REG3A/REG3B promotes acinar to ductal metaplasia through binding to EXTL3 and activating the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway

Tumor suppressive role of the antimicrobial lectin REG3A targeting the O -GlcNAc glycosylation pathway

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Antimicrobial proteins of the regenerating family member 3 alpha (REG3A) family provide a first line of protection against infections and transformed cells. Their expression is inducible by inflammation, which makes their role in cancer biology less clear since an immune-inflammatory context may preexist or coexist with cancer, as occurs in HCC. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of REG3A in liver carcinogenesis and to determine whether its carbohydrate-binding functions are involved.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

This study provides evidence for a suppressive role of REG3A in HCC by reducing O -GlcNAcylation in 2 mouse models of HCC, in vitro cell studies, and clinical samples. REG3A expression in hepatocytes significantly reduced global O -GlcNAcylation and O -GlcNAcylation of c-MYC in preneoplastic and tumor livers and markedly inhibited HCC development in REG3A-c-MYC double transgenic mice and mice exposed to diethylnitrosamine. REG3A modified O -GlcNAcylation without altering the expression or activity of O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyl hydrolase, or glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase. Reduced O -GlcNAcylation was consistent with decreased levels of UDP-GlcNAc in precancerous and cancerous livers. This effect was linked to the ability of REG3A to bind glucose and glucose-6 phosphate, suggested by a REG3A mutant unable to bind glucose and glucose-6 phosphate and alter O -GlcNAcylation. Importantly, patients with cirrhosis with high hepatic REG3A expression had lower levels of O -GlcNAcylation and longer cancer-free survival than REG3A-negative cirrhotic livers.

CONCLUSIONS

REG3A helps fight liver cancer by reducing O -GlcNAcylation. This study suggests a new paradigm for the regulation of O -GlcNAc signaling in cancer-related pathways through interactions with the carbohydrate-binding function of REG3A.

REG3A secreted by peritumoral acinar cells enhances pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression via activation of EGFR signaling

BACKGROUND

Regenerating family member 3A (REG3A) is involved in the development of multiple malignant tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, any role of REG3A in PDAC remains controversial due to its unclear tissue localization or direct receptors, and complex downstream signal transductions.

METHODS

Morphological analysis and public multi-omics data retrieval were was utilized to elucidate the tissue localization of REG3A in PDAC. To ascertain the pro-oncogenic role of secreted REG3A, experiments were conducted using in vitro PDAC cell lines and in vivo tumor formation assays in nude mice. A battery of investigative techniques, including RNA sequencing, phospho-kinase arrays, western blot analyses, in silico docking simulations, gene truncation strategies, and co-immunoprecipitation, were employed to delve into the downstream signaling transduction pathways induced by REG3A.

RESULTS

In this study, we confirmed an association between increased serum levels of REG3A and poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. Morphological staining and bioinformatic analysis showed that REG3A was mainly expressed in peritumoral acinar cells that were spatially close to tumor region, while it was almost negative in PDAC tumor cells. Peritumoral REG3A expression levels, but not tumoral REG3A, were highly correlated with PDAC progression. Further in vitro experiments including RNA sequencing and molecular biological assays revealed that secreted REG3A could directly bind to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an important pro-oncogene involved in cellular proliferation, and subsequently activate the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals to promote PDAC tumor cell growth.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our data indicated that increased expression of REG3A in peritumoral acinar cells acts as a specific event to indicate PDAC progression, and verified EGFR as a possible target of REG3A, providing mechanistic insights into the role of REG3A, the diagnostic method and therapeutic strategy of PDAC.

Beta cells are essential drivers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development

Pancreatic endocrine-exocrine crosstalk plays a key role in normal physiology and disease. For instance, endocrine islet beta (β) cell secretion of insulin or cholecystokinin (CCK) promotes progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an exocrine cell-derived tumor. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern endocrine-exocrine signaling in tumorigenesis remain incompletely understood. We find that β cell ablation impedes PDAC development in mice, arguing that the endocrine pancreas is critical for exocrine tumorigenesis. Conversely, obesity induces β cell hormone dysregulation, alters CCK-dependent peri-islet exocrine cell transcriptional states, and enhances islet proximal tumor formation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing, in silico latent-space archetypal and trajectory analysis, and genetic lineage tracing in vivo reveal that obesity stimulates postnatal immature β cell expansion and adaptation towards a pro-tumorigenic CCK+ state via JNK/cJun stress-responsive signaling. These results define endocrine-exocrine signaling as a driver of PDAC development and uncover new avenues to target the endocrine pancreas to subvert exocrine tumorigenesis.

Inducible, but not constitutive, pancreatic REG/Reg isoforms are regulated by intestinal microbiota and pancreatic diseases

The REG / Reg gene locus encodes for a conserved family of potent antimicrobial but also pancreatitis-associated proteins. Here we investigated whether REG/Reg family members differ in their baseline expression levels and abilities to be regulated in the pancreas and gut upon perturbations. We found, in human and mouse, pancreas and gut differed in REG / Reg isoform levels and preferences, with duodenum most resembling the pancreas. Pancreatic acinar cells and intestinal enterocytes were the dominant REG producers. Intestinal symbiotic microbes regulated the expression of the same, select Reg members in gut and pancreas. These Reg members had the most STAT3-binding sites close to the transcription start sites and were partially IL-22 dependent. We thus categorized them as "inducible" and others as "constitutive". Indeed, also in models of pancreatic-ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatitis, only inducible Reg members were upregulated in pancreas. While intestinal Reg expression remained unchanged upon pancreatic perturbation, pancreatitis altered the microbial composition of the duodenum and feces shortly after disease onset. Our study reveals differential usage and regulation of REG / Reg isoforms as a mechanism for tissue-specific innate immunity, highlights the intimate connection of pancreas and duodenum, and implies a gut-to-pancreas communication axis resulting in a coordinated Reg response.

A novel gene signature based on endoplasmic reticulum stress for predicting prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most common human cancers, the death cases induced by HCC are increasing these years. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) occurs when misfolded proteins cannot be disposed of properly. It is reported that ERS plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human malignant tumors. The aim of this study is to construct a novel gene signature based on ERS for predicting prognosis in HCC.

Methods

The data of HCC patients were downloaded from public databases. The Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were performed to construct ERS-related gene signature. The cases were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on the ERS-related gene signature in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Subsequently, the differences in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression patterns, immune status, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and copy number variants (CNV) were investigated between high- and low-risk groups. Then, a predictive nomogram according to the ERS-related gene signature and clinicopathological variables was established. At last, we explored the biological functions of TMX1 which had the biggest coefficient and we investigated the effect of BRSK2 on apoptosis in HCC.

Results

In our study, a 9-gene ERS-related gene signature was constructed. The results showed that patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than the high-risk group patients. The results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.784 at 1 year, 0.780 at 2 years, 0.793 at 3 years in the training set. While in validation cohort, this index was 0.694 at 1 year, 0.622 at 2 years, 0.613 at 3 years respectively. The analysis of immune status revealed an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the high-risk group. The analysis of TMB and CNV revealed that the high-risk group patients had a higher genomic mutation frequency. In Univariate Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio of RiskScore was 2.718 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.173-3.399]. In Multivariate Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio of RiskScore was 2.422 (95% CI: 1.805-3.25). Then, we established a nomogram according to the RiskScore and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status. The AUCs of the nomogram were 0.851 at 1 year, 0.860 at 2 years, and 0.866 at 3 years. At last, we found that TMX1 knockdown can inhibit the proliferation and migration of Huh7 and HepG2 cells. In addition, BRSK2 knockdown could promote the apoptosis induced by ERS.

Conclusions

In our study, a novel ERS-related gene signature was constructed to predict the prognosis of HCC patients. In addition, TMX1 and BRSK2 could promote the progression of HCC. This study may provide a new understanding for HCC.

Novel Approach for Pancreas Transcriptomics Reveals the Cellular Landscape in Homeostasis and Acute Pancreatitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Acinar cells produce digestive enzymes that impede transcriptomic characterization of the exocrine pancreas. Thus, single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of the pancreas underrepresent acinar cells relative to histological expectations, and a robust approach to capture pancreatic cell responses in disease states is needed. We sought to innovate a method that overcomes these challenges to accelerate study of the pancreas in health and disease.

METHODS

We leverage FixNCut, a single-cell RNA-sequencing approach in which tissue is reversibly fixed with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) before dissociation and single-cell preparation. We apply FixNCut to an established mouse model of acute pancreatitis, validate findings using GeoMx whole transcriptome atlas profiling, and integrate our data with prior studies to compare our method in both mouse and human pancreas datasets.

RESULTS

FixNCut achieves unprecedented definition of challenging pancreatic cells, including acinar and immune populations in homeostasis and acute pancreatitis, and identifies changes in all major cell types during injury and recovery. We define the acinar transcriptome during homeostasis and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and establish a unique gene set to measure deviation from normal acinar identity. We characterize pancreatic immune cells, and analysis of T-cell subsets reveals a polarization of the homeostatic pancreas toward type-2 immunity. We report immune responses during acute pancreatitis and recovery, including early neutrophil infiltration, expansion of dendritic cell subsets, and a substantial shift in the transcriptome of macrophages due to both resident macrophage activation and monocyte infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

FixNCut preserves pancreatic transcriptomes to uncover novel cell states during homeostasis and following pancreatitis, establishing a broadly applicable approach and reference atlas for study of pancreas biology and disease.

Reg4 deficiency aggravates pancreatitis by increasing mitochondrial cell death and fibrosis

Regenerating gene family member 4 (Reg4) has been implicated in acute pancreatitis, but its precise functions and involved mechanisms have remained unclear. Herein, we sought to investigate the contribution of Reg4 to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and evaluate its therapeutic effects in experimental pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, Reg4 deletion increases inflammatory infiltrates and mitochondrial cell death and decreases autophagy recovery, which are rescued by the administration of recombinant Reg4 (rReg4) protein. In chronic pancreatitis, Reg4 deficiency aggravates inflammation and fibrosis and inhibits compensatory cell proliferation. Moreover, C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis is sustained and activated in Reg4-deficient pancreas. The detrimental effects of Reg4 deletion are attenuated by the administration of the approved CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100). Mechanistically, Reg4 mediates its function in pancreatitis potentially via binding its receptor exostosin-like glycosyltransferase 3 (Extl3). In conclusion, our findings suggest that Reg4 exerts a therapeutic effect during pancreatitis by limiting inflammation and fibrosis and improving cellular regeneration.

REG3A promotes proliferation and DDP resistance of ovarian cancer cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

This study explored the effect of Regenerating Islet-Derived 3-Alpha (REG3A) on ovarian cancer (OC) progression. REG3A expression was scrutinized in clinical tissues of 97 OC cases by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). REG3A expression in OC cells and cisplatin (DDP) resistance OC cells was regulated by transfection. LY294002 (10 μM, inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway) was used to treat OC cells and DDP resistance OC cells. Cell counting kit-8 and methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assays were applied for proliferation and DDP resistance detection. Flow cytometry was utilized for cell cycle and apoptosis analysis. The effect of REG3A on the OC cell in vivo growth was researched by establishing xenograft tumor model via using nude mice using nude mice. The expression of genes in clinical samples, cells and xenograft tumor tissues was investigated by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. As a result, REG3A was over-expressed in OC patients and cells, associating with dismal prognosis of patients. REG3A knockdown repressed proliferation, DDP resistance, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of OC cells, and reduced the expression MDR-1, Cyclin D1, Cleaved caspase 3 proteins and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activity in OC cells. LY294002 treatment abrogated the promotion effect of REG3A on OC cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition and DDP resistance. REG3A knockdown suppressed the in vivo growth of OC cells. Thus, REG3A promoted proliferation and DDP resistance of OC cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. REG3A might be a promising target for the clinical treatment of OC.

Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia (ADM): On the Road to Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) and Pancreatic Cancer

Adult pancreatic acinar cells show high plasticity allowing them to change in their differentiation commitment. Pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a cellular process in which the differentiated pancreatic acinar cells transform into duct-like cells. This process can occur as a result of cellular injury or inflammation in the pancreas. While ADM is a reversible process allowing pancreatic acinar regeneration, persistent inflammation or injury can lead to the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), which is a common precancerous lesion that precedes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Several factors can contribute to the development of ADM and PanIN, including environmental factors such as obesity, chronic inflammation and genetic mutations. ADM is driven by extrinsic and intrinsic signaling. Here, we review the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular biology of ADM. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ADM is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies for pancreatitis and PDAC. Identifying the intermediate states and key molecules that regulate ADM initiation, maintenance and progression may help the development of novel preventive strategies for PDAC.

Towards a Synthesis of the Non-Genetic and Genetic Views of Cancer in Understanding Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Initiation and Prevention

While much of the research in oncogenesis and cancer therapy has focused on mutations in key cancer driver genes, more recent work suggests a complementary non-genetic paradigm. This paradigm focuses on how transcriptional and phenotypic heterogeneity, even in clonally derived cells, can create sub-populations associated with oncogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. We discuss this complementary paradigm in the context of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A better understanding of cellular transcriptional heterogeneity and its association with oncogenesis can lead to more effective therapies that prevent tumor initiation and slow progression.

Transcriptional Profile of Human Pancreatic Acinar Ductal Metaplasia

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Aberrant acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM), one of the earliest events involved in exocrine pancreatic cancer development, is typically studied using pancreata from genetically engineered mouse models.

METHODS

We used primary, human pancreatic acinar cells from organ donors to evaluate the transcriptional and pathway profiles during the course of ADM.

RESULTS

Following 6 days of three-dimensional culture on Matrigel, acinar cells underwent morphological and molecular changes indicative of ADM. mRNA from 14 donors' paired cells (day 0, acinar phenotype and day 6, ductal phenotype) was subjected to whole transcriptome sequencing. Acinar cell specific genes were significantly downregulated in the samples from the day 6 cultures while ductal cell-specific genes were upregulated. Several regulons of ADM were identified including transcription factors with reduced activity (PTF1A, RBPJL, and BHLHA15) and those ductal and progenitor transcription factors with increased activity (HNF1B, SOX11, and SOX4). Cells with the ductal phenotype contained higher expression of genes increased in pancreatic cancer while cells with an acinar phenotype had lower expression of cancer-associated genes.

CONCLUSION

Our findings support the relevancy of human in vitro models to study pancreas cancer pathogenesis and exocrine cell plasticity.

BRCA mutational status shapes the stromal microenvironment of pancreatic cancer linking clusterin expression in cancer associated fibroblasts with HSF1 signaling

Tumors initiate by mutations in cancer cells, and progress through interactions of the cancer cells with non-malignant cells of the tumor microenvironment. Major players in the tumor microenvironment are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which support tumor malignancy, and comprise up to 90% of the tumor mass in pancreatic cancer. CAFs are transcriptionally rewired by cancer cells. Whether this rewiring is differentially affected by different mutations in cancer cells is largely unknown. Here we address this question by dissecting the stromal landscape of BRCA-mutated and BRCA Wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We comprehensively analyze pancreatic cancer samples from 42 patients, revealing different CAF subtype compositions in germline BRCA-mutated vs. BRCA Wild-type tumors. In particular, we detect an increase in a subset of immune-regulatory clusterin-positive CAFs in BRCA-mutated tumors. Using cancer organoids and mouse models we show that this process is mediated through activation of heat-shock factor 1, the transcriptional regulator of clusterin. Our findings unravel a dimension of stromal heterogeneity influenced by germline mutations in cancer cells, with direct implications for clinical research.

Tumor microbiome links cellular programs and immunity in pancreatic cancer

Microorganisms are detected in multiple cancer types, including in putatively sterile organs, but the contexts in which they influence oncogenesis or anti-tumor responses in humans remain unclear. We recently developed single-cell analysis of host-microbiome interactions (SAHMI), a computational pipeline to recover and denoise microbial signals from single-cell sequencing of host tissues. Here we use SAHMI to interrogate tumor-microbiome interactions in two human pancreatic cancer cohorts. We identify somatic-cell-associated bacteria in a subset of tumors and their near absence in nonmalignant tissues. These bacteria predominantly pair with tumor cells, and their presence is associated with cell-type-specific gene expression and pathway activities, including cell motility and immune signaling. Modeling results indicate that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes closely resemble T cells from infected tissue. Finally, using multiple independent datasets, a signature of cell-associated bacteria predicts clinical prognosis. Tumor-microbiome crosstalk may modulate tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer with implications for clinical management.

Spatially restricted drivers and transitional cell populations cooperate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease with limited treatment options and poor survival. We studied 83 spatial samples from 31 patients (11 treatment-naïve and 20 treated) using single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing, bulk-proteogenomics, spatial transcriptomics and cellular imaging. Subpopulations of tumor cells exhibited signatures of proliferation, KRAS signaling, cell stress and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mapping mutations and copy number events distinguished tumor populations from normal and transitional cells, including acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Pathology-assisted deconvolution of spatial transcriptomic data identified tumor and transitional subpopulations with distinct histological features. We showed coordinated expression of TIGIT in exhausted and regulatory T cells and Nectin in tumor cells. Chemo-resistant samples contain a threefold enrichment of inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts that upregulate metallothioneins. Our study reveals a deeper understanding of the intricate substructure of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors that could help improve therapy for patients with this disease.

Acinar to ductal cell trans-differentiation: A prelude to dysplasia and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the deadliest neoplastic epithelial malignancies and is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by 2024. Five years overall survival being ~10%, mortality and incidence rates are disturbing. Acinar to ductal cell metaplasia (ADM) encompasses cellular reprogramming and phenotypic switch-over, making it a cardinal event in tumor initiation. Differential cues and varied regulatory factors drive synchronous functions of metaplastic cell populations leading to multiple cell fates and physiological outcomes. ADM is a precursor for developing early pre-neoplastic lesions further progressing into PC due to oncogenic signaling. Hence delineating molecular events guiding tumor initiation may provide cues for regenerative medicine and precision onco-medicine. Therefore, understanding PC pathogenesis and early diagnosis are crucial. We hereby provide a timely overview of the current progress in this direction and future perspectives we foresee unfolding in the best interest of patient well-being and better clinical management of PC.