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Yagyu M, Yoshimoto K. New insights into plant autophagy: molecular mechanisms and roles in development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1234-1251. [PMID: 37978884 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic intracellular degradation process. Although the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy share similarities with those in yeast and mammals, certain unique mechanisms have been identified. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy during vegetative growth stages as well as in plant-specific developmental processes, such as seed development, germination, flowering, and somatic reprogramming. Autophagy enables plants to adapt to and manage severe environmental conditions, such as nutrient starvation, high-intensity light stress, and heat stress, leading to intracellular remodeling and physiological changes in response to stress. In the past, plant autophagy research lagged behind similar studies in yeast and mammals; however, recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of plant-specific autophagy mechanisms and functions. This review summarizes current knowledge and latest research findings on the mechanisms and roles of plant autophagy with the objective of improving our understanding of this vital process in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Yagyu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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2
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Jovanović I, Frantová N, Zouhar J. A sword or a buffet: plant endomembrane system in viral infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226498. [PMID: 37636115 PMCID: PMC10453817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an elaborate collection of membrane-bound compartments that perform distinct tasks in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Most plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that remodel the host endomembrane system to establish intricate replication compartments. Their fundamental role is to create optimal conditions for viral replication, and to protect replication complexes and the cell-to-cell movement machinery from host defenses. In addition to the intracellular antiviral defense, represented mainly by RNA interference and effector-triggered immunity, recent findings indicate that plant antiviral immunity also includes membrane-localized receptor-like kinases that detect viral molecular patterns and trigger immune responses, which are similar to those observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Another recently identified part of plant antiviral defenses is executed by selective autophagy that mediates a specific degradation of viral proteins, resulting in an infection arrest. In a perpetual tug-of-war, certain host autophagy components may be exploited by viral proteins to support or protect an effective viral replication. In this review, we present recent advances in the understanding of the molecular interplay between viral components and plant endomembrane-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovanović
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nicole Frantová
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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3
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Kim JH, Jung H, Song K, Lee HN, Chung T. The phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector FYVE3 regulates FYVE2-dependent autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1160162. [PMID: 37008475 PMCID: PMC10050702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1160162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) is a signaling phospholipid that play a key role in endomembrane trafficking, specifically autophagy and endosomal trafficking. However, the mechanisms underlying the contribution of PI3P downstream effectors to plant autophagy remain unknown. Known PI3P effectors for autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana include ATG18A (Autophagy-related 18A) and FYVE2 (Fab1p, YOTB, Vac1p, and EEA1 2), which are implicated in autophagosome biogenesis. Here, we report that FYVE3, a paralog of plant-specific FYVE2, plays a role in FYVE2-dependent autophagy. Using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we determined that the FYVE3 protein was associated with autophagic machinery containing ATG18A and FYVE2, by interacting with ATG8 isoforms. The FYVE3 protein was transported to the vacuole, and the vacuolar delivery of FYVE3 relies on PI3P biosynthesis and the canonical autophagic machinery. Whereas the fyve3 mutation alone barely affects autophagic flux, it suppresses defective autophagy in fyve2 mutants. Based on the molecular genetics and cell biological data, we propose that FYVE3 specifically regulates FYVE2-dependent autophagy.
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4
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Koestel J, Batoko H. A plant-specific bridging adaptor for amphisome biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202210011. [PMID: 36367702 PMCID: PMC9663972 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of autophagosomes with endocytic compartments to form amphisomes has only been described in metazoans. In this issue, Zhao et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202203139) demonstrate the existence of amphisomes in the plant cell and identify a plant-specific adaptor protein, CFS1, that mediates their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Koestel
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Henri Batoko
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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5
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Hill JH, Massaquoi MS, Sweeney EG, Wall ES, Jahl P, Bell R, Kallio K, Derrick D, Murtaugh LC, Parthasarathy R, Remington SJ, Round JL, Guillemin K. BefA, a microbiota-secreted membrane disrupter, disseminates to the pancreas and increases β cell mass. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1779-1791.e9. [PMID: 36240759 PMCID: PMC9633563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome dysbiosis is a feature of diabetes, but how microbial products influence insulin production is poorly understood. We report the mechanism of BefA, a microbiome-derived protein that increases proliferation of insulin-producing β cells during development in gnotobiotic zebrafish and mice. BefA disseminates systemically by multiple anatomic routes to act directly on pancreatic islets. We detail BefA's atomic structure, containing a lipid-binding SYLF domain, and demonstrate that it permeabilizes synthetic liposomes and bacterial membranes. A BefA mutant impaired in membrane disruption fails to expand β cells, whereas the pore-forming host defense protein, Reg3, stimulates β cell proliferation. Our work demonstrates that membrane permeabilization by microbiome-derived and host defense proteins is necessary and sufficient for β cell expansion during pancreas development, potentially connecting microbiome composition with diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hampton Hill
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | - Elena S Wall
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Philip Jahl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Physics and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Rickesha Bell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen Kallio
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Daniel Derrick
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - L Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Raghuveer Parthasarathy
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Physics and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - S James Remington
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada.
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6
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Zhao J, Bui MT, Ma J, Künzl F, Picchianti L, De La Concepcion JC, Chen Y, Petsangouraki S, Mohseni A, García-Leon M, Gomez MS, Giannini C, Gwennogan D, Kobylinska R, Clavel M, Schellmann S, Jaillais Y, Friml J, Kang BH, Dagdas Y. Plant autophagosomes mature into amphisomes prior to their delivery to the central vacuole. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213556. [PMID: 36260289 PMCID: PMC9584626 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membraned vesicles that traffic harmful or unwanted cellular macromolecules to the vacuole for recycling. Although autophagosome biogenesis has been extensively studied, autophagosome maturation, i.e., delivery and fusion with the vacuole, remains largely unknown in plants. Here, we have identified an autophagy adaptor, CFS1, that directly interacts with the autophagosome marker ATG8 and localizes on both membranes of the autophagosome. Autophagosomes form normally in Arabidopsis thaliana cfs1 mutants, but their delivery to the vacuole is disrupted. CFS1's function is evolutionarily conserved in plants, as it also localizes to the autophagosomes and plays a role in autophagic flux in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. CFS1 regulates autophagic flux by bridging autophagosomes with the multivesicular body-localized ESCRT-I component VPS23A, leading to the formation of amphisomes. Similar to CFS1-ATG8 interaction, disrupting the CFS1-VPS23A interaction blocks autophagic flux and renders plants sensitive to nitrogen starvation. Altogether, our results reveal a conserved vacuolar sorting hub that regulates autophagic flux in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Zhao
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mai Thu Bui
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juncai Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabian Künzl
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Picchianti
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yixuan Chen
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia Petsangouraki
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Azadeh Mohseni
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta García-Leon
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Salas Gomez
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dubois Gwennogan
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Lyon, France
| | - Roksolana Kobylinska
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Clavel
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanik III, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China,Correspondence to Byung-Ho Kang:
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria,Yasin Dagdas:
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The PH Domain and C-Terminal polyD Motif of Phafin2 Exhibit a Unique Concurrence in Animals. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070696. [PMID: 35877899 PMCID: PMC9324892 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phafin2, a member of the Phafin family of proteins, contributes to a plethora of cellular activities including autophagy, endosomal cargo transportation, and macropinocytosis. The PH and FYVE domains of Phafin2 play key roles in membrane binding, whereas the C-terminal poly aspartic acid (polyD) motif specifically autoinhibits the PH domain binding to the membrane phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). Since the Phafin2 FYVE domain also binds PtdIns3P, the role of the polyD motif remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics tools and resources were employed to determine the concurrence of the PH-FYVE module with the polyD motif among Phafin2 and PH-, FYVE-, or polyD-containing proteins from bacteria to humans. FYVE was found to be an ancient domain of Phafin2 and is related to proteins that are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Interestingly, the polyD motif only evolved in Phafin2 and PH- or both PH-FYVE-containing proteins in animals. PolyD motifs are absent in PH domain-free FYVE-containing proteins, which usually display cellular trafficking or autophagic functions. Moreover, the prediction of the Phafin2-interacting network indicates that Phafin2 primarily cross-talks with proteins involved in autophagy, protein trafficking, and neuronal function. Taken together, the concurrence of the polyD motif with the PH domain may be associated with complex cellular functions that evolved specifically in animals.
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8
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Gouguet P, Üstün S. Crossing paths: Recent insights in the interplay between autophagy and intracellular trafficking in plants. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2305-2313. [PMID: 35593306 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy fulfils a crucial role in plant cellular homeostasis by recycling diverse cellular components ranging from protein complexes to whole organelles. Autophagy cargos are shuttled to the vacuole for degradation, thereby completing the recycling process. Canonical autophagy requires the lipidation and insertion of ATG8 proteins into double-membrane structures, termed autophagosomes, which engulf the cargo to be degraded. As such, the autophagy pathway actively contributes to intracellular membrane trafficking. Yet, the autophagic process is not fully considered a bona fide component of the canonical membrane trafficking pathway. However, recent findings have started to pinpoint the interconnection between classical membrane trafficking pathways and autophagy. This review details the latest advances in our comprehension of the interplay between these two pathways. Understanding the overlap between autophagy and canonical membrane trafficking pathways is important to illuminate the inner workings of both pathways in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gouguet
- Eberhard Karls Universität, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suayb Üstün
- Eberhard Karls Universität, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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9
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Quilici G, Berardi A, Fabris C, Ghitti M, Punta M, Gourlay LJ, Bolognesi M, Musco G. Solution Structure of the BPSL1445 Protein of Burkholderia pseudomallei Reveals the SYLF Domain Three-Dimensional Fold. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:230-239. [PMID: 34968022 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The SYLF domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain with phosphatidylinositol binding ability, whose three-dimensional structure is unknown. Here, we present the solution structure and the dynamics characterization of the SYLF domain of the bacterial BPSL1445 protein. BPSL1445 is a seroreactive antigen and a diagnostic marker of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease in the tropics. The BPSL1445 SYLF domain (BPSL1445-SYLF) consists of a β-barrel core, with two flexible loops protruding out of the barrel and three helices packing on its surface. Our structure allows for a more precise definition of the boundaries of the SYLF domain compared to the previously reported one and suggests common ancestry with bacterial EipA domains. We also demonstrate by phosphatidyl-inositol phosphate arrays and nuclear magnetic resonance titrations that BPSL1445-SYLF weakly interacts with phosphoinositides, thus supporting lipid binding abilities of this domain also in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Quilici
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Berardi
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Chantal Fabris
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Punta
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology and Center for Omics Sciences, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Louise J. Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Kim JH, Lee HN, Huang X, Jung H, Otegui MS, Li F, Chung T. FYVE2, a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector, interacts with the COPII machinery to control autophagosome formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:351-373. [PMID: 34718777 PMCID: PMC8846182 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular trafficking mechanism by which cytosolic macromolecules and organelles are sequestered into autophagosomes for degradation inside the vacuole. In various eukaryotes including yeast, metazoans, and plants, the precursor of the autophagosome, termed the phagophore, nucleates in the vicinity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the participation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and the coat protein complex II (COPII). Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana FYVE2, a plant-specific PI3P-binding protein, provides a functional link between the COPII machinery and autophagy. FYVE2 interacts with the small GTPase Secretion-associated Ras-related GTPase 1 (SAR1), which is essential for the budding of COPII vesicles. FYVE2 also interacts with ATG18A, another PI3P effector on the phagophore membrane. Fluorescently tagged FYVE2 localized to autophagic membranes near the ER and was delivered to vacuoles. SAR1 fusion proteins were also targeted to the vacuole via FYVE2-dependent autophagy. Either mutations in FYVE2 or the expression of dominant-negative mutant SAR1B proteins resulted in reduced autophagic flux and the accumulation of autophagic organelles. We propose that FYVE2 regulates autophagosome biogenesis through its interaction with ATG18A and the COPII machinery, acting downstream of ATG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Nim Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Hyera Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Faqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Taijoon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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11
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Aniento F, Sánchez de Medina Hernández V, Dagdas Y, Rojas-Pierce M, Russinova E. Molecular mechanisms of endomembrane trafficking in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:146-173. [PMID: 34550393 PMCID: PMC8773984 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane trafficking is essential for all eukaryotic cells. The best-characterized membrane trafficking organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, early and recycling endosomes, multivesicular body, or late endosome, lysosome/vacuole, and plasma membrane. Although historically plants have given rise to cell biology, our understanding of membrane trafficking has mainly been shaped by the much more studied mammalian and yeast models. Whereas organelles and major protein families that regulate endomembrane trafficking are largely conserved across all eukaryotes, exciting variations are emerging from advances in plant cell biology research. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on plant endomembrane trafficking, with a focus on four distinct trafficking pathways: ER-to-Golgi transport, endocytosis, trans-Golgi network-to-vacuole transport, and autophagy. We acknowledge the conservation and commonalities in the trafficking machinery across species, with emphasis on diversity and plant-specific features. Understanding the function of organelles and the trafficking machinery currently nonexistent in well-known model organisms will provide great opportunities to acquire new insights into the fundamental cellular process of membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Sánchez de Medina Hernández
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Yang Y, Xiang Y, Niu Y. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of Autophagic Pathways in Plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1977527. [PMID: 34617497 PMCID: PMC9208794 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1977527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for the degradation of damaged or toxic components. Under normal conditions, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis. It can be triggered by senescence and various stresses. In the process of autophagy, autophagy-related (ATG) proteins not only function as central signal regulators but also participate in the development of complex survival mechanisms when plants suffer from adverse environments. Therefore, ATGs play significant roles in metabolism, development and stress tolerance. In the past decade, both the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and a large number of components involved in the assembly of autophagic vesicles have been identified. In recent studies, an increasing number of components, mechanisms, and receptors have appeared in the autophagy pathway. In this paper, we mainly review the recent progress of research on the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy, as well as its function under biotic stress and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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de Jong F, Munnik T. Attracted to membranes: lipid-binding domains in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:707-723. [PMID: 33793907 PMCID: PMC8133573 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are essential for cells and organelles to function. As membranes are impermeable to most polar and charged molecules, they provide electrochemical energy to transport molecules across and create compartmentalized microenvironments for specific enzymatic and cellular processes. Membranes are also responsible for guided transport of cargoes between organelles and during endo- and exocytosis. In addition, membranes play key roles in cell signaling by hosting receptors and signal transducers and as substrates and products of lipid second messengers. Anionic lipids and their specific interaction with target proteins play an essential role in these processes, which are facilitated by specific lipid-binding domains. Protein crystallography, lipid-binding studies, subcellular localization analyses, and computer modeling have greatly advanced our knowledge over the years of how these domains achieve precision binding and what their function is in signaling and membrane trafficking, as well as in plant development and stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Jong
- Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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14
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Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy in Plants. Trends Genet 2020; 36:676-688. [PMID: 32674948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved quality control mechanism, is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and healthy growth of plants. Compared with extensive research in the cytoplasmic control of autophagy, studies regarding the nuclear events involved in the regulation of plant autophagy are just beginning to emerge. Accumulating evidence reveals a coordinated expression of plant autophagy genes in response to diverse developmental states and growth conditions. Here, we summarize recent progress in the identification of tightly controlled transcription factors and histone marks associated with the autophagic process in plants, and propose several modules, consisting of transcription regulators and epigenetic modifiers, as important nuclear players that could contribute to both short-term and long-term controls of plant autophagy at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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15
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Shen W, Wei J, Gao C. Functional Analysis of Plant FYVE Domain Proteins in Endosomal Trafficking. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2177:83-94. [PMID: 32632807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0767-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The FYVE domain is a double zinc finger-like domain that predominantly binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. The FYVE domain is usually found in proteins primarily involved in regulating various aspects of endomembrane homeostasis, including endosome tethering, endocytic recycling, membrane protein sorting, and autophagosome maturation. Whereas FYVE domain proteins have been extensively studied in mammals and yeast, only a few FYVE domain proteins have been identified and characterized in plants. Here, by using as an example FREE1 (FYVE DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENDOSOMAL SORTING 1), a protein previously identified by us as a critical factor for endosomal trafficking, we describe methods to determine its lipid binding properties and endosomal localization. In addition, we also demonstrate a method to quickly test whether an FYVE domain protein is involved in endosomal sorting in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Agudelo-Romero P, Fortes AM, Suárez T, Lascano HR, Saavedra L. Evolutionary insights into FYVE and PHOX effector proteins from the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANTA 2020; 251:62. [PMID: 32040768 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide identification, together with gene expression patterns and promoter region analysis of FYVE and PHOX proteins in Physcomitrella patens, emphasized their importance in regulating mainly developmental processes in P. patens. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) is a signaling phospholipid, which regulates several aspects of plant growth and development, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The mechanistic insights underlying PtdIns3P mode of action, specifically through effector proteins have been partially explored in plants, with main focus on Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we searched for genes coding for PtdIns3P-binding proteins such as FYVE and PHOX domain-containing sequences from different photosynthetic organisms to gather evolutionary insights on these phosphoinositide binding domains, followed by an in silico characterization of the FYVE and PHOX gene families in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PpFYVE proteins can be grouped in 7 subclasses, with an additional subclass whose FYVE domain was lost during evolution to higher plants. On the other hand, PpPHOX proteins are classified into 5 subclasses. Expression analyses based on RNAseq data together with the analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements and transcription factor (TF) binding sites in promoter regions suggest the importance of these proteins in regulating stress responses but mainly developmental processes in P. patens. The results provide valuable information and robust candidate genes for future functional analysis aiming to further explore the role of this signaling pathway mainly during growth and development of tip growing cells and during the transition from 2 to 3D growth. These studies would identify ancestral regulatory players undertaken during plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, M082, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, M316 Perth, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Trinidad Suárez
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán Ramiro Lascano
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET-Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Saavedra
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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17
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Su T, Li X, Yang M, Shao Q, Zhao Y, Ma C, Wang P. Autophagy: An Intracellular Degradation Pathway Regulating Plant Survival and Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:164. [PMID: 32184795 PMCID: PMC7058704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that facilitates the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic materials by the vacuole or lysosome in eukaryotes. This conserved process is achieved through the coordination of different autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Autophagy is essential for recycling cytoplasmic material and eliminating damaged or dysfunctional cell constituents, such as proteins, aggregates or even entire organelles. Plant autophagy is necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis under normal conditions and is upregulated during abiotic and biotic stress to prolong cell life. In this review, we present recent advances on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in plants and how autophagy contributes to plant development and plants' adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Changle Ma
- *Correspondence: Changle Ma, ; Pingping Wang,
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18
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Schultz-Larsen T, Lenk A, Kalinowska K, Vestergaard LK, Pedersen C, Isono E, Thordal-Christensen H. The AMSH3 ESCRT-III-Associated Deubiquitinase Is Essential for Plant Immunity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2329-2338.e5. [PMID: 30485803 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant "nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat" receptor proteins (NLRs) detect alterations in host targets of pathogen effectors and trigger immune responses. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant pen1 syp122 displays autoimmunity, and a mutant screen identified the deubiquitinase "associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM3" (AMSH3) to be required for this phenotype. AMSH3 has previously been implicated in ESCRT-mediated vacuolar targeting. Pathology experiments show that AMSH3 activity is required for immunity mediated by the CC-NLRs, RPS2 and RPM1. Co-expressing the autoactive RPM1D505V and the catalytically inactive ESCRT-III protein SKD1E232Q in Nicotiana benthamiana supports the requirement of ESCRT-associated functions for this CC-NLR-activated immunity. Meanwhile, loss of ESCRT function in A. thaliana is lethal, and we find that AMSH3 knockout-triggered seedling lethality is "enhanced disease susceptibility 1" (EDS1) dependent. Future studies may reveal whether AMSH3 is monitored by a TIR-NLR immunity receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schultz-Larsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andrea Lenk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kamila Kalinowska
- Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85456 Freising, Germany
| | - Lau Kræsing Vestergaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85456 Freising, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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19
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Chung T. How phosphoinositides shape autophagy in plant cells. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:146-158. [PMID: 30824047 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells use autophagy to degrade their own cytoplasm in vacuoles, thereby not only recycling their breakdown products, but also ensuring the homeostasis of essential cytoplasmic constituents and organelles. Plants and other eukaryotes have a conserved set of core Autophagy-related (ATG) genes involved in the biogenesis of the autophagosome, the main autophagic compartment destined for the lytic vacuole. In the past decade, the core ATG genes were isolated from several plant species. The core ATG proteins include the components of the VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING 34 (VPS34) complex that is responsible for the local production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) at the site of autophagosome formation. Dissecting the roles of PI3P and its effectors in autophagy is challenging, because of the multi-faceted links between autophagosomal and endosomal systems. This review highlights recent studies on putative plant PI3P effectors involved in autophagosome dynamics. Molecular mechanisms underlying the requirement of PI3P for autophagosome biogenesis and trafficking are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijoon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Ding X, Zhang X, Otegui MS. Plant autophagy: new flavors on the menu. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:113-121. [PMID: 30267997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy mediates the delivery of cytoplasmic content to vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation or storage. The best characterized autophagy route called macroautophagy involves the sequestration of cargo in double-membrane autophagosomes and is conserved in eukaryotes, including plants. Recently, several new receptors, some of them plant-specific, that select cargo for macroautophagy have been identified. Some of these receptors appear to participate in regulation of competing catabolic pathways, for example proteasome-mediated versus autophagic degradation under specific stress conditions. Vacuolar microautophagy, a process by which the vacuole directly engulf cytoplasmic material, also occurs in plants but its underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ding
- Department of Botany, 430 Lincoln Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, United States; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 1525 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Botany, 430 Lincoln Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, United States; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 1525 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, 430 Lincoln Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, United States; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 1525 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Genetics, 405 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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21
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Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to recycle intracellular constituents, which are essential for developmental and metabolic transitions; for efficient nutrient reuse; and for the proper disposal of proteins, protein complexes, and even entire organelles that become obsolete or dysfunctional. One major route is autophagy, which employs specialized vesicles to encapsulate and deliver cytoplasmic material to the vacuole for breakdown. In the past decade, the mechanics of autophagy and the scores of components involved in autophagic vesicle assembly have been documented. Now emerging is the importance of dedicated receptors that help recruit appropriate cargo, which in many cases exploit ubiquitylation as a signal. Although operating at a low constitutive level in all plant cells, autophagy is upregulated during senescence and various environmental challenges and is essential for proper nutrient allocation. Its importance to plant metabolism and energy balance in particular places autophagy at the nexus of robust crop performance, especially under suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA;
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22
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Batoko H, Dagdas Y, Baluska F, Sirko A. Understanding and exploiting autophagy signaling in plants. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:675-685. [PMID: 29233877 PMCID: PMC5869243 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential catabolic pathway and is activated by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli. In particular, autophagy is required to allow sessile organisms such as plants to cope with biotic or abiotic stress conditions. It is thought that these various environmental signaling pathways are somehow integrated with autophagy signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy signaling are not well understood, leaving a big gap of knowledge as a barrier to being able to manipulate this important pathway to improve plant growth and development. In this review, we discuss possible regulatory mechanisms at the core of plant autophagy signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Batoko
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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