precisely the size ranges of the three parts of our figure 3A, adjusting the free-energy levels in figure 3B, and considering the shape effect in the first-principles calculation. The first and second suggestions raise strong concerns for misinterpretation and overinterpretation of our experiments. The original calculation is sufficient to support our claim about crystalline-to-disordered transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
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36
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Stonemeyer S, Dogan M, Cain JD, Azizi A, Popple DC, Culp A, Song C, Ercius P, Cohen ML, Zettl A. Targeting One- and Two-Dimensional Ta-Te Structures via Nanotube Encapsulation. Nano Lett 2022; 22:2285-2292. [PMID: 35271292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fine control over material synthesis on the nanoscale can facilitate the stabilization of competing crystalline structures. Here, we demonstrate how carbon nanotube reaction vessels can be used to selectively create one-dimensional TaTe3 chains or two-dimensional TaTe2 nanoribbons with exquisite control of the chain number or nanoribbon thickness and width. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the detailed atomic structure of the encapsulated materials. Complex superstructures such as multichain spiraling and apparent multilayer moirés are observed. The rare 2H phase of TaTe2 (1H in monolayer) is found to be abundant as an encapsulated nanoribbon inside carbon nanotubes. The experimental results are complemented by density functional theory calculations for the atomic and electronic structure, which uncovers the prevalence of 2H-TaTe2 due to nanotube-to-nanoribbon charge transfer and size confinement. Calculations also reveal new 1T' type charge density wave phases in TaTe2 that could be observed in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Stonemeyer
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Cain
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amin Azizi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Derek C Popple
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Austin Culp
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Marvin L Cohen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Behera P, May MA, Gómez-Ortiz F, Susarla S, Das S, Nelson CT, Caretta L, Hsu SL, McCarter MR, Savitzky BH, Barnard ES, Raja A, Hong Z, García-Fernandez P, Lovesey SW, van der Laan G, Ercius P, Ophus C, Martin LW, Junquera J, Raschke MB, Ramesh R. Electric field control of chirality. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj8030. [PMID: 34985953 PMCID: PMC8730600 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polar textures have attracted substantial attention in recent years as a promising analog to spin-based textures in ferromagnets. Here, using optical second-harmonic generation–based circular dichroism, we demonstrate deterministic and reversible control of chirality over mesoscale regions in ferroelectric vortices using an applied electric field. The microscopic origins of the chirality, the pathway during the switching, and the mechanism for electric field control are described theoretically via phase-field modeling and second-principles simulations, and experimentally by examination of the microscopic response of the vortices under an applied field. The emergence of chirality from the combination of nonchiral materials and subsequent control of the handedness with an electric field has far-reaching implications for new electronics based on chirality as a field-controllable order parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piush Behera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Molly A. May
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fernando Gómez-Ortiz
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sujit Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher T. Nelson
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Margaret R. McCarter
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edward S. Barnard
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zijian Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Pablo García-Fernandez
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Stephen W. Lovesey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Gerrit van der Laan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lane W. Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Javier Junquera
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, 39005 Santander, Spain
- Corresponding author. (R.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Markus B. Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. (R.R.); (J.J.)
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38
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Yuan Y, Kim DS, Zhou J, Chang DJ, Zhu F, Nagaoka Y, Yang Y, Pham M, Osher SJ, Chen O, Ercius P, Schmid AK, Miao J. Three-dimensional atomic packing in amorphous solids with liquid-like structure. Nat Mater 2022; 21:95-102. [PMID: 34663951 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquids and solids are two fundamental states of matter. However, our understanding of their three-dimensional atomic structure is mostly based on physical models. Here we use atomic electron tomography to experimentally determine the three-dimensional atomic positions of monatomic amorphous solids, namely a Ta thin film and two Pd nanoparticles. We observe that pentagonal bipyramids are the most abundant atomic motifs in these amorphous materials. Instead of forming icosahedra, the majority of pentagonal bipyramids arrange into pentagonal bipyramid networks with medium-range order. Molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that pentagonal bipyramid networks are prevalent in monatomic metallic liquids, which rapidly grow in size and form more icosahedra during the quench from the liquid to the glass state. These results expand our understanding of the atomic structures of amorphous solids and will encourage future studies on amorphous-crystalline phase and glass transitions in non-crystalline materials with three-dimensional atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Yuan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis S Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dillan J Chang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yao Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minh Pham
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J Osher
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andreas K Schmid
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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39
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Susarla S, García-Fernández P, Ophus C, Das S, Aguado-Puente P, McCarter M, Ercius P, Martin LW, Ramesh R, Junquera J. Atomic scale crystal field mapping of polar vortices in oxide superlattices. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6273. [PMID: 34725320 PMCID: PMC8560910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar vortices in oxide superlattices exhibit complex polarization topologies. Using a combination of electron energy loss near-edge structure analysis, crystal field multiplet theory, and first-principles calculations, we probe the electronic structure within such polar vortices in [(PbTiO3)16/(SrTiO3)16] superlattices at the atomic scale. The peaks in Ti [Formula: see text]-edge spectra shift systematically depending on the position of the Ti4+ cations within the vortices i.e., the direction and magnitude of the local dipole. First-principles computation of the local projected density of states on the Ti [Formula: see text] orbitals, together with the simulated crystal field multiplet spectra derived from first principles are in good agreement with the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Susarla
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sujit Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Margaret McCarter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Javier Junquera
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain.
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40
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Ma L, Huang H, Vargo E, Huang J, Anderson CL, Chen T, Kuzmenko I, Ilavsky J, Wang C, Liu Y, Ercius P, Alexander-Katz A, Xu T. Diversifying Composition Leads to Hierarchical Composites with Design Flexibility and Structural Fidelity. ACS Nano 2021; 15:14095-14104. [PMID: 34324313 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the self-assembly of nanostructures, present successes heavily rely on precision in building block design, composition, and pair interactions. These requirements fundamentally limit our ability to synthesize macroscopic materials where the likelihood of impurity inclusion escalates and, more importantly, to access molecular-to-nanoscopic-to-microscopic-to-macroscopic hierarchies, since the types and compositions of building blocks vary at each stage. Inspired by biological blends and high-entropy alloys, we hypothesize that diversifying the blend's composition can overcome these limitations. Increasing the number of components increases mixing entropy, leading to the dispersion of different components and, as a result, enhances interphase miscibility, weakens the dependence on specific pair interactions, and enables long-range cooperativity. This hypothesis is validated in complex blends containing small molecules, block copolymer-based supramolecules, and nanoparticles/colloidal particles. Hierarchically structured composites can be obtained with formulation flexibility in the filler selection and blend composition. It is worth noting that, by adding small molecules, we can solve the size constraint that plagues traditional block copolymer/nanoparticle blends. Detailed characterization and simulation further confirm that each component is distributed to locally mediate unfavorable interactions, cooperatively mitigate composition fluctuations, and retain structural fidelity. Furthermore, the blends have sufficient mobility to access tunable microstructures without compromising the order of the nanostructure. Besides establishing a kinetically viable pathway to release current constraints in the composite design and to navigate uncertainties during structure formation over multiple length scales, the present study demonstrates that entropy-driven behaviors can be realized in systems beyond high-entropy alloys despite inherent differences between metal alloys and organic/inorganic hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hejin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emma Vargo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tiffany Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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41
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Savitzky BH, Zeltmann SE, Hughes LA, Brown HG, Zhao S, Pelz PM, Pekin TC, Barnard ES, Donohue J, Rangel DaCosta L, Kennedy E, Xie Y, Janish MT, Schneider MM, Herring P, Gopal C, Anapolsky A, Dhall R, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Scott MC, Ciston J, Minor AM, Ophus C. py4DSTEM: A Software Package for Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data Analysis. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:712-743. [PMID: 34018475 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials on length scales ranging from microns to atoms. By using a high-speed, direct electron detector, it is now possible to record a full two-dimensional (2D) image of the diffracted electron beam at each probe position, typically a 2D grid of probe positions. These 4D-STEM datasets are rich in information, including signatures of the local structure, orientation, deformation, electromagnetic fields, and other sample-dependent properties. However, extracting this information requires complex analysis pipelines that include data wrangling, calibration, analysis, and visualization, all while maintaining robustness against imaging distortions and artifacts. In this paper, we present py4DSTEM, an analysis toolkit for measuring material properties from 4D-STEM datasets, written in the Python language and released with an open-source license. We describe the algorithmic steps for dataset calibration and various 4D-STEM property measurements in detail and present results from several experimental datasets. We also implement a simple and universal file format appropriate for electron microscopy data in py4DSTEM, which uses the open-source HDF5 standard. We hope this tool will benefit the research community and help improve the standards for data and computational methods in electron microscopy, and we invite the community to contribute to this ongoing project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Steven E Zeltmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Lauren A Hughes
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Hamish G Brown
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Shiteng Zhao
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Philipp M Pelz
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Thomas C Pekin
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jennifer Donohue
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Luis Rangel DaCosta
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Ellis Kennedy
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Yujun Xie
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
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42
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Huang X, Sayed S, Mittelstaedt J, Susarla S, Karimeddiny S, Caretta L, Zhang H, Stoica VA, Gosavi T, Mahfouzi F, Sun Q, Ercius P, Kioussis N, Salahuddin S, Ralph DC, Ramesh R. Novel Spin-Orbit Torque Generation at Room Temperature in an All-Oxide Epitaxial La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 /SrIrO 3 System. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008269. [PMID: 33960025 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit torques (SOTs) that arise from materials with large spin-orbit coupling offer a new pathway for energy-efficient and fast magnetic information storage. SOTs in conventional heavy metals and topological insulators are explored extensively, while 5d transition metal oxides, which also host ions with strong spin-orbit coupling, are a relatively new territory in the field of spintronics. An all-oxide, SrTiO3 (STO)//La0.7 Sr0.3 MnO3 (LSMO)/SrIrO3 (SIO) heterostructure with lattice-matched crystal structure is synthesized, exhibiting an epitaxial and atomically sharp interface between the ferromagnetic LSMO and the high spin-orbit-coupled metal SIO. Spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) is used to probe the effective magnetization and the SOT efficiency in LSMO/SIO heterostructures grown on STO substrates. Remarkably, epitaxial LSMO/SIO exhibits a large SOT efficiency, ξ|| = 1, while retaining a reasonably low shunting factor and increasing the effective magnetization of LSMO by ≈50%. The findings highlight the significance of epitaxy as a powerful tool to achieve a high SOT efficiency, explore the rich physics at the epitaxial interface, and open up a new pathway for designing next-generation energy-efficient spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shehrin Sayed
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Sandhya Susarla
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Saba Karimeddiny
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vladimir A Stoica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tanay Gosavi
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Farzad Mahfouzi
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Qilong Sun
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Kioussis
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Sayeef Salahuddin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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43
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Ben-Moshe A, da Silva A, Müller A, Abu-Odeh A, Harrison P, Waelder J, Niroui F, Ophus C, Minor AM, Asta M, Theis W, Ercius P, Alivisatos AP. The chain of chirality transfer in tellurium nanocrystals. Science 2021; 372:729-733. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abf9645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Ben-Moshe
- Materials Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alessandra da Silva
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexander Müller
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anas Abu-Odeh
- Materials Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patrick Harrison
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jacob Waelder
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Farnaz Niroui
- Miller Research Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark Asta
- Materials Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A. Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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44
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Qian Y, da Silva A, Yu E, Anderson CL, Liu Y, Theis W, Ercius P, Xu T. Crystallization of nanoparticles induced by precipitation of trace polymeric additives. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2767. [PMID: 33986268 PMCID: PMC8119732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthogonal to guided growth of nanoparticle (NP) crystals using DNA or supramolecules, a trace amount of polymeric impurities (<0.1 wt.%) leads to reproducible, rapid growth of 3D NP crystals in solution and on patterned substrates with high yield. When polymers preferentially precipitate on the NP surfaces, small NP clusters form and serve as nuclei for NP crystal growth in dilute solutions. This precipitation-induced NP crystallization process is applicable for a range of polymers, and the resultant 3-D NP crystals are tunable by varying polymeric additives loading, solvent evaporation rate, and NP size. The present study elucidates how to balance cohesive energy density and NP diffusivity to simultaneously favor nuclei formation energetically and kinetic growth in dilute solutions to rapidly crystalize NPs over multiple length scales. Furthermore, the amount of impurities needed to grow NP crystals (<0.1%) reminds us the importance of fine details to interpret experimental observations in nanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra da Silva
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emmy Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Ercius
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Imposing additional confinement in two-dimensional (2D) materials yields further control over their electronic, optical, and topological properties. However, synthesis of ultranarrow nanoribbons (NRs) remains challenging, particularly for transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and synthesizing TMD NRs narrower than 50 nm has remained elusive. Here, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of ultranarrow TaS2 NRs. The NRs are grown within carbon nanotubes, limiting their width and layer number, while stabilizing them against the environment. The NRs reach monolayer thickness and exhibit widths down to 2.5 nm. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the detailed atomic structure of the ultranarrow NRs and we observe a hitherto unseen atomic structure supermodulation of ordered defect arrays within the NRs. Density functional theory calculations show the presence of flat bands and boundary-localized states, and help identify the atomic configuration of the supermodulation. Nanotube-templated synthesis represents a unique, transferable, and broadly deployable route toward ultranarrow TMD NR growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Cain
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sehoon Oh
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amin Azizi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Scott Stonemeyer
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Markus Thiel
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Marvin L Cohen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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46
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Stonemeyer S, Cain JD, Oh S, Azizi A, Elasha M, Thiel M, Song C, Ercius P, Cohen ML, Zettl A. Stabilization of NbTe 3, VTe 3, and TiTe 3 via Nanotube Encapsulation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4563-4568. [PMID: 33258601 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure of MX3 transition metal trichalcogenides (TMTs, with M a transition metal and X a chalcogen) is typified by one-dimensional (1D) chains weakly bound together via van der Waals interactions. This structural motif is common across a range of M and X atoms (e.g., NbSe3, HfTe3,TaS3), but not all M and X combinations are stable. We report here that three new members of the MX3 family which are not stable in bulk, specifically NbTe3, VTe3, and TiTe3, can be synthesized in the few- (2-4) to single-chain limit via nanoconfined growth within the stabilizing cavity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveal the chain-like nature and the detailed atomic structure. The synthesized materials exhibit behavior unique to few-chain quasi-1D structures, such as few-chain spiraling and a trigonal antiprismatic rocking distortion in the single-chain limit. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide insight into the crystal structure and stability of the materials, as well as their electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Stonemeyer
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Cain
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sehoon Oh
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amin Azizi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Malik Elasha
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Markus Thiel
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chengyu Song
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Marvin L Cohen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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47
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Yang Y, Zhou J, Zhu F, Yuan Y, Chang DJ, Kim DS, Pham M, Rana A, Tian X, Yao Y, Osher SJ, Schmid AK, Hu L, Ercius P, Miao J. Determining the three-dimensional atomic structure of an amorphous solid. Nature 2021; 592:60-64. [PMID: 33790443 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solids such as glass, plastics and amorphous thin films are ubiquitous in our daily life and have broad applications ranging from telecommunications to electronics and solar cells1-4. However, owing to the lack of long-range order, the three-dimensional (3D) atomic structure of amorphous solids has so far eluded direct experimental determination5-15. Here we develop an atomic electron tomography reconstruction method to experimentally determine the 3D atomic positions of an amorphous solid. Using a multi-component glass-forming alloy as proof of principle, we quantitatively characterize the short- and medium-range order of the 3D atomic arrangement. We observe that, although the 3D atomic packing of the short-range order is geometrically disordered, some short-range-order structures connect with each other to form crystal-like superclusters and give rise to medium-range order. We identify four types of crystal-like medium-range order-face-centred cubic, hexagonal close-packed, body-centred cubic and simple cubic-coexisting in the amorphous sample, showing translational but not orientational order. These observations provide direct experimental evidence to support the general framework of the efficient cluster packing model for metallic glasses10,12-14,16. We expect that this work will pave the way for the determination of the 3D structure of a wide range of amorphous solids, which could transform our fundamental understanding of non-crystalline materials and related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yakun Yuan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dillan J Chang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis S Kim
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minh Pham
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rana
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuezeng Tian
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stanley J Osher
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas K Schmid
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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48
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Jeon S, Heo T, Hwang SY, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Reed BW, Ham J, Kang S, Kim S, Lim J, Lim K, Kim JS, Kang MH, Bloom RS, Hong S, Kim K, Zettl A, Kim WY, Ercius P, Park J, Lee WC. Reversible disorder-order transitions in atomic crystal nucleation. Science 2021; 371:498-503. [PMID: 33510024 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nucleation in atomic crystallization remains poorly understood, despite advances in classical nucleation theory. The nucleation process has been described to involve a nonclassical mechanism that includes a spontaneous transition from disordered to crystalline states, but a detailed understanding of dynamics requires further investigation. In situ electron microscopy of heterogeneous nucleation of individual gold nanocrystals with millisecond temporal resolution shows that the early stage of atomic crystallization proceeds through dynamic structural fluctuations between disordered and crystalline states, rather than through a single irreversible transition. Our experimental and theoretical analyses support the idea that structural fluctuations originate from size-dependent thermodynamic stability of the two states in atomic clusters. These findings, based on dynamics in a real atomic system, reshape and improve our understanding of nucleation mechanisms in atomic crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeong Heo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Jimin Ham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungin Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joowon Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitaek Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruth S Bloom
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomedicine, IBS, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Streubel R, Bouma DS, Bruni F, Chen X, Ercius P, Ciston J, N'Diaye AT, Roy S, Kevan SD, Fischer P, Hellman F. Chiral Spin Textures in Amorphous Iron-Germanium Thick Films. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004830. [PMID: 33432657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Topological solitary fields, such as magnetic and polar skyrmions, are envisioned to revolutionize microelectronics. These configurations have been stabilized in solid-state materials with a global inversion symmetry breaking, which translates in magnetic materials into a vector spin exchange known as the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), as well as spin chirality selection and isotropic solitons. This work reports experimental evidence of 3D chiral spin textures, such as helical spins and skyrmions with different chirality and topological charge, stabilized in amorphous Fe-Ge thick films. These results demonstrate that structurally and chemically disordered materials with a random DMI can resemble inversion symmetry broken systems with similar magnetic properties, moments, and states. Disordered systems are distinguished from systems with global inversion symmetry breaking by their degenerate spin chirality that allows for forming isotropic and anisotropic topological spin textures at remanence, while offering greater flexibility in materials synthesis, voltage, and strain manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Streubel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Nebraska, Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - D Simca Bouma
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Frank Bruni
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alpha T N'Diaye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sujoy Roy
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Steve D Kevan
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Frances Hellman
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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50
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Kim S, Kwag J, Machello C, Kang S, Heo J, Reboul CF, Kang D, Kang S, Shim S, Park SJ, Kim BH, Hyeon T, Ercius P, Elmlund H, Park J. Correlating 3D Surface Atomic Structure and Catalytic Activities of Pt Nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1175-1183. [PMID: 33416334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active sites and catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts is determined by their surface atomic structures. However, probing the surface structure at an atomic resolution is difficult, especially for solution ensembles of catalytic nanocrystals, which consist of heterogeneous particles with irregular shapes and surfaces. Here, we constructed 3D maps of the coordination number (CN) and generalized CN (CN_) for individual surface atoms of sub-3 nm Pt nanocrystals. Our results reveal that the synthesized Pt nanocrystals are enclosed by islands of atoms with nonuniform shapes that lead to complex surface structures, including a high ratio of low-coordination surface atoms, reduced domain size of low-index facets, and various types of exposed high-index facets. 3D maps of CN_ are directly correlated to catalytic activities assigned to individual surface atoms with distinct local coordination structures, which explains the origin of high catalytic performance of small Pt nanocrystals in important reactions such as oxygen reduction reactions and CO electro-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kwag
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiara Machello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Heo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dohun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdeok Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hans Elmlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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