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Ibraheem Y, Bayarsaikhan G, Macalinao ML, Kimura K, Yui K, Aoshi T, Inoue SI. γδ T cell-mediated activation of cDC1 orchestrates CD4 + Th1 cell priming in malaria. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1426316. [PMID: 39211036 PMCID: PMC11357926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1426316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells facilitate the CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cell response against Plasmodium infection by activating conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Our study revealed that γδ T cells promote the complete maturation and production of interleukin-12 and CXCR3-ligands specifically in type 1 cDCs (cDC1), with minimal impact on cDC2 and monocyte derived DCs (Mo-DCs). During the initial infection phase, γδ T cell activation and temporal accumulation in the splenic white pulp, alongside cDC1, occur via CCR7-signaling. Furthermore, cDC1/γδ T cell interactions in the white pulp are amplified through CXCR3 signaling in γδ T cells, optimizing Th1 cell priming by cDC1. We also demonstrated how transitional Th1 cells arise in the white pulp before establishing their presence in the red pulp as fully differentiated Th1 cells. Additionally, we elucidate the reciprocal activation between γδ T cells and cDC1s. These findings suggest that Th1 cell priming is orchestrated by this reciprocal activation in the splenic white pulp during the early phase of blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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MESH Headings
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Animals
- Mice
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/parasitology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarob Ibraheem
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Shionogi Global Infectious Diseases Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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2
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Zouridis IS, Schmors L, Fischer KM, Berens P, Preston-Ferrer P, Burgalossi A. Juxtacellular recordings from identified neurons in the mouse locus coeruleus. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3659-3676. [PMID: 38872397 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the primary source of noradrenergic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. This small pontine nucleus consists of a densely packed nuclear core-which contains the highest density of noradrenergic neurons-embedded within a heterogeneous surround of non-noradrenergic cells. This local heterogeneity, together with the small size of the LC, has made it particularly difficult to infer noradrenergic cell identity based on extracellular sampling of in vivo spiking activity. Moreover, the relatively high cell density, background activity and synchronicity of LC neurons have made spike identification and unit isolation notoriously challenging. In this study, we aimed at bridging these gaps by performing juxtacellular recordings from single identified neurons within the mouse LC complex. We found that noradrenergic neurons (identified by tyrosine hydroxylase, TH, expression; TH-positive) and intermingled putatively non-noradrenergic (TH-negative) cells displayed similar morphologies and responded to foot shock stimuli with excitatory responses; however, on average, TH-positive neurons exhibited more prominent foot shock responses and post-activation firing suppression. The two cell classes also displayed different spontaneous firing rates, spike waveforms and temporal spiking properties. A logistic regression classifier trained on spontaneous electrophysiological features could separate the two cell classes with 76% accuracy. Altogether, our results reveal in vivo electrophysiological correlates of TH-positive neurons, which can be useful for refining current approaches for the classification of LC unit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Zouridis
- Institute of Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max-Planck Research School (IMPRS), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmors
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for AI in Brain Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Maite Fischer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max-Planck Research School (IMPRS), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Berens
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for AI in Brain Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Preston-Ferrer
- Institute of Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Burgalossi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Yılmaz D, Marques FC, Fischer Y, Zimmermann S, Hwang G, Atkins PR, Mathavan N, Singh A, de Souza PP, Kuhn GA, Wehrle E, Müller R. Elucidating the mechano-molecular dynamics of TRAP activity using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated fluorescent reporter mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32949. [PMID: 39021958 PMCID: PMC11252717 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are essential for bone remodeling by adapting their resorptive activity in response to their mechanical in vivo environment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated the role of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, Acp5), a key enzyme secreted by osteoclasts, in bone remodeling and mechanosensitivity. Using CRISPR/Cas9 reporter mice, we demonstrated bone cell reporter (BCRIbsp/Acp5) mice feature fluorescent TRAP-deficient osteoclasts and examined their activity during mechanically driven trabecular bone remodeling. Although BCRIbsp/Acp5 mice exhibited trabecular bone impairments and reduced resorption capacity in vitro, RNA sequencing revealed unchanged levels of key osteoclast-associated genes such as Ctsk, Mmp9, and Calcr. These findings, in conjunction with serum carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) and in vivo mechanical loading outcomes collectively indicated an unaltered bone resorption capacity of osteoclasts in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated similar mechanoregulation during trabecular bone remodeling in BCRIbsp/Acp5 and wild-type (WT) mice. Hence, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of TRAP activity in the context of bone remodeling and mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Yılmaz
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gaonhae Hwang
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Penny R. Atkins
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | - Amit Singh
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pedro P.C. de Souza
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Innovation in Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gisela A. Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Esther Wehrle
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Levina A, Wardhani K, Stephens LJ, Werrett MV, Caporale C, Dallerba E, Blair VL, Massi M, Lay PA, Andrews PC. Neutral rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with sulfur-donor ligands: anti-proliferative activity and cellular localization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7866-7879. [PMID: 38632950 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes are widely studied for their cell imaging properties and anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities, but the complexes with S-donor ligands remain relatively unexplored. A series of six fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(SR)] complexes, where (NN) is 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and RSH is a series of thiocarboxylic acid methyl esters, have been synthesized and characterized. Cellular uptake and anti-proliferative activities of these complexes in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were generally lower than those of the previously described fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(OH2)]+ complexes; however, one of the complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(SC(Ph)CH2C(O)OMe)] (3b), was active (IC50 ∼ 10 μM at 72 h treatment) in thiol-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, unlike fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(OH2)]+, this complex did not lose activity in the presence of extracellular glutathione. Taken together these properties show promise for further development of 3b and its analogues as potential anti-cancer drugs for co-treatment with thiol-depleting agents. Conversely, the stable and non-toxic complex, fac-[Re(bipy)(CO)3(SC(Me)C(O)OMe)] (1a), predominantly localized in the lysosomes of MDA-MB-231 cells, as shown by live cell confocal microscopy (λex = 405 nm, λem = 470-570 nm). It is strongly localized in a subset of lysosomes (25 μM Re, 4 h treatment), as shown by co-localization with a Lysotracker dye. Longer treatment times with 1a (25 μM Re for 48 h) resulted in partial migration of the probe into the mitochondria, as shown by co-localization with a Mitotracker dye. These properties make complex 1a an attractive target for further development as an organelle probe for multimodal imaging, including phosphorescence, carbonyl tag for vibrational spectroscopy, and Re tag for X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Elena Dallerba
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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5
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Kinnart I, Manders L, Heyninck T, Imberechts D, Praschberger R, Schoovaerts N, Verfaillie C, Verstreken P, Vandenberghe W. Elevated α-synuclein levels inhibit mitophagic flux. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:80. [PMID: 38594264 PMCID: PMC11004019 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic effect of SNCA gene multiplications indicates that elevation of wild-type α-synuclein levels is sufficient to cause Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria have been proposed to be a major target of α-synuclein-induced damage. PINK1/parkin/DJ-1-mediated mitophagy is a defense strategy that allows cells to selectively eliminate severely damaged mitochondria. Here, we quantified mitophagic flux and non-mitochondrial autophagic flux in three models of increased α-synuclein expression: 1/Drosophila melanogaster that transgenically express human wild-type and mutant α-synuclein in flight muscle; 2/human skin fibroblasts transfected with α-synuclein or β-synuclein; and 3/human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons carrying an extra copy of wild-type SNCA under control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter, allowing titratable α-synuclein upregulation. In each model, elevated α-synuclein levels potently suppressed mitophagic flux, while non-mitochondrial autophagy was preserved. In human neurons, a twofold increase in wild-type α-synuclein was already sufficient to induce this effect. PINK1 and parkin activation and mitochondrial translocation of DJ-1 after mitochondrial depolarization were not affected by α-synuclein upregulation. Overexpression of the actin-severing protein cofilin or treatment with CK666, an inhibitor of the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, rescued mitophagy in neurons with increased α-synuclein, suggesting that excessive actin network stabilization mediated the mitophagy defect. In conclusion, elevated α-synuclein levels inhibit mitophagic flux. Disruption of actin dynamics may play a key role in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kinnart
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liselot Manders
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Heyninck
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Imberechts
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Praschberger
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuronal Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nils Schoovaerts
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuronal Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuronal Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Lee RE, Mascenik TM, Major SC, Galiger JR, Bulik-Sullivan E, Siesser PF, Lewis CA, Bear JE, Le Suer JA, Hawkins FJ, Pickles RJ, Randell SH. Viral airway injury promotes cell engraftment in an in vitro model of cystic fibrosis cell therapy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L226-L238. [PMID: 38150545 PMCID: PMC11280688 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00421.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). However, cell engraftment into the airway epithelium is challenging. Here, we model cell engraftment in vitro using the air-liquid interface (ALI) culture system by injuring well-differentiated CF ALI cultures and delivering non-CF cells at the time of peak injury. Engraftment efficiency was quantified by measuring chimerism by droplet digital PCR and functional ion transport in Ussing chambers. Using this model, we found that human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) engraft more efficiently when they are cultured by conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) culture methods. Cell engraftment into the airway epithelium requires airway injury, but the extent of injury needed is unknown. We compared three injury models and determined that severe injury with partial epithelial denudation facilitates long-term cell engraftment and functional CFTR recovery up to 20% of wildtype function. The airway epithelium promptly regenerates in response to injury, creating competition for space and posing a barrier to effective engraftment. We examined competition dynamics by time-lapse confocal imaging and found that delivered cells accelerate airway regeneration by incorporating into the epithelium. Irradiating the repairing epithelium granted engrafting cells a competitive advantage by diminishing resident stem cell proliferation. Intentionally, causing severe injury to the lungs of people with CF would be dangerous. However, naturally occurring events like viral infection can induce similar epithelial damage with patches of denuded epithelium. We found that viral preconditioning promoted effective engraftment of cells primed for viral resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cell therapy is a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we model cell engraftment by injuring CF air-liquid interface cultures and delivering non-CF cells. Successful engraftment required severe epithelial injury. Intentionally injuring the lungs to this extent would be dangerous. However, naturally occurring events like viral infection induce similar epithelial damage. We found that viral preconditioning promoted the engraftment of cells primed for viral resistance leading to CFTR functional recovery to 20% of the wildtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Teresa M Mascenik
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sidra C Major
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jacob R Galiger
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Emily Bulik-Sullivan
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Priscila F Siesser
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - James E Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jake A Le Suer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Finn J Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Raymond J Pickles
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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7
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Papadakis S, Thompson JR, Feczko E, Miranda-Dominguez O, Dunn GA, Selby M, Mitchell AJ, Sullivan EL, Fair DA. Perinatal Western-style diet exposure associated with decreased microglial counts throughout the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Japanese macaques. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:241-260. [PMID: 38197176 PMCID: PMC11286309 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00213.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to a high-fat, high-sugar Western-style diet (WSD) is associated with altered neural circuitry in the melanocortin system. This association may have an underlying inflammatory component, as consumption of a WSD during pregnancy can lead to an elevated inflammatory environment. Our group previously demonstrated that prenatal WSD exposure was associated with increased markers of inflammation in the placenta and fetal hypothalamus in Japanese macaques. In this follow-up study, we sought to determine whether this heightened inflammatory state persisted into the postnatal period, as prenatal exposure to inflammation has been shown to reprogram offspring immune function and long-term neuroinflammation would present a potential means for prolonged disruptions to microglia-mediated neuronal circuit formation. Neuroinflammation was approximated in 1-yr-old offspring by counting resident microglia and peripherally derived macrophages in the region of the hypothalamus examined in the fetal study, the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Microglia and macrophages were immunofluorescently stained with their shared marker, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and quantified in 11 regions along the rostral-caudal axis of the ARC. A mixed-effects model revealed main effects of perinatal diet (P = 0.011) and spatial location (P = 0.003) on Iba1-stained cell count. Perinatal WSD exposure was associated with a slight decrease in the number of Iba1-stained cells, and cells were more densely located in the center of the ARC. These findings suggest that the heightened inflammatory state experienced in utero does not persist postnatally. This inflammatory response trajectory could have important implications for understanding how neurodevelopmental disorders progress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prenatal Western-style diet exposure is associated with increased microglial activity in utero. However, we found a potentially neuroprotective reduction in microglia count during early postnatal development. This trajectory could inform the timing of disruptions to microglia-mediated neuronal circuit formation. Additionally, this is the first study in juvenile macaques to characterize the distribution of microglia along the rostral-caudal axis of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Nearby neuronal populations may be greater targets during inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Papadakis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jacqueline R Thompson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Dunn
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Matthew Selby
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - A J Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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8
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Maimaitili M, Chen M, Febbraro F, Ucuncu E, Kelly R, Niclis JC, Christiansen JR, Mermet-Joret N, Niculescu D, Lauritsen J, Iannielli A, Klæstrup IH, Jensen UB, Qvist P, Nabavi S, Broccoli V, Nykjær A, Romero-Ramos M, Denham M. Enhanced production of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from lineage-restricted human undifferentiated stem cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7871. [PMID: 38052784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current differentiation protocols for generating mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons from human pluripotent stem cells result in grafts containing only a small proportion of mesDA neurons when transplanted in vivo. In this study, we develop lineage-restricted undifferentiated stem cells (LR-USCs) from pluripotent stem cells, which enhances their potential for differentiating into caudal midbrain floor plate progenitors and mesDA neurons. Using a ventral midbrain protocol, 69% of LR-USCs become bona fide caudal midbrain floor plate progenitors, compared to only 25% of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Importantly, LR-USCs generate significantly more mesDA neurons under midbrain and hindbrain conditions in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that midbrain-patterned LR-USC progenitors transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats restore function in a clinically relevant non-pharmacological behavioral test, whereas midbrain-patterned hESC-derived progenitors do not. This strategy demonstrates how lineage restriction can prevent the development of undesirable lineages and enhance the conditions necessary for mesDA neuron generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyesier Maimaitili
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muwan Chen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fabia Febbraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ekin Ucuncu
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rachel Kelly
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Noëmie Mermet-Joret
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Excellence PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dragos Niculescu
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Excellence PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanne Lauritsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angelo Iannielli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Ida H Klæstrup
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Qvist
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, CGPM, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sadegh Nabavi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Excellence PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Excellence PROMEMO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Denham
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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9
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Giuliani A, Licursi V, Nisi PS, Fiore M, D'Angelo S, Biagioni S, Negri R, Rugg-Gunn PJ, Cacci E, Lupo G. Dbx2, an Aging-Related Homeobox Gene, Inhibits the Proliferation of Adult Neural Progenitors. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2837-2851. [PMID: 37605090 PMCID: PMC10661760 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mouse brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) underlying the lateral ventricles harbours a population of quiescent neural stem cells, which can be activated (aNSCs) to initiate proliferation and generate a neurogenic lineage consisting of transit amplifying progenitors (TAPs), neuroblasts (NBs) and newborn neurons. This process is markedly reduced during aging. Recent studies suggest that the aged SVZ niche decreases the pool of proliferating neural/stem progenitor cells (NSPCs), and hence adult neurogenesis, by causing transcriptomic changes that promote NSC quiescence. The transcription factors that mediate these changes, however, remain unclear. We previously found that the homeobox gene Dbx2 is upregulated in NSPCs of the aged mouse SVZ and can inhibit the growth of NSPC cultures. Here, we further investigate its role as a candidate transcriptional regulator of neurogenic decline. We show that Dbx2 expression is downregulated by Epidermal Growth Factor receptor signaling, which promotes NSPC proliferation and decreases in the aged SVZ. By means of transgenic NSPC lines overexpressing Dbx2, we also show that this gene inhibits NSPC proliferation by hindering the G2/M transition. Furthermore, we exploit RNA sequencing of transgenic NSPCs to elucidate the transcriptomic networks modulated by Dbx2. Among the top hits, we report the downregulation of the molecular pathways implicated in cell cycle progression. Accordingly, we find that Dbx2 function is negatively correlated with the transcriptional signatures of proliferative NSPCs (aNSCs, TAPs and early NBs). These results point to Dbx2 as a transcription factor relaying the anti-neurogenic input of the aged niche to the NSPC transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giuliani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola S Nisi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fiore
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Sara D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Lancaster MS, Kim B, Doud EH, Tate MD, Sharify AD, Gao H, Chen D, Simpson E, Gillespie P, Chu X, Miller MJ, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mosley AL, Kim J, Graham BH. Loss of succinyl-CoA synthetase in mouse forebrain results in hypersuccinylation with perturbed neuronal transcription and metabolism. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113241. [PMID: 37819759 PMCID: PMC10683835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine succinylation is a subtype of protein acylation associated with metabolic regulation of succinyl-CoA in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Deficiency of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate, results in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy in humans. This report presents a conditional forebrain-specific knockout (KO) mouse model of Sucla2, the gene encoding the ATP-specific beta isoform of SCS, resulting in postnatal deficiency of the entire SCS complex. Results demonstrate that accumulation of succinyl-CoA in the absence of SCS leads to hypersuccinylation within the murine cerebral cortex. Specifically, increased succinylation is associated with functionally significant reduced activity of respiratory chain complex I and widescale alterations in chromatin landscape and gene expression. Integrative analysis of the transcriptomic data also reveals perturbations in regulatory networks of neuronal transcription in the KO forebrain. Together, these findings provide evidence that protein succinylation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of SCS deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla S Lancaster
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Byungwook Kim
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Emma H Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mason D Tate
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ahmad D Sharify
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Duojiao Chen
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ed Simpson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Patrick Gillespie
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaona Chu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marcus J Miller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amber L Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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11
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Troumpoukis D, Vasileiou AR, Siskos N, Stylianopoulou E, Ypsilantis P, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Characterization of the Abracl-Expressing Cell Populations in the Embryonic Mammalian Telencephalon. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1337. [PMID: 37759737 PMCID: PMC10527439 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abracl (ABRA C-terminal-like protein) is a small, non-typical winged-helix protein that shares similarity with the C-terminal domain of the protein ABRA (Actin-Binding Rho-Activating protein). The role of Abracl in the cell remains elusive, although in cancer cells, it has been implicated in proliferation, migration and actin dynamics. Our previous study showed that Abracl mRNA was expressed in the dividing cells of the subpallial subventricular zone (SVZ), in the developing cortical plate (CP), and in the diencephalic SVZ; however, the molecular identities of the Abracl-expressing cell populations were not defined in that work. In this study, we use double immunofluorescence to characterize the expression of Abracl on sections of embryonic murine (E11.5-E18.5) and feline (E30/31-E33/34) telencephalon; to this end, we use a battery of well-known molecular markers of cycling (Ki67, Ascl1, Dlx2) or post-mitotic (Tubb3, Gad65/67, Lhx6 and Tbr1) cells. Our experiments show that Abracl protein has, compared to the mRNA, a broader expression domain, including, apart from proliferating cells of the subpallial and diencephalic SVZ, post-mitotic cells occupying the subpallial and pallial mantle (including the CP), as well as subpallial-derived migrating interneurons. Interestingly, in late embryonic developmental stages, Abracl was also transiently detected in major telencephalic fiber tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Troumpoukis
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
| | - Andreas Rafail Vasileiou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Nikistratos Siskos
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
| | - Electra Stylianopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Skavdis
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Maria E. Grigoriou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
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12
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Grunz EA, Jones BW, Lateef OM, Sen S, Wilkinson K, Joshi T, Boerman EM. Adventitial macrophage accumulation impairs perivascular nerve function in mesenteric arteries with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1198066. [PMID: 37342800 PMCID: PMC10278583 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1198066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease involves aberrant immune responses and is associated with both cardiovascular disease risk and altered intestinal blood flow. However, little is known about how inflammatory bowel disease affects regulation of perivascular nerves that mediate blood flow. Previous work found perivascular nerve function is impaired in mesenteric arteries with Inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of impaired perivascular nerve function. Methods: RNA sequencing was performed on mesenteric arteries from IL10-/- mice treated with H. hepaticus to induce disease (inflammatory bowel disease) or left non-gavaged (Control). For all other studies, Control and Inflammatory bowel disease mice received either saline or clodronate liposome injections to study the effect of macrophage depletion. Perivascular nerve function was assessed using pressure myography and electrical field stimulation. Leukocyte populations, and perivascular nerves, and adventitial neurotransmitter receptors were labeled using fluorescent immunolabeling. Results: Inflammatory bowel disease was associated with increases in macrophage-associated gene expression, and immunolabeling showed accumulation of adventitial macrophages. Clodronate liposome injection eliminated adventitial macrophages, which reversed significant attenuation of sensory vasodilation, sympathetic vasoconstriction and sensory inhibition of sympathetic constriction in inflammatory bowel disease. Acetylcholine-mediated dilation was impaired in inflammatory bowel disease and restored after macrophage depletion, but sensory dilation remained nitric oxide independent regardless of disease and/or macrophage presence. Conclusion: Altered neuro-immune signaling between macrophages and perivascular nerves in the arterial adventitia contributes to impaired vasodilation, particularly via dilatory sensory nerves. Targeting the adventitial macrophage population may help preserve intestinal blood flow in Inflammatory bowel disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Grunz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Jones
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Olubodun Michael Lateef
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sidharth Sen
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Katie Wilkinson
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Trupti Joshi
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Health Management and Informatics and Christopher S Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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13
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Darjanki CM, Prahasanti C, Fitria A E, Kusumawardani B, Wijaksana IKE, Aljunaid M. RUNX2 and ALP expression in osteoblast cells exposed by PMMA-HAp combination: An in vitro study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:277-282. [PMID: 36896352 PMCID: PMC9988561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the expression of Runt-Related Transcription Factors 2 (RUNX2) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) markers in osteoblast cell cultures exposed to Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) combined with hydroxyapatite (HAp) material to improve osteointegration of bone implants. Methods Sample of PMMA and HAp materials with a mixture of PMMA with HAp made from limestone as natural source which processed through Balai Besar Keramik (HApBBK) in the first group and a mixture of PMMA with HAp made from bovine bone which processed through Good Manufacturing Practice (HApGMP) in the second group. Twenty-four fetal rat calvarie osteoblast cell cultures were randomly divided into 6 groups: 7- and 14-day control group, 7 and 14 days PMMA-HApGMP group, 7 and 14 days PMMA-HApBBK group. The expression of RUNX2 and ALP was seen by immunocytochemical examination. Result The one-way ANOVA with a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). There was an increase in RUNX2 and ALP expressions on both PMMA-HApBBK and PMMA-HApGMP groups on days 7 and 14 in osteoblast cell cultures. Conclusion The PMMA-HApBBK and PMMA-HApGMP showed an increase in the RUNX2 and ALP expression in osteoblast cell cultures which indicates a potential increase of osseointegration of bone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Michelle Darjanki
- Residence in Periodontic Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chiquita Prahasanti
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eka Fitria A
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Banun Kusumawardani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jember, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - I Komang Evan Wijaksana
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mohammed Aljunaid
- Doctoral Program of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Dental and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
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14
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Yang OJ, Robilotto GL, Alom F, Alemán K, Devulapally K, Morris A, Mickle AD. Evaluating the transduction efficiency of systemically delivered AAV vectors in the rat nervous system. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1001007. [PMID: 36755734 PMCID: PMC9899837 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery or manipulation with viral vectors is a frequently used tool in basic neuroscience studies. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are the most widely used vectors due to their relative safety and long-term efficacy without causing overt immunological complications. Many AAV serotypes have been discovered and engineered that preferentially transduce different populations of neurons. However, efficient targeting of peripheral neurons remains challenging for many researchers, and evaluation of peripheral neuron transduction with AAVs in rats is limited. Here, we aimed to test the efficiency of systemic AAVs to transduce peripheral neurons in rats. We administered AAV9-tdTomato, AAV-PHP.S-tdTomato, or AAV-retro-GFP systemically to neonatal rats via intraperitoneal injection. After 5 weeks, we evaluated expression patterns in peripheral sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons. No significant difference between the serotypes in the transduction of sensory neurons was noted, and all serotypes were more efficient in transducing NF200 + neurons compared to smaller CGRP + neurons. AAV-retro was more efficient at transducing motor neurons compared to other serotypes. Moreover, PHP.S was more efficient at transducing sympathetic neurons, and AAV-retro was more efficient at transducing parasympathetic neurons. These results indicate that specific AAV serotypes target peripheral neuron populations more efficiently than others in the neonatal rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Yang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gabriella L. Robilotto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Firoj Alom
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Karla Alemán
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karthik Devulapally
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abigail Morris
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aaron D. Mickle
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Aaron D. Mickle,
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15
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Gumina DL, Ji S, Flockton A, McPeak K, Stich D, Moldovan R, Su EJ. Dysregulation of integrin αvβ3 and α5β1 impedes migration of placental endothelial cells in fetal growth restriction. Development 2022; 149:dev200717. [PMID: 36193846 PMCID: PMC9641665 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Placentas from pregnancies complicated by severe early-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) exhibit diminished vascular development mediated by impaired angiogenesis, but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we show that FGR endothelial cells demonstrate inherently reduced migratory capacity despite the presence of fibronectin, a matrix protein abundant in placental stroma that displays abnormal organization in FGR placentas. Thus, we hypothesized that aberrant endothelial-fibronectin interactions in FGR are a key mechanism underlying impaired FGR endothelial migration. Using human fetoplacental endothelial cells isolated from uncomplicated term control and FGR pregnancies, we assessed integrin α5β1 and αvβ3 regulation during cell migration. We show that endothelial integrin α5β1 and αvβ3 interactions with fibronectin are required for migration and that FGR endothelial cells responded differentially to integrin inhibition, indicating integrin dysregulation in FGR. Whole-cell expression was not different between groups. However, there were significantly more integrins in focal adhesions and reduced intracellular trafficking in FGR. These newly identified changes in FGR endothelial cellular processes represent previously unidentified mechanisms contributing to persistent angiogenic deficiencies in FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Gumina
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shuhan Ji
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda Flockton
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathryn McPeak
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dominik Stich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Radu Moldovan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Emily J. Su
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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16
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An IGF-1R-mTORC1-SRPK2 signaling Axis contributes to FASN regulation in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:976. [PMID: 36096767 PMCID: PMC9469522 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression is associated with a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype and is regulated downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. Recently, post transcriptional regulation of lipogenic transcripts have been demonstrated as being mediated downstream of serine-arginine rich protein kinase 2 (SRPK2), which acts to phosphorylate serine-arginine rich splicing factors (SRSFs), resulting in RNA binding and various RNA regulatory processes. Though post-transcriptional regulation of FASN has been studied previously, the upstream mediators of these pathways have not been elucidated. Methods Western blotting and RT-qPCR were utilized to demonstrate alterations in FASN and mRNA expression upon modulation of the IGF-1-mTORC1-SRPK2 pathway by small molecule inhibitors or RNAi mediated silencing. RNA stability was accessed by using the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin-D followed by RT-qPCR. Further, we employed RNA-immunoprecipitation to demonstrate the direct binding of SRSF-1 to FASN transcripts. Results In the current study, we demonstrated an IGF-1 induced increase in FASN mRNA and protein expression that was attenuated by mTORC1 inhibition. This mTORC1 inhibition also resulted in decreases in total and nuclear p-SRPK2 in response to IGF-1 exposure. Upon SRPK2 knockdown and inhibition, we observed a decrease in FASN protein and mRNA stability, respectively, in response to IGF-1 exposure that was specific to triple negative and HER2+ breast cancer cell lines. As we explored further, IGF-1 exposure resulted in an altered localization of eGFP expressed SRSF-1, pEGFP-SRSF-1 that was rescued upon both SRPK2 knockdown and mTORC1 inhibition. Further, we observed an increase binding of SRSF-1 to FASN RNA upon IGF-1 exposure, which was abrogated by SRPK2 knockdown. Conclusion These current findings establish a potential IGF-1-mTORC1-SRPK2-FASN axis in breast cancer, which could be a potential therapeutic target for cancers that overexpress FASN and components of the IGF-1R pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10062-z.
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17
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Dynamic changes in O-GlcNAcylation regulate osteoclast differentiation and bone loss via nucleoporin 153. Bone Res 2022; 10:51. [PMID: 35879285 PMCID: PMC9314416 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mass is maintained by the balance between osteoclast-induced bone resorption and osteoblast-triggered bone formation. In inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, increased osteoclast differentiation and activity skew this balance resulting in progressive bone loss. O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification with attachment of a single O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residue to serine or threonine residues of target proteins. Although O-GlcNAcylation is one of the most common protein modifications, its role in bone homeostasis has not been systematically investigated. We demonstrate that dynamic changes in O-GlcNAcylation are required for osteoclastogenesis. Increased O-GlcNAcylation promotes osteoclast differentiation during the early stages, whereas its downregulation is required for osteoclast maturation. At the molecular level, O-GlcNAcylation affects several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation and cell-cell fusion. TNFα fosters the dynamic regulation of O-GlcNAcylation to promote osteoclastogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. Targeted pharmaceutical or genetic inhibition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) arrests osteoclast differentiation during early stages of differentiation and during later maturation, respectively, and ameliorates bone loss in experimental arthritis. Knockdown of NUP153, an O-GlcNAcylation target, has similar effects as OGT inhibition and inhibits osteoclastogenesis. These findings highlight an important role of O-GlcNAcylation in osteoclastogenesis and may offer the potential to therapeutically interfere with pathologic bone resorption.
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Murphy BM, Terrell EM, Chirasani VR, Weiss TJ, Lew RE, Holderbaum AM, Dhakal A, Posada V, Fort M, Bodnar MS, Carey LM, Chen M, Burd CJ, Coppola V, Morrison DK, Campbell SL, Burd CE. Enhanced BRAF engagement by NRAS mutants capable of promoting melanoma initiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3153. [PMID: 35672316 PMCID: PMC9174180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct profile of NRAS mutants is observed in each tumor type. It is unclear whether these profiles are determined by mutagenic events or functional differences between NRAS oncoproteins. Here, we establish functional hallmarks of NRAS mutants enriched in human melanoma. We generate eight conditional, knock-in mouse models and show that rare melanoma mutants (NRAS G12D, G13D, G13R, Q61H, and Q61P) are poor drivers of spontaneous melanoma formation, whereas common melanoma mutants (NRAS Q61R, Q61K, or Q61L) induce rapid tumor onset with high penetrance. Molecular dynamics simulations, combined with cell-based protein-protein interaction studies, reveal that melanomagenic NRAS mutants form intramolecular contacts that enhance BRAF binding affinity, BRAF-CRAF heterodimer formation, and MAPK > ERK signaling. Along with the allelic series of conditional mouse models we describe, these results establish a mechanistic basis for the enrichment of specific NRAS mutants in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Terrell
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tirzah J Weiss
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Lew
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrea M Holderbaum
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aastha Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Valentina Posada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marie Fort
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael S Bodnar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Leiah M Carey
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Craig J Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Cayuela López A, Gómez-Pedrero JA, Blanco AMO, Sorzano COS. Cell-TypeAnalyzer: A flexible Fiji/ImageJ plugin to classify cells according to user-defined criteria. BIOLOGICAL IMAGING 2022; 2:e5. [PMID: 38510432 PMCID: PMC10951792 DOI: 10.1017/s2633903x22000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy techniques have experienced a substantial increase in the visualization and analysis of many biological processes in life science. We describe a semiautomated and versatile tool called Cell-TypeAnalyzer to avoid the time-consuming and biased manual classification of cells according to cell types. It consists of an open-source plugin for Fiji or ImageJ to detect and classify cells in 2D images. Our workflow consists of (a) image preprocessing actions, data spatial calibration, and region of interest for analysis; (b) segmentation to isolate cells from background (optionally including user-defined preprocessing steps helping the identification of cells); (c) extraction of features from each cell; (d) filters to select relevant cells; (e) definition of specific criteria to be included in the different cell types; (f) cell classification; and (g) flexible analysis of the results. Our software provides a modular and flexible strategy to perform cell classification through a wizard-like graphical user interface in which the user is intuitively guided through each step of the analysis. This procedure may be applied in batch mode to multiple microscopy files. Once the analysis is set up, it can be automatically and efficiently performed on many images. The plugin does not require any programming skill and can analyze cells in many different acquisition setups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A. Gómez-Pedrero
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. O. Blanco
- Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
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Barguilla I, Domenech J, Rubio L, Marcos R, Hernández A. Nanoplastics and Arsenic Co-Exposures Exacerbate Oncogenic Biomarkers under an In Vitro Long-Term Exposure Scenario. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062958. [PMID: 35328376 PMCID: PMC8955425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and the widespread presence of its derivatives, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPLs), call for an urgent evaluation of their potential health risks. In the environment, MNPLs coexist with other known hazardous contaminants and, thus, an interesting question arises as to whether MNPLs can act as carriers of such pollutants, modulating their uptake and their harmful effects. In this context, we have examined the interaction and joint effects of two relevant water contaminants: arsenic and polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPLs), the latter being a model of nanoplastics. Since both agents are persistent pollutants, their potential effects have been evaluated under a chronic exposure scenario and measuring different effect biomarkers involved in the cell transformation process. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for oxidative DNA damage repair mechanisms, and showing a cell transformation status, were used as a sensitive cell model. Such cells were exposed to PSNPLs, arsenic, and a combination PSNPLs/arsenic for 12 weeks. Interestingly, a physical interaction between both pollutants was demonstrated by using TEM/EDX methodologies. Results also indicate that the continuous co-exposure enhances the DNA damage and the aggressive features of the initially transformed phenotype. Remarkably, co-exposed cells present a higher proportion of spindle-like cells within the population, an increased capacity to grow independently of anchorage, as well as enhanced migrating and invading potential when compared to cells exposed to arsenic or PSNPLs alone. This study highlights the need for further studies exploring the long-term effects of contaminants of emerging concern, such as MNPLs, and the importance of considering the behavior of mixtures as part of the hazard and human risk assessment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barguilla
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (I.B.); (J.D.)
| | - Josefa Domenech
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (I.B.); (J.D.)
| | - Laura Rubio
- Nanobiology Laboratory, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM), Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic;
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (I.B.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (I.B.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (A.H.)
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