1
|
Rahimnejad M, Makkar H, Dal-Fabbro R, Malda J, Sriram G, Bottino MC. Biofabrication Strategies for Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304537. [PMID: 38529835 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Gingival recession, a prevalent condition affecting the gum tissues, is characterized by the exposure of tooth root surfaces due to the displacement of the gingival margin. This review explores conventional treatments, highlighting their limitations and the quest for innovative alternatives. Importantly, it emphasizes the critical considerations in gingival tissue engineering leveraging on cells, biomaterials, and signaling factors. Successful tissue-engineered gingival constructs hinge on strategic choices such as cell sources, scaffold design, mechanical properties, and growth factor delivery. Unveiling advancements in recent biofabrication technologies like 3D bioprinting, electrospinning, and microfluidic organ-on-chip systems, this review elucidates their precise control over cell arrangement, biomaterials, and signaling cues. These technologies empower the recapitulation of microphysiological features, enabling the development of gingival constructs that closely emulate the anatomical, physiological, and functional characteristics of native gingival tissues. The review explores diverse engineering strategies aiming at the biofabrication of realistic tissue-engineered gingival grafts. Further, the parallels between the skin and gingival tissues are highlighted, exploring the potential transfer of biofabrication approaches from skin tissue regeneration to gingival tissue engineering. To conclude, the exploration of innovative biofabrication technologies for gingival tissues and inspiration drawn from skin tissue engineering look forward to a transformative era in regenerative dentistry with improved clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hardik Makkar
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119085, Singapore
| | - Renan Dal-Fabbro
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jos Malda
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119085, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Additive Manufacturing (AM.NUS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Marco C Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Helmbrecht H, Lin TJ, Janakiraman S, Decker K, Nance E. Prevalence and practices of immunofluorescent cell image processing: a systematic review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1188858. [PMID: 37545881 PMCID: PMC10400723 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1188858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We performed a systematic review that identified at least 9,000 scientific papers on PubMed that include immunofluorescent images of cells from the central nervous system (CNS). These CNS papers contain tens of thousands of immunofluorescent neural images supporting the findings of over 50,000 associated researchers. While many existing reviews discuss different aspects of immunofluorescent microscopy, such as image acquisition and staining protocols, few papers discuss immunofluorescent imaging from an image-processing perspective. We analyzed the literature to determine the image processing methods that were commonly published alongside the associated CNS cell, microscopy technique, and animal model, and highlight gaps in image processing documentation and reporting in the CNS research field. Methods We completed a comprehensive search of PubMed publications using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and other general search terms for CNS cells and common fluorescent microscopy techniques. Publications were found on PubMed using a combination of column description terms and row description terms. We manually tagged the comma-separated values file (CSV) metadata of each publication with the following categories: animal or cell model, quantified features, threshold techniques, segmentation techniques, and image processing software. Results Of the almost 9,000 immunofluorescent imaging papers identified in our search, only 856 explicitly include image processing information. Moreover, hundreds of the 856 papers are missing thresholding, segmentation, and morphological feature details necessary for explainable, unbiased, and reproducible results. In our assessment of the literature, we visualized current image processing practices, compiled the image processing options from the top twelve software programs, and designed a road map to enhance image processing. We determined that thresholding and segmentation methods were often left out of publications and underreported or underutilized for quantifying CNS cell research. Discussion Less than 10% of papers with immunofluorescent images include image processing in their methods. A few authors are implementing advanced methods in image analysis to quantify over 40 different CNS cell features, which can provide quantitative insights in CNS cell features that will advance CNS research. However, our review puts forward that image analysis methods will remain limited in rigor and reproducibility without more rigorous and detailed reporting of image processing methods. Conclusion Image processing is a critical part of CNS research that must be improved to increase scientific insight, explainability, reproducibility, and rigor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hawley Helmbrecht
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Teng-Jui Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sanjana Janakiraman
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kaleb Decker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi J, Hu Y, Shao G, Zhu Y, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Wu H. Quantifying Podocyte Number in a Small Sample Size of Glomeruli with CUBIC to Evaluate Podocyte Depletion of db/db Mice. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:1901105. [PMID: 36776229 PMCID: PMC9908347 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1901105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of podocyte is crucial for diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic kidney disease, whereas commonly two-dimensional methods for quantifying podocyte number existed with issues of low fidelity and accuracy. In this study, clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis (CUBIC), one of three-dimensional optical clearing approaches, was used which combines tissue clearing, immunolabeling, and a light-sheet microscope to image and evaluate podocytes in C57BL/6 (C57) and db/db mice. We discovered that 77 podocytes per glomerulus were in C57 mice. On the subject of db/db mice, there were 74 podocytes by the age of 8 w, 72 podocytes by the age of 12 w, and 66 podocytes by the age of 16 w, compared with 76 podocytes in the control group, suggesting that there was a significant decrease in podocyte number in db/db mice with the age of 16 w, showing a trend which positively correlated to the deterioration of kidney function. Sample size estimation using the PASS software revealed that taking 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of the mean podocyte number per glomerulus as the statistical allowable error and 95% as total confidence interval, 33, 15, and 9 glomeruli were independently needed to be sampled in C57 mice to represent the overall glomeruli to calculate podocyte number. Furthermore, in the control group of db/db mice, 36, 18, and 11 glomeruli were needed, compared with 46, 24, and 14 glomeruli in db/db mice by the age of 8 w, 43, 21, and 12 glomeruli by the age of 12 w, and 52, 27, and 16 by the age of 16 w. These findings indicated that precise quantification of podocyte number could judge the progression of diabetic kidney disease. In addition, a small number of glomeruli could be actually representative of the whole sample size, which indicated apparent practicability of CUBIC for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guangze Shao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yixiang Zhu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Frontier Innovation Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dave JR, Chandekar SS, Behera S, Desai KU, Salve PM, Sapkal NB, Mhaske ST, Dewle AM, Pokare PS, Page M, Jog A, Chivte PA, Srivastava RK, Tomar GB. Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells retain their growth and immunomodulatory characteristics independent of donor age. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6504. [PMID: 35749495 PMCID: PMC9232118 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aging has been reported to deteriorate the quantity and quality of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which affect their therapeutic use in regenerative medicine. A dearth of age-related stem cell research further restricts their clinical applications. The present study explores the possibility of using MSCs derived from human gingival tissues (GMSCs) for studying their ex vivo growth characteristics and differentiation potential with respect to donor age. GMSCs displayed decreased in vitro adipogenesis and in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis with age, but in vitro neurogenesis remained unaffected. An increased expression of p53 and SIRT1 with donor age was correlated to their ability of eliminating tumorigenic events through apoptosis or autophagy, respectively. Irrespective of donor age, GMSCs displayed effective immunoregulation and regenerative potential in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury. Thus, we suggest the potential of GMSCs for designing cell-based immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches and their further extrapolation for acute inflammatory conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Dave
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayali S. Chandekar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubhanath Behera
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Kaushik U. Desai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradnya M. Salve
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha B. Sapkal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Suhas T. Mhaske
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankush M. Dewle
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Parag S. Pokare
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| | - Megha Page
- Department of Dentistry, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, 411004 Maharashtra, India
| | - Ajay Jog
- Department of Dentistry, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, 411004 Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj A. Chivte
- Saraswati Danwantri Dental College and Hospital, Parbhani, 431401 Maharashtra, India
| | - Rupesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Geetanjali B. Tomar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Townsend D. Identification of venular capillary remodelling: a possible link to the development of periodontitis? J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:65-76. [PMID: 35187874 PMCID: PMC8860762 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2101160058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Townsend
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, UCL, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu J, Liu X, Deng Y, Li D, Yu T, Zhu D. Tissue optical clearing for 3D visualization of vascular networks: A review. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 141:106905. [PMID: 34506969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of the vasculature of intact tissues/organs down to the capillary level is essential for understanding the development and remodeling of vascular networks under physiological and pathological conditions. Optical imaging techniques can provide sufficient resolution to distinguish small vessels with several microns, but the imaging depth is somewhat limited due to the high light scattering of opaque tissue. Recently, various tissue optical clearing methods have been developed to overcome light attenuation and improve the imaging depth both for ex-vivo and in-vivo visualizations. Tissue clearing combined with vessel labeling techniques and advanced optical tomography enables successful mapping of the vasculature of different tissues/organs, as well as dynamically monitoring vessel function under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we briefly introduce the commonly-used labeling strategies for entire vascular networks, the current tissue optical clearing techniques available for various tissues, as well as the advanced optical imaging techniques for fast, high-resolution structural and functional imaging for blood vessels. We also discuss the applications of these techniques in the 3D visualization of vascular networks in normal tissues, and the vascular remodeling in several typical pathological models in clinical research. This review is expected to provide valuable insights for researchers to study the potential mechanisms of various vessel-associated diseases using tissue optical clearing pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yating Deng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamaguchi M, Yoshihara K, Yachida N, Suda K, Tamura R, Ishiguro T, Enomoto T. The New Era of Three-Dimensional Histoarchitecture of the Human Endometrium. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080713. [PMID: 34442357 PMCID: PMC8401133 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The histology of the endometrium has traditionally been established by observation of two-dimensional (2D) pathological sections. However, because human endometrial glands exhibit coiling and branching morphology, it is extremely difficult to obtain an entire image of the glands by 2D observation. In recent years, the development of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of serial pathological sections by computer and whole-mount imaging technology using tissue clearing methods with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy has enabled us to observe the 3D histoarchitecture of tissues. As a result, 3D imaging has revealed that human endometrial glands form a plexus network in the basalis, similar to the rhizome of grass, whereas mouse uterine glands are single branched tubular glands. This review summarizes the relevant literature on the 3D structure of mouse and human endometrium and discusses the significance of the rhizome structure in the human endometrium and the expected role of understanding the 3D tissue structure in future applications to systems biology.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim MS, Ahn JH, Mo JE, Song HY, Cheon D, Yoo SH, Choi HJ. Optimizing tissue clearing and imaging methods for human brain tissue. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211001729. [PMID: 33771067 PMCID: PMC8166401 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify optimum sample conditions for human brains, we compared the clearing efficiency, antibody staining efficiency, and artifacts between fresh and cadaver samples. Methods Fresh and cadaver samples were cleared using X-CLARITY™. Clearing efficiency and artifact levels were calculated using ImageJ, and antibody staining efficiency was evaluated after confocal microscopy imaging. Three staining methods were compared: 4-day staining (4DS), 11-day staining (11DS), and 4-day staining with a commercial kit (4DS-C). The optimum staining method was then selected by evaluating staining time, depth, method complexity, contamination, and cost. Results Fresh samples outperformed cadaver samples in terms of the time and quality of clearing, artifacts, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining efficiency, but had a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining efficiency that was similar to that of cadaver samples. The penetration depth and DAPI staining improved in fresh samples as the incubation period lengthened. 4DS-C was the best method, with the deepest penetration. Human brain images containing blood vessels, cell nuclei, and astrocytes were visualized three-dimensionally. The chemical dye staining depth reached 800 µm and immunostaining depth exceeded 200 µm in 4 days. Conclusions We present optimized sample preparation and staining protocols for the visualization of three-dimensional macrostructure in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang Ho Ahn
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Mo
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Young Song
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deokhyeon Cheon
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Yoo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project Team, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhan Y, Wu H, Liu L, Lin J, Zhang S. Organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques and their applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000413. [PMID: 33715302 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the true structure of tissues and organs with tissue slicing technology is difficult since images reconstructed in three dimensions are easily distorted. To address the limitations in tissue slicing technology, tissue clearing has been invented and has recently achieved significant progress in three-dimensional imaging. Currently, this technology can mainly be divided into two types: aqueous clearing methods and solvent-based clearing methods. As one of the important parts of this technology, organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques have been widely applied because of their efficient clearing speed and high clearing intensity. This review introduces the primary organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques and their applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buglak NE, Lucitti J, Ariel P, Maiocchi S, Miller FJ, Bahnson ESM. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a new method for unbiased three-dimensional analysis of vascular injury. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:520-532. [PMID: 32053173 PMCID: PMC7820842 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Assessment of preclinical models of vascular disease is paramount in the successful translation of novel treatments. The results of these models have traditionally relied on two-dimensional (2D) histological methodologies. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is an imaging platform that allows for three-dimensional (3D) visualization of whole organs and tissues. In this study, we describe an improved methodological approach utilizing LSFM for imaging of preclinical vascular injury models while minimizing analysis bias. METHODS AND RESULTS The rat carotid artery segmental pressure-controlled balloon injury and mouse carotid artery ligation injury were performed. Arteries were harvested and processed for LSFM imaging and 3D analysis, as well as for 2D area histological analysis. Artery processing for LSFM imaging did not induce vessel shrinkage or expansion and was reversible by rehydrating the artery, allowing for subsequent sectioning and histological staining a posteriori. By generating a volumetric visualization along the length of the arteries, LSFM imaging provided different analysis modalities including volumetric, area, and radial parameters. Thus, LSFM-imaged arteries provided more precise measurements compared to classic histological analysis. Furthermore, LSFM provided additional information as compared to 2D analysis in demonstrating remodelling of the arterial media in regions of hyperplasia and periadventitial neovascularization around the ligated mouse artery. CONCLUSION LSFM provides a novel and robust 3D imaging platform for visualizing and quantifying arterial injury in preclinical models. When compared with classic histology, LSFM outperformed traditional methods in precision and quantitative capabilities. LSFM allows for more comprehensive quantitation as compared to traditional histological methodologies, while minimizing user bias associated with area analysis of alternating, 2D histological artery cross-sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Buglak
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Pablo Ariel
- Microscopy Services Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sophie Maiocchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Francis J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Edward S M Bahnson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mohamud Yusuf A, Hagemann N, Schulten S, Rausch O, Wagner K, Hussner T, Qi Y, Totzeck M, Kleinschnitz C, Squire A, Gunzer M, Hermann DM. Light Sheet Microscopy Using FITC-Albumin Followed by Immunohistochemistry of the Same Rehydrated Brains Reveals Ischemic Brain Injury and Early Microvascular Remodeling. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:625513. [PMID: 33469420 PMCID: PMC7813928 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.625513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the visualization of cerebral microvessels was hampered by the fact that only short segments of vessels could be evaluated in brain sections by histochemistry. These limitations have been overcome by light sheet microscopy, which allows the 3D analysis of microvasculature in cleared brains. A major limitation of light sheet microscopy is that antibodies do not sufficiently penetrate cleared brains. We herein describe a technique of reverse clearing and rehydration, which after microvascular network analysis allows brain sectioning and immunohistochemistry employing a broad set of antibodies. Performing light sheet microscopy on brains of mice exposed to intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we show that in the early phase of microvascular remodeling branching point density was markedly reduced, more strongly than microvascular length. Brain infarcts in light sheet microscopy were sharply demarcated by their autofluorescence signal, closely corresponding to brain infarcts revealed by Nissl staining. Neuronal survival, leukocyte infiltration, and astrocytic reactivity could be evaluated by immunohistochemistry in rehydrated brains, as shown in direct comparisons with non-cleared brains. Immunohistochemistry revealed microthrombi in ischemic microvessels that were likely responsible for the marked branching point loss. The balance between microvascular thrombosis and remodeling warrants further studies at later time-points after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mohamud Yusuf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Hagemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schulten
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Olessja Rausch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Hussner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yachao Qi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anthony Squire
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gómez-Gaviro MV, Sanderson D, Ripoll J, Desco M. Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101432. [PMID: 32805648 PMCID: PMC7452225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging techniques can expand our knowledge about physiological and pathological processes that cannot be fully understood with 2D approaches. Standard diagnostic tests frequently are not sufficient to unequivocally determine the presence of a pathological condition. Whole-organ optical imaging requires tissue transparency, which can be achieved by using tissue clearing procedures enabling deeper image acquisition and therefore making possible the analysis of large-scale biological tissue samples. Here, we review currently available clearing agents, methods, and their application in imaging of physiological or pathological conditions in different animal and human organs. We also compare different optical tissue clearing methods discussing their advantages and disadvantages and review the use of different 3D imaging techniques for the visualization and image acquisition of cleared tissues. The use of optical tissue clearing resources for large-scale biological tissues 3D imaging paves the way for future applications in translational and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Age-related changes in the vasculature of the dermis of the upper lip vermilion. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3551-3560. [PMID: 31170092 PMCID: PMC6594803 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lip redness is unique to humans and creates an important facial impression, but this redness decreases with age. Here, using histological and immunohistological staining of human upper lip vermilion from donors of different ages, we investigated blood vessels in the upper lip dermis and age-dependent histological changes. We found that both total vessel area in the dermis and vessel number in the upper dermis decreased with aging. Moreover, vessel number in the upper dermis correlated positively with development of rete ridges, which flattened with age, despite no significant change in the thickness of the stratified squamous epithelium. These findings suggest that age-related reductions in lip redness result from a decrease of blood vessels, which in turn leads to a flattening of the epithelium caused by the loss of rete ridges. This is the first study to histologically demonstrate age-related reductions in blood vessels in the lip. Our results provide an opportunity for enhancing blood flow/vascularization to improve the aesthetic appearance of the lips in the elderly.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JS, Spooner R, Chowdhury N, Pandey V, Wellslager B, Atanasova KR, Evans Z, Yilmaz Ö. In Situ Intraepithelial Localizations of Opportunistic Pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis, in Human Gingiva. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2020; 1:7-17. [PMID: 34308393 PMCID: PMC8294339 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gingival epithelium serves as a growth reservoir for opportunistic bacteria. Intraepithelial P. gingivalis and F. alocis colonies are detected together in dysbiotic mucosa. Increased metabolically active dual species can lead to higher microvasculature. Invasion of intraepithelial microvessels leads to systemic pathogen dissemination.
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis are fastidious oral pathogens and etiological agents associated with chronic periodontitis. Although previous studies showed increased levels of the two obligate anaerobic species in periodontitis patients, methodologies for this knowledge were primarily limited to sampling subgingival plaque, saliva, or gingival crevicular fluid. To evaluate the extent to which P. gingivalis and F. alocis may invade the periodontal tissues, an in situ cross-sectional study was comparatively conducted on the gingival biopsy specimens of patients diagnosed with periodontal health or chronic periodontitis. Immunostained tissue sections for each organism were imaged by Super-Resolution Confocal Scanning Microscopy to determine the relative presence and localization of target bacterial species. Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization (FISH) coupled with species specific 16S rRNA method was utilized to confirm whether detected bacteria were live within the tissue. In periodontitis, P. gingivalis and F. alocis revealed similarly concentrated localization near the basement membrane or external basal lamina of the gingival epithelium. The presence of both bacteria was significantly increased in periodontitis vs. healthy tissue. However, P. gingivalis was still detected to an extent in health tissue, while only minimal levels of F. alocis were spotted in health. Additionally, the micrographic analyses displayed heightened formation of epithelial microvasculature containing significantly co-localized and metabolically active dual species within periodontitis tissue. Thus, this study demonstrates, for the first-time, spatial arrangements of P. gingivalis and F. alocis in both single and co-localized forms within the complex fabric of human gingiva during health and disease. It also exhibits critical visualizations of co-invaded microvascularized epithelial layer of the tissue by metabolically active P. gingivalis and F. alocis from patients with severe periodontitis. These findings collectively uncover novel visual evidence of a potential starting point for systemic spread of opportunistic bacteria during their chronic colonization in gingival epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Ralee Spooner
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA.,Lieutenant, Dental Corps, United States Navy, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, 92278, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Bridgette Wellslager
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Zachary Evans
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poor perfusion of the microvasculature in peritoneal metastases of ovarian cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:293-304. [PMID: 32008138 PMCID: PMC7138772 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) suffer from peritoneal carcinomatosis upon first clinical presentation. Extensive peritoneal carcinomatosis has a poor prognosis and its pathophysiology is not well understood. Although treatment with systemic intravenous chemotherapy is often initially successful, peritoneal recurrences occur regularly. We hypothesized that insufficient or poorly-perfused microvasculature may impair the therapeutic efficacy of systemic intravenous chemotherapy but may also limit expansive and invasive growth characteristic of peritoneal EOC metastases. In 23 patients with advanced EOC or suspicion thereof, we determined the angioarchitecture and perfusion of the microvasculature in peritoneum and in peritoneal metastases using incident dark field (IDF) imaging. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical analysis and 3-dimensional (3D) whole tumor imaging using light sheet fluorescence microscopy of IDF-imaged tissue sites. In all metastases, microvasculature was present but the angioarchitecture was chaotic and the vessel density and perfusion of vessels was significantly lower than in unaffected peritoneum. Immunohistochemical analysis showed expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia inducible factor 1α, and 3D imaging demonstrated vascular continuity between metastases and the vascular network of the peritoneum beneath the elastic lamina of the peritoneum. We conclude that perfusion of the microvasculature within metastases is limited, which may cause hypoxia, affect the behavior of EOC metastases on the peritoneum and limit the response of EOC metastases to systemic treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hira VVV, Breznik B, Vittori M, Loncq de Jong A, Mlakar J, Oostra RJ, Khurshed M, Molenaar RJ, Lah T, Van Noorden CJF. Similarities Between Stem Cell Niches in Glioblastoma and Bone Marrow: Rays of Hope for Novel Treatment Strategies. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 68:33-57. [PMID: 31566074 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419878416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor. Slowly dividing and therapy-resistant glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) reside in protective peri-arteriolar niches and are held responsible for glioblastoma recurrence. Recently, we showed similarities between GSC niches and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches in bone marrow. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells hijack HSC niches and are transformed into therapy-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Current clinical trials are focussed on removal of LSCs out of HSC niches to differentiate and to become sensitized to chemotherapy. In the present study, we elaborated further on these similarities by immunohistochemical analyses of 17 biomarkers in paraffin sections of human glioblastoma and human bone marrow. We found all 17 biomarkers to be expressed both in hypoxic peri-arteriolar HSC niches in bone marrow and hypoxic peri-arteriolar GSC niches in glioblastoma. Our findings implicate that GSC niches are being formed in glioblastoma as a copy of HSC niches in bone marrow. These similarities between HSC niches and GSC niches provide a theoretic basis for the development of novel strategies to force GSCs out of their niches, in a similar manner as in AML, to induce GSC differentiation and proliferation to render them more sensitive to anti-glioblastoma therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vashendriya V V Hira
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miloš Vittori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annique Loncq de Jong
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roelof-Jan Oostra
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhong WQ, Li ZZ, Jiang H, Zou YP, Wang HT, Cai Y, Zhao Y, Zhao JH. Elevated ATF4 Expression in Odontogenic Keratocysts Epithelia: Potential Involvement in Tissue Hypoxia and Stromal M2 Macrophage Infiltration. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:801-812. [PMID: 31424999 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419871550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in odontogenic keratocysts (OKC), its association with hypoxia and M2-polarized macrophages infiltration, and its potential relationships with angiogenesis in OKC. The expression of ATF4, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) in OKC samples and normal oral mucosa (OM) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, microvessel density (MVD) was measured using antibody against CD31. M2-polarized macrophages were identified using double-staining for CD68+ and CD163+. The correlations of ATF4 with HIF-1α, M-CSF, and M2-polarized macrophages infiltration were determined by Spearman's rank correlation test and hierarchical clustering. Human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) were used in in vitro experiments. Our data showed that the expression of HIF-1α, ATF4, and M-CSF was significantly upregulated in the epithelium of OKC when compared with the OM. The expression of ATF4 was positively correlated with that of HIF-1α, M-CSF, MVD, and M2-polarized macrophages infiltration. Elevated expression of ATF4 in the epithelial lining of OKC may facilitate the M2 macrophages infiltration in response to hypoxia, leading to the development of OKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Light sheet microscopy for histopathology applications. Biomed Eng Lett 2019; 9:279-291. [PMID: 31456889 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-019-00122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Light sheet microscopy (LSM) is an evolving optical imaging technique with a plane illumination for optical sectioning and volumetric imaging spanning cell biology, embryology, and in vivo live imaging. Here, we focus on emerging biomedical applications of LSM for tissue samples. Decoupling of the light sheet illumination from detection enables high-speed and large field-of-view imaging with minimal photobleaching and phototoxicity. These unique characteristics of the LSM technique can be easily adapted and potentially replace conventional histopathological procedures. In this review, we cover LSM technology from its inception to its most advanced technology; in particular, we highlight the human histopathological imaging applications to demonstrate LSM's rapid diagnostic ability in comparison with conventional histopathological procedures. We anticipate that the LSM technique can become a useful three-dimensional imaging tool for assessing human biopsies in the near future.
Collapse
|
19
|
Attota RK. Fidelity test for through-focus or volumetric type of optical imaging methods. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:19100-19114. [PMID: 30114170 PMCID: PMC6159218 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.019100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increase in interest and applications of through-focus (TF) or volumetric type of optical imaging in biology and other areas has resulted in the development of several TF image collection methods. Achieving quantitative results from images requires standardization and optimization of image acquisition protocols. Several standardization protocols are available for conventional optical microscopy where a best-focus image is used, but to date, rigorous testing protocols do not exist for TF optical imaging. In this paper, we present a method to determine the fidelity of the TF optical data using the TF scanning optical microscopy images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kiran Attota
- Engineering Physics Division, PML, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8212, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Attota RK. Through-focus or volumetric type of optical imaging methods: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 29981229 PMCID: PMC6157599 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of through-focus (TF) or volumetric type of optical imaging has gained momentum in several areas such as biological imaging, microscopy, adaptive optics, material processing, optical data storage, and optical inspection. We provide a review of basic TF optical methods highlighting their design, major unique characteristics, and application space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kiran Attota
- Engineering Physics Division, PML, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|