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Areitio M, Antoran A, Rodriguez-Erenaga O, Aparicio-Fernandez L, Martin-Souto L, Buldain I, Zaldibar B, Ruiz-Gaitan A, Pemán J, Rementeria A, Ramirez-Garcia A. Identification of the Most Immunoreactive Antigens of Candida auris to IgGs from Systemic Infections in Mice. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1634-1648. [PMID: 38572994 PMCID: PMC11077488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The delay in making a correct diagnosis of Candida auris causes concern in the healthcare system setting, and immunoproteomics studies are important to identify immunoreactive proteins for new diagnostic strategies. In this study, immunocompetent murine systemic infections caused by non-aggregative and aggregative phenotypes of C. auris and by Candida albicans and Candida haemulonii were carried out, and the obtained sera were used to study their immunoreactivity against C. auris proteins. The results showed higher virulence, in terms of infection signs, weight loss, and histopathological damage, of the non-aggregative isolate. Moreover, C. auris was less virulent than C. albicans but more than C. haemulonii. Regarding the immunoproteomics study, 13 spots recognized by sera from mice infected with both C. auris phenotypes and analyzed by mass spectrometry corresponded to enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate mutase. These four proteins were also recognized by sera obtained from human patients with disseminated C. auris infection but not by sera obtained from mice infected with C. albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus. Spot identification data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD049077. In conclusion, this study showed that the identified proteins could be potential candidates to be studied as new diagnostic or even therapeutic targets for C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maialen Areitio
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitziber Antoran
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Oier Rodriguez-Erenaga
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Aparicio-Fernandez
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Martin-Souto
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Beñat Zaldibar
- CBET
Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine
Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University
of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz-Gaitan
- Microbiology
Department, University and Polytechnic La
Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Pemán
- Microbiology
Department, University and Polytechnic La
Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Department
of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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2
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Yusufu A, Hasimu H, Wang X, Abliz P. Clinical Distribution and Drug Susceptibility Characterization of Invasive Candida Isolates in a Tertiary Hospital of Xinjiang Province. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1345-1356. [PMID: 38596533 PMCID: PMC11001554 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s450933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to investigate the clinical distribution characteristics and drug susceptibility profiles of invasive Candida isolates in a tertiary hospital in Urumqi. Methods The examination was conducted on samples obtained from patients who were clinically diagnosed with invasive candidiasis in this hospital. A total of 109 strains of Candida strains were identified through the use of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and fungal cultivation methods.The clinical distribution of the strains was analyzed. Antifungal drug susceptibility tests were performed using the Sensititre YO10 fungal drug susceptibility plate based on the micro-broth dilution method. Results Candida albicans had the highest percentage (51.38%) among 109 Candida isolates, followed by C. glabrata (18.35%) and C. tropicalis (15.60%). The isolates were predominantly found in the respiratory department (41.28%), intensive care unit (ICU) (31.19%), and infection department (9.17%).The results of drug susceptibility tests indicated that amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and echinocandins exhibited good in vitro antifungal activity, with a susceptibility rate of over 96%. However, the azoles demonstrated low antifungal activity, especially posaconazole and voriconazole, which had high resistance rates of 64.71% for C. tropicalis and 70% for C. glabrata, respectively. Conclusion In our hospital, Candida albicans was identified as the primary causal agent of invasive candidiasis. In terms of in vitro antifungal activity, echinocandins, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine demonstrated efficacy against invasive Candida infections. However, it was important to note that C. glabrata and C. tropicalis exhibited low susceptibility to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songdi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aikedai Yusufu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hadiliya Hasimu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Paride Abliz
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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Kumar V, Huang J, Dong Y, Hao GF. Targeting Fks1 proteins for novel antifungal drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:366-384. [PMID: 38493014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major threat to human health. The limited availability of antifungal drugs, the emergence of drug resistance, and a growing susceptible population highlight the critical need for novel antifungal agents. The enzymes involved in fungal cell wall synthesis offer potential targets for antifungal drug development. Recent studies have enhanced our focus on the enzyme Fks1, which synthesizes β-1,3-glucan, a critical component of the cell wall. These studies provide a deeper understanding of Fks1's function in cell wall biosynthesis, pathogenicity, structural biology, evolutionary conservation across fungi, and interaction with current antifungal drugs. Here, we discuss the role of Fks1 in the survival and adaptation of fungi, guided by insights from evolutionary and structural analyses. Furthermore, we delve into the dynamics of Fks1 modulation with novel antifungal strategies and assess its potential as an antifungal drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Kumar
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; BMLT, Markham College of Commerce, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand 825301, India
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yawen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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4
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Marena GD, Carvalho GC, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Onisto GS, Bugalho BCM, Genezini LMV, Santos MOD, Blanco AL, Chorilli M, Bauab TM. Potential Activity of Micafungin and Amphotericin B Co-Encapsulated in Nanoemulsion against Systemic Candida auris Infection in a Mice Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:253. [PMID: 38667924 PMCID: PMC11051191 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Candida auris species is a multidrug-resistant yeast capable of causing systemic and lethal infections. Its virulence and increase in outbreaks are a global concern, especially in hospitals where outbreaks are more recurrent. In many cases, monotherapy is not effective, and drug combinations are opted for. However, resistance to antifungals has increased over the years. In view of this, nanoemulsions (NEs) may represent a nanotechnology strategy in the development of new therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, this study developed a co-encapsulated nanoemulsion with amphotericin B (AmB) and micafungin (MICA) (NEMA) for the control of infections caused by C. auris. NEs were developed in previous studies. Briefly, the NEs were composed of a mixture of 10% sunflower oil and cholesterol as the oil phase (5:1), 10% Polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (Brij® 58) and soy phosphatidylcholine as surfactant/co-surfactant (2:1), and 80% PBS as the aqueous phase. The in vivo assay used BALB/c mice weighing between 25 and 28 g that were immunosuppressed (CEUA/FCF/CAr n° 29/2021) and infected with Candida auris CDC B11903. The in vivo results show the surprising potentiate of the antifungal activity of the co-encapsulated drugs in NE, preventing yeast from causing infection in the lung and thymus. Biochemical assays showed a higher concentration of liver and kidney enzymes under treatment with AmB and MICAmB. In conclusion, this combination of drugs to combat the infection caused by C. auris can be considered an efficient therapeutic option, and nanoemulsions contribute to therapeutic potentiate, proving to be a promising new alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Davi Marena
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
- Department of Drug and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
- Department of Drug and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Alba Ruiz-Gaitán
- Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovana Scaramal Onisto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Beatriz Chiari Manzini Bugalho
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Letícia Maria Valente Genezini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Maíra Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Ana Lígia Blanco
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drug and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Tais Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (G.D.M.); (G.C.C.); (G.S.O.); (B.C.M.B.); (L.M.V.G.); (M.O.D.S.); (A.L.B.)
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Shivarathri R, Chauhan M, Datta A, Das D, Karuli A, Jenull S, Kuchler K, Thangamani S, Chowdhary A, Desai JV, Chauhan N. The Candida auris Hog1 MAP kinase is essential for the colonization of murine skin and intradermal persistence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585572. [PMID: 38562863 PMCID: PMC10983919 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris , a multidrug-resistant human fungal pathogen, was first identified in 2009 in Japan. Since then, systemic C. auris infections have now been reported in more than 50 countries, with mortality rates of 30-60%. A major contributing factor to its high inter- and intrahospital clonal transmission is that C. auris, unlike most Candida species, displays unique skin tropism and can stay on human skin for a prolonged period. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for C. auris skin colonization, intradermal persistence, and systemic virulence are poorly understood. Here, we report that C. auris Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is essential for efficient skin colonization, intradermal persistence, as well as systemic virulence. RNA-seq analysis of wildtype parental and hog1 Δ mutant strains revealed marked down-regulation of genes involved in processes such as cell adhesion, cell-wall rearrangement, and pathogenesis in hog1 Δ mutant compared to the wildtype parent. Consistent with these data, we found a prominent role for Hog1 in maintaining cell-wall architecture, as the hog1 Δ mutant demonstrated a significant increase in cell-surface β-glucan exposure and a concomitant reduction in chitin content. Additionally, we observed that Hog1 was required for biofilm formation in vitro and fungal survival when challenged with primary murine macrophages and neutrophils ex vivo . Collectively, these findings have important implications for understanding the C. auris skin adherence mechanisms and penetration of skin epithelial layers preceding bloodstream infections. Importance Candida auris is a World Health Organization (WHO) fungal priority pathogen and an urgent public health threat recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). C. auris has a unique ability to colonize human skin. It also persists on abiotic surfaces in healthcare environments for an extended period of time. These attributes facilitate the inter- and intrahospital clonal transmission of C. auris . Therefore, understanding C. auris skin colonization mechanisms are critical for infection control, especially in hospitals and nursing homes. However, despite its profound clinical relevance, the molecular and genetic basis of C. auris skin colonization mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we present data on the identification of the Hog1 MAP kinase as a key regulator of C. auris skin colonization. These findings lay foundation for further characterization of unique mechanisms that promote fungal persistence on human skin.
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6
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Bing J, Guan Z, Zheng T, Ennis CL, Nobile CJ, Chen C, Chu H, Huang G. Rapid evolution of an adaptive multicellular morphology of Candida auris during systemic infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2381. [PMID: 38493178 PMCID: PMC10944540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris has become a serious threat to public health. The mechanisms of how this fungal pathogen adapts to the mammalian host are poorly understood. Here we report the rapid evolution of an adaptive C. auris multicellular aggregative morphology in the murine host during systemic infection. C. auris aggregative cells accumulate in the brain and exhibit obvious advantages over the single-celled yeast-form cells during systemic infection. Genetic mutations, specifically de novo point mutations in genes associated with cell division or budding processes, underlie the rapid evolution of this aggregative phenotype. Most mutated C. auris genes are associated with the regulation of cell wall integrity, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal properties, and cellular polarization. Moreover, the multicellular aggregates are notably more recalcitrant to the host antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and PACAP relative to the single-celled yeast-form cells. Overall, to survive in the host, C. auris can rapidly evolve a multicellular aggregative morphology via genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Bing
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhangyue Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Tianhong Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Craig L Ennis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Changbin Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haiqing Chu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Guanghua Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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7
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Pelletier C, Shaw S, Alsayegh S, Brown AJP, Lorenz A. Candida auris undergoes adhesin-dependent and -independent cellular aggregation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012076. [PMID: 38466738 PMCID: PMC10957086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a fungal pathogen of humans responsible for nosocomial infections with high mortality rates. High levels of resistance to antifungal drugs and environmental persistence mean these infections are difficult to treat and eradicate from a healthcare setting. Understanding the life cycle and the genetics of this fungus underpinning clinically relevant traits, such as antifungal resistance and virulence, is of the utmost importance to develop novel treatments and therapies. Epidemiological and genomic studies have identified five geographical clades (I-V), which display phenotypic and genomic differences. Aggregation of cells, a phenotype primarily of clade III strains, has been linked to reduced virulence in some infection models. The aggregation phenotype has thus been associated with conferring an advantage for (skin) colonisation rather than for systemic infection. However, strains with different clade affiliations were compared to infer the effects of different morphologies on virulence. This makes it difficult to distinguish morphology-dependent causes from clade-specific or even strain-specific genetic factors. Here, we identify two different types of aggregation: one induced by antifungal treatment which is a result of a cell separation defect; and a second which is controlled by growth conditions and only occurs in strains with the ability to aggregate. The latter aggregation type depends on an ALS-family adhesin which is differentially expressed during aggregation in an aggregative C. auris strain. Finally, we demonstrate that macrophages cannot clear aggregates, suggesting that aggregation might after all provide a benefit during systemic infection and could facilitate long-term persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Pelletier
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Shaw
- Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine (CGEBM), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sakinah Alsayegh
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander Lorenz
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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8
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Xiong J, Wang L, Feng Z, Hang S, Yu J, Feng Y, Lu H, Jiang Y. Halofantrine Hydrochloride Acts as an Antioxidant Ability Inhibitor That Enhances Oxidative Stress Damage to Candida albicans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:223. [PMID: 38397821 PMCID: PMC10886025 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a prominent opportunistic pathogenic fungus in the human population, possesses the capacity to induce life-threatening invasive candidiasis in individuals with compromised immune systems despite the existence of antifungal medications. When faced with macrophages or neutrophils, C. albicans demonstrates its capability to endure oxidative stress through the utilization of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, the enhancement of oxidative stress in innate immune cells against C. albicans presents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of a library of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We discovered that halofantrine hydrochloride (HAL) can augment the antifungal properties of oxidative damage agents (plumbagin, menadione, and H2O2) by suppressing the response of C. albicans to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, our investigation revealed that the inhibitory mechanism of HAL on the oxidative response is dependent on Cap1. In addition, the antifungal activity of HAL has been observed in the Galleria mellonella infection model. These findings provide evidence that targeting the oxidative stress response of C. albicans and augmenting the fungicidal capacity of oxidative damage agents hold promise as effective antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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9
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Horton MV, Eix EF, Johnson CJ, Dean MEB, Andes BD, Wartman KM, Nett JE. Impact of micafungin on Candida auris β-glucan masking and neutrophil interactions. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae043. [PMID: 38330449 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal pathogen Candida auris has become a public health threat causing outbreaks of high mortality infections. Drug resistance often limits treatment options. For Candida albicans, subinhibitory concentrations of echinocandins unmask immunostimulatory β-glucan, augmenting immunity. Here we analyze the impact of echinocandin treatment of C. auris on β-glucan exposure and human neutrophil interactions. We show subinhibitory concentrations lead to minimal glucan unmasking and only subtle influences on neutrophil functions for the isolates belonging to circulating clades. The data suggest that echinocandin treatment will not largely alter phagocytic responses. Glucan masking pathways appear to differ between C. auris and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Horton
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily F Eix
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chad J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan E B Dean
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brody D Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kayla M Wartman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Chadwick C, De Jesus M, Ginty F, Martinez JS. Pathobiology of Candida auris infection analyzed by multiplexed imaging and single cell analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293011. [PMID: 38232081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal organisms contribute to significant human morbidity and mortality and Candida auris (C. auris) infections are of utmost concern due to multi-drug resistant strains and persistence in critical care and hospital settings. Pathogenesis and pathology of C. auris is still poorly understood and in this study, we demonstrate how the use of multiplex immunofluorescent imaging (MxIF) and single-cell analysis can contribute to a deeper understanding of fungal infections within organs. We used two different neutrophil depletion murine models (treated with either 1A8-an anti-Ly6G antibody, or RB6-8C5-an anti-Ly6G/Ly6C antibody; both 1A8 and RB6-8C5 antibodies have been shown to deplete neutrophils) and compared to wildtype, non-neutropenic mice. Following pathologist assessment, fixed samples underwent MxIF imaging using a C. albicans antibody (shown to be cross-reactive to C. auris) and immune cell biomarkers-CD3 (T cells), CD68 (macrophages), B220 (B cells), CD45 (monocytes), and Ly6G (neutrophils) to quantify organ specific immune niches. MxIF analysis highlighted the heterogenous distribution of C. auris infection within heart, kidney, and brain 7 days post-infection. Size and number of fungal abscesses was greatest in the heart and lowest in brain. Infected mice had an increased count of CD3+, CD68+, B220+, and CD45+ immune cells, concentrated around C. auris abscesses. CD68+ cells were predominant in wildtype (non-neutropenic mice) and CD3+/CD45+ cells were predominant in neutropenic mice, with B cells being the least abundant. These findings suggest a Th2 driven immune response in neutropenic C. auris infection mice models. This study demonstrates the value of MxIF to broaden understanding of C. auris pathobiology, and mechanistic understanding of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdia De Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Fiona Ginty
- GE Research, Niskayuna, New York, United States of America
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11
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Seiser S, Arzani H, Ayub T, Phan-Canh T, Staud C, Worda C, Kuchler K, Elbe-Bürger A. Native human and mouse skin infection models to study Candida auris-host interactions. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105234. [PMID: 37813159 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared certain fungal pathogens as global health threats for the next decade. Candida auris (C. auris) is a newly emerging skin-tropic multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections of high mortality in hospitals and healthcare settings. Here, we address an unmet need and present novel native ex vivo skin models, thus extending previous C. auris-host interaction studies. We exploit histology and immunofluorescence analysis of ex vivo skin biopsies of human adult and fetal, as well as mouse origin infected with C. auris via distinct routes. We demonstrate that an intact skin barrier efficiently protects from C. auris penetration and invasion. Although C. auris readily grows on native human skin, it can reach deeper layers only upon physical disruption of the barrier by needling or through otherwise damaged skin. By contrast, a barrier disruption is not necessary for C. auris penetration of native mouse skin. Importantly, we show that C. auris undergoes morphogenetic changes upon skin penetration, as it acquires pseudohyphal growth phenotypes in deeper human and mouse dermis. Taken together, this new human and mouse skin model toolset yields new insights into C. auris colonization, adhesion, growth and invasion properties of native versus damaged human skin. The results form a crucial basis for future studies on skin immune defense to colonizing pathogens, and offer new options for testing the action and efficacy of topical antimicrobial compound formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Seiser
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hossein Arzani
- Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya Ayub
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Trinh Phan-Canh
- Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clement Staud
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Worda
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Wells KM, Ciftci Y, Peddinti BST, Ghiladi RA, Vediyappan G, Spontak RJ, Govind R. Preventing the spread of life-threatening gastrointestinal microbes on the surface of a continuously self-disinfecting block polymer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:718-726. [PMID: 37611471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Highly persistent, drug-resistant and transmissible healthcare pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) and Candida auris (C. auris) are responsible for causing antibiotic-associated fatal diarrhea and invasive candidiasis, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that these potentially lethal gastrointestinal microbes can be rapidly inactivated on the solid surface of a self-disinfecting anionic block polymer that inherently generates a water surface layer that is highly acidic (pH < 1) upon hydration. Due to thermodynamic incompatibility between its chemical sequences, the polymer spontaneously self-organizes into a nanostructure that enables proton migration from the interior of a film to the surface via contiguous nanoscale hydrophilic channels, as discerned here by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Here, we report that two strains of C. difficile in the vegetative state and two species of Candida, Candida albicans (C. albicans) and C. auris, are, in most cases, inactivated to the limit of minimum detection. Corresponding electron and optical microscopy images reveal that, upon exposure to the hydrated polymer, the outer microbial membranes display evidence of damage and intracellular material is expelled. Combined with our previous studies of rapid bacterial and viral inactivation, these antimicrobial results are highly encouraging and, if translatable to clinical conditions in the form of self-standing polymer films or coatings, are expected to benefit the welfare of patients in healthcare facilities by continuously preventing the spread of such potentially dangerous microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie M Wells
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yusuf Ciftci
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Bharadwaja S T Peddinti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Reza A Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | | | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Revathi Govind
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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13
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Datta A, Das D, Nett JE, Vyas JM, Lionakis MS, Thangamani S. Differential skin immune responses in mice intradermally infected with Candida auris and Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0221523. [PMID: 37811989 PMCID: PMC10848846 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Candida auris is a globally emerging fungal pathogen that transmits among individuals in hospitals and nursing home residents. Unlike other Candida species, C. auris predominantly colonizes and persists in skin tissue, resulting in outbreaks of nosocomial infections. Understanding the factors that regulate C. auris skin colonization is critical to develop novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against this emerging pathogen. We established a model of intradermal C. auris inoculation in mice and found that mice infected with C. auris elicit less potent innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected skin compared to C. albicans. These findings help explain the clinical observation of persistent C. auris colonization in skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Datta
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Diprasom Das
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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14
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Horton MV, Holt AM, Nett JE. Mechanisms of pathogenicity for the emerging fungus Candida auris. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011843. [PMID: 38127686 PMCID: PMC10735027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris recently emerged as an urgent public health threat, causing outbreaks of invasive infections in healthcare settings throughout the world. This fungal pathogen persists on the skin of patients and on abiotic surfaces despite antiseptic and decolonization attempts. The heightened capacity for skin colonization and environmental persistence promotes rapid nosocomial spread. Following skin colonization, C. auris can gain entrance to the bloodstream and deeper tissues, often through a wound or an inserted medical device, such as a catheter. C. auris possesses a variety of virulence traits, including the capacity for biofilm formation, production of adhesins and proteases, and evasion of innate immune responses. In this review, we highlight the interactions of C. auris with the host, emphasizing the intersection of laboratory studies and clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V. Horton
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Holt
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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15
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Miramón P, Pountain AW, Lorenz MC. Candida auris-macrophage cellular interactions and transcriptional response. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0027423. [PMID: 37815367 PMCID: PMC10652981 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00274-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Candida auris represents a global threat of the utmost clinical relevance. This emerging fungal species is remarkable in its resistance to commonly used antifungal agents and its persistence in the nosocomial settings. The innate immune system is one the first lines of defense preventing the dissemination of pathogens in the host. C. auris is susceptible to circulating phagocytes, and understanding the molecular details of these interactions may suggest routes to improved therapies. In this work, we examined the interactions of this yeast with macrophages. We found that macrophages avidly phagocytose C. auris; however, intracellular replication is not inhibited, indicating that C. auris resists the killing mechanisms imposed by the phagocyte. Unlike Candida albicans, phagocytosis of C. auris does not induce macrophage lysis. The transcriptional response of C. auris to macrophage phagocytosis is very similar to other members of the CUG clade (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae), i.e., downregulation of transcription/translation and upregulation of alternative carbon metabolism pathways, transporters, and induction of oxidative stress response and proteolysis. Gene family expansions are common in this yeast, and we found that many of these genes are induced in response to macrophage co-incubation. Among these, amino acid and oligopeptide transporters, as well as lipases and proteases, are upregulated. Thus, C. auris shares key transcriptional signatures shared with other fungal pathogens and capitalizes on the expansion of gene families coding for potential virulence attributes that allow its survival, persistence, and evasion of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Miramón
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | | | - Michael C. Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
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16
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Carty J, Chowdhary A, Bernstein D, Thangamani S. Tools and techniques to identify, study, and control Candida auris. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011698. [PMID: 37856418 PMCID: PMC10586630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, is an emerging fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. Unlike many other Candida species that colonize the intestine, C. auris most efficiently colonizes the skin. Such colonization contaminates the patient's environment and can result in rapid nosocomial transmission. In addition, this transmission can lead to outbreaks of systemic infections that have mortality rates between 40% and 60%. C. auris isolates resistant to all known classes of antifungals have been identified and as such, understanding the underlying biochemical mechanisms of how skin colonization initiates and progresses is critical to developing better therapeutic options. With this review, we briefly summarize what is known about horizontal transmission and current tools used to identify, understand, and control C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Carty
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Douglas Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), Indiana, United States of America
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17
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Singh RK, Reuber EE, Bruno M, Netea MG, Seeberger PH. Synthesis of oligosaccharides to identify an immunologically active epitope against Candida auris infection. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7559-7563. [PMID: 37449061 PMCID: PMC10337753 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris (C. auris) is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that represents a significant public health challenge as it can spread rapidly and result in high mortality rates. The mannans on the C. auris cell surface are potent immunogens and attractive targets for developing a glycoconjugate vaccine. We synthesized the oligosaccharides resembling cell surface mannans of C. auris and printed them onto microarray slides that were used to screen plasma from mice infected with C. auris. IgM antibodies in mouse plasma recognize the β-1,2 linkage present in C. auris surface mannans. Disaccharide 19 emerged from glycan array screening as a lead for developing a vaccine against C. auris, as the majority of patient plasma samples showed antibodies against this glycan. The synthetic oligosaccharides can be used for the early detection of C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Kumar Singh
- Department of Biomolecular System, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Emelie E Reuber
- Department of Biomolecular System, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular System, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
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18
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Pechacek J, Lionakis MS. Host defense mechanisms against Candida auris. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1087-1096. [PMID: 37753840 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2264500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and healthcare-related outbreaks, its resistance to a variety of antifungal medications, and the high morbidity and mortality associated with invasive disease. Despite that, the host immune response mechanisms that operate during C. auris skin colonization and invasive infection remains poorly understood. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, we review the available literature in the growing research field pertaining to C. auris host defenses and we discuss what is known about the ability of C. auris to thrive on mammalian skin, the role of lymphoid cell-mediated, IL-17-dependent defenses in controlling cutaneous colonization, and the contribution of myeloid phagocytes in curtailing systemic infection. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms by which the host immune system responds to and controls colonization and infection with C. auris and developing a deeper knowledge of tissue-specific host-C. auris interactions and of C. auris immune-evading mechanisms may help devise improved strategies for decolonization, prognostication, prevention, vaccination, and/or directed antifungal treatment in vulnerable patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pechacek
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Weerasinghe H, Simm C, Djajawi TM, Tedja I, Lo TL, Simpson DS, Shasha D, Mizrahi N, Olivier FAB, Speir M, Lawlor KE, Ben-Ami R, Traven A. Candida auris uses metabolic strategies to escape and kill macrophages while avoiding robust activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome response. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112522. [PMID: 37204928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations regulate the response of macrophages to infection. The contributions of metabolism to macrophage interactions with the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris are poorly understood. Here, we show that C. auris-infected macrophages undergo immunometabolic reprogramming and increase glycolysis but fail to activate a strong interleukin (IL)-1β cytokine response or curb C. auris growth. Further analysis shows that C. auris relies on its own metabolic capacity to escape from macrophages and proliferate in vivo. Furthermore, C. auris kills macrophages by triggering host metabolic stress through glucose starvation. However, despite causing macrophage cell death, C. auris does not trigger robust activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Consequently, inflammasome-dependent responses remain low throughout infection. Collectively, our findings show that C. auris uses metabolic regulation to eliminate macrophages while remaining immunologically silent to ensure its own survival. Thus, our data suggest that host and pathogen metabolism could represent therapeutic targets for C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Weerasinghe
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Claudia Simm
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tirta Mario Djajawi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Irma Tedja
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tricia L Lo
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel S Simpson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David Shasha
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Mizrahi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Françios A B Olivier
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mary Speir
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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20
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Guo J, Chen J, Li T, Gao L, Jiang C, Wu W. Integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data for the detection of the human pathogenic Prototheca wickerhamii from a One Health perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1152198. [PMID: 37216181 PMCID: PMC10196235 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1152198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca species are the only microalgae known to cause opportunistic infections in vertebrates and humans. Most cases of protothecosis in humans are caused by Prototheca wickerhamii, but knowledge of the pathogenicity and biology of Prototheca is limited. Globally, the diagnostic rate of Prototheca species infection is much lower than the actual rate of P. wickerhamii. The precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Prototheca infections remain unclear. In this study, we identified a strain of P. wickerhamii with atypical colony morphology. To reveal the morphological differences between P. wickerhamii S1 (mucous) and the molecular basis of its pathogenicity, the transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of two pathogenic P. wickerhamii strains and one environmental strain were analysed. Interestingly, mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase was significantly downregulated in P. wickerhamii S1, which contributes to a thinner cell wall in S1 compared to strains with typical colony morphology, and the toxicity of macrophages is reduced. Metabolite analysis revealed that the mucoid appearance of P. wickerhamii S1 may have been caused by an increase in linoleic acid, glycerol, and other metabolites. There is still a need to better understand the ecology, aetiology, and pathogenesis of P. wickerhamii, and in particular, its transmission between humans, animals, and the environment, from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Microscopy Core Facility, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. Unlike other Candida species that colonize the gut, C. auris efficiently colonizes the skin and contaminates the patient's environment, resulting in rapid nosocomial transmission and outbreaks of systemic infections. As the largest organ of the body, the skin harbors beneficial microbiota that play a critical role to protect from invading pathogens. However, the role of skin microbiota in the colonization and pathogenesis of C. auris remains to be explored. With this perspective, we review and discuss recent insights into skin microbiota and their potential interactions with the immune system in the context of C. auris skin colonization. Understanding microbiota, C. auris, and host interactions in the skin is important to develop microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat this emerging fungal pathogen in humans.
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Suprewicz Ł, Skłodowski K, Walewska A, Deptuła P, Sadzyńska A, Eljaszewicz A, Moniuszko M, Janmey PA, Bucki R. Plasma Gelsolin Enhances Phagocytosis of Candida auris by Human Neutrophils through Scavenger Receptor Class B. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0408222. [PMID: 36802172 PMCID: PMC10101141 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04082-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role as an actin-depolymerizing factor in the blood, plasma gelsolin (pGSN) binds bacterial molecules and stimulates the phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages. Here, using an in vitro system, we assessed whether pGSN could also stimulate phagocytosis of the fungal pathogen Candida auris by human neutrophils. The extraordinary ability of C. auris to evade immune responses makes it particularly challenging to eradicate in immunocompromised patients. We demonstrate that pGSN significantly enhances C. auris uptake and intracellular killing. Stimulation of phagocytosis was accompanied by decreased neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Gene expression studies revealed pGSN-dependent upregulation of scavenger receptor class B (SR-B). Inhibition of SR-B using sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO) and block lipid transport-1 (BLT-1) decreased the ability of pGSN to enhance phagocytosis, indicating that pGSN potentiates the immune response through an SR-B-dependent pathway. These results suggest that the response of the host's immune system during C. auris infection may be enhanced by the administration of recombinant pGSN. IMPORTANCE The incidence of life-threatening multidrug-resistant Candida auris infections is rapidly growing, causing substantial economic costs due to outbreaks in hospital wards. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies in susceptible individuals, such as those with leukemia, solid organ transplants, diabetes, and ongoing chemotherapy, often correlate with decreased plasma gelsolin concentration (hypogelsolinemia) and impairment of innate immune responses due to severe leukopenia. Immunocompromised patients are predisposed to superficial and invasive fungal infections. Morbidity caused by C. auris among immunocompromised patients can be as great as 60%. In the era of ever-growing fungal resistance in an aging society, it is critical to seek novel immunotherapies that may help combat these infections. The results reported here suggest the possibility of using pGSN as an immunomodulator of the immune response by neutrophils during C. auris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Skłodowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Walewska
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Sadzyńska
- Prof. Edward F. Szczepanik State Vocational University—Suwałki, Suwałki, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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23
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Das D, HogenEsch H, Thangamani S. Intestinal colonization with Candida auris and mucosal immune response in mice treated with cefoperazone oral antibiotic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123200. [PMID: 37114044 PMCID: PMC10126271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, an emerging multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen, causes invasive infections in humans. The factors regulating the colonization of C. auris in host niches are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effect of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis on C. auris intestinal colonization, dissemination, microbiome composition and the mucosal immune response. Our results indicate that mice treated with cefoperazone alone had a significant increase in C. auris intestinal colonization compared to untreated control groups. A significant increase in the dissemination of C. auris from the intestine to internal organs was observed in antibiotic-treated immunosuppressed mice. Intestinal colonization of C. auris alters the microbiome composition of antibiotic-treated mice. Relative abundance of firmicutes members mainly Clostridiales and Paenibacillus were considerably increased in the cefoperazone-treated mice infected with C. auris compared to cefoperazone-treated uninfected mice. Next, we examined the mucosal immune response of C. auris infected mice and compared the results with Candida albicans infection. The number of CD11b+ CX3CR1+ macrophages was significantly decreased in the intestine of C. auris infected mice when compared to C. albicans infection. On the other hand, both C. auris and C. albicans infected mice had a comparable increase of the number of Th17 and Th22 cells in the intestine. A significant increase in Candida-specific IgA was observed in the serum of C. auris but not in the C. albicans infected mice. Taken together, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotic increased the colonization and dissemination of C. auris from the intestine. Furthermore, findings from this study for the first time revealed the microbiome composition, innate and adaptive cellular immune response to intestinal infection with C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diprasom Das
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Shankar Thangamani,
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Chávez-Santiago JO, Mora-Montes HM. Candida haemulonii Complex and Candida auris: Biology, Virulence Factors, Immune Response, and Multidrug Resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1455-1470. [PMID: 36942024 PMCID: PMC10024503 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s402754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is worldwide concern about the constant increase in infections caused by Candida species that are multiresistant to antifungal drugs. The most common candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, however, the species of the Candida haemulonii complex and Candida auris are emerging opportunistic pathogens, which isolation from clinical samples has significantly increased in the past years. The special interest in the study of these species lies in their ability to evade the action of antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins. In addition, the phenotypic changes of these species have given them the ability to easily adapt to environmental changes, including the host milieu and immunity. In this paper, a detailed review of the current literature on the C. haemulonii complex and C. auris is shown, analyzing aspects such as biology, immune response, putative virulence factors, infection, treatment, and the current strategies for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
- Correspondence: Manuela Gómez-Gaviria; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto, C. P. 36050, México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| | - Joaquín O Chávez-Santiago
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
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25
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Ramírez-Sotelo U, Mora-Montes HM. Non- albicans Candida Species: Immune Response, Evasion Mechanisms, and New Plant-Derived Alternative Therapies. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010011. [PMID: 36675832 PMCID: PMC9862154 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida species have become a constant threat to public health, especially for immunocompromised patients, who are considered susceptible to this type of opportunistic infections. Candida albicans is known as the most common etiological agent of candidiasis; however, other species, such as Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Nakaseomyces glabrata (previously known as Candida glabrata), Candida auris, Candida guilliermondii, and Pichia kudriavzevii (previously named as Candida krusei), have also gained great importance in recent years. The increasing frequency of the isolation of this non-albicans Candida species is associated with different factors, such as constant exposure to antifungal drugs, the use of catheters in hospitalized patients, cancer, age, and geographic distribution. The main concerns for the control of these pathogens include their ability to evade the mechanisms of action of different drugs, thus developing resistance to antifungal drugs, and it has also been shown that some of these species also manage to evade the host's immunity. These biological traits make candidiasis treatment a challenging task. In this review manuscript, a detailed update of the recent literature on the six most relevant non-albicans Candida species is provided, focusing on the immune response, evasion mechanisms, and new plant-derived compounds with antifungal properties.
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26
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Phenotypic and Genomic Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus Highlight Virulence and Host Adaptation Favoring the Success of Epidemic Clones. mSystems 2022; 7:e0083122. [PMID: 36409083 PMCID: PMC9765012 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00831-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of the sequence type 59 (ST59) and ST398 lineages has emerged in hospitals and displayed a higher virulent potential than its counterparts ST5 and ST239. However, the mechanism of the host cell-pathogen interaction and specific determinates that contribute to the success of epidemic clones remain incompletely understood. In the present study, 142 S. aureus strains (ST59, ST398, ST239, and ST5) were selected from our 7-year national surveillance of S. aureus bloodstream infections (n = 983). We revealed that ST59 and ST398 had a higher prevalence of the protease-associated genes hysAVSaβ, paiB, and cfim and enhanced proteolytic activity than the other lineages. ST59 and ST398 showed a higher expression of RNAIII and psmα and greater proficiency at causing cell lysis than other lineages. Furthermore, ST59 and ST398 were strongly recognized by human neutrophils and caused more cell apoptosis and neutrophil extracellular trap degradation than the other lineages. In addition, these strains differed substantially in their repertoire and composition of intact adhesion genes. Moreover, ST398 displayed higher adaptability to human epidermal keratinocytes and a unique genetic arrangement inside the oligopeptide ABC transport system, indicating functional variations. Overall, our study revealed some potential genomic traits associated with virulence and fitness that might account for the success of epidemic clones. IMPORTANCE Considerable efforts have been exerted to identify factors contributing to the success of epidemic Staphylococcus aureus clones, however, comparative phenotypic studies lack representation owing to the small number of strains. Large-scale strain collections focused on the description of genomic characteristics. Moreover, methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections constitute 30% to 40% of S. aureus bloodstream infections, and recent research has elucidated highly virulent methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains. However, comprehensive research on the factors contributing to the success of epidemic S. aureus clones is lacking. In this study, 142 S. aureus strains were selected from our 7-year national surveillance of S. aureus bloodstream infections (n = 983) accompanied by a rigorous strain selection process. A combination of host cell-pathogen interactions and genomic analyses was applied to the represented strains. We revealed some potential genomic traits associated with virulence and fitness that might account for the success of epidemic clones.
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27
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Lin P, Zhang J, Xie G, Li J, Guo C, Lin H, Zhang Y. Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:71-86. [PMID: 36329281 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guinan Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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28
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Tu J, Liu N, Huang Y, Yang W, Sheng C. Small molecules for combating multidrug-resistant superbug Candida auris infections. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4056-4074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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