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Zhang H, Mu Y, Zhang H, Yu C. Maintenance of stem cell activity in plant development and stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1302046. [PMID: 38155857 PMCID: PMC10754534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells residing in plant apical meristems play an important role during postembryonic development. These stem cells are the wellspring from which tissues and organs of the plant emerge. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) governs the aboveground portions of a plant, while the root apical meristem (RAM) orchestrates the subterranean root system. In their sessile existence, plants are inextricably bound to their environment and must adapt to various abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, drought, temperature fluctuations, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to heavy metal ions. These environmental challenges exert profound effects on stem cells, potentially causing severe DNA damage and disrupting the equilibrium of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signaling in these vital cells, jeopardizing their integrity and survival. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved mechanisms to ensure the preservation, restoration, and adaptation of the meristematic stem cell niche. This enduring response allows plants to thrive in their habitats over extended periods. Here, we presented a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular intricacies surrounding the initiation and maintenance of the meristematic stem cell niche. We also delved into the mechanisms employed by stem cells to withstand and respond to abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huankai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yangwei Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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Smet W, Blilou I. A blast from the past: Understanding stem cell specification in plant roots using laser ablation. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 4:e14. [PMID: 38034417 PMCID: PMC10685261 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2023.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the Arabidopsis root, growth is sustained by the meristem. Signalling from organiser cells, also termed the quiescent centre (QC), is essential for the maintenance and replenishment of the stem cells. Here, we highlight three publications from the founder of the concept of the stem cell niche in Arabidopsis and a pioneer in unravelling regulatory modules governing stem cell specification and maintenance, as well as tissue patterning in the root meristem: Ben Scheres. His research has tremendously impacted the plant field. We have selected three publications from the Scheres legacy, which can be considered a breakthrough in the field of plant developmental biology. van den Berg et al. (1995) and van den Berg et al. (1997) uncovered that positional information-directed patterning. Sabatini et al. (1999), discovered that auxin maxima determine tissue patterning and polarity. We describe how simple but elegant experimental designs have provided the foundation of our current understanding of the functioning of the root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Smet
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Yan J, Song Y, Li M, Hu T, Hsu YF, Zheng M. IRR1 contributes to de novo root regeneration from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14047. [PMID: 37882290 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are capable of regenerating adventitious roots (ARs), which is important for plant response to stress and survival. Although great advances in understanding AR formation of leaf explants have been made, the regulatory mechanisms of AR formation still need to be investigated. In this study, irr1-1 (impaired root regeneration) was isolated with the inhibition of adventitious rooting from Arabidopsis leaf explants. The β-glucuronidase (GUS) signals of IRR1pro::GUS in detached leaves could be detected at 2-6 days after culture. IRR1 is annotated to encode a Class III peroxidase localized in the cell wall. The total peroxidase (POD) activity of irr1 mutants was significantly lower than that of the wild type. Detached leaves of irr1 mutants showed enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation 4 days after leaves were excised from seedlings. Moreover, thiourea, a ROS scavenger, was able to rescue the adventitious rooting rate in leaf explants of irr1 mutants. Addition of 0.1 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) improved the adventitious rooting from leaf explants of irr1 mutants. Taken together, these results indicated that IRR1 was involved in AR formation of leaf explants, which was associated with ROS homeostasis to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Song
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Feng Hsu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Li P, Wang J, Jiang D, Yu A, Sun R, Liu A. Function and Characteristic Analysis of Candidate PEAR Proteins in Populus yunnanensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13101. [PMID: 37685908 PMCID: PMC10488302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PEAR proteins are a type of plant-specific DNA binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factors that play a key role in the regulation of plant growth, especially during phloem cell growth and seed germination in Arabidopsis. However, the identification, characteristics and function of PEAR proteins, particularly in woody plants, need to be further studied. In the present study, 43 candidate PEAR proteins harboring the conserved Zf-Dof domain were obtained in Populus yunnanensis. Based on phylogenetic and structural analysis, 10 representative PEAR candidates were selected, belonging to different phylogenetic groups. The functions of PEAR proteins in the stress response, signal transduction, and growth regulation of stem cambium and roots undergoing vigorous cell division in Arabidopsis were revealed based on their expression patterns as characterized by qRT-PCR analysis, in accordance with the results of cis-element analysis. In vitro experiments showed that the interaction of transcription factor (E2F) and cyclin indirectly reflects the growth regulation function of PEAR through light signaling and cell-cycle regulation. Therefore, our results provide new insight into the identity of PEAR proteins and their function in stress resistance and vigorous cell division regulation of tissues in P. yunnanensis, which may serve as a basis for further investigation of the functions and characteristics of PEAR proteins in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China (Ministry of Education), College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Fehér A. A Common Molecular Signature Indicates the Pre-Meristematic State of Plant Calli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13122. [PMID: 37685925 PMCID: PMC10488067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to different degrees of mechanical injury, certain plant cells re-enter the division cycle to provide cells for tissue replenishment, tissue rejoining, de novo organ formation, and/or wound healing. The intermediate tissue formed by the dividing cells is called a callus. Callus formation can also be induced artificially in vitro by wounding and/or hormone (auxin and cytokinin) treatments. The callus tissue can be maintained in culture, providing starting material for de novo organ or embryo regeneration and thus serving as the basis for many plant biotechnology applications. Due to the biotechnological importance of callus cultures and the scientific interest in the developmental flexibility of somatic plant cells, the initial molecular steps of callus formation have been studied in detail. It was revealed that callus initiation can follow various ways, depending on the organ from which it develops and the inducer, but they converge on a seemingly identical tissue. It is not known, however, if callus is indeed a special tissue with a defined gene expression signature, whether it is a malformed meristem, or a mass of so-called "undifferentiated" cells, as is mostly believed. In this paper, I review the various mechanisms of plant regeneration that may converge on callus initiation. I discuss the role of plant hormones in the detour of callus formation from normal development. Finally, I compare various Arabidopsis gene expression datasets obtained a few days, two weeks, or several years after callus induction and identify 21 genes, including genes of key transcription factors controlling cell division and differentiation in meristematic regions, which were upregulated in all investigated callus samples. I summarize the information available on all 21 genes that point to the pre-meristematic nature of callus tissues underlying their wide regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 62 Temesvári Körút, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; or
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52 Közép Fasor, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Morinaka H, Sakamoto Y, Iwase A, Sugimoto K. How do plants reprogramme the fate of differentiated cells? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102377. [PMID: 37167921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Being able to change cell fate after differentiation highlights the remarkable developmental plasticity of plant cells. Recent studies show that phytohormones, such as auxin and cytokinin, promote cell cycle reactivation, a critical first step to reprogramme mitotically inactive, differentiated cells into organogenic stem cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that wounding provides an additional cue to convert the identity of differentiated cells by promoting the loss of existing cell fate and/or acquisition of new cell fate. Differentiated cells can also alter cell fate without undergoing cell division and in this case, wounding and phytohormones induce master regulators that can directly assign new cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsune Morinaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Chang E, Guo W, Dong Y, Jia Z, Zhao X, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu J. Metabolic profiling reveals key metabolites regulating adventitious root formation in ancient Platycladus orientalis cuttings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1192371. [PMID: 37496863 PMCID: PMC10367097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1192371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Platycladus orientalis, a common horticultural tree species, has an extremely long life span and forms a graceful canopy. Its branches, leaves, and cones have been used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, difficulty in rooting is the main limiting factor for the conservation of germplasm resources. This study shows that the rooting rates and root numbers of cuttings were significantly reduced in ancient P. orientalis donors compared to 5-year-old P. orientalis donors. The contents of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in phenylpropanoid (caffeic acid and coniferyl alcohol) and flavonoid biosynthesis (cinnamoyl-CoA and isoliquiritigenin) pathways increased significantly in cuttings propagated from ancient P. orientalis donors compared to 5-year-old P. orientalis donors during adventitious root (AR) formation. These DAMs may prevent the ancient P. orientalis cuttings from rooting, and gradual lignification of callus was one of the main reasons for the failed rooting of ancient P. orientalis cuttings. The rooting rates of ancient P. orientalis cuttings were improved by wounding the callus to identify wounding-induced rooting-promoting metabolites. After wounding, the contents of DAMs in zeatin (5'-methylthioadenosine, cis-zeatin-O-glucoside, and adenine) and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (l-glutamine, l-histidine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, and l-arginine) pathways increased, which might promote cell division and provided energy for the rooting process. The findings of our study suggest that breaking down the lignification of callus via wounding can eventually improve the rooting rates of ancient P. orientalis cuttings, which provides a new solution for cuttings of other difficult-to-root horticultural and woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Taishan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Environment and Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Environment and Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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8
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Guarneri N, Willig J, Sterken MG, Zhou W, Hasan MS, Sharon L, Grundler FMW, Willemsen V, Goverse A, Smant G, Lozano‐Torres JL. Root architecture plasticity in response to endoparasitic cyst nematodes is mediated by damage signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:807-822. [PMID: 36285401 PMCID: PMC10108316 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant root architecture plasticity in response to biotic stresses has not been thoroughly investigated. Infection by endoparasitic cyst nematodes induces root architectural changes that involve the formation of secondary roots at infection sites. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary root formation in response to cyst nematode infection remain largely unknown. We first assessed whether secondary roots form in a nematode density-dependent manner by challenging wild-type Arabidopsis plants with increasing numbers of cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii). Next, using jasmonate-related reporter lines and knockout mutants, we tested whether tissue damage by nematodes triggers jasmonate-dependent secondary root formation. Finally, we verified whether damage-induced secondary root formation depends on local auxin biosynthesis at nematode infection sites. Intracellular host invasion by H. schachtii triggers a transient local increase in jasmonates, which activates the expression of ERF109 in a COI1-dependent manner. Knockout mutations in COI1 and ERF109 disrupt the nematode density-dependent increase in secondary roots observed in wild-type plants. Furthermore, ERF109 regulates secondary root formation upon H. schachtii infection via local auxin biosynthesis. Host invasion by H. schachtii triggers secondary root formation via the damage-induced jasmonate-dependent ERF109 pathway. This points at a novel mechanism underlying plant root plasticity in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap‐Jan Willig
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - M. Shamim Hasan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Letia Sharon
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Lozano‐Torres
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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9
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Omary M, Matosevich R, Efroni I. Systemic control of plant regeneration and wound repair. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:408-413. [PMID: 36101501 PMCID: PMC10092612 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a broad capacity to regenerate damaged organs. The study of wounding in multiple developmental systems has uncovered many of the molecular properties underlying plants' competence for regeneration at the local cellular level. However, in nature, wounding is rarely localized to one place, and plants need to coordinate regeneration responses at multiple tissues with environmental conditions and their physiological state. Here, we review the evidence for systemic signals that regulate regeneration on a plant-wide level. We focus on the role of auxin and sugars as short- and long-range signals in natural wounding contexts and discuss the varied origin of these signals in different regeneration scenarios. Together, this evidence calls for a broader, system-wide view of plant regeneration competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutasem Omary
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovot761000Israel
| | - Rotem Matosevich
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovot761000Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovot761000Israel
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Thuzar M, Sae-lee Y, Saensuk C, Pitaloka MK, Dechkrong P, Aesomnuk W, Ruanjaichon V, Wanchana S, Arikit S. Primary Root Excision Induces ERF071, Which Mediates the Development of Lateral Roots in Makapuno Coconut ( Cocos nucifera). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:105. [PMID: 36616233 PMCID: PMC9823405 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is widely recognized as one of nature's most beneficial plants. Makapuno, a special type of coconut with a soft, jelly-like endosperm, is a high-value commercial coconut and an expensive delicacy with a high cost of planting material. The embryo rescue technique is a very useful tool to support mass propagation of makapuno coconut. Nevertheless, transplanting the seedlings is a challenge due to poor root development, which results in the inability of the plant to acclimatize. In this study, primary root excision was used in makapuno to observe the effects of primary root excision on lateral root development. The overall results showed that seedlings with roots excised had a significantly higher number of lateral roots, and shoot length also increased significantly. Using de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis, we identified 512 differentially expressed genes in the excised and intact root samples. ERF071, encoding an ethylene-responsive transcription factor, was identified as a highly expressed gene in excised roots compared to intact roots, and was considered a candidate gene associated with lateral root formation induced by root excision in makapuno coconut. This study provides insight into the mechanism and candidate genes involved in the development of lateral roots in coconut, which may be useful for the future breeding and mass propagation of makapuno coconut through tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Thuzar
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Yonlada Sae-lee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Chatree Saensuk
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mutiara K. Pitaloka
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Punyavee Dechkrong
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Research and Academic Services Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Wanchana Aesomnuk
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Vinitchan Ruanjaichon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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11
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Sakamoto Y, Kawamura A, Suzuki T, Segami S, Maeshima M, Polyn S, De Veylder L, Sugimoto K. Transcriptional activation of auxin biosynthesis drives developmental reprogramming of differentiated cells. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4348-4365. [PMID: 35922895 PMCID: PMC9614439 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells exhibit remarkable plasticity of their differentiation states, enabling regeneration of whole plants from differentiated somatic cells. How they revert cell fate and express pluripotency, however, remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that transcriptional activation of auxin biosynthesis is crucial for reprogramming differentiated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf cells. Our data show that interfering with the activity of histone acetyltransferases dramatically reduces callus formation from leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Histone acetylation permits transcriptional activation of PLETHORAs, leading to the induction of their downstream YUCCA1 gene encoding an enzyme for auxin biosynthesis. Auxin biosynthesis is in turn required to accomplish initial cell division through the activation of G2/M phase genes mediated by MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 3-RELATED (MYB3Rs). We further show that the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7 (ARF7)/ARF19 and INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 3 (IAA3)/IAA18-mediated auxin signaling pathway is responsible for cell cycle reactivation by transcriptionally upregulating MYB3R4. These findings provide a mechanistic model of how differentiated plant cells revert their fate and reinitiate the cell cycle to become pluripotent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawamura
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Shoji Segami
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Stefanie Polyn
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
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12
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Raya-González J, Ávalos-Rangel A, Ruiz-Herrera LF, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, López-Bucio J. The RNA polymerase II subunit NRPB2 is required for indeterminate root development, cell viability, stem cell niche maintenance, and de novo root tip regeneration in Arabidopsis. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1175-1188. [PMID: 34981212 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The RNA polymerase II drives the biogenesis of coding and non-coding RNAs for gene expression. Here, we describe new roles for its second-largest subunit, NRPB2, on root organogenesis and regeneration. Down-regulation of NRPB2 activates a determinate developmental program, which correlated with a reduction in mitotic activity, cell elongation, and size of the root apical meristem. Noteworthy, nrpb2-3 mutants manifest cell death in pro-vascular cells within primary root tips of plants grown in darkness or exposed to light, which triggers the expression of the regeneration gene marker ERF115 in neighbor cells close to damage. Auxin and stem cell niche (SCN) gene expression as well as structural analysis revealed that NRPB2 maintains SCN activity through distribution of PIN transporters in root tissues. Wild-type seedlings regenerated the root tip after excision of the QC and SCN, but nrpb2-3 mutants did not rebuild the missing tissues, and this process could be genotypified using pERF115:GFP, DR5:GFP, and pWOX5:GFP reporter constructs. The levels of reactive oxygen species increased in the mutants four days after germination and strongly decreased at later times, whereas nitric oxide accumulated as the root tip differentiates. These results show the importance of the transcriptional machinery for root organogenesis, cell viability, and regenerative capacity for reconstruction of tissues and organs upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Tzintzuntzan 173, Col. Matamoros, 58240, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| | - Adrián Ávalos-Rangel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
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13
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Effective Methods for Adventitious Root Regeneration on Weeping Fig Stems. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When transplanting mature Ficus trees, the large root balls are expensive to treat, handle, and move. This study aimed to identify the optimal wounding method and auxin treatment for regenerating adventitious roots (ARs) from weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) stems to uptake additional water and to compensate for fewer absorption roots in the smaller root balls at transplantation. We adopted a two-factorial experiment involving the wounding methods (three-line cut (3LC) and rectangular peel (RP)) and auxin treatments (2000 mg·L−1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2000 mg·L−1 IBA + 2000 mg·L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 4000 mg·L−1 IBA). The rooting rate of each treatment, the mean root number, the length of the three longest ARs, and the dry weight of ARs in each wound were evaluated. The treatment combination using 4000 mg·L−1 IBA with RP13 (rectangular peel 1/3 the perimeter of the stem) consistently exhibited the best rooting results in 2019 and 2020. It had a 100% rooting rate, a mean of 18.5 roots, a 16.8 cm root length, and a 1640 mg dry weight in the wounds. All auxin treatments demonstrated a superior rooting ability as compared to water treatments. The RP method regenerated more roots than the 3LC method. Doubling the RP length to be 2/3 of the perimeter improved the rooting ability. The locations of ARs varied under different treatment combinations, with 4000 mg·L−1 IBA on RP13 demonstrating the most diversified distribution on four edges of the wounds. Thus, it is recommended to regenerate ARs from stems of F. benjamina trees.
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14
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Bae SH, Noh YS, Seo PJ. REGENOMICS: A web-based application for plant REGENeration-associated transcriptOMICS analyses. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3234-3247. [PMID: 35832616 PMCID: PMC9249971 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, differentiated somatic cells exhibit an exceptional ability to regenerate new tissues, organs, or whole plants. Recent studies have unveiled core genetic components and pathways underlying cellular reprogramming and de novo tissue regeneration in plants. Although high-throughput analyses have led to key discoveries in plant regeneration, a comprehensive organization of large-scale data is needed to further enhance our understanding of plant regeneration. Here, we collected all currently available transcriptome datasets related to wounding responses, callus formation, de novo organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and protoplast regeneration to construct REGENOMICS, a web-based application for plant REGENeration-associated transcriptOMICS analyses. REGENOMICS supports single- and multi-query analyses of plant regeneration-related gene-expression dynamics, co-expression networks, gene-regulatory networks, and single-cell expression profiles. Furthermore, it enables user-friendly transcriptome-level analysis of REGENOMICS-deposited and user-submitted RNA-seq datasets. Overall, we demonstrate that REGENOMICS can serve as a key hub of plant regeneration transcriptome analysis and greatly enhance our understanding on gene-expression networks, new molecular interactions, and the crosstalk between genetic pathways underlying each mode of plant regeneration. The REGENOMICS web-based application is available at http://plantregeneration.snu.ac.kr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hyung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Sun Noh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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15
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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16
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Takahashi N, Umeda M. Brassinosteroids are required for efficient root tip regeneration in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:73-78. [PMID: 35800959 PMCID: PMC9200090 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compared with other organisms, plants have an extraordinary capacity for self-repair. Even if the entire tissues, including the stem cells, are resected, most plant species are able to completely regenerate whole tissues. However, the mechanism by which plants efficiently regenerate the stem cell niche during tissue reorganization is still largely unknown. Here, we found that the signaling mediated by plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids is activated during stem cell formation after root tip excision in Arabidopsis. Treatment with brassinazole, an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, delayed the recovery of stem cell niche after root tip excision. Regeneration of root tip after resection was also delayed in a brassinosteroid receptor mutant. Therefore, we propose that brassinosteroids participate in efficient root tip regeneration, thereby enabling efficient tissue regeneration to ensure continuous root growth after resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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17
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Serivichyaswat PT, Bartusch K, Leso M, Musseau C, Iwase A, Chen Y, Sugimoto K, Quint M, Melnyk CW. High temperature perception in leaves promotes vascular regeneration and graft formation in distant tissues. Development 2022; 149:274539. [PMID: 35217857 PMCID: PMC8959136 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cellular regeneration in response to wounding is fundamental to maintain tissue integrity. Various internal factors including hormones and transcription factors mediate healing, but little is known about the role of external factors. To understand how the environment affects regeneration, we investigated the effects of temperature upon the horticulturally relevant process of plant grafting. We found that elevated temperatures accelerated vascular regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato grafts. Leaves were crucial for this effect, as blocking auxin transport or mutating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) or YUCCA2/5/8/9 in the cotyledons abolished the temperature enhancement. However, these perturbations did not affect grafting at ambient temperatures, and temperature enhancement of callus formation and tissue adhesion did not require PIF4, suggesting leaf-derived auxin specifically enhanced vascular regeneration in response to elevated temperatures. We also found that elevated temperatures accelerated the formation of inter-plant vascular connections between the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum and host Arabidopsis, and this effect required shoot-derived auxin from the parasite. Taken together, our results identify a pathway whereby local temperature perception mediates long distance auxin signaling to modify regeneration, grafting and parasitism.
This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanu T. Serivichyaswat
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls gränd 1, 765 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kai Bartusch
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls gränd 1, 765 51 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martina Leso
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls gränd 1, 765 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Constance Musseau
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls gränd 1, 765 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akira Iwase
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yu Chen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charles W. Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls gränd 1, 765 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Zhang A, Matsuoka K, Kareem A, Robert M, Roszak P, Blob B, Bisht A, De Veylder L, Voiniciuc C, Asahina M, Melnyk CW. Cell-wall damage activates DOF transcription factors to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1883-1894.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Marconi M, Gallemi M, Benkova E, Wabnik K. A coupled mechano-biochemical model for cell polarity guided anisotropic root growth. eLife 2021; 10:72132. [PMID: 34723798 PMCID: PMC8716106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants develop new organs to adjust their bodies to dynamic changes in the environment. How independent organs achieve anisotropic shapes and polarities is poorly understood. To address this question, we constructed a mechano-biochemical model for Arabidopsis root meristem growth that integrates biologically plausible principles. Computer model simulations demonstrate how differential growth of neighboring tissues results in the initial symmetry-breaking leading to anisotropic root growth. Furthermore, the root growth feeds back on a polar transport network of the growth regulator auxin. Model, predictions are in close agreement with in vivo patterns of anisotropic growth, auxin distribution, and cell polarity, as well as several root phenotypes caused by chemical, mechanical, or genetic perturbations. Our study demonstrates that the combination of tissue mechanics and polar auxin transport organizes anisotropic root growth and cell polarities during organ outgrowth. Therefore, a mobile auxin signal transported through immobile cells drives polarity and growth mechanics to coordinate complex organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marconi
- CBGP Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Marcal Gallemi
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- CBGP Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
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20
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Zhai N, Xu L. Pluripotency acquisition in the middle cell layer of callus is required for organ regeneration. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1453-1460. [PMID: 34782770 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plant tissue culture, callus forms from detached explants in response to a high-auxin-to-low-cytokinin ratio on callus-inducing medium. Callus is a group of pluripotent cells because it can regenerate either roots or shoots in response to a low level of auxin on root-inducing medium or a high-cytokinin-to-low-auxin ratio on shoot-inducing medium, respectively1. However, our knowledge of the mechanism of pluripotency acquisition during callus formation is limited. On the basis of analyses at the single-cell level, we show that the tissue structure of Arabidopsis thaliana callus on callus-inducing medium is similar to that of the root primordium or root apical meristem, and the middle cell layer with quiescent centre-like transcriptional identity exhibits the ability to regenerate organs. In the middle cell layer, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5) directly interacts with PLETHORA1 and 2 to promote TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1 expression for endogenous auxin production. WOX5 also interacts with the B-type ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR12 (ARR12) and represses A-type ARRs to break the negative feedback loop in cytokinin signalling. Overall, the promotion of auxin production and the enhancement of cytokinin sensitivity are both required for pluripotency acquisition in the middle cell layer of callus for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Larriba E, Sánchez-García AB, Justamante MS, Martínez-Andújar C, Albacete A, Pérez-Pérez JM. Dynamic Hormone Gradients Regulate Wound-Induced de novo Organ Formation in Tomato Hypocotyl Explants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11843. [PMID: 34769274 PMCID: PMC8584571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have a remarkable regenerative capacity, which allows them to survive tissue damage after biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we use Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom' explants as a model to investigate wound-induced de novo organ formation, as these explants can regenerate the missing structures without the exogenous application of plant hormones. Here, we performed simultaneous targeted profiling of 22 phytohormone-related metabolites during de novo organ formation and found that endogenous hormone levels dynamically changed after root and shoot excision, according to region-specific patterns. Our results indicate that a defined temporal window of high auxin-to-cytokinin accumulation in the basal region of the explants was required for adventitious root formation and that was dependent on a concerted regulation of polar auxin transport through the hypocotyl, of local induction of auxin biosynthesis, and of local inhibition of auxin degradation. In the apical region, though, a minimum of auxin-to-cytokinin ratio is established shortly after wounding both by decreasing active auxin levels and by draining auxin via its basipetal transport and internalization. Cross-validation with transcriptomic data highlighted the main hormonal gradients involved in wound-induced de novo organ formation in tomato hypocotyl explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; (E.L.); (A.B.S.-G.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Ana Belén Sánchez-García
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; (E.L.); (A.B.S.-G.); (M.S.J.)
| | - María Salud Justamante
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; (E.L.); (A.B.S.-G.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Cristina Martínez-Andújar
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.-A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.-A.); (A.A.)
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; (E.L.); (A.B.S.-G.); (M.S.J.)
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22
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Ackerman-Lavert M, Fridman Y, Matosevich R, Khandal H, Friedlander-Shani L, Vragović K, Ben El R, Horev G, Tarkowská D, Efroni I, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Auxin requirements for a meristematic state in roots depend on a dual brassinosteroid function. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4462-4472.e6. [PMID: 34418341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Root meristem organization is maintained by an interplay between hormone signaling pathways that both interpret and determine their accumulation and distribution. The interacting hormones Brassinosteroids (BR) and auxin control the number of meristematic cells in the Arabidopsis root. BR was reported both to promote auxin signaling input and to repress auxin signaling output. Whether these contradicting molecular outcomes co-occur and what their significance in meristem function is remain unclear. Here, we established a dual effect of BR on auxin, with BR simultaneously promoting auxin biosynthesis and repressing auxin transcriptional output, which is essential for meristem maintenance. Blocking BR-induced auxin synthesis resulted in rapid BR-mediated meristem loss. Conversely, plants with reduced BR levels were resistant to a critical loss of auxin biosynthesis, maintaining their meristem morphology. In agreement, injured root meristems, which rely solely on local auxin synthesis, regenerated when both auxin and BR synthesis were inhibited. Use of BIN2 as a tool to selectively inhibit BR signaling yielded meristems with distinct phenotypes depending on the perturbed tissue: meristem reminiscent either of BR-deficient mutants or of high BR exposure. This enabled mapping of the BR-auxin interaction that maintains the meristem to the outer epidermis and lateral root cap tissues and demonstrated the essentiality of BR signaling in these tissues for meristem response to BR. BR activity in internal tissues however, proved necessary to control BR levels. Together, we demonstrate a basis for inter-tissue coordination and how a critical ratio between these hormones determines the meristematic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackerman-Lavert
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Y Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - R Matosevich
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - H Khandal
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - L Friedlander-Shani
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - K Vragović
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - R Ben El
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - G Horev
- Lorey I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - D Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - I Efroni
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Savaldi-Goldstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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23
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Dubrovsky JG, Vissenberg K. The quiescent centre and root apical meristem: organization and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6673-6678. [PMID: 34562009 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This special issue is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Frederick Albert Lionel Clowes, who discovered the quiescent centre (QC) of the root apical meristem (RAM). His discovery was a foundation for contemporary studies of the QC and RAM function, maintenance, and organization. RAM function is fundamental for cell production and root growth. This special issue bundles reviews on the main tendencies, hypotheses, and future directions, and identifies unknowns in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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24
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Dubrovsky JG, Ivanov VB. The quiescent centre of the root apical meristem: conceptual developments from Clowes to modern times. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6687-6707. [PMID: 34161558 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the concepts of the quiescent centre (QC) of the root apical meristem (RAM) and their change over time, from their formulation by F.A.L. Clowes to the present. This review is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Clowes, and we present his short biography and a full bibliography of Clowes' work. Over time, the concept of the QC proved to be useful for the understanding of RAM organization and behaviour. We focus specifically on conceptual developments, from the organization of the QC to understanding its functions in RAM maintenance and activity, ranging from a model species, Arabidopsis thaliana, to crops. Concepts of initial cells, stem cells, and heterogeneity of the QC cells in the context of functional and structural stem cells are considered. We review the role of the QC in the context of cell flux in the RAM and the nature of quiescence of the QC cells. We discuss the origin of the QC and fluctuation of its size in ontogenesis and why the QC cells are more resistant to stress. Contemporary concepts of the organizer and stem cell niche are also considered. We also propose how the stem cell niche in the RAM can be defined in roots of a non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor B Ivanov
- Department of Root Physiology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Lu R, Canher B, Bisht A, Heyman J, De Veylder L. Three-dimensional quantitative analysis of the Arabidopsis quiescent centre. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6789-6800. [PMID: 34459899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quiescent centre (QC) cells represent an integral part of the root stem cell niche. They typically display a low division frequency that has been reported to be controlled by hormone signaling and different regulators, including the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 115 (ERF115) transcription factor and D-type cyclins. Here, we applied a three-dimensional (3D) imaging to visualize the Arabidopsis QC cell number, volume and division patterns, including visualization of anticlinal divisions that cannot be deduced from longitudinal 2D imaging. We found that 5-day-old seedlings possess on average eight QC cells which are organized in a monolayered disc. In a period of 7 d, half of the QC cells undergo anticlinal division in a largely invariant space. Ectopic expression of ERF115 and CYCLIN D1;1 (CYCD1;1) promote both anticlinal and periclinal QC cell divisions, the latter resulting in a dual-layered QC zone holding up to 2-fold more QC cells compared with the wild type. In contrast, application of cytokinin or ethylene results in an increase in the number of periclinal, but a decrease in anticlinal QC divisions, suggesting that they control the orientation of QC cell division. Our data illustrate the power of 3D visualization in revealing unexpected QC characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent,Belgium
| | - Balkan Canher
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent,Belgium
| | - Anchal Bisht
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent,Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent,Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent,Belgium
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26
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Ubogoeva EV, Zemlyanskaya EV, Xu J, Mironova V. Mechanisms of stress response in the root stem cell niche. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6746-6754. [PMID: 34111279 PMCID: PMC8513250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As plants are sessile organisms unable to escape from environmental hazards, they need to adapt for survival. The stem cell niche in the root apical meristem is particularly sensitive to DNA damage induced by environmental stresses such as chilling, flooding, wounding, UV, and irradiation. DNA damage has been proven to cause stem cell death, with stele stem cells being the most vulnerable. Stress also induces the division of quiescent center cells. Both reactions disturb the structure and activity of the root stem cell niche temporarily; however, this preserves root meristem integrity and function in the long term. Plants have evolved many mechanisms that ensure stem cell niche maintenance, recovery, and acclimation, allowing them to survive in a changing environment. Here, we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular aspects of stress responses in the root stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Zemlyanskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Mironova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Matosevich R, Efroni I. The quiescent center and root regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6739-6745. [PMID: 34324634 PMCID: PMC8513162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery by F.A.L Clowes, extensive research has been dedicated to identifying the functions of the quiescent center (QC). One of the earliest hypotheses was that it serves a key role in regeneration of the root meristem. Recent works provided support for this hypothesis and began to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. There are two scenarios to consider when assessing the role of the QC in regeneration: one, when the damage leaves the QC intact; and the other, when the QC itself is destroyed. In the first scenario, multiple factors are recruited to activate QC cell division in order to replace damaged cells, but whether the QC has a role in the second scenario is less clear. Both using gene expression studies and following the cell division pattern have shown that the QC is assembled gradually, only to appear as a coherent identity late in regeneration. Similar late emergence of the QC was observed during the de novo formation of the lateral root meristem. These observations can lead to the conclusion that the QC has no role in regeneration. However, activities normally occurring in QC cells, such as local auxin biosynthesis, are still found during regeneration but occur in different cells in the regenerating meristem. Thus, we explore an alternative hypothesis, that following destruction of the QC, QC-related gene activity is temporarily distributed to other cells in the regenerating meristem, and only coalesce into a distinct cell identity when regeneration is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Matosevich
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Balcerowicz M, Shetty KN, Jones AM. Fluorescent biosensors illuminating plant hormone research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:590-602. [PMID: 35237816 PMCID: PMC8491072 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones act as key regulators of plant growth that coordinate developmental and physiological processes across cells, tissues and organs. As such, their levels and distribution are highly dynamic owing to changes in their biosynthesis, transport, modification and degradation that occur over space and time. Fluorescent biosensors represent ideal tools to track these dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution in a minimally invasive manner. Substantial progress has been made in generating a diverse set of hormone sensors with recent FRET biosensors for visualising hormone concentrations complementing information provided by transcriptional, translational and degron-based reporters. In this review, we provide an update on fluorescent biosensor designs, examine the key properties that constitute an ideal hormone biosensor, discuss the use of these sensors in conjunction with in vivo hormone perturbations and highlight the latest discoveries made using these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander M. Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
- Author for communication:
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29
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Zhang T, Wang F, Elomaa P. Repatterning of the inflorescence meristem in Gerbera hybrida after wounding. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:431-440. [PMID: 33543368 PMCID: PMC8106577 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Asteraceae plant family is characterized by inflorescences, called flower heads or capitula that may combine hundreds of individual florets into a single flower-like structure. The florets are arranged in a regular phyllotactic pattern with Fibonacci numbers of left- and right-winding spirals. Such a pattern may be disrupted due to physical constraints or by wounding occurring during the early meristem development. Recovery from wounding re-establishes patterning although the mechanisms have remained elusive. In this study, we applied Gerbera hybrida as a model system and established methods to conduct wounding experiments either with syringe needles or using laser ablation combined with live imaging of head meristems. By revisiting the historical experiments in sunflower, we conducted wounding to transgenic auxin reporter lines of gerbera and followed the recovery of cellular growth and meristem patterning. We show that wounding disrupted the expression of the gerbera CLAVATA3 (GhCLV3) gene that marks the undifferentiated meristematic region and led to de novo re-initiation of patterning at the wound margin. During the recovery growth, three to five layers of elongated cells showing periclinal cell division planes and lacking auxin signal were formed at the wound rim. DR5 auxin signal was shown to localize and form regularly spaced maxima in a distance from the wound rim. Consequently, spiral pattern of contact parastichies was re-established by stacking of new auxin maxima on top of the previous ones. The developed methods facilitate future studies on understanding the molecular mechanisms of de novo patterning of meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Alaguero-Cordovilla A, Sánchez-García AB, Ibáñez S, Albacete A, Cano A, Acosta M, Pérez-Pérez JM. An auxin-mediated regulatory framework for wound-induced adventitious root formation in tomato shoot explants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1642-1662. [PMID: 33464573 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots (ARs) are produced from non-root tissues in response to different environmental signals, such as abiotic stresses, or after wounding, in a complex developmental process that requires hormonal crosstalk. Here, we characterized AR formation in young seedlings of Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Micro-Tom' after whole root excision by means of physiological, genetic and molecular approaches. We found that a regulated basipetal auxin transport from the shoot and local auxin biosynthesis triggered by wounding are both required for the re-establishment of internal auxin gradients within the vasculature. This promotes cell proliferation at the distal cambium near the wound in well-defined positions of the basal hypocotyl and during a narrow developmental window. In addition, a pre-established pattern of differential auxin responses along the apical-basal axis of the hypocotyl and an as of yet unknown cell-autonomous inhibitory pathway contribute to the temporal and spatial patterning of the newly formed ARs on isolated hypocotyl explants. Our work provides an experimental outline for the dissection of wound-induced AR formation in tomato, a species that is suitable for molecular identification of gene regulatory networks via forward and reverse genetics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Present address: Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), La Alberca, Spain
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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31
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Abstract
Plants encompass unparalleled multi-scale regenerative potential. Despite lacking specialized cells that are recruited to injured sites, and despite their cells being encased in rigid cell walls, plants exhibit a variety of regenerative responses ranging from the regeneration of specific cell types, tissues and organs, to the rebuilding of an entire organism. Over the years, extensive studies on embryo, shoot and root development in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying plant regeneration. These studies highlight how Arabidopsis, with its wide array of refined molecular, genetic and cell biological tools, provides a perfect model to interrogate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of reprogramming during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Maria Mathew
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
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32
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Sun W, Yu H, Ma Z, Yuan Y, Wang S, Yan J, Xu X, Chen H. Molecular Evolution and Local Root Heterogeneous Expression of the Chenopodium quinoa ARF Genes Provide Insights into the Adaptive Domestication of Crops in Complex Environments. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:287-301. [PMID: 33755734 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) influence plant growth and development via the coupling of basic biological processes. However, the evolution, expansion, and regulatory mechanisms of ARFs in the domesticated crop quinoa after artificial selection remain elusive. In this study, we systematically identified 30 Chenopodium quinoa ARFs (CqARFs). In this typical domesticated crop, ARFs divided into three subfamilies are subjected to strong purification selection and have a highly conserved evolutionary pattern. Polyploidy is the primary reason for the expansion of the ARF family after quinoa domestication. The expression patterns of CqARFs in different tissues have been differentiated, and CqARF2, 5, 9 and 10 from class A have the characteristics of local heterogeneous expression in different regions of roots, which may be the key factors for crops to respond in complex environments. Overall, we examined the evolution and expansion of ARFs in representative domesticated crops using the genome, transcriptome, and molecular biology and discovered a class A ARF-centered heterogeneous expression network that played an important role in auxin signaling and environmental responses. We provide new insights into how ARFs promote domesticated crop adaptation to artificial selection by polyploid expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Haomiao Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Zhaotang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Sijiao Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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33
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Casanova-Sáez R, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Ljung K. Auxin Metabolism in Plants. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039867. [PMID: 33431579 PMCID: PMC7919392 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major natural auxin in plants, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), orchestrates a plethora of developmental responses that largely depend on the formation of auxin concentration gradients within plant tissues. Together with inter- and intracellular transport, IAA metabolism-which comprises biosynthesis, conjugation, and degradation-modulates auxin gradients and is therefore critical for plant growth. It is now very well established that IAA is mainly produced from Trp and that the IPyA pathway is a major and universally conserved biosynthetic route in plants, while other redundant pathways operate in parallel. Recent findings have shown that metabolic inactivation of IAA is also redundantly performed by oxidation and conjugation processes. An exquisite spatiotemporal expression of the genes for auxin synthesis and inactivation have been shown to drive several plant developmental processes. Moreover, a group of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators controlling the expression of auxin metabolic genes have been identified in past years, which are illuminating the road to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the coordinated responses of local auxin metabolism to specific cues. Besides transcriptional regulation, subcellular compartmentalization of the IAA metabolism and posttranslational modifications of the metabolic enzymes are emerging as important contributors to IAA homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on (1) the pathways for IAA biosynthesis and inactivation in plants, (2) the influence of spatiotemporally regulated IAA metabolism on auxin-mediated responses, and (3) the regulatory mechanisms that modulate IAA levels in response to external and internal cues during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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34
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Christiaens F, Canher B, Lanssens F, Bisht A, Stael S, De Veylder L, Heyman J. Pars Pro Toto: Every Single Cell Matters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656825. [PMID: 34194448 PMCID: PMC8236983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Compared to other species, plants stand out by their unparalleled self-repair capacities. Being the loss of a single cell or an entire tissue, most plant species are able to efficiently repair the inflicted damage. Although this self-repair process is commonly referred to as "regeneration," depending on the type of damage and organ being affected, subtle to dramatic differences in the modus operandi can be observed. Recent publications have focused on these different types of tissue damage and their associated response in initiating the regeneration process. Here, we review the regeneration response following loss of a single cell to a complete organ, emphasizing key molecular players and hormonal cues involved in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, we highlight the agricultural applications and techniques that make use of these regenerative responses in different crop and tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Christiaens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Balkan Canher
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien Lanssens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anchal Bisht
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lieven De Veylder,
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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35
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Vega-Muñoz I, Duran-Flores D, Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Heyman J, Ritter A, Stael S. Breaking Bad News: Dynamic Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610445. [PMID: 33363562 PMCID: PMC7752953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease. Therefore, it is essential that we understand the molecular pathways of wound recognition and response. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the fate of damaged cells and damage recognition in plants. Damaged cells release the so-called damage associated molecular patterns to warn the surrounding tissue. Local signaling through calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones, such as jasmonic acid, activates defense gene expression and local reinforcement of cell walls to seal off the wound and prevent evaporation and pathogen colonization. Depending on the severity of damage, Ca2+, ROS, and electrical signals can also spread throughout the plant to elicit a systemic defense response. Special emphasis is placed on the spatiotemporal dimension in order to obtain a mechanistic understanding of wound signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Dalia Duran-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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