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Mizoguchi T. In vivo dynamics of hard tissue-forming cell origins: Insights from Cre/loxP-based cell lineage tracing studies. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2024; 60:109-119. [PMID: 38406212 PMCID: PMC10885318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue provides structural support for our bodies, with the inner bone marrow (BM) acting as a hematopoietic organ. Within the BM tissue, two types of stem cells play crucial roles: mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (or skeletal stem cells) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These stem cells are intricately connected, where BM-MSCs give rise to bone-forming osteoblasts and serve as essential components in the BM microenvironment for sustaining HSCs. Despite the mid-20th century proposal of BM-MSCs, their in vivo identification remained elusive owing to a lack of tools for analyzing stemness, specifically self-renewal and multipotency. To address this challenge, Cre/loxP-based cell lineage tracing analyses are being employed. This technology facilitated the in vivo labeling of specific cells, enabling the tracking of their lineage, determining their stemness, and providing a deeper understanding of the in vivo dynamics governing stem cell populations responsible for maintaining hard tissues. This review delves into cell lineage tracing studies conducted using commonly employed genetically modified mice expressing Cre under the influence of LepR, Gli1, and Axin2 genes. These studies focus on research fields spanning long bones and oral/maxillofacial hard tissues, offering insights into the in vivo dynamics of stem cell populations crucial for hard tissue homeostasis.
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Prasad P, Cancelas JA. From Marrow to Bone and Fat: Exploring the Multifaceted Roles of Leptin Receptor Positive Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2024; 13:910. [PMID: 38891042 PMCID: PMC11171870 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) stromal cell microenvironment contains non-hematopoietic stromal cells called mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs are plastic adherent, form CFU-Fs, and give rise to osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic progenitors, and most importantly provide HSC niche factor chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and stem cell factor (SCF). Different authors have defined different markers for mouse MSC identification like PDGFR+Sca-1+ subsets, Nestin+, or LepR+ cells. Of these, the LepR+ cells are the major source of SCF and CXCL12 in the BM microenvironment and play a major role in HSC maintenance and hematopoiesis. LepR+ cells give rise to most of the bones and BM adipocytes, further regulating the microenvironment. In adult BM, LepR+ cells are quiescent but after fracture or irradiation, they proliferate and differentiate into mesenchymal lineage osteogenic, adipogenic and/or chondrogenic cells. They also play a crucial role in the steady-state hematopoiesis process, as well as hematopoietic regeneration and the homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after myeloablative injury and/or HSC transplantation. They line the sinusoidal cavities, maintain the trabeculae formation, and provide the space for HSC homing and retention. However, the LepR+ cell subset is heterogeneous; some subsets have higher adipogenic potential, while others express osteollineage-biased genes. Different transcription factors like Early B cell factor 3 (EBF3) or RunX2 help maintain this balance between the self-renewing and committed states, whether osteogenic or adipogenic. The study of LepR+ MSCs holds immense promise for advancing our understanding of HSC biology, tissue regeneration, metabolic disorders, and immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the origin of the BM resident LepR+ cells, different subtypes, and the role of LepR+ cells in maintaining hematopoiesis, osteogenesis, and BM adipogenesis following their multifaceted impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A. Cancelas
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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3
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Ramanathan M, Shijirbold A, Okui T, Tatsumi H, Kotani T, Shimamura Y, Morioka R, Ayasaka K, Kanno T. In Vivo Evaluation of Bone Regenerative Capacity of the Novel Nanobiomaterial: β-Tricalcium Phosphate Polylactic Acid-co-Glycolide (β-TCP/PLLA/PGA) for Use in Maxillofacial Bone Defects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:91. [PMID: 38202548 PMCID: PMC10780666 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Maxillofacial bone defects are treated by autografting or filling with synthetic materials in various forms and shapes. Electrospun nanobiomaterials are becoming popular due to their easy placement and handling; combining ideal biomaterials extrapolates better outcomes. We used a novel electrospun cotton-like fiber made from two time-tested bioresorbable materials, β-TCP and PLLA/PGA, to check the feasibility of its application to maxillofacial bone defects through an in vivo rat mandibular bone defect model. Novel β-TCP/PLLA/PGA and pure β-TCP blocks were evaluated for new bone regeneration through assessment of bone volume, inner defect diameter reduction, and bone mineral density. Bioactive/osteoconductivity was checked by scoring the levels of Runt-related transcription factor x, Leptin Receptor, Osteocalcin, and Periostin biomarkers. Bone regeneration in both β-TCP/PLLA/PGA and β-TCP was comparable at initial timepoints. Osteogenic cell accumulation was greater in β-TCP/PLLA/PGA than in β-TCP at initial as well as late phases. Periostin expression was more marked in β-TCP/PLLA/PGA. This study demonstrated comparable results between β-TCP/PLLA/PGA and β-TCP in terms of bone regeneration and bioactivity, even with a small material volume of β-TCP/PLLA/PGA and a decreased percentage of β-TCP. Electrospun β-TCP/PLLA/PGA is an ideal nanobiomaterial for inducing bone regeneration through osteoconductivity and bioresorbability in bony defects of the maxillofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahiro Kanno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1, Enya-Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (M.R.); (A.S.); (T.O.); (H.T.); (T.K.); (Y.S.); (R.M.); (K.A.)
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4
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Doolittle ML, Saul D, Kaur J, Rowsey JL, Vos SJ, Pavelko KD, Farr JN, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Multiparametric senescent cell phenotyping reveals targets of senolytic therapy in the aged murine skeleton. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4587. [PMID: 37524694 PMCID: PMC10390564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence drives organismal aging, yet the deep characterization of senescent cells in vivo remains incomplete. Here, we apply mass cytometry by time-of-flight using carefully validated antibodies to analyze senescent cells at single-cell resolution. We use multiple criteria to identify senescent mesenchymal cells that are growth-arrested and resistant to apoptosis. These p16 + Ki67-BCL-2+ cells are highly enriched for senescence-associated secretory phenotype and DNA damage markers, are strongly associated with age, and their percentages are increased in late osteoblasts/osteocytes and CD24high osteolineage cells. Moreover, both late osteoblasts/osteocytes and CD24high osteolineage cells are robustly cleared by genetic and pharmacologic senolytic therapies in aged mice. Following isolation, CD24+ skeletal cells exhibit growth arrest, senescence-associated β-galactosidase positivity, and impaired osteogenesis in vitro. These studies thus provide an approach using multiplexed protein profiling to define senescent mesenchymal cells in vivo and identify specific skeletal cell populations cleared by senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Doolittle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Dominik Saul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Clinic, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Japneet Kaur
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rowsey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stephanie J Vos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joshua N Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David G Monroe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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5
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Oka H, Ito S, Kawakami M, Sasaki H, Abe S, Matsunaga S, Morita S, Noguchi T, Kasahara N, Tokuyama A, Kasahara M, Katakura A, Yajima Y, Mizoguchi T. Subset of the periodontal ligament expressed leptin receptor contributes to part of hard tissue-forming cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3442. [PMID: 36859576 PMCID: PMC9977939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lineage of periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells contributes to alveolar bone (AB) and cementum formation, which are essential for tooth-jawbone attachment. Leptin receptor (LepR), a skeletal stem cell marker, is expressed in PDL; however, the stem cell capacity of LepR+ PDL cells remains unclear. We used a Cre/LoxP-based approach and detected LepR-cre-labeled cells in the perivascular around the root apex; their number increased with age. In the juvenile stage, LepR+ PDL cells differentiated into AB-embedded osteocytes rather than cementocytes, but their contribution to both increased with age. The frequency of LepR+ PDL cell-derived lineages in hard tissue was < 20% per total cells at 1-year-old. Similarly, LepR+ PDL cells differentiated into osteocytes following tooth extraction, but their frequency was < 9%. Additionally, both LepR+ and LepR- PDL cells demonstrated spheroid-forming capacity, which is an indicator of self-renewal. These results indicate that both LepR+ and LepR- PDL populations contributed to hard tissue formation. LepR- PDL cells increased the expression of LepR during spheroid formation, suggesting that the LepR- PDL cells may hierarchically sit upstream of LepR+ PDL cells. Collectively, the origin of hard tissue-forming cells in the PDL is heterogeneous, some of which express LepR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Oka
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Shinichirou Ito
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Mana Kawakami
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Satoru Matsunaga
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Sumiharu Morita
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Taku Noguchi
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Norio Kasahara
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Akihide Tokuyama
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Masataka Kasahara
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Akira Katakura
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yajima
- grid.265070.60000 0001 1092 3624Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061 Japan ,grid.411611.20000 0004 0372 3845MDU Hospital, Implant Center, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, 399-0781 Japan
| | - Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan. .,Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
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6
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Doolittle ML, Saul D, Kaur J, Rowsey JL, Vos SJ, Pavelko KD, Farr JN, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Multiparametric senescent cell phenotyping reveals CD24 osteolineage cells as targets of senolytic therapy in the aged murine skeleton. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523760. [PMID: 36711531 PMCID: PMC9882155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Senescence drives organismal aging, yet the deep characterization of senescent cells in vivo remains incomplete. Here, we applied mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) using carefully validated antibodies to analyze senescent cells at single-cell resolution. We used multiple criteria to identify senescent mesenchymal cells that were growth arrested and resistant to apoptosis (p16+/Ki67-/BCL-2+; "p16KB" cells). These cells were highly enriched for senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and DNA damage markers and were strongly associated with age. p16KB cell percentages were also increased in CD24+ osteolineage cells, which exhibited an inflammatory SASP in aged mice and were robustly cleared by both genetic and pharmacologic senolytic therapies. Following isolation, CD24+ skeletal cells exhibited growth arrest, SA-βgal positivity, and impaired osteogenesis in vitro . These studies thus provide a new approach using multiplexed protein profiling by CyTOF to define senescent mesenchymal cells in vivo and identify a highly inflammatory, senescent CD24+ osteolineage population cleared by senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Doolittle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dominik Saul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Clinic, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Japneet Kaur
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Rowsey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Vos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin D. Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Functional Heterogeneity of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Subpopulations in Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911928. [PMID: 36233230 PMCID: PMC9570000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multi-potent cell populations and are capable of maintaining bone and body homeostasis. The stemness and potential therapeutic effect of BMSCs have been explored extensively in recent years. However, diverse cell surface antigens and complex gene expression of BMSCs have indicated that BMSCs represent heterogeneous populations, and the natural characteristics of BMSCs make it difficult to identify the specific subpopulations in pathological processes which are often obscured by bulk analysis of the total BMSCs. Meanwhile, the therapeutic effect of total BMSCs is often less effective partly due to their heterogeneity. Therefore, understanding the functional heterogeneity of the BMSC subpopulations under different physiological and pathological conditions could have major ramifications for global health. Here, we summarize the recent progress of functional heterogeneity of BMSC subpopulations in physiology and pathology. Targeting tissue-resident single BMSC subpopulation offers a potentially innovative therapeutic strategy and improves BMSC effectiveness in clinical application.
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8
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Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the mammalian body is balanced by its influx and efflux through the intestines, kidneys, bones, and soft tissues, at which several sodium/Pi co-transporters mediate its active transport. Pi homeostasis is achieved through the complex counter-regulatory feedback balance between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and parathyroid hormone. FGF23, which is mainly produced by osteocytes in bone, plays a central role in Pi homeostasis and exerts its effects by binding to the FGF receptor (FGFR) and αKlotho in distant target organs. In the kidneys, the main target, FGF23 promotes the excretion of Pi and suppresses the production of 1,25(OH)2D. Deficient and excess FGF23 result in hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia, respectively. FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia include tumor-induced osteomalacia and various genetic diseases, such as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Coverage by the national health insurance system in Japan for the measurement of FGF23 and the approval of burosumab, an FGF23-neutralizing antibody, have had a significant impact on the diagnosis and treatment of FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. Some of the molecules responsible for genetic hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia are highly expressed in osteocytes and function as local regulators of FGF23 production. A number of systemic factors also regulate FGF23 levels. Although the mechanisms responsible for Pi sensing in mammals have not yet been elucidated in detail, recent studies have suggested the involvement of FGFR1. The further clarification of the mechanisms by which osteocytes detect Pi levels and regulate FGF23 production will lead to the development of better strategies to treat hyperphosphatemic and hypophosphatemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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9
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Pathological differences in the bone healing processes between tooth extraction socket and femoral fracture. Bone Rep 2022; 16:101522. [PMID: 35372643 PMCID: PMC8965168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Okuyama K, Shiwaku Y, Hamai R, Mizoguchi T, Tsuchiya K, Takahashi T, Suzuki O. Differentiation of committed osteoblast progenitors by octacalcium phosphate compared to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in Lepr-cre/Tomato mouse tibia. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:332-344. [PMID: 35183778 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the accumulation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) around octacalcium phosphate (OCP) compared with those around calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), a material obtained through hydrolysis of the original OCP. Leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing bone marrow-derived MSCs around the OCP and CDHA were pursued utilizing genetically modified Lepr-cre/Tomato mice. OCP and CDHA granules were implanted into the tibia defect of the mice for 10 weeks and subjected to histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. The structural properties of OCP and CDHA after inoculation into mouse subcutaneous tissue (until 4 weeks) or culture mediums (14 days) were analyzed using physicochemical techniques. In vitro osteoblastic differentiation of primary MSCs was examined with the materials for 14 days. While Lepr-cre/Tomato positive cells (red) accumulated around both OCP and CDHA, Lepr and osteocalcin double-positive osteoblastic cells (yellow) were significantly more abundant around OCP than around CDHA in the early implantation period. OCP enhanced the osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs more than CDHA in vitro. Physicochemical and structual analyses provided evidence that OCP tended to convert to the apatitic phase in the tested physiological environments. The higher osteoconductivity of OCP originated from a capacity-enhancing osteoblastic differentiation of committed osteoblast progenitors in bone marrow accompanied by OCP hydrolysis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: MSCs play a key role in bone regeneration through osteoblastic differentiation. Calcium phosphates have been widely applied as bone substitute materials, and OCP has a better ability to promote osteoblast differentiation of MSCs than that of HA in vitro. However, it is not clear how MSCs accumulate in the bone marrow and differentiate into osteoblasts during bone regeneration in vivo. In this study, we focused on the leptin receptor, a marker of bone marrow-derived MSCs. Using genetically modified mice labeled with the red fluorescent protein Tomato, we observed the accumulation of MSCs around calcium phosphates implanted in tibia bone defects and their differentiation into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Okuyama
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukari Shiwaku
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Hamai
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | | | - Kaori Tsuchiya
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Long JT, Leinroth A, Liao Y, Ren Y, Mirando AJ, Nguyen T, Guo W, Sharma D, Rouse D, Wu C, Cheah KSE, Karner CM, Hilton MJ. Hypertrophic chondrocytes serve as a reservoir for marrow-associated skeletal stem and progenitor cells, osteoblasts, and adipocytes during skeletal development. eLife 2022; 11:e76932. [PMID: 35179487 PMCID: PMC8893718 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes give rise to osteoblasts during skeletal development; however, the process by which these non-mitotic cells make this transition is not well understood. Prior studies have also suggested that skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) localize to the surrounding periosteum and serve as a major source of marrow-associated SSPCs, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes during skeletal development. To further understand the cell transition process by which hypertrophic chondrocytes contribute to osteoblasts or other marrow associated cells, we utilized inducible and constitutive hypertrophic chondrocyte lineage tracing and reporter mouse models (Col10a1CreERT2; Rosa26fs-tdTomato and Col10a1Cre; Rosa26fs-tdTomato) in combination with a PDGFRaH2B-GFP transgenic line, single-cell RNA-sequencing, bulk RNA-sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, and cell transplantation assays. Our data demonstrate that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo a process of dedifferentiation to generate marrow-associated SSPCs that serve as a primary source of osteoblasts during skeletal development. These hypertrophic chondrocyte-derived SSPCs commit to a CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cell phenotype during skeletal development and demonstrate unique abilities to recruit vasculature and promote bone marrow establishment, while also contributing to the adipogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Long
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Abigail Leinroth
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Yihan Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Yinshi Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Anthony J Mirando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Tuyet Nguyen
- Program of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Wendi Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Douglas Rouse
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Colleen Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | | | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
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12
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Harris TL, Silva MJ. Dmp1 Lineage Cells Contribute Significantly to Periosteal Lamellar Bone Formation Induced by Mechanical Loading But Are Depleted from the Bone Surface During Rapid Bone Formation. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10593. [PMID: 35309865 PMCID: PMC8914163 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that osteoprogenitor cells (Prx1+) and pre‐osteoblasts (Osx+) contribute to mechanical loading‐induced bone formation. However, the role of mature Dmp1‐expressing osteoblasts has not been reported. In this study we assessed the contribution of osteoblast lineage cells to bone formation at an early time point following mechanical loading (day 8 from onset of loading). We labeled Osx‐expressing and Dmp1‐expressing cells in inducible Osx and Dmp1 reporter mice (iOsx‐Ai9, iDmp1‐Ai9), respectively, 3 weeks before loading. Mice were then loaded daily for 5 days (days 1–5) and were dosed with 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) in their drinking water until euthanasia on day 8. Mice were loaded to lamellar and woven bone inducing stimulation (−7 N/1400 με, −10 N/2000 με) to assess differences in these processes. We found varied responses in males and females to the loading stimuli, inducing modest lamellar (females, −7 N), moderate lamellar (males, −10 N), and robust woven (females, −10 N) bone. Overall, we found that preexisting (ie, lineage positive) Osx‐expressing and Dmp1‐expressing cells contribute largely to the bone formation response, especially during modest bone formation, while our results stuggest that other (non‐lineage–positive) cells support the sustained bone formation response during rapid bone formation. With moderate or robust levels of bone formation, a decrease in preexisting Osx‐expressing and Dmp1‐expressing cells at the bone surface occurred, with a near depletion of Dmp1‐expressing cells from the surface in female mice loaded to −10 N (from 52% to 11%). These cells appeared to be replaced by lineage‐negative cells from the periosteum. We also found a dose response in proliferation, with 17% to 18% of bone surface cells arising via proliferation in modest lamellar, 38% to 53% in moderate lamellar, and 59% to 81% in robust woven bone formation. In summary, our results show predominant contributions by preexisting Osx and Dmp1 lineage cells to loading‐induced lamellar bone formation, whereas recruitment of earlier osteoprogenitors and increased cell proliferation support robust woven bone formation. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Research Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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13
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Lyu P, Li B, Li P, Bi R, Cui C, Zhao Z, Zhou X, Fan Y. Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor Signaling in Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Basic and Clinical Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654715. [PMID: 34760881 PMCID: PMC8573197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) are two peptides that regulate mineral ion homeostasis, skeletal development, and bone turnover by activating parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R). PTH1R signaling is of profound clinical interest for its potential to stimulate bone formation and regeneration. Recent pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials have investigated the effects of PTH and PTHrP analogs in the orofacial region. Dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are targets of PTH1R signaling and have long been known as major factors in tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies have begun to reveal important roles for PTH1R signaling in modulating the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs in the orofacial region. A better understanding of the molecular networks and underlying mechanisms for modulating MSCs in dental diseases will pave the way for the therapeutic applications of PTH and PTHrP in the future. Here we review recent studies involving dental MSCs, focusing on relationships with PTH1R. We also summarize recent basic and clinical observations of PTH and PTHrP treatment to help understand their use in MSCs-based dental and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiye Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Wang Z, Li X, Yang J, Gong Y, Zhang H, Qiu X, Liu Y, Zhou C, Chen Y, Greenbaum J, Cheng L, Hu Y, Xie J, Yang X, Li Y, Schiller MR, Chen Y, Tan L, Tang SY, Shen H, Xiao HM, Deng HW. Single-cell RNA sequencing deconvolutes the in vivo heterogeneity of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4192-4206. [PMID: 34803492 PMCID: PMC8579438 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.61950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal tissues such as bone, cartilage, and the fat in bone marrow. In addition to providing microenvironmental support for hematopoietic processes, BM-MSCs can differentiate into various mesodermal lineages including osteoblast/osteocyte, chondrocyte, and adipocyte that are crucial for bone metabolism. While BM-MSCs have high cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression, the cell subtypes that contribute to this heterogeneity in vivo in humans have not been characterized. To investigate the transcriptional diversity of BM-MSCs, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on freshly isolated CD271+ BM-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) from two human subjects. We successfully identified LEPRhiCD45low BM-MSCs within the CD271+ BM-MNC population, and further codified the BM-MSCs into distinct subpopulations corresponding to the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation trajectories, as well as terminal-stage quiescent cells. Biological functional annotations of the transcriptomes suggest that osteoblast precursors induce angiogenesis coupled with osteogenesis, and chondrocyte precursors have the potential to differentiate into myocytes. We also discovered transcripts for several clusters of differentiation (CD) markers that were either highly expressed (e.g., CD167b, CD91, CD130 and CD118) or absent (e.g., CD74, CD217, CD148 and CD68) in BM-MSCs, representing potential novel markers for human BM-MSC purification. This study is the first systematic in vivo dissection of human BM-MSCs cell subtypes at the single-cell resolution, revealing an insight into the extent of their cellular heterogeneity and roles in maintaining bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Wang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yun Gong
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Huixi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiang Qiu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jonathan Greenbaum
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xucheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Martin R. Schiller
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and School of Life Science, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lijun Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Si-Yuan Tang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China; Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
- Hunan Women's Research Association, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, USA
| | - Hong-Mei Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center of Reproductive Health, System Biology and Data Information, Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70112, USA
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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15
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Zhao L, Ito S, Arai A, Udagawa N, Horibe K, Hara M, Nishida D, Hosoya A, Masuko R, Okabe K, Shin M, Li X, Matsuo K, Abe S, Matsunaga S, Kobayashi Y, Kagami H, Mizoguchi T. Odontoblast death drives cell-rich zone-derived dental tissue regeneration. Bone 2021; 150:116010. [PMID: 34020080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe dental tissue damage induces odontoblast death, after which dental pulp stem and progenitor cells (DPSCs) differentiate into odontoblast-like cells, contributing to reparative dentin. However, the damage-induced mechanism that triggers this regeneration process is still not clear. We aimed to understand the effect of odontoblast death without hard tissue damage on dental regeneration. Herein, using a Cre/LoxP-based strategy, we demonstrated that cell-rich zone (CZ)-localizing Nestin-GFP-positive and Nestin-GFP-negative cells proliferate and differentiate into odontoblast-like cells in response to odontoblast depletion. The regenerated odontoblast-like cells played a role in reparative dentin formation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the expression of odontoblast differentiation- and activation-related genes was upregulated in the pulp in response to odontoblast depletion even without damage to dental tissue. In this regenerative process, the expression of type I parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) increased in the odontoblast-depleted pulp, thereby boosting dentin formation. The levels of PTH1R and its downstream mediator, i.e., phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (Ser133) increased in the physically damaged pulp. Collectively, odontoblast death triggered the PTH1R cascade, which may represent a therapeutic target for inducing CZ-mediated dental regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shinichirou Ito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arai
- Department of Orthodontics, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kanji Horibe
- Department of Oral Histology, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Miroku Hara
- Department of Oral Diagnostics and Comprehensive Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishida
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Histology, School of Dentistry, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Koji Okabe
- Section of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masashi Shin
- Section of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan; Oral Medicine Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xianqi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideaki Kagami
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Mizoguchi T, Ono N. The diverse origin of bone-forming osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1432-1447. [PMID: 34213032 PMCID: PMC8338797 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are the only cells that can give rise to bones in vertebrates. Thus, one of the most important functions of these metabolically active cells is mineralized matrix production. Because osteoblasts have a limited lifespan, they must be constantly replenished by preosteoblasts, their immediate precursors. Because disruption of the regulation of bone-forming osteoblasts results in a variety of bone diseases, a better understanding of the origin of these cells by defining the mechanisms of bone development, remodeling, and regeneration is central to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In recent years, substantial new insights into the origin of osteoblasts-largely owing to rapid technological advances in murine lineage-tracing approaches and other single-cell technologies-have been obtained. Collectively, these findings indicate that osteoblasts involved in bone formation under various physiological, pathological, and therapeutic conditions can be obtained from numerous sources. The origins of osteoblasts include, but are not limited to, chondrocytes in the growth plate, stromal cells in the bone marrow, quiescent bone-lining cells on the bone surface, and specialized fibroblasts in the craniofacial structures, such as sutures and periodontal ligaments. Because osteoblasts can be generated from local cellular sources, bones can flexibly respond to regenerative and anabolic cues. However, whether osteoblasts derived from different cellular sources have distinct functions remains to be investigated. Currently, we are at the initial stage to aptly unravel the incredible diversity of the origins of bone-forming osteoblasts. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Kuroda Y, Kawaai K, Hatano N, Wu Y, Takano H, Momose A, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Roschger P, Blouin S, Matsuo K. Hypermineralization of Hearing-Related Bones by a Specific Osteoblast Subtype. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1535-1547. [PMID: 33905562 PMCID: PMC8453739 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Auditory ossicles in the middle ear and bony labyrinth of the inner ear are highly mineralized in adult mammals. Cellular mechanisms underlying formation of dense bone during development are unknown. Here, we found that osteoblast-like cells synthesizing highly mineralized hearing-related bones produce both type I and type II collagens as the bone matrix, while conventional osteoblasts and chondrocytes primarily produce type I and type II collagens, respectively. Furthermore, these osteoblast-like cells were not labeled in a "conventional osteoblast"-specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse line. Type II collagen-producing osteoblast-like cells were not chondrocytes as they express osteocalcin, localize along alizarin-labeled osteoid, and form osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi, as do conventional osteoblasts. Auditory ossicles and the bony labyrinth exhibit not only higher bone matrix mineralization but also a higher degree of apatite orientation than do long bones. Therefore, we conclude that these type II collagen-producing hypermineralizing osteoblasts (termed here auditory osteoblasts) represent a new osteoblast subtype. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kawaai
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science & Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Parathyroid hormone and its related peptides in bone metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114669. [PMID: 34224692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84-amino-acid peptide hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid gland. It has different administration modes in bone tissue through which it promotes bone formation (intermittent administration) and bone resorption (continuous administration) and has great potential for application in sbone defect repair. PTH regulates bone metabolism by binding to PTH1R. PTH plays an osteogenic role by acting directly on mesenchymal stem cells, cells with an osteoblastic lineage, osteocytes, and T cells. It also participates as an osteoclast by indirectly acting on osteoclast precursor cells and osteoclasts and directly acting on T cells. In these cells, PTH activates the Wnt signaling, cAMP/PKA, cAMP/PKC, and RANKL/RANK/OPG pathways and other signaling pathways. Although PTH(1-34), also known as teriparatide, has been used clinically, it still has some disadvantages. Developing improved PTH-related peptides is a potential solution to teriparatide's shortcomings. The action mechanism of these PTH-related peptides is not exactly the same as that of PTH. Thus, the mechanisms of PTH and PTH-related peptides in bone metabolism were reviewed in this paper.
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19
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Baddam P, Young D, Dunsmore G, Nie C, Eaton F, Elahi S, Jovel J, Adesida AB, Dufour A, Graf D. Nasal Septum Deviation as the Consequence of BMP-Controlled Changes to Cartilage Properties. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696545. [PMID: 34249945 PMCID: PMC8265824 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal septum cartilage is a specialized hyaline cartilage important for normal midfacial growth. Abnormal midfacial growth is associated with midfacial hypoplasia and nasal septum deviation (NSD). However, the underlying genetics and associated functional consequences of these two anomalies are poorly understood. We have previously shown that loss of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) from neural crest (BMP7 ncko ) leads to midfacial hypoplasia and subsequent septum deviation. In this study we elucidate the cellular and molecular abnormalities underlying NSD using comparative gene expression, quantitative proteomics, and immunofluorescence analysis. We show that reduced cartilage growth and septum deviation are associated with acquisition of elastic cartilage markers and share similarities with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. The genetic reduction of BMP2 in BMP7 ncko mice was sufficient to rescue NSD and suppress elastic cartilage markers. To our knowledge this investigation provides the first genetic example of an in vivo cartilage fate switch showing that this is controlled by the relative balance of BMP2 and BMP7. Cellular and molecular changes similar between NSD and knee OA suggest a related etiology underlying these cartilage abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranidhi Baddam
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Young
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Garett Dunsmore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chunpeng Nie
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Farah Eaton
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Aquino JB, Sierra R, Montaldo LA. Diverse cellular origins of adult blood vascular endothelial cells. Dev Biol 2021; 477:117-132. [PMID: 34048734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic stages, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) originate from the mesoderm, at specific extraembryonic and embryonic regions, through a process called vasculogenesis. In the adult, EC renewal/replacement mostly depend on local resident ECs or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Nevertheless, contribution from circulating ECs/EPCs was also reported. In addition, cells lacking from EC/EPC markers with in vitro extended plasticity were shown to originate endothelial-like cells (ELCs). Most of these cells consist of mesenchymal stromal progenitors, which would eventually get mobilized from the bone marrow after injury. Based on that, current knowledge on different mouse and human bone marrow stromal cell (BM-SC) subpopulations, able to contribute with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), is herein reviewed. Such analyses underline an unexpected heterogeneity among sinusoidal LepR+ stromal/CAR cells. For instance, in a recent report a subgroup of LepR+ stromal/CAR progenitors, which express GLAST and is traced in Wnt1Cre;R26RTom mice, was found to contribute with ELCs in vivo. These GLAST + Wnt1+ BM-SCs were shown to get mobilized to the peripheral blood and to contribute with liver regeneration. Other sources of ELCs, such as adipose, neural and dental pulp tissues, were also published. Finally, mechanisms likely involved in the enhanced cellular plasticity properties of bone marrow/adipose tissue stromal cells, able to originate ELCs, are assessed. In the future, strategies to analyze the in vivo expression profile of stromal cells, with MSC properties, in combination with screening of active genomic regions at the single cell-level, during early postnatal development and/or after injury, will likely help understanding properties of these ELC sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge B Aquino
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina.
| | - Romina Sierra
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina
| | - Laura A Montaldo
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina
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21
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Dong X, He L, Zang X, He Y, An J, Wu B, Liu X, Bi H, Zhang Y, Xiao E. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Promote Bone Coupling in Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw by TGF-β1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639590. [PMID: 34055774 PMCID: PMC8154543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate molecularly targeted therapy to revive bone remodeling and prevent BRONJ by local adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) transplantation. Clinical samples of BRONJ and healthy jawbones were used to examine the bone coupling-related cells and TGF-β1 expression. Bone coupling-related cells and TGF-β1 expression were also assessed in BRONJ-like animal model to confirm the results in clinical samples. ADSCs were locally administered in vivo and the therapeutic effects were evaluated by gross observation, radiological imaging, and histological examination. Furthermore, ADSCs-conditioned medium (ADSCs-CM) and neutralizing antibody were applied to assess the effects of ADSCs-derived TGF-β1 on restoring bone coupling in vivo. Osteoclast formation and resorption assays were performed to evaluate the effects of ADSCs-derived TGF-β1 on ZA-treated pre-osteoclasts. Cell migration was performed to assess the effects of ADSCs-derived TGF-β1 on patients’ bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). The number of osteoclasts, Runx2-positive bone-lining cells (BLCs) and TGF-β1 expression were decreased in BRONJ and animal model jaw bone samples. These reductions were significantly rescued and necrotic jawbone healing was effectively promoted by local ADSCs administration in BRONJ-like animal models. Mechanistically, ADSCs-CM mainly contributed to promoting bone coupling, while TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody in the conditioned medium inhibited these effects. Besides, osteoclastogenesis and patients’ BMSCs migration were also rescued by ADSCs-derived TGF-β1. Furthermore, bone resorption-released bone matrix TGF-β1, together with ADSCs-derived TGF-β1, synergistically contributed to rescuing BMSCs migration. Collectively, ADSCs promoted bone healing of BRONJ by TGF-β1-activated osteoclastogenesis and BMSCs migration capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Linhai He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Zang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingang An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Wu
- The First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hongsen Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - E Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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22
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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23
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Ueda T, Iwayama T, Tomita K, Matsumoto S, Iwashita M, Bhongsatiern P, Sakashita H, Fujihara C, Takedachi M, Murakami S. Zbp1-positive cells are osteogenic progenitors in periodontal ligament. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7514. [PMID: 33824390 PMCID: PMC8024286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) possesses a stem/progenitor population to maintain the homeostasis of periodontal tissue. However, transcription factors that regulate this population have not yet been identified. Thus, we aimed to identify a molecule related to the osteogenic differentiation of PDL progenitors using a single cell-based strategy in this study. We first devised a new protocol to isolate PDL cells from the surface of adult murine molars and established 35 new single cell-derived clones from the PDL explant. Among these clones, six clones with high (high clones, n = 3) and low (low clones, n = 3) osteogenic potential were selected. Despite a clear difference in the osteogenic potential of these clones, no significant differences in their cell morphology, progenitor cell marker expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, proliferation rate, and differentiation-related gene and protein expression were observed. RNA-seq analysis of these clones revealed that Z-DNA binding protein-1 (Zbp1) was significantly expressed in the high osteogenic clones, indicating that Zbp1 could be a possible marker and regulator of the osteogenic differentiation of PDL progenitor cells. Zbp1-positive cells were distributed sparsely throughout the PDL. In vitro Zbp1 expression in the PDL clones remained at a high level during osteogenic differentiation. The CRISPR/Cas9 mediated Zbp1 knockout in the high clones resulted in a delay in cell differentiation. On the other hand, Zbp1 overexpression in the low clones promoted cell differentiation. These findings suggested that Zbp1 marked the PDL progenitors with high osteogenic potential and promoted their osteogenic differentiation. Clarifying the mechanism of differentiation of PDL cells by Zbp1 and other factors in future studies will facilitate a better understanding of periodontal tissue homeostasis and repair, possibly leading to the development of novel therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugumi Ueda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kiwako Tomita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Matsumoto
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Iwashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Phan Bhongsatiern
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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24
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Baddam P, Kung T, Adesida AB, Graf D. Histological and molecular characterization of the growing nasal septum in mice. J Anat 2021; 238:751-764. [PMID: 33043993 PMCID: PMC7855085 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal septum is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a pacemaker for the development of the midface. The septum is a hyaline cartilage which is surrounded by a perichondrium and epithelium. It remains cartilaginous anteriorly, but posteriorly it undergoes endochondral ossification to form the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. Understanding of hyaline cartilage differentiation stems predominantly from investigations of growth plate cartilage. It is currently unclear if the morphological and molecular properties of the differentiating nasal septum align with what is known from the growth plate. In this study, we describe growth, molecular, and cellular characteristics of the nasal septum with reference to hyaline cartilage differentiation. The nasal septum grows asynchronous across its length with phases of rapid growth interrupted by more stagnant growth. Growth appears to be driven predominantly by acquisition of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Similarly, cellular differentiation is asynchronous, and differentiation observed in the anterior part precedes posterior differentiation. Overall, the nasal septum is structurally and molecularly heterogeneous. Early and extensive chondrocyte hypertrophy but no ossification is observed in the anterior septum. Onset of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation coincided with collagen fiber deposition along the perichondrium. Sox9, Col2, Col10, Mmp13, Sp7, and Runx2 expression was heterogeneous and did not always follow the expected pattern established from chondrocyte differentiation in the growth plate. The presence of hypertrophic chondrocytes expressing bone-related proteins early on in regions where the nasal septum does not ossify displays incongruities with current understanding of hyaline cartilage differentiation. Runx2, Collagen II, Collagen X, and Sp7 commonly used to mark distinct stages of chondrocyte maturation and early bone formation show wider expression than expected and do not align with expected cellular characteristics. Thus, the hyaline cartilage of the nasal septum is quite distinct from growth plate hyaline cartilage, and caution should be taken before assigning cartilage properties to less well-defined cartilage structures using these commonly used markers. Beyond the structural description of the nasal cartilage, this study also provides important information for cartilage tissue engineering when using nasal septal cartilage for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranidhi Baddam
- School of DentistryFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Tiffany Kung
- School of DentistryFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Adetola B. Adesida
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of DentistryFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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25
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Feasibility of Application of the Newly Developed Nano-Biomaterial, β-TCP/PDLLA, in Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery: A Pilot Rat Study. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020303. [PMID: 33503931 PMCID: PMC7912080 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the applicability of the newly developed nano-biocomposite, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/u-HA/poly-d/l-lactide (PDLLA), to bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial area. This novel nano-biocomposite showed several advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity. In addition, its optimal plasticity also allowed its utilization in irregular critical bone defect reconstructive surgery. Here, three different nano-biomaterials, i.e., β-TCP/PDLLA, β-TCP, and PDLLA, were implanted into critical bone defects in the right lateral mandible of 10-week-old Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats as bone graft substitutes. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and immunohistochemical staining for the osteogenesis biomarkers, Runx2, osteocalcin, and the leptin receptor, were performed to investigate and compare bone regeneration between the groups. Although the micro-CT results showed the highest bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) with β-TCP, immunohistochemical analysis indicated better osteogenesis-promoting ability of β-TCP/PDLLA, especially at an early stage of the bone healing process. These results confirmed that the novel nano-biocomposite, β-TCP/PDLLA, which has excellent biocompatibility, bioresorbability and bioactive/osteoconductivity, has the potential to become a next-generation biomaterial for use as a bone graft substitute in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery.
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26
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Bone Regeneration Capacity of Newly Developed Uncalcined/Unsintered Hydroxyapatite and Poly-l-lactide-co-glycolide Sheet in Maxillofacial Surgery: An In Vivo Study. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010022. [PMID: 33374294 PMCID: PMC7824502 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Uncalcined/unsintered hydroxyapatite and poly-l-lactide-co-glycolide (u-HA/PLLA/PGA) is a new bioresorbable nanomaterial with superior characteristics compared with current bioresorbable materials, including appropriate mechanical properties, outstanding bioactive/osteoconductive features, and remarkably shorter resorption time. Nevertheless, the bone regeneration characteristics of this nanomaterial have not been evaluated in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. In this study, we used a rat mandible model to assess the bone regeneration ability of u-HA/PLLA/PGA material, compared with uncalcined/unsintered hydroxyapatite and poly-l-lactide acid (u-HA/PLLA) material, which has demonstrated excellent bone regenerative ability. A 4-mm-diameter defect was created at the mandibular angle area in 28 Sprague Dawley male rats. The rats were divided into three groups: u-HA/PLLA/PGA (u-HA/PLLA/PGA graft + defect), u-HA/PLLA (u-HA/PLLA graft + defect), and sham control (defect alone). At 1, 3, 8, and 16 weeks after surgeries, the rats were sacrificed and assessed by micro-computed tomography, histological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemical analyses. The results confirmed that the accelerated bone bioactive/regenerative osteoconduction of u-HA/PLLA/PGA was comparable with that of u-HA/PLLA in the rat mandible model. Furthermore, this new regenerative nanomaterial was able to more rapidly induce bone formation in the early stage and had great potential for further clinical applications in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery.
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27
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Wang Q, Wang C, Hu W, Hu F, Liu W, Zhang X. Disordered leptin and ghrelin bioactivity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:502. [PMID: 33121521 PMCID: PMC7596938 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents with scoliosis consistently demonstrate lower body weight, lean muscle mass, and bone mineral density than healthy adolescent counterparts. Recent studies have focused on understanding how leptin and ghrelin signaling may play a role in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). In our current study, we aim to evaluate the serum levels of leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and ghrelin in AIS patients through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We conducted our systematic review by searching the keywords in online databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Elsevier, Springer, and Web of Science from the time of database inception to January 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies that measure leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and ghrelin levels in AIS patients. Selection of studies, assessment of study quality, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. Then, data was analyzed to calculate the mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Seven studies concerning leptin/sOB-R and three studies concerning ghrelin were qualified for meta-analysis (one study concerning both leptin and ghrelin). Serum leptin of patients with AIS were significantly lower when compared with healthy controls, with the weighted mean difference (WMD) of − 0.95 (95% CI − 1.43 to − 0.48, p < 0.0001) after reducing the heterogeneity using six studies for meta-analysis, while sOB-R and ghrelin level was significantly higher in AIS group when compared with control group, with the WMD of 2.64 (95% CI 1.60 to 3.67, p < 0.001) and 1.42 (95% CI 0.48 to 2.35, p = 0.003), respectively. Conclusion Our current meta-analysis showed that serum level of leptin in AIS patients was significantly lower when compared with control subjects, while serum sOB-R and ghrelin levels were significantly higher in AIS patients. More clinical studies are still required to further validate the predictive value of leptin or ghrelin for the curve progression for AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fanqi Hu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Weibo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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28
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Sclerostin expression in trabecular bone is downregulated by osteoclasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13751. [PMID: 32792620 PMCID: PMC7426814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissues have trabecular bone with a high bone turnover and cortical bone with a low turnover. The mechanisms by which the turnover rate of these bone tissues is determined remain unclear. Osteocytes secrete sclerostin, a Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonist, and inhibit bone formation. We found that sclerostin expression in cortical bone is more marked than in trabecular bone in Sost reporter mice. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) secreted from osteoclasts reportedly suppressed sclerostin expression and promoted bone formation. Here, we report that osteoclasts downregulate sclerostin expression in trabecular bone and promote bone turnover. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with an anti-RANKL antibody eliminated the number of osteoclasts and LIF-positive cells in trabecular bone. The number of sclerostin-positive cells was increased in trabecular bone, while the number of β-catenin-positive cells and bone formation were decreased in trabecular bone. Besides, Tnfsf11 heterozygous (Rankl+/−) mice exhibited a decreased number of LIF-positive cells and increased number of sclerostin-positive cells in trabecular bone. Rankl+/− mice exhibited a decreased number of β-catenin-positive cells and reduced bone formation in trabecular bone. Furthermore, in cultured osteoclasts, RANKL stimulation increased Lif mRNA expression, suggesting that RANKL signal increased LIF expression. In conclusion, osteoclasts downregulate sclerostin expression and promote trabecular bone turnover.
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29
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Morodomi Y, Kanaji S, Won E, Kawamoto T, Kanaji T. Modified application of Kawamoto's film method for super-resolution imaging of megakaryocytes in undecalcified bone marrow. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:86-91. [PMID: 31989088 PMCID: PMC6971304 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Super-resolution microscopy has enabled high-resolution imaging of the actin cytoskeleton in megakaryocytes and platelets. These technologies have extended our knowledge of thrombopoiesis and platelet spreading using megakaryocytes and platelets cultured in vitro on matrix proteins. However, for better understanding of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production, high-resolution imaging of cells in an in vivo bone marrow microenvironment is required. Development of Kawamoto's film method greatly advanced the techniques of thin cryosectioning of hard tissues such as undecalcified bones. One obstacle that remains is the spherical aberration that occurs due to the difference in the refractive index for the light path, limiting the usage of Kawamoto's film method to lower magnification observation. OBJECTIVES To overcome the weakness of the conventional Kawamoto's film method for higher magnification observation of undecalcified bone marrow. METHODS We have modified the original method with a very simple method: flipping the film at the step of mounting the sections on the glass. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This new method successfully led to the adjustment of the refractive index and enabled super-resolution imaging of megakaryocytes in undecalcified mouse femurs. Our modified method will expand the application of Kawamoto's film method and enable precise analysis of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production in the bone marrow microenvironment under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Morodomi
- Department of Molecular MedicineMERU‐Roon Research Center on Vascular BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Sachiko Kanaji
- Department of Molecular MedicineMERU‐Roon Research Center on Vascular BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Eric Won
- Department of Molecular MedicineMERU‐Roon Research Center on Vascular BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Department of Hematology & OncologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Rady Children’s HospitalSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Tadafumi Kawamoto
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineTsurumi UniversityTsurumi‐kuJapan
| | - Taisuke Kanaji
- Department of Molecular MedicineMERU‐Roon Research Center on Vascular BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
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30
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Advantage of Alveolar Ridge Augmentation with Bioactive/Bioresorbable Screws Made of Composites of Unsintered Hydroxyapatite and Poly-L-lactide. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223681. [PMID: 31717278 PMCID: PMC6887706 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We studied human bone healing characteristics and the histological osteogenic environment by using devices made of a composite of uncalcined and unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA) and poly-L-lactide (PLLA). In eight cases of fixation, we used u-HA/PLLA screws for maxillary alveolar ridge augmentation, for which mandibular cortical bone block was used in preimplantation surgery. Five appropriate samples with screws were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically for runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), transcription factor Sp7 (Osterix), and leptin receptor (LepR). In all cases, histological evaluation revealed that bone components had completely surrounded the u-HA/PLLA screws, and the bone was connected directly to the biomaterial. Inflammatory cells did not invade the space between the bone and the u-HA/PLLA screw. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that many cells were positive for RUNX2 or Osterix, which are markers for osteoblast and osteoprogenitor cells, in the tissues surrounding u-HA/PLLA. In addition, many bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells were notably positive for both LepR and RUNX2. The u-HA/PLLA material showed excellent bioactive osteoconductivity and a highly biocompatibility with bone directly attached. In addition, our findings suggest that many bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and mature osteoblast are present in the osteogenic environment created with u-HA/PLLA screws and that this environment is suitable for osteogenesis.
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31
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Yang M, Arai A, Udagawa N, Zhao L, Nishida D, Murakami K, Hiraga T, Takao-Kawabata R, Matsuo K, Komori T, Kobayashi Y, Takahashi N, Isogai Y, Ishizuya T, Yamaguchi A, Mizoguchi T. Parathyroid Hormone Shifts Cell Fate of a Leptin Receptor-Marked Stromal Population from Adipogenic to Osteoblastic Lineage. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1952-1963. [PMID: 31173642 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) treatment induces bone anabolic effects that result in the recovery of osteoporotic bone loss. Human PTH is usually given to osteoporotic patients because it induces osteoblastogenesis. However, the mechanism by which PTH stimulates the expansion of stromal cell populations and their maturation toward the osteoblastic cell lineage has not be elucidated. Mouse genetic lineage tracing revealed that iPTH treatment induced osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs), which carried the leptin receptor (LepR)-Cre. Although these findings suggested that part of the PTH-induced bone anabolic action is exerted because of osteoblastic commitment of MSPCs, little is known about the in vivo mechanistic details of these processes. Here, we showed that LepR+ MSPCs differentiated into type I collagen (Col1)+ mature osteoblasts in response to iPTH treatment. Along with osteoblastogenesis, the number of Col1+ mature osteoblasts increased around the bone surface, although most of them were characterized as quiescent cells. However, the number of LepR-Cre-marked lineage cells in a proliferative state also increased in the vicinity of bone tissue after iPTH treatment. The expression levels of SP7/osterix (Osx) and Col1, which are markers for osteoblasts, were also increased in the LepR+ MSPCs population in response to iPTH treatment. In contrast, the expression levels of Cebpb, Pparg, and Zfp467, which are adipocyte markers, decreased in this population. Consistent with these results, iPTH treatment inhibited 5-fluorouracil- or ovariectomy (OVX)-induced LepR+ MSPC-derived adipogenesis in BM and increased LepR+ MSPC-derived osteoblasts, even under the adipocyte-induced conditions. Treatment of OVX rats with iPTH significantly affected the osteoporotic bone tissue and expansion of the BM adipose tissue. These results indicated that iPTH treatment induced transient proliferation of the LepR+ MSPCs and skewed their lineage differentiation from adipocytes toward osteoblasts, resulting in an expanded, quiescent, and mature osteoblast population. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yang
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arai
- Department of Orthodontics, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishida
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kohei Murakami
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Toru Hiraga
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takao-Kawabata
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Takahashi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Isogai
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Ishizuya
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Caire R, Roche B, Picot T, Aanei CM, He Z, Campos L, Thomas M, Malaval L, Vico L, Lafage-Proust MH. Parathyroid Hormone Remodels Bone Transitional Vessels and the Leptin Receptor-Positive Pericyte Network in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1487-1501. [PMID: 30920026 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) is anti-osteoporotic and affects bone vessels. Transitional capillaries close to the bone surface, which express both endomucin (Edm) and CD31, bear leptin receptor-expressing (LepR) perivascular cells that may differentiate into osteoblasts. Increased numbers of type H endothelial cells (THEC; ie, Edmhi /CD31hi cells assessed by flow cytometry, FACS) are associated with higher bone formation in young mice. We hypothesized that iPTH administration impacts transitional vessels by expanding THECs. Four-month-old C57/Bl6J female mice were injected with PTH 1-84 (100 μg/kg/d) or saline (CT) for 7 or 14 days. We quantified LepR+ , CD31+ , Edm+ cells and THECs by FACS in hindlimb bone marrow, and Edm/LepR double immunolabelings on tibia cryosections. Additionally, we analyzed bone mRNA expression of 87 angiogenesis-related genes in mice treated with either intermittent or continuous PTH (iPTH/cPTH) or saline (CT) for 7, 14, and 28 days. iPTH dramatically decreased the percentage of THECs by 78% and 90% at days 7 and 14, respectively, and of LepR+ cells at day 14 (-46%) versus CT. Immunolabeling quantification showed that the intracortical Edm+ -vessel density increased at day 14 under iPTH. In the bone marrow, perivascular LepR+ cells, connected to each other via a dendrite network, were sparser under iPTH at day 14 (-58%) versus CT. iPTH decreased LepR+ cell coverage of transitional vessels only (-51%), whereas the number of LepR+ cells not attached to vessels increased in the endocortical area only (+ 49%). Transcriptomic analyses showed that iPTH consistently upregulated PEDF, Collagen-18α1, and TIMP-1 mRNA expression compared with CT and cPTH. Finally, iPTH increased immunolabeling of endostatin, a Collagen-18 domain that can be cleaved and become antiangiogenic, in both endocortical (79%) and peritrabecular transitional microvessels at day 14. Our results show that iPTH specifically remodels transitional vessels and suggest that it promotes LepR+ cell mobilization from these vessels close to the bone surface. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Caire
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bernard Roche
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | - Zhiguo He
- BiiGC, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lydia Campos
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mireille Thomas
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Luc Malaval
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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Wein MN, Kronenberg HM. Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Parathyroid Hormone. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031237. [PMID: 29358318 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net loss of bone mass, despite accelerating bone formation by osteoblasts. Intermittent treatment with PTH analogs represents the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved bone anabolic osteoporosis treatment strategy. Functional PTH receptors are present on cells of the osteoblast lineage, ranging from early skeletal stem cells to matrix-embedded osteocytes. In addition, bone remodeling by osteoclasts liberates latent growth factors present within bone matrix. Here, we will provide an overview of the multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms through which PTH influences bone homeostasis. Notably, net skeletal effects of continuous versus intermittent can differ significantly. Where possible, we will highlight mechanisms through which continuous hyperparathyroidism leads to bone loss, and through which intermittent hyperparathyroidism boosts bone mass. Given the therapeutic usage of intermittent PTH (iPTH) treatment for osteoporosis, particular attention will be paid toward mechanisms underlying the bone anabolic effects of once daily PTH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Khajuria DK, Kumar VB, Gigi D, Gedanken A, Karasik D. Accelerated Bone Regeneration by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Functionalized with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19373-19385. [PMID: 29782148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the osteogenic potential of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) conjugated with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles on the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell functions and in a zebrafish (ZF) jawbone regeneration (JBR) model. The NCDs-HA nanoparticles were fabricated by a hydrothermal cum co-precipitation technique. The surface structures of NCDs-HA nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-vis, and laser fluorescence spectroscopies; and scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and NMR analyses. The TEM data confirmed that the NCDs are well conjugated on the HA nanoparticle surfaces. The fluorescent spectroscopy results indicated that the NCDs-HA exhibited promising luminescent emission in vitro. Finally, we validated the chemical structure of NCDs-HA nanoparticles on the basis of FTIR, EDS, and 31P NMR analysis and observed that NCDs are bound with HA by electrostatic interaction and H-bonding. Cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase, and Alizarin red staining were used to confirm the effect of NCDs-HA nanoparticles on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, respectively. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of the osteogenic genes like runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. ZF-JBR model was used to confirm the effect of NCDs-HA nanoparticles on bone regeneration. NCDs-HA nanoparticles demonstrated cell imaging ability, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and expression of the osteogenic genes in osteoblast cells, indicating possible theranostic function. Further, NCDs-HA nanoparticles significantly enhanced ZF bone regeneration and mineral density compared to HA nanoparticles, indicating a therapeutic potential of NCDs-HA nanoparticles in bone regeneration and fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Khajuria
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine , Bar-Ilan University , Safed 1311502 , Israel
| | - Vijay Bhooshan Kumar
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Dana Gigi
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine , Bar-Ilan University , Safed 1311502 , Israel
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - David Karasik
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine , Bar-Ilan University , Safed 1311502 , Israel
- Hebrew Senior Life, and Harvard Medical School , Institute for Aging Research , Boston , Massachusetts 02131 , United States
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