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Bouafou L, Makanga BK, Rahola N, Boddé M, Ngangué MF, Daron J, Berger A, Mouillaud T, Makunin A, Korlević P, Nwezeobi J, Kengne P, Paupy C, Lawniczak MKN, Ayala D. Host preference patterns in domestic and wild settings: Insights into Anopheles feeding behavior. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13693. [PMID: 38828055 PMCID: PMC11143308 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of Anopheles malaria vectors to domestic settings is directly linked to their ability to feed on humans. The strength of this species-habitat association is unequal across the species within the genus, with the major vectors being particularly dependent on humans. However, our understanding of how blood-feeding behavior interacts with and adapts to environmental settings, including the presence of humans, remains limited. Using a field-based approach, we first investigated Anopheles community structure and feeding behavior patterns in domestic and sylvatic settings in La Lopé National Park in Gabon, Central Africa. We characterized the preference indices using a dual-host choice sampling approach across mosquito species, habitats, and seasons. We then quantified the plastic biting behavior of mosquito species in each habitat. We collected individuals from 16 Anopheles species that exhibited significant differences in species composition and abundance between sylvatic and domestic settings. The host-seeking behavior also varied among the seven most abundant species. The general attractiveness to each host, human or animal, remained relatively constant for each species, but with significant variations between habitats across species. These variations, to more generalist and to more anthropophilic behavior, were related to seasonal changes and distance from the village, respectively. Finally, we pointed out that the host choice of major malaria vectors changed in the absence of humans, revealing a plastic feeding behavior of these species. This study highlights the effect of humans on Anopheles distribution and feeding evolution. The characterization of feeding behavior in wild and domestic settings provides opportunities to better understand the interplay between genetic determinants of host preference and ecological factors. Our findings suggest that protected areas may offer alternative thriving conditions to major malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonde Bouafou
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- CIRMFFrancevilleGabon
| | | | - Nil Rahola
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | - Josquin Daron
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Audric Berger
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Theo Mouillaud
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Kengne
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- CIRMFFrancevilleGabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Diego Ayala
- UMR MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- Medical Entomology UnitInstitut Pasteur de MadagascarAntananarivoMadagascar
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Chakraborty S, Zigmond E, Shah S, Sylla M, Akorli J, Otoo S, Rose NH, McBride CS, Armbruster PA, Benoit JB. Thermal tolerance of mosquito eggs is associated with urban adaptation and human interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586322. [PMID: 38585904 PMCID: PMC10996485 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to profoundly affect mosquito distributions and their ability to serve as vectors for disease, specifically with the anticipated increase in heat waves. The rising temperature and frequent heat waves can accelerate mosquito life cycles, facilitating higher disease transmission. Conversely, higher temperatures could increase mosquito mortality as a negative consequence. Warmer temperatures are associated with increased human density, suggesting a need for anthropophilic mosquitoes to adapt to be more hardy to heat stress. Mosquito eggs provide an opportunity to study the biological impact of climate warming as this stage is stationary and must tolerate temperatures at the site of female oviposition. As such, egg thermotolerance is critical for survival in a specific habitat. In nature, Aedes mosquitoes exhibit different behavioral phenotypes, where specific populations prefer depositing eggs in tree holes and prefer feeding non-human vertebrates. In contrast, others, particularly human-biting specialists, favor laying eggs in artificial containers near human dwellings. This study examined the thermotolerance of eggs, along with adult stages, for Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus lineages associated with known ancestry and shifts in their relationship with humans. Mosquitoes collected from areas with higher human population density, displaying increased human preference, and having a human-associated ancestry profile have increased egg viability following high-temperature stress. Unlike eggs, thermal tolerance among adults showed no significant correlation based on the area of collection or human-associated ancestry. This study highlights that the egg stage is likely critical to mosquito survival when associated with humans and needs to be accounted when predicting future mosquito distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
| | - Emily Zigmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
| | - Sher Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
| | - Massamba Sylla
- Laboratory Vectors & Parasites, Department of Livestock Sciences and Techniques, Sine Saloum University El Hadji Ibrahima NIASS (SSUEIN) Kaffrine Campus
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sampson Otoo
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Noah H Rose
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Carolyn S McBride
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | | | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
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3
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Krol L, Blom R, Dellar M, van der Beek JG, Stroo AC, van Bodegom PM, Geerling GW, Koenraadt CJ, Schrama M. Interactive effects of climate, land use and soil type on Culex pipiens/torrentium abundance. One Health 2023; 17:100589. [PMID: 37415720 PMCID: PMC10320611 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and risk of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in Northwestern Europe has increased over the last few decades. Understanding the underlying environmental drivers of mosquito population dynamics helps to adequately assess mosquito-borne disease risk. While previous studies have focussed primarily on the effects of climatic conditions (i.e., temperature and precipitation) and/or local environmental conditions individually, it remains unclear how climatic conditions interact with local environmental factors such as land use and soil type, and how these subsequently affect mosquito abundance. Here, we set out to study the interactive effects of land use, soil type and climatic conditions on the abundance of Culex pipiens/torrentium, highly abundant vectors of West Nile virus and Usutu virus. Mosquitoes were sampled at 14 sites throughout the Netherlands. At each site, weekly mosquito collections were carried out between early July and mid-October 2020 and 2021. To assess the effect of the aforementioned environmental factors, we performed a series of generalized linear mixed models and non-parametric statistical tests. Our results show that mosquito abundance and species richness consistently differ among land use- and soil types, with peri-urban areas with peat/clay soils having the highest Cx. pipiens/torrentium abundance and sandy rural areas having the lowest. Furthermore, we observed differences in precipitation-mediated effects on Cx. pipiens/torrentium abundance between (peri-)urban and other land uses and soil types. In contrast, effects of temperature on Cx. pipiens/torrentium abundance remain similar between different land use and soil types. Our study highlights the importance of both land use and soil type in conjunction with climatic conditions for understanding mosquito abundances. Particularly in relation to rainfall events, land use and soil type has a marked effect on mosquito abundance. These findings underscore the importance of local environmental parameters for studies focusing on predicting or mitigating disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louie Krol
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rody Blom
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martha Dellar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan C.J. Stroo
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gertjan W. Geerling
- Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Schrama
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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4
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Hermanns K, Marklewitz M, Zirkel F, Kopp A, Kramer-Schadt S, Junglen S. Mosquito community composition shapes virus prevalence patterns along anthropogenic disturbance gradients. eLife 2023; 12:e66550. [PMID: 37702388 PMCID: PMC10547478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously unknown pathogens often emerge from primary ecosystems, but there is little knowledge on the mechanisms of emergence. Most studies analyzing the influence of land-use change on pathogen emergence focus on a single host-pathogen system and often observe contradictory effects. Here, we studied virus diversity and prevalence patterns in natural and disturbed ecosystems using a multi-host and multi-taxa approach. Mosquitoes sampled along a disturbance gradient in Côte d'Ivoire were tested by generic RT-PCR assays established for all major arbovirus and insect-specific virus taxa including novel viruses previously discovered in these samples based on cell culture isolates enabling an unbiased and comprehensive approach. The taxonomic composition of detected viruses was characterized and viral infection rates according to habitat and host were analyzed. We detected 331 viral sequences pertaining to 34 novel and 15 previously identified viruses of the families Flavi-, Rhabdo-, Reo-, Toga-, Mesoni- and Iflaviridae and the order Bunyavirales. Highest host and virus diversity was observed in pristine and intermediately disturbed habitats. The majority of the 49 viruses was detected with low prevalence. However, nine viruses were found frequently across different habitats of which five viruses increased in prevalence towards disturbed habitats, in congruence with the dilution effect hypothesis. These viruses were mainly associated with one specific mosquito species (Culex nebulosus), which increased in relative abundance from pristine (3%) to disturbed habitats (38%). Interestingly, the observed increased prevalence of these five viruses in disturbed habitats was not caused by higher host infection rates but by increased host abundance, an effect tentatively named abundance effect. Our data show that host species composition is critical for virus abundance. Environmental changes that lead to an uneven host community composition and to more individuals of a single species are a key driver of virus emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hermanns
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical CentreBerlinGermany
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
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5
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Gonzalez Daza W, Muylaert RL, Sobral-Souza T, Lemes Landeiro V. Malaria Risk Drivers in the Brazilian Amazon: Land Use-Land Cover Interactions and Biological Diversity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6497. [PMID: 37569037 PMCID: PMC10419050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a prevalent disease in several tropical and subtropical regions, including Brazil, where it remains a significant public health concern. Even though there have been substantial efforts to decrease the number of cases, the reoccurrence of epidemics in regions that have been free of cases for many years presents a significant challenge. Due to the multifaceted factors that influence the spread of malaria, influencing malaria risk factors were analyzed through regional outbreak cluster analysis and spatio-temporal models in the Brazilian Amazon, incorporating climate, land use/cover interactions, species richness, and number of endemic birds and amphibians. Results showed that high amphibian and bird richness and endemism correlated with a reduction in malaria risk. The presence of forest had a risk-increasing effect, but it depended on its juxtaposition with anthropic land uses. Biodiversity and landscape composition, rather than forest formation presence alone, modulated malaria risk in the period. Areas with low endemic species diversity and high human activity, predominantly anthropogenic landscapes, posed high malaria risk. This study underscores the importance of considering the broader ecological context in malaria control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gonzalez Daza
- Programa do Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biociências, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil
| | - Renata L. Muylaert
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand;
| | - Thadeu Sobral-Souza
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil; (T.S.-S.); (V.L.L.)
| | - Victor Lemes Landeiro
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil; (T.S.-S.); (V.L.L.)
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6
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Olagunju EA. Is the presence of mosquitoes an indicator of poor environmental sanitation? JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:385-401. [PMID: 37338318 PMCID: wh_2023_280 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has designated mosquitoes as the most lethal animal since they are known to spread pathogen-transmitting organisms. Understanding the many environmental elements that contribute to the spread of these vectors is one of the many strategies used to stop them. If there are mosquitoes around people, it may indicate that there is not an appropriate environmental sanitation program in place in the community or region. Environmental sanitation involves improving any elements of the physical environment that could have a negative impact on a person's survival, health, or physical environment. Keywords containing 'Aedes,' 'Culex,' 'Anopheles,' 'dengue,' 'malaria,' 'yellow fever,' 'Zika,' 'West Nile,' 'chikungunya,' 'resident,' 'environment,' 'sanitation,' 'mosquito control,' and 'breeding sites' of published articles on PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were reviewed. It was discovered that the general population should be involved in mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. Collaboration between health professionals and the general population is essential. The purpose of this paper is to increase public awareness of environmental health issues related to diseases carried by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ajibola Olagunju
- Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria E-mail:
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7
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Boerlijst SP, Johnston ES, Ummels A, Krol L, Boelee E, van Bodegom PM, Schrama MJJ. Biting the hand that feeds: Anthropogenic drivers interactively make mosquitoes thrive. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159716. [PMID: 36302419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors on the environment are increasing at unprecedented rates and include urbanization, nutrient pollution, water management, altered land use and climate change. Their effects on disease vectors are poorly understood. A series of full factorial experiments investigated how key human induced abiotic pressures, and interactions between these, affect population parameters of the cosmopolitan disease vector, Culex pipiens s.l. Selected pressures include eutrophication, salinity, mean temperature, and temperature fluctuation. Data were collected for each individual pressure and for potential interactions between eutrophication, salinization and temperature. All experiments assessed survival, time to pupation, time to emergence, sex-ratio and ovipositioning behavior. The results show that stressors affect vector survival, may speed up development and alter female to male ratio, although large differences between stressors exist to quite different extents. While positive effects of increasing levels of eutrophication on survival were consistent, negative effects of salinity on survival were only apparent at higher temperatures, thus indicating a strong interaction effect between salinization and temperature. Temperature had no independent effect on larval survival. Overall, increasing eutrophication and temperatures, and the fluctuations thereof, lowered development rate, time to pupation and time to emergence while increasing levels of salinity increased development time. Higher levels of eutrophication positively impacted egg-laying behavior; the reverse was found for salinity while no effects of temperature on egg-laying behavior were observed. Results suggest large and positive impacts of anthropogenically induced habitat alterations on mosquito population dynamics. Many of these effects are exacerbated by increasing temperatures and fluctuations therein. In a world where eutrophication and salinization are increasingly abundant, mosquitoes are likely important benefactors. Ultimately, this study illustrates the importance of including multiple and combined stressors in predictive models as well as in prevention and mitigation strategies, particularly because they resonate with possible, but yet underdeveloped action plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Boerlijst
- Center for Environmental Research Leiden, Department of Environmental biology, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands; Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 BK Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - E S Johnston
- University of Utrecht, Department Population Health Sciences, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Ummels
- Center for Environmental Research Leiden, Department of Environmental biology, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L Krol
- Center for Environmental Research Leiden, Department of Environmental biology, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands; Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 BK Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E Boelee
- Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 BK Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P M van Bodegom
- Center for Environmental Research Leiden, Department of Environmental biology, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M J J Schrama
- Center for Environmental Research Leiden, Department of Environmental biology, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Spatio-temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17284. [PMID: 36241678 PMCID: PMC9568661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Malaysia are a new threat to public health and to the national efforts on malaria elimination. In the Kapit division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, two divergent P. knowlesi subpopulations (termed Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) infect humans and are associated with long-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque hosts, respectively. It has been suggested that forest-associated activities and environmental modifications trigger the increasing number of knowlesi malaria cases. Since there is a steady increase of P. knowlesi infections over the past decades in Sarawak, particularly in the Kapit division, we aimed to identify hotspots of knowlesi malaria cases and their association with forest activities at a geographical scale using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. A total of 1064 P. knowlesi infections from 2014 to 2019 in the Kapit and Song districts of the Kapit division were studied. Overall demographic data showed that males and those aged between 18 and 64 years old were the most frequently infected (64%), and 35% of infections involved farming activities. Thirty-nine percent of Cluster 1 infections were mainly related to farming surrounding residential areas while 40% of Cluster 2 infections were associated with activities in the deep forest. Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) analysis showed that humans infected with both P. knowlesi subpopulations exhibited a clustering distribution pattern of infection. The Kernel Density Analysis (KDA) indicated that the hotspot of infections surrounding Kapit and Song towns were classified as high-risk areas for zoonotic malaria transmission. This study provides useful information for staff of the Sarawak State Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme in their efforts to control and prevent zoonotic malaria.
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Visa Shalini P, Shriram AN, Elango A, Natarajan R, Vijayakumar B, Raju KHK, Dengel L, Gunasekaran K, Kumar A. Mosquito Diversity in an Experimental Township in Tamil Nadu, India. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1615-1624. [PMID: 35703108 PMCID: PMC9473653 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To glean more information on mosquito diversity and distribution in Auroville, a cross-sectional study was carried out by mapping the distribution of water bodies and habitats supporting immature stages on the one hand and the distribution of water bodies/habitats supporting mosquito immature stages on the other. A satellite image covering an area of 8.08 km2 was overlaid with a grid of 500 × 500 m. Fifteen modules were selected and the area of each module served as the sampling site for the entomological survey. Adult and larval stages were sampled. Diversity indices were analyzed to compare mosquito diversity. Rarefaction estimations were used to compare abundance and richness of the mosquito species between different zones. In total, 750 mosquito larvae and 84 resting adults were sampled. Eighteen species of mosquitoes belonging to 11 subgenera and 7 genera were documented. Genera included Aedes (Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818, Diptera, Culicidae), Anopheles (Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818, Diptera, Culicidae), Armigeres (Theobald 1901, Diptera, Culicidae), Culex (Carl Linnaeus 1758, Diptera, Culicidae), Lutzia (Theobald 1903, Diptera, Culicidae), and Mimomyia (Theobald 1903, Diptera, Culicidae). Of the 18 mosquito species identified, 8 species are new records for Auroville. The Alpha (α) biodiversity indices show that the mosquito fauna is diverse (S = 18; DMg = 2.732 [95% CI: 2.732-2.732]). The Shannon-Weiner (H' = 2.199 [95% CI: 2.133-2.276]) and Simpson indices (λ = 0.8619 [95% CI: 0.8496-0.8723]) measured species richness, evenness, and dominance. The values of these indices suggest high species richness, evenness, and dominance. Prevailing conditions can provide suitable environment for establishment of different mosquito species in this ecosystem. Given the sociodemographic characteristics of this area, research on mosquito diversity and risk of vector-borne diseases will be of great use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Visa Shalini
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | | | - A Elango
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - R Natarajan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - B Vijayakumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - K H K Raju
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Lucas Dengel
- EcoPro, Aurosarjan Complex, Auroshilpam, Auroville, Tamil Nadu 605 101, India
| | - K Gunasekaran
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
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Huzortey AA, Kudom AA, Mensah BA, Sefa-Ntiri B, Anderson B, Akyea A. Water quality assessment in mosquito breeding habitats based on dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll measurements by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0252248. [PMID: 35895685 PMCID: PMC9328511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and its associated pollution can affect water quality in mosquito breeding habitats and, as a result, the ecology and control of mosquito vectors. To understand the effects of pollution on mosquito vectors, an accurate assessment of water quality in breeding habitats is needed. Presently, water quality assessment of mosquito breeding habitats is usually based on the measurement of individual physicochemical parameters. However, several parameters are sometimes difficult to interpret or may not give a clear picture of the overall water quality of the breeding habitats, especially when the pollutants are in complex mixtures. This study employed the use of Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy to assess water quality in breeding habitats of Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex mosquitoes in urban areas in Cape Coast, Ghana. The LIF spectra, using a 445-nm diode laser, were measured from field-collected water samples in the laboratory. The LIF spectra showed the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chlorophyll in the breeding habitats. The DOM and chlorophyll fluorescence signals were normalised by the Raman vibrational signals to determine water quality in each habitat. The overall water quality was better in Aedes breeding habitats than in Anopheles and Culex breeding habitats. The poor water quality in Anopheles and Culex breeding habitats was due to the presence of high fulvic acid and chlorophyll content, which often reflect pollutants from anthropogenic sources. Anopheles and Aedes habitats were made up of mainly An. coluzzii and Ae. aegypti respectively while Culex species were identified to genus level. The results add up to the growing concern about the breeding of Anopheles in polluted habitats. The study demonstrated for the first time the ability of LIF spectroscopy to assess water quality in mosquito breeding habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Huzortey
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Andreas A. Kudom
- Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Ben A. Mensah
- Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Baah Sefa-Ntiri
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Anderson
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Angela Akyea
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Pereira da Silva AA, Franquelino AR, Teodoro PE, Montanari R, Faria GA, Ribeiro da Silva CH, Bortoloto da Silva D, Júnior WAR, Muchalak F, Cruz Souza KM, Prudencio da Silva MH, Teodoro LPR. The fewer, the better fare: Can the loss of vegetation in the Cerrado drive the increase in dengue fever cases infection? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262473. [PMID: 35025976 PMCID: PMC8757950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the relationship of deforestation with increased incidence of infectious diseases, mainly due to the deregulation caused in these environments. The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: a) is increased loss of vegetation related to dengue cases in the Brazilian Cerrado? b) how do different regions of the tropical savanna biome present distinct patterns for total dengue cases and vegetation loss? c) what is the projection of a future scenario of deforestation and an increased number of dengue cases in 2030? Thus, this study aimed to assess the relationship between loss of native vegetation in the Cerrado and dengue infection. In this paper, we quantify the entire deforested area and dengue infection cases from 2001 to 2019. For data analyses, we used Poisson generalized linear model, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, non-parametric statistics, and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to predict loss of vegetation and fever dengue cases for the next decade. Cluster analysis revealed the formation of four clusters among the states. Our results showed significant increases in loss of native vegetation in all states, with the exception of Piauí. As for dengue cases, there were increases in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Mato Grosso. Based on projections for 2030, Minas Gerais will register about 4,000 dengue cases per 100,000 inhabitants, São Paulo 750 dengue cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and Mato Grosso 500 dengue cases per 100,000 inhabitants. To reduce these projections, Brazil will need to control deforestation and implement public health, environmental and social policies, requiring a joint effort from all spheres of society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Roberto Franquelino
- Graduate Program in Geography, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Montanari
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Amorim Faria
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Bortoloto da Silva
- Graduate Program in Agronomy–Cropping Systems, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Muchalak
- Graduate Program in Sciences—Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, São Paulo University, Piracicaba, Brazil
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12
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Nieto-Sanchez C, Dens S, Solomon K, Haile A, Yuan Y, Hawer T, Yewhalaw D, Addissie A, Grietens KP. Beyond eves and cracks: An interdisciplinary study of socio-spatial variation in urban malaria transmission in Ethiopia. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000173. [PMID: 36962186 PMCID: PMC10021683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past century, the global trend of reduced malaria transmission has been concurrent with increasing urbanization. Although urbanization has traditionally been considered beneficial for vector control, the adaptation of malaria vectors to urban environments has created concerns among scientific communities and national vector control programs. Since urbanization rates in Ethiopia are among the highest in the world, the Ethiopian government developed an initiative focused on building multi-storied units organized in condominium housing. This study aimed to develop an interdisciplinary methodological approach that integrates architecture, landscape urbanism, medical anthropology, and entomology to characterize exposure to malaria vectors in this form of housing in three condominiums in Jimma Town. Mosquitoes were collected using light trap catches (LTCs) both indoor and outdoor during 2019's rainy season. Architectural drawings and ethnographic research were superposed to entomological data to detect critical interactions between uses of the space and settlement conditions potentially affecting malaria vector abundance and distribution. A total of 34 anopheline mosquitoes comprising three species (Anopheles gambiae s.l, An. pharoensis and An. coustani complex) were collected during the three months of mosquito collection. Anopheles gambiae s.l, the principal malaria vector in Ethiopia, was the predominant species of all the anophelines collected. Distribution of mosquito breeding sites across scales (household, settlement, urban landscape) is explained by environmental conditions, socio-cultural practices involving modification of existing spaces, and systemic misfits between built environment and territory. Variations in mosquito abundance and distribution in this study were mainly related to standard building practices that ignore the original logics of the territory, deficiency of water and waste disposal management systems, and adaptations of the space to fit heterogeneous lifestyles of residents. Our results indicate that contextualizing malaria control strategies in relation to vector ecology, social dynamics determining specific uses of the space, as well as building and territorial conditions could strengthen current elimination efforts. Although individual housing remains a critical unit of research for vector control interventions, this study demonstrates the importance of studying housing settlements at communal level to capture systemic interactions impacting transmission at the household level and in outdoor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nieto-Sanchez
- Department of Public Health, Unit of Socio-Ecological Health Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Dens
- Witteveen+Bos Belgium N.V., Antwerp, Belgium
- Research Group for Urban Development, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kalkidan Solomon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asgedom Haile
- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction, and City Development (EiABC), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yue Yuan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Adamu Addissie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Department of Public Health, Unit of Socio-Ecological Health Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Witteveen+Bos Belgium N.V., Antwerp, Belgium
- Research Group for Urban Development, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction, and City Development (EiABC), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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13
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Buxton M, Buxton MP, Machekano H, Nyamukondiwa C, Wasserman RJ. A Survey of Potentially Pathogenic-Incriminated Arthropod Vectors of Health Concern in Botswana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10556. [PMID: 34639855 PMCID: PMC8508065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod vectors play a crucial role in the transmission of many debilitating infections, causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the economic significance of arthropods to public health, public knowledge on vector biology, ecology and taxonomic status remains anecdotal and largely unexplored. The present study surveyed knowledge gaps regarding the biology and ecology of arthropod vectors in communities of Botswana, across all districts. Results showed that communities are largely aware of individual arthropod vectors; however, their 'potential contribution' in disease transmission in humans, livestock and wildlife could not be fully attested. As such, their knowledge was largely limited with regards to some aspects of vector biology, ecology and control. Communities were strongly concerned about the burden of mosquitoes, cockroaches, flies and ticks, with the least concerns about fleas, bedbugs and lice, although the same communities did not know of specific diseases potentially vectored by these arthropods. Knowledge on arthropod vector control was mainly limited to synthetic chemical pesticides for most respondents, regardless of their location. The limited knowledge on potentially pathogen-incriminated arthropod vectors reported here has large implications for bridging knowledge gaps on the bio-ecology of these vectors countrywide. This is potentially useful in reducing the local burden of associated diseases and preventing the risk of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mmabaledi Buxton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (H.M.); (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Malebogo Portia Buxton
- Department of Sociology, University of Botswana, P/Bag UB 0022, Gaborone 00704, Botswana;
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (H.M.); (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (H.M.); (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Ryan John Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (H.M.); (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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14
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Buxton M, Nyamukondiwa C, Wasserman RJ, Othenin-Girard V, Pigeault R, Christe P, Glaizot O. Surveillance Studies Reveal Diverse and Potentially Pathogenic-Incriminated Vector Mosquito Species across Major Botswana Touristic Hotspots. INSECTS 2021; 12:913. [PMID: 34680682 PMCID: PMC8537495 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vector mosquitoes contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases in humans, livestock and wildlife. As such, the spatial distribution and abundance of mosquito species and their surveillance cannot be ignored. Here, we surveyed mosquito species across major tourism hotspots in semi-arid Botswana, including, for the first time, the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Our results reported several mosquito species across seven genera, belonging to Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Coquillettidia and Uranotaenia. These results document a significant species inventory that may inform early warning vector-borne disease control systems and likely help manage the risk of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mmabaledi Buxton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Ryan J. Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Victor Othenin-Girard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
| | - Romain Pigeault
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
- EBI Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions (UMR 7267), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Guarido MM, Riddin MA, Johnson T, Braack LEO, Schrama M, Gorsich EE, Brooke BD, Almeida APG, Venter M. Aedes species (Diptera: Culicidae) ecological and host feeding patterns in the north-eastern parts of South Africa, 2014-2018. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:339. [PMID: 34174956 PMCID: PMC8235819 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of recent data and knowledge on mosquito diversity and potential vectors of arboviruses in South Africa, with most of the available data dating back to the 1950s–1970s. Aedes and Culex species are the major vectors of some of the principal arboviruses which have emerged and re-emerged in the past few decades. Methods In this study we used entomological surveillance in selected areas in the north-eastern parts of South Africa from 2014 to 2018 to assess mosquito diversity, with special emphasis on the Aedes species. The impact of trap types and environmental conditions was also investigated. Identification of the blood meal sources of engorged females collected during the study period was carried out, and DNA barcodes were generated for selected species. Results Overall, 18.5% of the total Culicidae mosquitoes collected belonged to the genus Aedes, with 14 species recognised or suspected vectors of arboviruses. Species belonging to the Neomelaniconion subgenus were commonly collected in the Bushveld savanna at conservation areas, especially Aedes mcintoshi and Aedes circumluteolus. Aedes aegypti was present in all sites, albeit in low numbers. Temperature was a limiting factor for the Aedes population, and they were almost exclusively collected at temperatures between 18 °C and 27 °C. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode fragment was amplified for 21 Aedes species, and for nine of these species it was the first sequence information uploaded on GenBank. Conclusion This study provides a better understanding of the diversity and relative abundance of Aedes species in the north-east of South Africa. The information provided here will contribute to future arboviral research and implementation of efficient vector control and prevention strategies. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04845-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Guarido
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa
| | - M A Riddin
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Johnson
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - L E O Braack
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Malaria Consortium, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Schrama
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E E Gorsich
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - B D Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases/NHLS, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A P G Almeida
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa.,Institute of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (IHMTNOVA), Medical Parasitology Unit/GHTM, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pathology Building, Prinshof Campus South, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0031, South Africa.
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16
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Ferraguti M, Martínez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J. Ecological Effects on the Dynamics of West Nile Virus and Avian Plasmodium: The Importance of Mosquito Communities and Landscape. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071208. [PMID: 34201673 PMCID: PMC8310121 DOI: 10.3390/v13071208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife are at risk from certain vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and West Nile and yellow fevers. Factors linked to global change, including habitat alteration, land-use intensification, the spread of alien species, and climate change, are operating on a global scale and affect both the incidence and distribution of many vector-borne diseases. Hence, understanding the drivers that regulate the transmission of pathogens in the wild is of great importance for ecological, evolutionary, health, and economic reasons. In this literature review, we discuss the ecological factors potentially affecting the transmission of two mosquito-borne pathogens circulating naturally between birds and mosquitoes, namely, West Nile virus (WNV) and the avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Traditionally, the study of pathogen transmission has focused only on vectors or hosts and the interactions between them, while the role of landscape has largely been ignored. However, from an ecological point of view, it is essential not only to study the interaction between each of these organisms but also to understand the environmental scenarios in which these processes take place. We describe here some of the similarities and differences in the transmission of these two pathogens and how research into both systems may facilitate a greater understanding of the dynamics of vector-borne pathogens in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferraguti
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology (TCE), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), E-41092 Seville, Spain;
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
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