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El Ghassem A, Abdoullah B, Deida J, Ould Lemrabott MA, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Briolant S, Basco LK, Ould Brahim K, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Mauritania: A Literature Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1370. [PMID: 38003834 PMCID: PMC10675338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past four decades, recurrent outbreaks of various arthropod-borne viruses have been reported in Mauritania. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of the major arboviruses circulating in Mauritania. Online databases including PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant published studies. The results showed that numerous arboviral outbreaks of variable magnitude occurred in almost all 13 regions of Mauritania, with Rift Valley fever (RVF), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and dengue (DEN) being the most common infections. Other arboviruses causing yellow fever (YF), chikungunya (CHIK), o'nyong-nyong (ONN), Semliki Forest (SF), West Nile fever (WNF), Bagaza (BAG), Wesselsbron (WSL), and Ngari (NRI) diseases have also been found circulating in humans and/or livestock in Mauritania. The average case fatality rates of CCHF and RVF were 28.7% and 21.1%, respectively. RVF outbreaks have often occurred after unusually heavy rainfalls, while CCHF epidemics have mostly been reported during the dry season. The central and southeastern regions of the country have carried the highest burden of RVF and CCHF. Sheep, cattle, and camels are the main animal reservoirs for the RVF and CCHF viruses. Culex antennatus and Cx. poicilipes mosquitoes and Hyalomma dromedarii, H. rufipes, and Rhipicephalus everesti ticks are the main vectors of these viruses. DEN outbreaks occurred mainly in the urban settings, including in Nouakchott, the capital city, and Aedes aegypti is likely the main mosquito vector. Therefore, there is a need to implement an integrated management strategy for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases based on sensitizing the high-risk occupational groups, such as slaughterhouse workers, shepherds, and butchers for zoonotic diseases, reinforcing vector surveillance and control, introducing rapid point-of-care diagnosis of arboviruses in high-risk areas, and improving the capacities to respond rapidly when the first signs of disease outbreak are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallahi El Ghassem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Bedia Abdoullah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Jemila Deida
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
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González-Gordon L, Porphyre T, Muwonge A, Nantima N, Ademun R, Ochwo S, Mwiine NF, Boden L, Muhanguzi D, Bronsvoort BMDC. Identifying target areas for risk-based surveillance and control of transboundary animal diseases: a seasonal analysis of slaughter and live-trade cattle movements in Uganda. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18619. [PMID: 37903814 PMCID: PMC10616094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal movements are a major driver for the spread of Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs). These movements link populations that would otherwise be isolated and hence create opportunities for susceptible and infected individuals to meet. We used social network analysis to describe the seasonal network structure of cattle movements in Uganda and unravel critical network features that identify districts or sub-regions for targeted risk-based surveillance and intervention. We constructed weighted, directed networks based on 2019 between-district cattle movements using official livestock mobility data; the purpose of the movement ('slaughter' vs. 'live trade') was used to subset the network and capture the risks more reliably. Our results show that cattle trade can result in local and long-distance disease spread in Uganda. Seasonal variability appears to impact the structure of the network, with high heterogeneity of node and edge activity identified throughout the seasons. These observations mean that the structure of the live trade network can be exploited to target influential district hubs within the cattle corridor and peripheral areas in the south and west, which would result in rapid network fragmentation, reducing the contact structure-related trade risks. Similar exploitable features were observed for the slaughter network, where cattle traffic serves mainly slaughter hubs close to urban centres along the cattle corridor. Critically, analyses that target the complex livestock supply value chain offer a unique framework for understanding and quantifying risks for TADs such as Foot-and-Mouth disease in a land-locked country like Uganda. These findings can be used to inform the development of risk-based surveillance strategies and decision making on resource allocation. For instance, vaccine deployment, biosecurity enforcement and capacity building for stakeholders at the local community and across animal health services with the potential to limit the socio-economic impact of outbreaks, or indeed reduce their frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina González-Gordon
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- The Digital One Health Laboratory, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Noelina Nantima
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rose Ademun
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Norbert Frank Mwiine
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences (BBS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lisa Boden
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences (BBS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barend Mark de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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García García KM, Apolloni A, Giacomini A, Ciss M, Fall M, Marème Gaye A, Arsevska E, Mesdour A, Chevanne E, Rosso F, Cardinale E, Squarzoni Diaw C, Seck I, Lo M, Delabouglise A. Environmental and economic determinants of temporal dynamics of the ruminant movement network of Senegal. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14482. [PMID: 37660087 PMCID: PMC10475130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the drivers of the temporal dynamics of livestock mobility networks is currently limited, despite their significant implications for the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. We analyzed the effect of time-varying environmental and economic variables-biomass production, rainfall, livestock market prices, and religious calendar on long-distance movements of cattle and small ruminant herds in Senegal in the years 2014 and 2019. We used principal component analysis to explore the variation of the hypothesized explanatory variables in space and time and a generalized additive modelling approach to assess the effect of those variables on the likelihood of herd movement between pairs of administrative units. Contrary to environmental variables, the patterns of variation of market prices show significant differences across locations. The explanatory variables at origin had the highest contribution to the model deviance reduction. Biomass production and rainfall were found to affect the likelihood of herd movement for both species on at least 1 year. Market price at origin had a strong and consistent effect on the departure of small ruminant herds. Our study shows the potential benefits of regular monitoring of market prices for future efforts at forecasting livestock movements and associated sanitary risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Apolloni
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandra Giacomini
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | | | | | - Elena Arsevska
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Asma Mesdour
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Chevanne
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Squarzoni Diaw
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, One Health and Intelligence and Early Warning Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Alexis Delabouglise
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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Hasahya E, Thakur K, Dione MM, Kerfua SD, Mugezi I, Lee HS. Analysis of patterns of livestock movements in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda for risk-based surveillance of infectious diseases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1095293. [PMID: 36756309 PMCID: PMC9899994 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1095293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The knowledge of animal movements is key to formulating strategic animal disease control policies and carrying out targeted surveillance. This study describes the characteristics of district-level cattle, small ruminant, and pig trade networks in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda between 2019 and 2021. Methodology The data for the study was extracted from 7,043 animal movement permits (AMPs) obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) of Uganda. Most of the data was on cattle (87.2%), followed by small ruminants (11.2%) and pigs (1.6%). Two types of networks representing animal shipments between districts were created for each species based on monthly (n = 30) and seasonal (n = 10) temporal windows. Measures of centrality and cohesiveness were computed for all the temporal windows and our analysis identified the most central districts in the networks. Results The median in-degree for monthly networks ranged from 0-3 for cattle, 0-1 for small ruminants and 0-1 for pigs. The highest median out-degrees for cattle, small ruminant and pig monthly networks were observed in Lira, Oyam and Butambala districts, respectively. Unlike the pig networks, the cattle and small ruminant networks were found to be of small-world and free-scale topologies. Discussion The cattle and small ruminant trade movement networks were also found to be highly connected, which could facilitate quick spread of infectious animal diseases across these networks. The findings from this study highlighted the significance of characterizing animal movement networks to inform surveillance, early detection, and subsequent control of infectious animal disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Hasahya
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Krishna Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada,*Correspondence: Krishna Thakur ✉
| | - Michel M. Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Susan D. Kerfua
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Israel Mugezi
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Hu Suk Lee ✉ ; ✉
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Rift Valley fever, Mauritania, 2020: Lessons from a one health approach. One Health 2022; 15:100413. [PMID: 36277109 PMCID: PMC9582547 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) occurred in Mauritania from September to November 2020, involving 78 reported human cases and 186 reported animal cases. Eleven out of the 13 regions of the country were affected by the epidemic, with the highest number of both human and animal cases in Tagant, Assaba and Brakna regions. The most affected animal species in this outbreak was camels, followed by small ruminants. Among the 10 mosquito species caught, 7 species, Culex poicilipes, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. antennatus, Cx. univitattus, Aedes vexans, Mansonia africana and Ma. uniformis, are known to be involved in the transmission of RVF virus. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial NSs gene revealed close proximity between the human/animal Mauritania 2020 viral strains and the Mauritania 2015/Niger 2016 strains, suggesting re-emergence of the RVF virus in the country since the last reported outbreak in 2015. New outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Mauritania in 2020, 78 human and 186 animal reported cases. Eleven regions of the country were affected by the epidemic, with the highest number of human and animal cases in Tagant, Assaba and Brakna regions. The most affected animal species were dromedaries followed by small ruminants. Close proximity of the human/animal Mauritania 2020 viral strains with the Mauritania 2015/Niger 2016 strains based on NSs phylogenetic analysis
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A time-series approach to mapping livestock density using household survey data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13310. [PMID: 35922452 PMCID: PMC9349298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More than one billion people rely on livestock for income, nutrition, and social cohesion, however livestock keeping can facilitate disease transmission and contribute to climate change. While data on the distribution of livestock have broad utility across a range of applications, efforts to map the distribution of livestock on a large scale are limited to the Gridded Livestock of the World (GLW) project. We present a complimentary effort to map the distribution of cattle and pigs in Malawi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Sudan. In contrast to GLW, which uses dasymmetric modeling applied to census data to produce time-stratified estimates of livestock counts and spatial density, our work uses complex survey data and distinct modeling methods to generate a time-series of livestock distribution, defining livestock density as the ratio of animals to humans. In addition to favorable cross-validation results and general agreement with national density estimates derived from external data on national human and livestock populations, our results demonstrate extremely good agreement with GLW-3 estimates, supporting the validity of both efforts. Our results furthermore offer a high-resolution time series result and employ a definition of density which is particularly well-suited to the study of livestock-origin zoonoses.
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Zeng Z, Gao S, Wang HN, Huang LY, Wang XL. A predictive analysis on the risk of peste des petits ruminants in livestock in the Trans-Himalayan region and validation of its transboundary transmission paths. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257094. [PMID: 34506571 PMCID: PMC8432769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Trans-Himalayan region (THR) is an important endemic and rendezvous area of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), monitoring and prevention measurements are difficult to execute because of the rough geographical conditions. Besides, a heterogeneous breeding system and the poor veterinary service of susceptible animals compound the existing problems. Here, we propose a forecasting system to define the key points of PPR prevention and aid the countries in saving time, labor, and products to achieve the goal of the global eradication project of PPR. The spatial distribution of PPR was predicted in the THR for the first time using a niche model that was constructed with a combination of eco-geographical, anthropoid, meteorological, and host variables. The transboundary least-cost paths (LCPs) of small ruminants in the THR were also calculated. Our results reveal that the low-elevation area of the THR had a higher PPR risk and was mainly dominated by human variables. The high-elevation area had lower risk and was mainly dominated by natural variables. Eight LCPs representing corridors among India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and China were obtained. This confirmed the potential risk of transboundary communication by relying on PPR contamination on the grasslands for the first time. The predicted potential risk communication between the two livestock systems and landscapes (high and low elevation) might play a role in driving PPR transboundary transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Zeng
- College of Wildlife & Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- College of Wildlife & Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ning Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ya Huang
- Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu, Jilin Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- College of Wildlife & Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
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Livestock movement informs the risk of disease spread in traditional production systems in East Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16375. [PMID: 34385539 PMCID: PMC8361167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Africa, livestock are important to local and national economies, but their productivity is constrained by infectious diseases. Comprehensive information on livestock movements and contacts is required to devise appropriate disease control strategies; yet, understanding contact risk in systems where herds mix extensively, and where different pathogens can be transmitted at different spatial and temporal scales, remains a major challenge. We deployed Global Positioning System collars on cattle in 52 herds in a traditional agropastoral system in western Serengeti, Tanzania, to understand fine-scale movements and between-herd contacts, and to identify locations of greatest interaction between herds. We examined contact across spatiotemporal scales relevant to different disease transmission scenarios. Daily cattle movements increased with herd size and rainfall. Generally, contact between herds was greatest away from households, during periods with low rainfall and in locations close to dipping points. We demonstrate how movements and contacts affect the risk of disease spread. For example, transmission risk is relatively sensitive to the survival time of different pathogens in the environment, and less sensitive to transmission distance, at least over the range of the spatiotemporal definitions of contacts that we explored. We identify times and locations of greatest disease transmission potential and that could be targeted through tailored control strategies.
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Abstract
The conservation field is experiencing a rapid increase in the amount, variety, and quality of spatial data that can help us understand species movement and landscape connectivity patterns. As interest grows in more dynamic representations of movement potential, modelers are often limited by the capacity of their analytic tools to handle these datasets. Technology developments in software and high-performance computing are rapidly emerging in many fields, but uptake within conservation may lag, as our tools or our choice of computing language can constrain our ability to keep pace. We recently updated Circuitscape, a widely used connectivity analysis tool developed by Brad McRae and Viral Shah, by implementing it in Julia, a high-performance computing language. In this initial re-code (Circuitscape 5.0) and later updates, we improved computational efficiency and parallelism, achieving major speed improvements, and enabling assessments across larger extents or with higher resolution data. Here, we reflect on the benefits to conservation of strengthening collaborations with computer scientists, and extract examples from a collection of 572 Circuitscape applications to illustrate how through a decade of repeated investment in the software, applications have been many, varied, and increasingly dynamic. Beyond empowering continued innovations in dynamic connectivity, we expect that faster run times will play an important role in facilitating co-production of connectivity assessments with stakeholders, increasing the likelihood that connectivity science will be incorporated in land use decisions.
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Tounkara K, Kwiatek O, Sidibe CAK, Sery A, Dakouo M, Salami H, Lo MM, Ba A, Diop M, Niang M, Libeau G, Bataille A. Persistence of the historical lineage I of West Africa against the ongoing spread of the Asian lineage of peste des petits ruminants virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3107-3113. [PMID: 33704888 PMCID: PMC9292845 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants. The causal agent, PPR virus (PPRV), is classified into four genetically distinct lineages. Lineage IV, originally from Asia, has shown a unique capacity to spread across Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Recent studies have reported its presence in two West African countries: Nigeria and Niger. Animals are frequently exchanged between Mali and Niger, which could allow the virus to enter and progress in Mali and to other West African countries. Here, PPRV samples were collected from sick goats between 2014 and 2017 in both Mali and in Senegal, on the border with Mali. Partial PPRV nucleoprotein gene was sequenced to identify the genetic lineage of the strains. Our results showed that lineage IV was present in south‐eastern Mali in 2017. This is currently the furthest West the lineage has been detected in West Africa. Surprisingly, we identified the persistence at least until 2014 of the supposedly extinct lineage I in two regions of Mali, Segou and Sikasso. Most PPRV sequences obtained in this study belonged to lineage II, which is dominant in West Africa. Phylogenetic analyses showed a close relationship between sequences obtained at the border between Senegal and Mali, supporting the hypothesis of an important movement of the virus between the two countries. Understanding the movement of animals between these countries, where the livestock trade is not fully controlled, is very important in the design of efficient control strategies to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadidia Tounkara
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire (LCV), Bamako, Mali
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Amadou Sery
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire (LCV), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Habib Salami
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Aminata Ba
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mariame Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | | | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
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Bataille A, Salami H, Seck I, Lo MM, Ba A, Diop M, Sall B, Faye C, Lo M, Kaba L, Sidime Y, Keyra M, Diallo AOS, Niang M, Sidibe CAK, Sery A, Dakouo M, El Mamy AB, El Arbi AS, Barry Y, Isselmou E, Habiboullah H, Lella AS, Doumbia B, Gueya MB, Coste C, Squarzoni Diaw C, Kwiatek O, Libeau G, Apolloni A. Combining viral genetic and animal mobility network data to unravel peste des petits ruminants transmission dynamics in West Africa. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009397. [PMID: 33735294 PMCID: PMC8009415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a deadly viral disease that mainly affects small domestic ruminants. This disease threaten global food security and rural economy but its control is complicated notably because of extensive, poorly monitored animal movements in infected regions. Here we combined the largest PPR virus genetic and animal mobility network data ever collected in a single region to improve our understanding of PPR endemic transmission dynamics in West African countries. Phylogenetic analyses identified the presence of multiple PPRV genetic clades that may be considered as part of different transmission networks evolving in parallel in West Africa. A strong correlation was found between virus genetic distance and network-related distances. Viruses sampled within the same mobility communities are significantly more likely to belong to the same genetic clade. These results provide evidence for the importance of animal mobility in PPR transmission in the region. Some nodes of the network were associated with PPRV sequences belonging to different clades, representing potential "hotspots" for PPR circulation. Our results suggest that combining genetic and mobility network data could help identifying sites that are key for virus entrance and spread in specific areas. Such information could enhance our capacity to develop locally adapted control and surveillance strategies, using among other risk factors, information on animal mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bataille
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Habib Salami
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevahge et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Senegal
- FAO, ECTAD Regional Office for Africa, Accra, Ghana
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevahge et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Aminata Ba
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevahge et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mariame Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevahge et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Coumba Faye
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lanceï Kaba
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Dalaba, Guinea
| | - Youssouf Sidime
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Dalaba, Guinea
| | - Mohamed Keyra
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Dalaba, Guinea
| | | | | | | | - Amadou Sery
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire (LCV), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Ahmed Bezeid El Mamy
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ahmed Salem El Arbi
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Yahya Barry
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ekaterina Isselmou
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Habiboullah Habiboullah
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdellahi Salem Lella
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Baba Doumbia
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Baba Gueya
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Caroline Coste
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Squarzoni Diaw
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Ste-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Apolloni
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevahge et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Dakar Hann, Sénégal
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