1
|
Fonseca J, Cano-Sarabia M, Cortés P, Saldo J, Montpeyó D, Lorenzo J, Llagostera M, Imaz I, Maspoch D. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Antimicrobial Touch Surfaces to Prevent Cross-Contamination. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403813. [PMID: 38771625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Infection diseases are a major threat to global public health, with nosocomial infections being of particular concern. In this context, antimicrobial coatings emerge as a promising prophylactic strategy to reduce the transmission of pathogens and control infections. Here, antimicrobial door handle covers to prevent cross-contamination are prepared by incorporating iodine-loaded UiO-66 microparticles into a potentially biodegradable polyurethane polymer (Baycusan eco E 1000). These covers incorporate MOF particles that serve as both storage reservoirs and delivery systems for the biocidal iodine. Under realistic touching conditions, the door handle covers completely inhibit the transmission of Gram-positive bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis), Gram-negative bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii), and fungi (Candida albicans). The covers remain effective even after undergoing multiple contamination cycles, after being cleaned, and when tinted to improve discretion and usability. Furthermore, as the release of iodine from the door handle covers follow hindered Fickian diffusion, their antimicrobial lifetime is calculated to be as long as approximately two years. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of these antimicrobial door handle covers to prevent cross-contamination, and underline the efficacy of integrating MOFs into innovative technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fonseca
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Pilar Cortés
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jordi Saldo
- Centre d'Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - David Montpeyó
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Montserrat Llagostera
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim H, Dutta SD, Randhawa A, Patil TV, Ganguly K, Acharya R, Lee J, Park H, Lim KT. Recent advances and biomedical application of 3D printed nanocellulose-based adhesive hydrogels: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130732. [PMID: 38479658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose-based tissue adhesives show promise for achieving rapid hemostasis and effective wound healing. Conventional methods, such as sutures and staples, have limitations, prompting the exploration of bioadhesives for direct wound adhesion and minimal tissue damage. Nanocellulose, a hydrolysis product of cellulose, exhibits superior biocompatibility and multifunctional properties, gaining interest as a base material for bioadhesive development. This study explores the potential of nanocellulose-based adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing using 3D printing techniques. Nanocellulose enables the creation of biodegradable adhesives with minimal adverse effects and opens avenues for advanced wound healing and complex tissue regeneration, such as skin, blood vessels, lungs, cartilage, and muscle. This study reviews recent trends in various nanocellulose-based 3D printed hydrogel patches for tissue engineering applications. The review also introduces various types of nanocellulose and their synthesis, surface modification, and bioadhesive fabrication techniques via 3D printing for smart wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rumi Acharya
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseo Park
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim BM, Choi JS, Jang S, Park H, Lee SY, Jung J, Park J. Sustainable Strategies for Synthesizing Lignin-Incorporated Bio-Based Waterborne Polyurethane with Tunable Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3987. [PMID: 37836038 PMCID: PMC10575038 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel approach for synthesizing lignin-incorporated castor-oil-based cationic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU-LX), diverging significantly from conventional waterborne polyurethane dispersion synthesis methods. Our innovative method efficiently reduces the required solvent quantity for CWPU-LX synthesis to approximately 50% of that employed in traditional WBPU experimental procedures. By incorporating lignin into the polyurethane matrix using this efficient and reduced-solvent method, CWPU-LX demonstrates enhanced properties, rendering it a promising material for diverse applications. Dynamic interactions between lignin and polyurethane molecules contribute to improved mechanical properties, enhanced thermal stability, and increased solvent resistance. Dynamic interactions between lignin and polyurethane molecules contribute to improved tensile strength, up to 250% compared to CWPU samples. Furthermore, the inclusion of lignin enhanced thermal stability, showcasing a 4.6% increase in thermal decomposition temperature compared to conventional samples and increased solvent resistance to ethanol. Moreover, CWPU-LX exhibits desirable characteristics such as protection against ultraviolet light and antibacterial properties. These unique properties can be attributed to the presence of the polyphenolic group and the three-dimensional structure of lignin, further highlighting the versatility and potential of this material in various application domains. The integration of lignin, a renewable and abundant resource, into CWPU-LX exemplifies the commitment to environmentally conscious practices and underscores the significance of greener materials in achieving a more sustainable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Min Kim
- Department of Carbon and Fiber Composite Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Sil Choi
- Department of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | - Sunjin Jang
- Department of Biofibers and Biomaterial Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (H.P.)
| | - Hyeji Park
- Department of Biofibers and Biomaterial Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (H.P.)
| | - Seung Yeol Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (S.Y.L.)
| | | | - Jaehyeung Park
- Department of Carbon and Fiber Composite Materials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biofibers and Biomaterial Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea (H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Carvalho GR, Kudaka AM, Netto RA, Delarmelina C, Duarte MCT, Lona LMF. Antiviral and antibacterial activity of sodium alginate/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polyelectrolyte film for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125388. [PMID: 37330082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen agents, such as bacteria and virus, can contaminate plastic surfaces, particularly those used in food packaging. This study proposed to prepare a polyelectrolyte film with antiviral and antibacterial activity based on sodium alginate (SA) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), a cationic polymer with sanitizing properties. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the polyelectrolyte films were also evaluated. The polyelectrolyte films showed continuous, compact, and crack-free structures. The FTIR analysis confirmed the ionic interaction between SA and PDADMAC. Adding PDADMAC significantly affected the mechanical properties of the films (p < 0.05), increasing the maximum tensile strength (from 8.66 ± 1.55 MPa to 18.1 ± 1.77 MPa). However, polyelectrolyte films showed higher water vapor permeability values due to the strong hydrophilicity of PDADMAC, representing a 43 % average increase compared with the control film. Also, thermal stability improved with the incorporation of PDADMAC. The selected polyelectrolyte film inactivated 99.8 % of SARS-CoV-2 after 1 min in direct contact with the virus, in addition to having an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Therefore, this study demonstrated the efficacy of using PDADMAC in the preparation of polyelectrolyte sodium alginate-based films with improvements in physicochemical properties and especially with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Miki Kudaka
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Affonso Netto
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Delarmelina
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmed W, Al-Marzouqi AH, Nazir MH, Rizvi TA, Zaneldin E, Khan M, Aziz M. Investigating the Properties and Characterization of a Hybrid 3D Printed Antimicrobial Composite Material Using FFF Process: Innovative and Swift. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108895. [PMID: 37240240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies and materials have gained the attention of researchers due to the current pandemic, the global market high competition, and the resistance of pathogens against conventional materials. There is a dire need to develop cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable materials to fight against bacteria using novel approaches and composites. Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling (FDM), is the most effective and novel fabrication method to develop these composites due to its various advantages. Compared to metallic particles alone, composites of different metallic particles have shown excellent antimicrobial properties against common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study investigates the antimicrobial properties of two sets of hybrid composite materials, i.e., Cu-PLA-SS and Cu-PLA-Al, are made using copper-enriched polylactide composite, one-time printed side by-side with stainless steel/PLA composite, and second-time with aluminum/PLA composite respectively. These materials have 90 wt.% of copper, 85 wt.% of SS 17-4, 65 wt.% of Al with a density of 4.7 g/cc, 3.0 g/cc, and 1.54 g/cc, respectively, and were fabricated side by side using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing technique. The prepared materials were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella Poona (S. Poona), and Enterococci during different time intervals (5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 1 h, 8 h, and 24 h). The results revealed that both samples showed excellent antimicrobial efficiency, and 99% reduction was observed after 10 min. Hence, three-dimensional (3D) printed polymeric composites enriched with metallic particles can be utilized for biomedical, food packaging, and tissue engineering applications. These composite materials can also provide sustainable solutions in public places and hospitals where the chances of touching surfaces are higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Hamza Nazir
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir A Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Essam Zaneldin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muthanna Aziz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Sayed M, Al-Mofty SED, Mahdy NK, Sarhan WA, Azzazy HMES. A novel long-acting antimicrobial nanomicelle spray. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2517-2529. [PMID: 37143809 PMCID: PMC10153481 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated surfaces play a major role in disease transmission to humans. The vast majority of commercial disinfectants provide short-term protection of surfaces against microbial contamination. The Covid-19 pandemic has attracted attention to the importance of long-term disinfectants as they would reduce the need for staff and save time. In this study, nanoemulsions and nanomicelles containing a combination of benzalkonium chloride (BKC; a potent disinfectant and a surfactant) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO; a stable form of peroxide that is activated upon contact with lipid/membranous material) were formulated. The prepared nanoemulsion and nanomicelle formulas were of small sizes <80 nm and high positive charge >45 mV. They showed enhanced stability and prolonged antimicrobial efficacy. The antibacterial potency was evaluated in terms of long-term disinfection on surfaces as verified by repeated bacterial inoculums. Additionally, the efficacy of killing bacteria upon contact was also investigated. A nanomicelle formula (NM-3) consisting of 0.8% BPO in acetone and 2% BKC plus 1% TX-100 in distilled water (1 : 5 volume ratio) demonstrated overall surface protection over a period of 7 weeks upon a single spray application. Furthermore, its antiviral activity was tested by the embryo chick development assay. The prepared NM-3 nanoformula spray showed strong antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus as well as antiviral activities against infectious bronchitis virus due to the dual effects of BKC and BPO. The prepared NM-3 spray shows great potential as an effective solution for prolonged surface protection against multiple pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Saif El-Din Al-Mofty
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Noha Khalil Mahdy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Wessam Awad Sarhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Cairo 11835 Egypt
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena 07745 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iskandar K, Pecastaings S, LeGac C, Salvatico S, Feuillolay C, Guittard M, Marchin L, Verelst M, Roques C. Demonstrating the In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial Activity of Oxide Mineral Microspheres: An Innovative Technology to Be Incorporated into Porous and Nonporous Materials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041261. [PMID: 37111747 PMCID: PMC10144421 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of surfaces treated with zinc and/or magnesium mineral oxide microspheres is a patented technology that has been demonstrated in vitro against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of the technology in vitro, under simulation-of-use conditions, and in situ. The tests were undertaken in vitro according to the ISO 22196:2011, ISO 20473:2013, and NF S90-700:2019 standards with adapted parameters. Simulation-of-use tests evaluated the robustness of the activity under worst-case scenarios. The in situ tests were conducted on high-touch surfaces. The in vitro results show efficient antimicrobial activity against referenced strains with a log reduction of >2. The sustainability of this effect was time-dependent and detected at lower temperatures (20 ± 2.5 °C) and humidity (46%) conditions for variable inoculum concentrations and contact times. The simulation of use proved the microsphere's efficiency under harsh mechanical and chemical tests. The in situ studies showed a higher than 90% reduction in CFU/25 cm2 per treated surface versus the untreated surfaces, reaching a targeted value of <50 CFU/cm2. Mineral oxide microspheres can be incorporated into unlimited surface types, including medical devices, to efficiently and sustainably prevent microbial contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology-Lebanon (INSPECT-LB), Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | - Sophie Pecastaings
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline LeGac
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Mylène Guittard
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Loïc Marchin
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Marc Verelst
- CEMES, UPR CNRS 8011, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, CEDEX, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Roques
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mayr A, Knobloch JK, Hinterberger G, Seewald V, Wille I, Kaltseis J, Knobling B, Klupp EMT, Samardzic E, Lass-Flörl C. Interlaboratory reproducibility of a touch-transfer assay for the assessment of antimicrobial surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2023; 134:1-6. [PMID: 36758903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various assay methods have been developed to study antimicrobial activity based on contamination of surfaces with different amounts of liquid bacterial suspensions. Since surfaces with frequent hand contact are typically touched in a dry state in clinical settings, these tests may be inappropriate at assessing effectiveness to reduce pathogen transmission. AIM To investigate a surface previously confirmed to display antimicrobial activity even after drying of small volumes of bacterial suspension (Egger antimicrobial surfaces: EAS) under conditions modelling dry contamination using a touch-transfer method. METHODS EAS, an antimicrobial copper alloy, as well as a negative control were examined to assess interlaboratory test reproducibility. FINDINGS Significantly fewer bacteria on EAS after touch transfer and some differences in the touch transmission were detected between the two laboratories. However, an identical assessment of effectiveness for EAS came from both laboratories. Interestingly, despite previously detected antimicrobial efficacy of EAS and the antimicrobial copper alloy after liquid contamination, insufficient activity was observed under dry conditions during a contact time of 4 h by both laboratories. Experiments under standardized air humidity in one laboratory revealed at least for copper a strong influence of humidity on antimicrobial activity. These data indicate that procedures involving contamination of surfaces with organisms suspended in liquids are not directly comparable to dry contamination. CONCLUSION Since, in the real world of a hospital, organisms are typically transferred between dry surfaces, further standardization of the touch-transfer method is worthwhile for a better understanding of the efficacy of such surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mayr
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections (Module 3 - Self-disinfecting Surfaces), Austria.
| | - J K Knobloch
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - G Hinterberger
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Seewald
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - I Wille
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Kaltseis
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Knobling
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E-M T Klupp
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Samardzic
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections (Module 3 - Self-disinfecting Surfaces), Austria
| | - C Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections (Module 3 - Self-disinfecting Surfaces), Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Z, Chan B, Low J, Chu JJH, Hey HWD, Tay A. Microbial resistance to nanotechnologies: An important but understudied consideration using antimicrobial nanotechnologies in orthopaedic implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:249-270. [PMID: 35415290 PMCID: PMC8965851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance to current antibiotics therapies is a major cause of implant failure and adverse clinical outcomes in orthopaedic surgery. Recent developments in advanced antimicrobial nanotechnologies provide numerous opportunities to effective remove resistant bacteria and prevent resistance from occurring through unique mechanisms. With tunable physicochemical properties, nanomaterials can be designed to be bactericidal, antifouling, immunomodulating, and capable of delivering antibacterial compounds to the infection region with spatiotemporal accuracy. Despite its substantial advancement, an important, but under-explored area, is potential microbial resistance to nanomaterials and how this can impact the clinical use of antimicrobial nanotechnologies. This review aims to provide a better understanding of nanomaterial-associated microbial resistance to accelerate bench-to-bedside translations of emerging nanotechnologies for effective control of implant associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wu
- Institute of Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Brian Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jessalyn Low
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545, Singapore.,Infectious Disease Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117547, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 35 Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138673, Singapore
| | - Hwee Weng Dennis Hey
- National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Institute of Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahmed W, Al-Marzouqi AH, Nazir MH, Rizvi TA, Zaneldin E, Khan M. Comparative Experimental Investigation of Biodegradable Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Composite Produced by 3D Printing Technology Enriched with Metallic Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911235. [PMID: 36232537 PMCID: PMC9570174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the prevailing existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, novel and practical strategies to combat pathogens are on the rise worldwide. It is estimated that, globally, around 10% of hospital patients will acquire at least one healthcare-associated infection. One of the novel strategies that has been developed is incorporating metallic particles into polymeric materials that neutralize infectious agents. Considering the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potency of some materials, the incorporation of metallic particles into the intended hybrid composite material could inherently add significant value to the final product. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate an antimicrobial polymeric PLA-based composite material enhanced with different microparticles (copper, aluminum, stainless steel, and bronze) for the antimicrobial properties of the hybrid composite. The prepared composite material samples produced with fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology were tested for different time intervals to establish their antimicrobial activities. The results presented here depict that the sample prepared with 90% copper and 10% PLA showed the best antibacterial activity (99.5%) after just 20 min against different types of bacteria as compared to the other samples. The metallic-enriched PLA-based antibacterial sheets were remarkably effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; therefore, they can be a good candidate for future biomedical, food packaging, tissue engineering, prosthetic material, textile industry, and other science and technology applications. Thus, antimicrobial sheets made from PLA mixed with metallic particles offer sustainable solutions for a wide range of applications where touching surfaces is a big concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Hamza Nazir
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Essam Zaneldin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Influence of Femtosecond Laser Modification on Biomechanical and Biofunctional Behavior of Porous Titanium Substrates. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092969. [PMID: 35591307 PMCID: PMC9099494 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption and inadequate osseointegration are considered the main problems of titanium implants. In this investigation, the texture and surface roughness of porous titanium samples obtained by the space holder technique were modified with a femtosecond Yb-doped fiber laser. Different percentages of porosity (30, 40, 50, and 60 vol.%) and particle range size (100–200 and 355–500 μm) were compared with fully-dense samples obtained by conventional powder metallurgy. After femtosecond laser treatment the formation of a rough surface with micro-columns and micro-holes occurred for all the studied substrates. The surface was covered by ripples over the micro-metric structures. This work evaluates both the influence of the macro-pores inherent to the spacer particles, as well as the micro-columns and the texture generated with the laser, on the wettability of the surface, the cell behavior (adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts), micro-hardness (instrumented micro-indentation test, P–h curves) and scratch resistance. The titanium sample with 30 vol.% and a pore range size of 100–200 μm was the best candidate for the replacement of small damaged cortical bone tissues, based on its better biomechanical (stiffness and yield strength) and biofunctional balance (bone in-growth and in vitro osseointegration).
Collapse
|
12
|
Selvamani V, Kadian S, Detwiler DA, Zareei A, Woodhouse I, Qi Z, Peana S, Alcaraz AM, Wang H, Rahimi R. Laser-Assisted Nanotexturing and Silver Immobilization on Titanium Implant Surfaces to Enhance Bone Cell Mineralization and Antimicrobial Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4014-4027. [PMID: 35312330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great advancement and wide use of titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys in different orthopedic implants, device-related infections remain the major complication in modern orthopedic and trauma surgery. Most of these infections are often caused by both poor antibacterial and osteoinductive properties of the implant surface. Here, we have demonstrated a facile two-step laser nanotexturing and immobilization of silver onto the titanium implants to improve both cellular integration and antibacterial properties of Ti surfaces. The required threshold laser processing power for effective nanotexturing and osseointegration was systematically determined by the level of osteoblast cells mineralized on the laser nanotextured Ti (LN-Ti) surfaces using a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG, wavelength of 1.06 μm). Laser processing powers above 24 W resulted in the formation of hierarchical nanoporous structures (average pore 190 nm) on the Ti surface with a 2.5-fold increase in osseointegration as compared to the pristine Ti surface. Immobilization of silver nanoparticles onto the LN-Ti surface was conducted by dip coating in an aqueous silver ionic solution and subsequently converted to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a low power laser-assisted photocatalytic reduction process. Structural and surface morphology analysis via XRD and SEM revealed a uniform distribution of Ag and the formation of an AgTi-alloy interface on the Ti surface. The antibacterial efficacy of the LN-Ti with laser immobilized silver (LN-Ti/LI-Ag) was tested against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The LN-Ti/LI-Ag surface was observed to have efficient and stable antimicrobial properties for over 6 days. In addition, it was found that the LN-Ti/LI-Ag maintained a cytocompatibility and bone cell mineralization property similar to the LN-Ti surface. The differential toxicity of the LN-Ti/LI-Ag between bacterial and cellular species qualifies this approach as a promising candidate for novel rapid surface modification of biomedical metal implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Selvamani
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Sachin Kadian
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | | | - Amin Zareei
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Ian Woodhouse
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Zhimin Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Samuel Peana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alejandro M Alcaraz
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Introducing surface functionality on thermoformed polymeric films. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Silver-Containing Thin Films on Transparent Polymer Foils for Antimicrobial Applications. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of infections caused by pathogens found on objects of everyday use requires a variety of solutions for active disinfection. Using active materials that do not require daily maintenance has a potential advantage for their acceptance. In this contribution, transparent films, with silver as the main antimicrobial agent and a total thickness of a few tens of nm, were deposited on flexible self-adhesive polymer foils used as screen protectors. TiO2 and SiO2 were used as transparent matrix to embed the Ag nanoparticles, ensuring also their mechanical protection and controlled growth. HiPIMS (High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) was used for the sputtering of the Ag target and fine control of the Ag amount in the layer, whereas TiO2 and SiO2 were sputtered in RF (Radio Frequency) mode. The thin film surface was investigated by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), providing information on the topography of the coatings and their preferential growth on the textured polymer foil. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) revealed the presence of specific Ag peaks in an amorphous oxide matrix. UV-Vis-NIR (Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared) spectroscopy revealed the presence of nanostructured Ag, characterized by preferential absorption in the 400 to 500 nm spectral range. The antimicrobial properties were assessed using an antimicrobial test with the Escherichia coli strain. The highest efficiency was observed for the Ag/SiO2 combination, in the concentration range of 104–105 CFU/mL.
Collapse
|
15
|
Investigation of the Mechanical and Liquid Absorption Properties of a Rice Straw-Based Composite for Ayurvedic Treatment Tables. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020606. [PMID: 35057325 PMCID: PMC8779928 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Managing rice crop stubble is one of the major challenges witnessed in the agricultural sector. This work attempts to investigate the physical, mechanical, and liquid absorption properties of rice straw (RS)-reinforced polymer composite for assessing its suitability to use as an ayurvedic treatment table. This material is expected to be an alternative for wooden-based ayurvedic treatment tables. The results showed that the addition of rice straw particles (RSp) up to 60% volume in epoxy reduced the density of the composite material by 46.20% and the hardness by 15.69%. The maximum tensile and flexural strength of the RSp composite was 17.53 MPa and 43.23 MPa, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed deposits of silica in the form of phytoliths in various size and shapes on the outer surface of RS. The study also revealed that the water absorption rate (WA) was less than 7.8% for the test samples with 45% volume of RSp. Interestingly the test samples showed greater resistance to the absorption of Kottakal Dhanvantaram Thailam (<2%). In addition, the developed samples showed resistance towards bacterial and fungal growth under the exposure of treatment oils and water.
Collapse
|
16
|
Francone A, Merino S, Retolaza A, Ramiro J, Alves SA, de Castro JV, Neves NM, Arana A, Marimon JM, Torres CMS, Kehagias N. Impact of surface topography on the bacterial attachment to micro- and nano-patterned polymer films. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2021; 27:101494. [PMID: 34957348 PMCID: PMC8500737 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial surfaces has become a high priority in recent times. There are two ongoing worldwide health crises: the COVID-19 pandemic provoked by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the antibiotic-resistant diseases provoked by bacteria resistant to antibiotic-based treatments. The need for antimicrobial surfaces against bacteria and virus is a common factor to both crises. Most extended strategies to prevent bacterial associated infections rely on chemical based-approaches based on surface coatings or biocide encapsulated agents that release chemical agents. A critical limitation of these chemistry-based strategies is their limited effectiveness in time while grows the concerns about the long-term toxicity on human beings and environment pollution. An alternative strategy to prevent bacterial attachment consists in the introduction of physical modification to the surface. Pursuing this chemistry-independent strategy, we present a fabrication process of surface topographies [one-level (micro, nano) and hierarchical (micro+nano) structures] in polypropylene (PP) substrates and discuss how wettability, topography and patterns size influence on its antibacterial properties. Using nanoimprint lithography as patterning technique, we report as best results 82 and 86% reduction in the bacterial attachment of E. coli and S. aureus for hierarchically patterned samples compared to unpatterned reference surfaces. Furthermore, we benchmark the mechanical properties of the patterned PP surfaces against commercially available antimicrobial films and provide evidence for the patterned PP films to be suitable candidates for use as antibacterial functional surfaces in a hospital environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achille Francone
- CSIC and BIST, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Santos Merino
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Eibar 20600, Spain
- Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Aritz Retolaza
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Eibar 20600, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramiro
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Eibar 20600, Spain
| | - Sofia A Alves
- Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Eibar 20600, Spain
| | - Joana Vieira de Castro
- 3B's Research Group, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, I3Bs-Research Institute of Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, I3Bs-Research Institute of Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Ainara Arana
- Microbiology Department, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Jose M Marimon
- Microbiology Department, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor Torres
- CSIC and BIST, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Kehagias
- CSIC and BIST, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|