1
|
Sun N, Han Y, Huang W, Xu M, Wang J, An X, Lin J, Huang W. A Holistic Review of C = C Crosslinkable Conjugated Molecules in Solution-Processed Organic Electronics: Insights into Stability, Processibility, and Mechanical Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309779. [PMID: 38237201 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Solution-processable organic conjugated molecules (OCMs) consist of a series of aromatic units linked by σ-bonds, which present a relatively freedom intramolecular motion and intermolecular re-arrangement under external stimulation. The cross-linked strategy provides an effective platform to obtain OCMs network, which allows for outstanding optoelectronic, excellent physicochemical properties, and substantial improvement in device fabrication. An unsaturated double carbon-carbon bond (C = C) is universal segment to construct crosslinkable OCMs. In this review, the authors will set C = C cross-linkable units as an example to summarize the development of cross-linkable OCMs for solution-processable optoelectronic applications. First, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the distinctive chemical, physical, and optoelectronic properties arising from the cross-linking strategies employed in OCMs. Second, the methods for probing the C = C cross-linking reaction are also emphasized based on the perturbations of chemical structure and physicochemical property. Third, a series of model C = C cross-linkable units, including styrene, trifluoroethylene, and unsaturated acid ester, are further discussed to design and prepare novel OCMs. Furthermore, a concise overview of the optoelectronic applications associated with this approach is presented, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells (SCs), and field-effect transistors (FETs). Lastly, the authors offer a concluding perspective and outlook for the improvement of OCMs and their optoelectronic application via the cross-linking strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yamin Han
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiang An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tu L, Wang J, Wu Z, Li J, Yang W, Liu B, Wu S, Xia X, Wang Y, Woo HY, Shi Y. Cyano-Functionalized Pyrazine: A Structurally Simple and Easily Accessible Electron-Deficient Building Block for n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319658. [PMID: 38265195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-cost and high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors is essential to accelerate the application of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). To achieve this objective, it is critical to design strong electron-deficient building blocks with simple structure and easy synthesis, which are essential for the development of n-type polymer semiconductors. Herein, we synthesized two cyano-functionalized highly electron-deficient building blocks, namely 3,6-dibromopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (CNPz) and 3,6-Dibromopyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile (DCNPz), which feature simple structures and facile synthesis. CNPz and DCNPz can be obtained via only one-step reaction and three-step reactions from cheap raw materials, respectively. Based on CNPz and DCNPz, two acceptor-acceptor (A-A) polymers, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) are successfully developed, featuring deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, which are beneficial to n-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and OTEs performance. An optimal unipolar electron mobility of 0.85 and 1.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 is obtained for P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz), respectively. When doped with N-DMBI, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) show high n-type electrical conductivities/power factors of 25.3 S cm-1 /41.4 μW m-1 K-2 , and 33.9 S cm-1 /30.4 μW m-1 K-2 , respectively. Hence, the cyano-functionalized pyrazine CNPz and DCNPz represent a new class of structurally simple, low-cost and readily accessible electron-deficient building block for constructing n-type polymer semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tran DK, West SM, Guo J, Chen SE, Ginger DS, Jenekhe SA. Chain Length Dependence of Electron Transport in an n-Type Conjugated Polymer with a Rigid-Rod Chain Topology. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1435-1446. [PMID: 38174986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Most currently known n-type conjugated polymers have a semiflexible chain topology, and their charge carrier mobilities are known to peak at modest chain lengths of below 40-60 repeat units. Herein, we show that the field-effect electron mobility of a model n-type conjugated polymer that has a rigid-rod chain topology grows continuously without saturation, even at a chain length exceeding 250 repeat units. We found the mechanism underlying the novel chain length-dependent electron transport to originate from the reduced structural disorder and energetic disorder with the increasing degree of polymerization inherent to the rigid-rod chain topology. Furthermore, we demonstrate a unique chain length-dependent decay of threshold voltage, which is rationalized by decreased trap densities and trap depths with respect to the degree of polymerization. Our findings provide new insights into the role of polymer chain topology in electron transport and demonstrate the promise of rigid-rod chain architectures for the design of future high-mobility conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duyen K Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah M West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shinya E Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu T, Heimonen J, Zhang Q, Yang CY, Huang JD, Wu HY, Stoeckel MA, van der Pol TPA, Li Y, Jeong SY, Marks A, Wang XY, Puttisong Y, Shimolo AY, Liu X, Zhang S, Li Q, Massetti M, Chen WM, Woo HY, Pei J, McCulloch I, Gao F, Fahlman M, Kroon R, Fabiano S. Ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor:acceptor blends enables aqueous processing of water-insoluble conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8454. [PMID: 38114560 PMCID: PMC10730874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-based conductive inks are vital for the sustainable manufacturing and widespread adoption of organic electronic devices. Traditional methods to produce waterborne conductive polymers involve modifying their backbone with hydrophilic side chains or using surfactants to form and stabilize aqueous nanoparticle dispersions. However, these chemical approaches are not always feasible and can lead to poor material/device performance. Here, we demonstrate that ground-state electron transfer (GSET) between donor and acceptor polymers allows the processing of water-insoluble polymers from water. This approach enables macromolecular charge-transfer salts with 10,000× higher electrical conductivities than pristine polymers, low work function, and excellent thermal/solvent stability. These waterborne conductive films have technological implications for realizing high-performance organic solar cells, with efficiency and stability superior to conventional metal oxide electron transport layers, and organic electrochemical neurons with biorealistic firing frequency. Our findings demonstrate that GSET offers a promising avenue to develop water-based conductive inks for various applications in organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Heimonen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Asaminew Y Shimolo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Silan Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Matteo Massetti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Feng Gao
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karamov DD, Galiev AF, Lachinov AA, Davlyatgareev KI, Salazkin SN, Yakhin AR, Lachinov AN. Non-Conjugated Poly(Diphenylene Phthalide)-New Electroactive Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3366. [PMID: 37631421 PMCID: PMC10459138 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In organic electronics, conjugated conductive polymers are most widely used. The scope of their application is currently very wide. Non-conjugated polymers are used much less in electronics and are usually used as insulation materials or materials for capacitors. However, the potential of non-conjugated polymers is much wider, due to the fact that new electronic materials with unique electronic properties can be created on the basis of non-conjugated polymers, as well as other inorganic dielectrics. This article demonstrates the possibilities of creating electrically conductive materials with unique electronic parameters based on non-conjugated polymers. The results of the study of the sensory properties of humidity are given as examples of the practical application of the structure. The abnormal electronic properties are realized along the interface of two polymer dielectrics with functional polar groups. The submicron films of polydiphenylenephthalide were used as a dielectric. It is shown that a quasi-two-dimensional electronic structure with abnormally large values of conductivity and mobility of charge carriers occurs along the interface. These structures are often called quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (Q2DEG). This article describes the manufacturing processes of multielectrode devices. Polymer films are deposited via the spin-coating method with polymer solutions in cyclohexanone. The metal electrodes were manufactured through thermal deposition in a vacuum. Three types of metal electrodes made of aluminum, copper and chromium were used. The influence of the electron work function of contacting metals on the electronic parameters of the structure was studied. It was established that the work function decrease leads to an increase in the conductivity and mobility of charge carriers. The charge carrier parameters were estimated based on the analysis of the current-voltage characteristics within the space-charge-limited current technique. The Richardson-Schottky thermionic emission model was used to evaluate values a potential barrier at metal/organic interfaces. It was established that the change in ambient humidity strongly affects the electronic transport properties along the polymer/polymer interface. It is demonstrated that the increase in conductivity with an increase in humidity occurs due to an increase in the mobility of charge carriers and a decrease in the height of the potential barrier at the three-dimensional metal contact with two-dimensional polymer interface. The potential barrier between the electrode and the bulk of the polymer film is significantly higher than between the electrode and the quasi-two-dimensional polymer structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfis D. Karamov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics—Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (A.F.G.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Azat F. Galiev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics—Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (A.F.G.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Alexey A. Lachinov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics—Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (A.F.G.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Khalim I. Davlyatgareev
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics, Digital and Nanotechnologies, Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Salazkin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artur R. Yakhin
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics, Digital and Nanotechnologies, Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Alexey N. Lachinov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics—Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (A.F.G.); (A.N.L.)
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics, Digital and Nanotechnologies, Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan D, Liu W, Zhu X. Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183967 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Narasimha K, Albert SK, Kim J, Kang H, Kang S, Park J, Park J, Park SJ. Charge-Transfer-Induced Self-Assembly of Doped Conjugated Block Copolymer Nanofibers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:382-388. [PMID: 36866815 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report charge-transfer-driven self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers (BCP) into highly doped conjugated polymer nanofibers. The ground-state integer charge transfer (ICT) between a BCP composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT-b-PEO) and electron-deficient 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) induced spontaneous self-assembly of the donor and the acceptor into well-defined one-dimensional nanofibers. The presence of the PEO block plays an important role for the self-assembly by providing a polar environment that can stabilize nanoscale charge transfer (CT) assemblies. The doped nanofibers were responsive to various external stimuli such as heat, chemical, and light and exhibited efficient photothermal properties in the near-IR region. The CT-driven BCP self-assembly reported here provides a new platform for the fabrication of highly doped semiconductor nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karnati Narasimha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Shine K Albert
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyojung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
West SM, Tran DK, Guo J, Chen SE, Ginger DS, Jenekhe SA. Phenazine-Substituted Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthrolinedione): Electronic Structure, Thin Film Morphology, Electron Transport, and Mechanical Properties of an n-Type Semiconducting Ladder Polymer. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Duyen K. Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shinya E. Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Samson A. Jenekhe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu ZD, Lu Y, Wang ZY, Un HI, Zelewski SJ, Cui Y, You HY, Liu Y, Xie KF, Yao ZF, He YC, Wang JY, Hu WB, Sirringhaus H, Pei J. High n-type and p-type conductivities and power factors achieved in a single conjugated polymer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3495. [PMID: 36827372 PMCID: PMC9956111 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The charge transport properties of conjugated polymers are commonly limited by the energetic disorder. Recently, several amorphous conjugated polymers with planar backbone conformations and low energetic disorder have been investigated for applications in field-effect transistors and thermoelectrics. However, there is a lack of strategy to finely tune the interchain π-π contacts of these polymers that severely restricts the energetic disorder of interchain charge transport. Here, we demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve excellent conductivity and thermoelectric performance in polymers based on thiophene-fused benzodifurandione oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) through reducing the crystallization rate of side chains and, in this way, carefully controlling the degree of interchain π-π contacts. N-type (p-type) conductivities of more than 100 S cm-1 (400 S cm-1) and power factors of more than 200 μW m-1 K-2 (100 μW m-1 K-2) were achieved within a single polymer doped by different dopants. It further demonstrated the state-of-the-art power output of the first flexible single-polymer thermoelectric generator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Szymon J. Zelewski
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao-Yang You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ke-Feng Xie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Cheng He
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Bing Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harikesh PC, Yang CY, Wu HY, Zhang S, Donahue MJ, Caravaca AS, Huang JD, Olofsson PS, Berggren M, Tu D, Fabiano S. Ion-tunable antiambipolarity in mixed ion-electron conducting polymers enables biorealistic organic electrochemical neurons. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:242-248. [PMID: 36635590 PMCID: PMC9894750 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biointegrated neuromorphic hardware holds promise for new protocols to record/regulate signalling in biological systems. Making such artificial neural circuits successful requires minimal device/circuit complexity and ion-based operating mechanisms akin to those found in biology. Artificial spiking neurons, based on silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductors or negative differential resistance device circuits, can emulate several neural features but are complicated to fabricate, not biocompatible and lack ion-/chemical-based modulation features. Here we report a biorealistic conductance-based organic electrochemical neuron (c-OECN) using a mixed ion-electron conducting ladder-type polymer with stable ion-tunable antiambipolarity. The latter is used to emulate the activation/inactivation of sodium channels and delayed activation of potassium channels of biological neurons. These c-OECNs can spike at bioplausible frequencies nearing 100 Hz, emulate most critical biological neural features, demonstrate stochastic spiking and enable neurotransmitter-/amino acid-/ion-based spiking modulation, which is then used to stimulate biological nerves in vivo. These combined features are impossible to achieve using previous technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padinhare Cholakkal Harikesh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Silan Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mary J Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - April S Caravaca
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang S, Sun L, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Yu N, Yang J, Li M, Chen W, He L, Liu B, Ni M, Liu H, Xu M, Bai L, Lin J, Huang W. Large-Area Blade-Coated Deep-Blue Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes with a Narrowband and Uniform Emission. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205411. [PMID: 36574468 PMCID: PMC9951302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Large-area polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) manufactured by printing are required for flat-panel lighting and displays. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate large-area and stable deep-blue PLEDs with narrowband emission due to the difficulties in precisely tuning film uniformity and obtaining single-exciton emission. Herein, efficient and stable large-area deep-blue PLEDs with narrowband emission are prepared from encapsulated polydiarylfluorene. Encapsulated polydiarylfluorenes presented an efficient and stable deep-blue emission (peak: 439 nm; full width at half maximum (FWHM): 39 nm) in the solid state due to their single-chain emission behavior without inter-backbone chain aggregation. Large-area uniform blade-coated films (16 cm2 ) are also fabricated with excellent smoothness and morphology. Benefitting from efficient emission and excellent printed capacity, the blade-coated PLEDs with a device area of 9 mm2 realized uniform deep-blue emission (FWHM: 38 nm; CIE: 0.153, 0.067), with a corresponding maximum external quantum efficiency and the brightness comparable to those of devices based on spin-coated films. Finally, considering the essential role of deep-blue LEDs, a preliminary patterned PLED array with a pixel size of 800 × 1000 µm2 and a monochrome display is fabricated, highlighting potential full-color display applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Lili Sun
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Ningning Yu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Wenyu Chen
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Liangliang He
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of New EnergyCollege of ScienceChina University of Petroleum (East China)QingdaoShandong266580China
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life SciencesNanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications9 Wenyuan RoadNanjing210023China
| | - Lubing Bai
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) (SoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life SciencesNanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications9 Wenyuan RoadNanjing210023China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi Y, Li J, Sun H, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Fabiano S, Guo X. Thiazole Imide-Based All-Acceptor Homopolymer with Branched Ethylene Glycol Side Chains for Organic Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214192. [PMID: 36282628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
n-Type semiconducting polymers with high thermoelectric performance remain challenging due to the scarcity of molecular design strategy, limiting their applications in organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices. Herein, we provide a new approach to enhance the OTE performance of n-doped polymers by introducing acceptor-acceptor (A-A) type backbone bearing branched ethylene glycol (EG) side chains. When doped with 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI), the A-A homopolymer PDTzTI-TEG exhibits n-type electrical conductivity (σ) up to 34 S cm-1 and power factor value of 15.7 μW m-1 K-2 . The OTE performance of PDTzTI-TEG is far greater than that of homopolymer PBTI-TEG (σ=0.27 S cm-1 ), indicating that introducing electron-deficient thiazole units in the backbone further improves the n-doping efficiency. These results demonstrate that developing A-A type polymers with EG side chains is an effective strategy to enhance n-type OTE performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang C, Jing Y, Chen L, Xiong W. Direct Interfacial Charge Transfer in All-Polymer Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8733-8739. [PMID: 36095150 PMCID: PMC9511559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct charge transfer at wet-processed organic/organic heterojunction interfaces is observed using femtosecond interfacial sensitive spectroscopy. UV-vis absorption and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy both indicate that a new interfacial energy gap (∼1.2 eV) exists when an interface is formed between regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline). Resonant pumping at 1.2 eV creates an electric field-induced second-order optical signal, suggesting the existence of a transient electric field due to separated electrons and holes at interfaces, which recombine through a nongeminate process. The fact that direct charge transfer exists at wet-processed organic/organic heterojunctions provides a physical foundation for the previously reported ground-state charge transfer phenomenon. Also, it creates new opportunities to better control charge transfer with preserved momentum and spins at organic material interfaces for spintronic applications.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Wu HY, Yang CY, Kolhe NB, Jenekhe SA, Liu X, Braun S, Fabiano S, Fahlman M. In Situ Spectroscopic and Electrical Investigations of Ladder-type Conjugated Polymers Doped with Alkali Metals. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7294-7302. [PMID: 36034325 PMCID: PMC9407040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ladder-type conjugated polymers exhibit a remarkable
performance
in (opto)electronic devices. Their double-stranded planar structure
promotes an extended π-conjugation compared to inter-ring-twisted
analogues, providing an excellent basis for exploring the effects
of charge localization on polaron formation. Here, we investigated
alkali-metal n-doping of the ladder-type conjugated polymer (polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline)
(BBL) through detailed in situ spectroscopic and electrical characterizations.
Photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared
(UV–vis–NIR) spectroscopy indicate polaron formation
upon potassium (K) doping, which agrees well with theoretical predictions.
The semiladder BBB displays a similar evolution in the valence band
with the appearance of two new features below the Fermi level upon
K-doping. Compared to BBL, distinct differences appear in the UV–vis–NIR
spectra due to more localized polaronic states in BBB. The high conductivity
(2 S cm–1) and low activation energy (44 meV) measured
for K-doped BBL suggest disorder-free polaron transport. An even higher
conductivity (37 S cm–1) is obtained by changing
the dopant from K to lithium (Li). We attribute the enhanced conductivity
to a decreased perturbation of the polymer nanostructure induced by
the smaller Li ions. These results highlight the importance of polymer
chain planarity and dopant size for the polaronic state in conjugated
polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B. Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Samson A. Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Slawomir Braun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li W, Yin M, Liu J, Fu H, Shao X, Dong Y, Song Q, Zhang C, Wong WY. Reversible color modulation of luminescent conjugated polymers based on a chemical redox mechanism and applications in rewritable paper and multiple information encryption. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2198-2206. [PMID: 35699133 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible color modulation plays a key role in the field of information recording and encryption, but for the common colorful conjugated polymer materials, currently a convenient method to achieve their reversible color modulation is still lacking. Herein, six luminescent conjugated polymers P1 to P6 were successfully designed and synthesized, all of which could realize reversible color modulation through a similar reversible chemical redox behavior accompanied by reversible color and fluorescence changes. The same absorption spectral changes as those under electrochemical redox conditions strongly confirmed that these polymers underwent reversible redox reactions in the Fe3+ and H2O system, which happened spontaneously according to the theoretical analysis of the reaction thermodynamics. Based on the reversible color modulation in the Fe3+ and H2O system, polymers P1, P2 and P3, with different colors (yellow, orange and red) and fluorescence emissions, were successfully applied as rewritable paper with multi-color and multi-fluorescence printing as well as long-term recording capabilities. Meanwhile, polymers P1, P4, P5 and P6, which showed similar green fluorescence and yellow color but different oxidation potentials, were also introduced to accomplish multiple encryption and decryption of information, based on the step-by-step selective oxidation of the four polymers by adjusting the concentration of Fe3+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Maoxing Yin
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Liu
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Haichang Fu
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiongchao Shao
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yujie Dong
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbao Song
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Han J, Tiernan E, Lee T, Chiu A, McGuiggan P, Adams N, Tomko JA, Hopkins PE, Thon SM, Tovar JD, Katz HE. A New Polystyrene-Poly(vinylpyridinium) Ionic Copolymer Dopant for n-Type All-Polymer Thermoelectrics with High and Stable Conductivity Relative to the Seebeck Coefficient giving High Power Factor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201062. [PMID: 35441380 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel n-type copolymer dopant polystyrene-poly(4-vinyl-N-hexylpyridinium fluoride) (PSpF) with fluoride anions is designed and synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This is thought to be the first polymeric fluoride dopant. Electrical conductivity of 4.2 S cm-1 and high power factor of 67 µW m-1 K-2 are achieved for PSpF-doped polymer films, with a corresponding decrease in thermal conductivity as the PSpF concentration is increased, giving the highest ZT of 0.1. An especially high electrical conductivity of 58 S cm-1 at 88 °C and outstanding thermal stability are recorded. Further, organic transistors of PSpF-doped thin films exhibit high electron mobility and Hall mobility of 0.86 and 1.70 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. The results suggest that polystyrene-poly(vinylpyridinium) salt copolymers with fluoride anions are promising for high-performance n-type all-polymer thermoelectrics. This work provides a new way to realize organic thermoelectrics with high conductivity relative to the Seebeck coefficient, high power factor, thermal stability, and broad processing window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Emma Tiernan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Arlene Chiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Patty McGuiggan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Nicholas Adams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - John A Tomko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Susanna M Thon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stegerer D, Pracht M, Günther F, Sun H, Preis K, Zerson M, Maftuhin W, Tan WL, Kroon R, McNeill CR, Fabiano S, Walter M, Biskup T, Gemming S, Magerle R, Müller C, Sommer M. Organogels from Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymer Ionene/Polythiophene Blends Exhibit Ground-State Single Electron Transfer in the Solid State. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Pracht
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Florian Günther
- Instituto de Física de Saõ Carlos, Universidade de Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kevin Preis
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Physikalische Chemie und Didaktik der Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gemming
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Y, Wang W, Dong X, Chen J, Qin F, Sun L, Zhou X, Zhou Y. Producing p-Doped Surface for Hole Transporting Layer-free Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200201. [PMID: 35363402 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hole transporting layer-free organic solar cells with simplified device structure are desirable for their mass production. In this work, we adopted a p-dopant of organic molybdenum peroxide (OMP) to dope nonfullerene active layers to produce p-doped surface on the active layer. The OMP can effectively dope widely used polymer donors of nonfullerene organic solar cells, i.e., PTB7-Th, PBDB-T, and, even PBDB-T-2F that has a very deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of -5.47 eV. The doping mechanism lies in the strong oxidizing property of peroxide groups of the OMP leading to superior doping properties. In the end, we fabricated hole transporting layer-free nonfullerene organic solar cells with the device structure of ITO/PEI-Zn/PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F/Ag. The cells showed a power conversion efficiency of 12.2% and good thermal stability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinyun Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li QY, Yao ZF, Wu HT, Luo L, Ding YF, Yang CY, Wang XY, Shen Z, Wang JY, Pei J. Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge-Transport in n-Doped Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200221. [PMID: 35107203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Strong interchain interactions of conjugated polymers usually result in poor miscibility with molecular dopants, limiting the doping efficiency because of uncontrolled phase separation. We have developed a strategy to achieve efficient charge-transport and high doping miscibility in n-doped conjugated polymers. We solve the miscibility issue through disorder side-chains containing dopants better. Systemic structural characterization reveals a farther side-chain branching point will lead to higher disorders, which provides appropriate sites to accommodate extrinsic molecular dopants without harming original chain packings and charge-transport channels. Therefore, better sustainability of solid-state microstructure is obtained, yielding a stable conductivity even when overloading massive dopants. This work highlights the importance of realizing high host-dopant miscibility in molecular doping of conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Q, Yao Z, Wu H, Luo L, Ding Y, Yang C, Wang X, Shen Z, Wang J, Pei J. Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge‐Transport in n‐Doped Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hao‐Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin‐Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Doping has been widely used to control the charge carrier concentration in organic semiconductors. However, in conjugated polymers, n-doping is often limited by the tradeoff between doping efficiency and charge carrier mobilities, since dopants often randomly distribute within polymers, leading to significant structural and energetic disorder. Here, we screen a large number of polymer building block combinations and explore the possibility of designing n-type conjugated polymers with good tolerance to dopant-induced disorder. We show that a carefully designed conjugated polymer with a single dominant planar backbone conformation, high torsional barrier at each dihedral angle, and zigzag backbone curvature is highly dopable and can tolerate dopant-induced disorder. With these features, the designed diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer can be efficiently n-doped and exhibit high n-type electrical conductivities over 120 S cm−1, much higher than the reference polymers with similar chemical structures. This work provides a polymer design concept for highly dopable and highly conductive polymeric semiconductors. In conjugated polymers, n-doping is often limited by the tradeoff between doping efficiency and charge carrier mobilities, since dopants often randomly distribute within polymers, leading to significant structural and energetic disorder. Here, the authors screen a large number of polymer building block combinations and explore the possibility of designing n-type conjugated polymers with good tolerance to dopant-induced disorder.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu Y, Wang JY, Pei J. Achieving Efficient n-Doping of Conjugated Polymers by Molecular Dopants. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2871-2883. [PMID: 34152131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusMolecular doping is one of the most central propositions in the field of organic electronics. Unlike classical inorganic semiconductors doped by atomic substitution, organic conjugated materials react with molecular dopants, and then intermolecular charge transfer is involved within. Therefore, the complex noncovalent interactions between two components often cause the molecular dopant to destroy the orderly stacking of the host organic materials and reduce the original properties of the material, such as carrier mobility, which here we call the "doping dilemma." Recently, many studies focus on improving p-doping efficiency and electrical conductivity of doped conjugated polymers; however, the development of n-type molecular doping currently lags far behind that of its p-counterpart. It is well-known that both efficient p- and n-type molecular doping are indispensable in various organic electronic devices, including light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics. It is thus an urgent requirement to achieve efficient n-doping in conjugated polymers.In this Account, we give a brief overview of our efforts to improve the n-doping efficiency in conjugated polymers with several strategies from the aspects of the polymer/dopant molecular design and the exploration of the n-type molecular doping mechanism and charge transport mechanism in n-doped organic materials. For the conjugated polymer engineering, we first demonstrate that increasing the electron affinity of the host polymer through halogen substitution can boost the n-doping efficiency. Still, the rigid coplanar backbones of conjugated polymers play a crucial role in the polaron delocalization and final electrical performance. In addition, we emphasize the importance of morphology control in the doped polymers to address the "doping dilemma." For n-dopants designing, we summarize some basic guidelines from molecular sizes and shapes, the interaction between dopants (or dopant cations) and polymers, and the effects of dopants on morphology to design high-efficacy n-type molecular dopants. We propose that the polymers and the dopants need to be treated as a whole system; while enhancing the ionization efficiency, more attention should be paid to the carrierization (free-carrier generation) efficiency of these binary systems. In the end, we adopt the n-type polymer thermoelectric material as an example to discuss the grand challenges encountered in practical applications of n-doped conjugated polymers. The air stability and micrometer-thick thermo-leg processing of n-doped polymers are highlighted for thermoelectric applications. It is our hope that this Account showcases a blueprint for rational approaches and a deep understanding toward the design and development of efficient n-doping in conjugated polymers, bringing n-doped organic materials into the next era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li JT, Lei T. Recent Progress on Addressing the Key Challenges in Organic Thermoelectrics. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1508-1518. [PMID: 33915036 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compared with inorganic thermoelectric materials, organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials have attracted increasing attention due to their advantages of low toxicity, high mechanical flexibility, and large-scale solution processability. In the past few years, OTE materials have made remarkable progress in terms of their design, synthesis, and device performance. However, some challenges remain, including the low doping efficiency in n-type materials, poor doping stability with molecular dopants, and the largely reduced Seebeck coefficient after heavily doping, etc. All these factors hinder the further development of OTEs for commercial applications. In this Minireview, we highlight several key challenges during the development of OTEs and summarize recent understandings and efforts to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oxidative Photopolymerization of 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) via Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Modular Toolbox for Attaining PEDOT**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
28
|
A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2354. [PMID: 33883549 PMCID: PMC8060302 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers, such as the p-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have enabled the development of an array of opto- and bio-electronics devices. However, to make these technologies truly pervasive, stable and easily processable, n-doped conducting polymers are also needed. Despite major efforts, no n-type equivalents to the benchmark PEDOT:PSS exist to date. Here, we report on the development of poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline):poly(ethyleneimine) (BBL:PEI) as an ethanol-based n-type conductive ink. BBL:PEI thin films yield an n-type electrical conductivity reaching 8 S cm-1, along with excellent thermal, ambient, and solvent stability. This printable n-type mixed ion-electron conductor has several technological implications for realizing high-performance organic electronic devices, as demonstrated for organic thermoelectric generators with record high power output and n-type organic electrochemical transistors with a unique depletion mode of operation. BBL:PEI inks hold promise for the development of next-generation bioelectronics and wearable devices, in particular targeting novel functionality, efficiency, and power performance.
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiong M, Yan X, Li J, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang J, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n‐Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution‐State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jia‐Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Z, Lin H, Zhang X, Li J, Chen X, Wang S, Gong W, Yan H, Zhao Q, Lv W, Gong X, Xiao Q, Li F, Ji D, Zhang X, Dong H, Li L, Hu W. Revealing molecular conformation-induced stress at embedded interfaces of organic optoelectronic devices by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/16/eabf8555. [PMID: 33853785 PMCID: PMC8050595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interface stresses are pervasive and critical in conventional optoelectronic devices and generally lead to many failures and reliability problems. However, detection of the interface stress embedded in organic optoelectronic devices is a long-standing problem, which causes the unknown relationship between interface stress and organic device stability (one key and unsettled issue for practical applications). In this study, a kind of previously unknown molecular conformation-induced stress is revealed at the organic embedded interface through sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy technique. This stress can be greater than 10 kcal/mol per nm2 and is sufficient to induce molecular disorder in the organic semiconductor layer (with energy below 8 kcal/mol per nm2), finally causing instability of the organic transistor. This study not only reveals interface stress in organic devices but also correlates instability of organic devices with the interface stress for the first time, offering an effective solution for improving device stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongzhen Lin
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Weibang Lv
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingbo Xiao
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fujin Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ding Y, Yang C, Huang C, Lu Y, Yao Z, Pan C, Wang J, Pei J. Thermally Activated n‐Doping of Organic Semiconductors Achieved by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Based Dopant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chun‐Xi Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chen‐Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xiong M, Yan X, Li JT, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n-Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution-State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8189-8197. [PMID: 33403799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Doping of polymeric semiconductors limits the miscibility between polymers and dopants. Although significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing miscibility through chemical modification, the electrical conductivities of n-doped polymeric semiconductors are usually below 10 S cm-1 . We report a different approach to overcome the miscibility issue by modulating the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers. We found that the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers not only changed with solvent and temperature but also changed with solution aging time. Modulating the solution-state polymer aggregates can directly influence their solid-state microstructures and miscibility with dopants. As a result, both high doping efficiency and high charge-carrier mobility were simultaneously obtained. The n-doped electrical conductivity of P(PzDPP-CT2) can be tuned up to 32.1 S cm-1 . This method can also be used to improve the doping efficiency of other polymer systems (e.g. N2200) with different aggregation tendencies and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ding Y, Yang C, Huang C, Lu Y, Yao Z, Pan C, Wang J, Pei J. Thermally Activated n‐Doping of Organic Semiconductors Achieved by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Based Dopant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5816-5820. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chun‐Xi Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chen‐Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of, Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jeong W, Kang J, Jeong MK, Won JH, Jung IH. Development of low bandgap polymers for red and near-infrared fullerene-free organic photodetectors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two low bandgap donor polymers, PDTPTT and PCPDTTT, were synthesized and their photodetecting properties were investigated under a 680 nm red LED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WonJo Jeong
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Kang
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Moon-Ki Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Won
- Department of Chemistry
- Kookmin University
- Seoul 02707
- Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang S, Ruoko TP, Wang G, Riera-Galindo S, Hultmark S, Puttisong Y, Moro F, Yan H, Chen WM, Berggren M, Müller C, Fabiano S. Sequential Doping of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers for Thermally Stable n-Type Organic Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53003-53011. [PMID: 33179508 PMCID: PMC7735673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is a powerful tool to optimize the performance of various organic (opto)electronic and bioelectronic devices. Despite recent advances, the low thermal stability of the electronic properties of doped polymers still represents a significant obstacle to implementing these materials into practical applications. Hence, the development of conducting doped polymers with excellent long-term stability at elevated temperatures is highly desirable. Here, we report on the sequential doping of the ladder-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) with a benzimidazole-based dopant (i.e., N-DMBI). By combining electrical, UV-vis/infrared, X-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, we quantitatively characterized the conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, spin density, and microstructure of the sequentially doped polymer films as a function of the thermal annealing temperature. Importantly, we observed that the electrical conductivity of N-DMBI-doped BBL remains unchanged even after 20 h of heating at 190 °C. This finding is remarkable and of particular interest for organic thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Moro
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hongping Yan
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025 California, United States
| | - Weimin M. Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) Toward Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225288. [PMID: 33202778 PMCID: PMC7698176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a fascinating area of research and technology in the past two decades and are anticipated to replace classic inorganic semiconductors in many applications. Research on organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and organic thin-film transistors is already in an advanced stage, and the derived devices are commercially available. A more recent case is the organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), whose core component is a conductive polymer in contact with ions and solvent molecules of an electrolyte, thus allowing it to simultaneously regulate electron and ion transport. OECTs are very effective in ion-to-electron transduction and sensor signal amplification. The use of synthetically tunable, biocompatible, and depositable organic materials in OECTs makes them specially interesting for biological applications and printable devices. In this review, we provide an overview of the history of OECTs, their physical characterization, and their operation mechanism. We analyze OECT performance improvements obtained by geometry design and active material selection (i.e., conductive polymers and small molecules) and conclude with their broad range of applications from biological sensors to wearable devices.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhong Z, Peng F, Huang Z, Ying L, Yu G, Huang F, Cao Y. High-Detectivity Non-Fullerene Organic Photodetectors Enabled by a Cross-Linkable Electron Blocking Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45092-45100. [PMID: 32914617 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anode interlayer plays a critical role in the performance of organic photodetectors, which requires sufficient electron-blocking ability to simultaneously attain a high photocurrent and low dark current. Here, we developed two cross-linkable polymers, which can be deposited on the top of the widely used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and form a robust layer that can effectively suppress the electron injection from the anode under reverse bias. The optimized device with the resulting cross-linkable XP2 exhibited the lowest dark current density of 5.81 × 10-9 A cm-2 at -0.1 V, which is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than the control devices. A remarkable responsivity of 0.5 A W-1 and a detectivity of >1 × 1013 Jones at a near-infrared wavelength of 800 nm were achieved. Of particular importance is that the resulting device exhibited a linear dynamic range of >135 dB associated with a high working frequency that is shorter than typical commercial digital imagers. The planar heterojunction devices demonstrate that the dark current is closely correlated to the charge generation, which relied on the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of the developed cross-linked interlays. The Mott-Schottky analysis revealed that the optimized cross-linked interlayer increased the depletion width of the devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhenqiang Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo X, Facchetti A. The journey of conducting polymers from discovery to application. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:922-928. [PMID: 32820293 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra Corporation, Skokie, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Kippelen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao W, Ding J, Zou Y, Di CA, Zhu D. Chemical doping of organic semiconductors for thermoelectric applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7210-7228. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights thermoelectric-oriented chemical doping of organic semiconductors from molecular design, doping mechanisms, doping methods and insightful strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Chong-an Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| |
Collapse
|